Fort Munro Formation represents the products of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) in the middle and lower Indus basins. The formation is exposed in the Rakhi Nala (Sulaiman Range), Bara Nala (Lakhi Range) and Naka ...Fort Munro Formation represents the products of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) in the middle and lower Indus basins. The formation is exposed in the Rakhi Nala (Sulaiman Range), Bara Nala (Lakhi Range) and Naka Pabni (Southern Pab Range) areas. Major and trace elemental geochemistry and petrographic studies of the formation have been carried out to understand the facies trends in the middle and lower Indus basins. A high amount of acid-insoluble fraction, Ca/Mg and Mg vs. Ca/Sr ratio reveal that the formation was deposited in a shallow marine regressive environment. High amounts of clastic reflect abundant influx of terrigenous materials from the east (Indian craton) and west (Bibai volcanic). High Sr content indicates that aragonite was the precursor mineral, which was transformed into stable low-Mg calcite during diagenesis. Enrichment of Cu and Zn contents in the samples of the formation implies the influence of volcanic activity and that they were incorporated into the calcite lattice in the late phase.展开更多
Background: This study was designed to investigate the BMI and alcohol consumption effects on hepatic enzymes. The degree of alteration among moderate drinkers is still unclear. Objective: To determine causes of liver...Background: This study was designed to investigate the BMI and alcohol consumption effects on hepatic enzymes. The degree of alteration among moderate drinkers is still unclear. Objective: To determine causes of liver failure due to alcohol and obesity. We observed the association between moderate alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI;in kg/m2) and transaminase, cholestatic enzymes. Design: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) were examined in 995 healthy persons. In this study 400 persons were reported as abstainers and 595 participants involved as a moderate drinkers. The study population was further split into according to BMI as follows: <19 (underweight), ≥19 and <25 (normal weight), ≥25 and <30 (over- weight), and ≥30 (obese). Results: Serum ALT (P < 0.002), GGT (P < 0.001) and ALP (P < 0.001) but not AST (P < 0.883) activities in moderate drinkers were higher than those in abstainers. Mean ALT activity is higher in obese and over weight in alcohol consumers and abstainers as compared to mean AST activity in the same groups. ALP activity was increased with BMI in moderate drinkers. In abstainers activity of ALP shows weak relation in order to BMI. Conclusion: The result of moderate alcohol use raises activity of hepatic enzymes with increasing BMI. Most participants with alcohol consumption have an AST/ALT ratio above 1.展开更多
Risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among the adult population of the Quetta valley have been investigated. Anemic adult patients, both males and females, who were admitted in the Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Que...Risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among the adult population of the Quetta valley have been investigated. Anemic adult patients, both males and females, who were admitted in the Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, were invited to participate in this study. After detailed history and examination, preliminary blood tests including full blood counts, platelets count, retics count, absolute blood values and blood film examination were done. A clinical diagnosis was made based upon the findings of history, examination and blood tests. In patients suspected to have iron deficiency anemia, serum iron studies (i.e. serum iron, Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin) were done to confirm the diagnosis. Among the selected anemic patients, 60% were iron deficiency anemic, while 40% were non-iron deficiency anemic. Iron deficiency anemia was more common among females than males, as 70% patients were female and 30% were male. The risk factors were found to be pregnancy (40%), nutritional inadequacy (17%), menorrhagia (9%), hemorrhoids (9%), hook worms (8%), hematuria (2%) and blood loss due to various gastro-intestinal pathologies (15%).展开更多
Water supply has become insufficient for the rapidly rising population in Pakistan. As in other parts of Pakistan, coastal villagers also become helpless to use ground water for drinking and daily consumption, due to ...Water supply has become insufficient for the rapidly rising population in Pakistan. As in other parts of Pakistan, coastal villagers also become helpless to use ground water for drinking and daily consumption, due to their need and their not knowing about the quality of water. A number of patients arrived to Karachi hospitals, suffering from a strange disease and this study has been done to find the exact cause of this disease by assuming that arsenic contaminated drinking water may be one of the possibilities. Maximum permissible limit (MRL) of arsenic in drinking water of Pakistan has been calculated by analysis of 50 samples of supply water as 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that most of the residents of Ibrahim Hyderi, Rehri, Chashma, Mubarak, Fagheer Muhammad and Gul Hasan Goths (villages) of the coastal belt of the Karachi city were suffering from melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, non-pitting oedema, gangrene and skin cancer that might be due to arsenic contamination in drinking water. Studied subjects were seriously affected due to paralyzing lower limbs, arms and other body parts in the coastal belt of Karachi, which was observed to be the most prominent health hazards of arsenic. The majority of victims were children. This community problem demands proper addressing and extensive research for improving the quality of life of these villagers.展开更多
Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. Its use in cosmetics has been banned as a result of skin problems including contact dermatitis and ochronosis. A total of 22 samples of different skin...Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. Its use in cosmetics has been banned as a result of skin problems including contact dermatitis and ochronosis. A total of 22 samples of different skin whitening cosmetics were collected from local market. They were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography and HPLC for qualitative and quantitative determination of their hydroquinone contents. The hydroquinone was extracted from samples by using 96% ethanol and was subjected to TLC analysis. Eleven out of 22 samples were found to contain hydroquinone. The HPLC analysis showed the concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.002% to 0.092% in the cosmetic samples.展开更多
文摘Fort Munro Formation represents the products of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) in the middle and lower Indus basins. The formation is exposed in the Rakhi Nala (Sulaiman Range), Bara Nala (Lakhi Range) and Naka Pabni (Southern Pab Range) areas. Major and trace elemental geochemistry and petrographic studies of the formation have been carried out to understand the facies trends in the middle and lower Indus basins. A high amount of acid-insoluble fraction, Ca/Mg and Mg vs. Ca/Sr ratio reveal that the formation was deposited in a shallow marine regressive environment. High amounts of clastic reflect abundant influx of terrigenous materials from the east (Indian craton) and west (Bibai volcanic). High Sr content indicates that aragonite was the precursor mineral, which was transformed into stable low-Mg calcite during diagenesis. Enrichment of Cu and Zn contents in the samples of the formation implies the influence of volcanic activity and that they were incorporated into the calcite lattice in the late phase.
文摘Background: This study was designed to investigate the BMI and alcohol consumption effects on hepatic enzymes. The degree of alteration among moderate drinkers is still unclear. Objective: To determine causes of liver failure due to alcohol and obesity. We observed the association between moderate alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI;in kg/m2) and transaminase, cholestatic enzymes. Design: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) were examined in 995 healthy persons. In this study 400 persons were reported as abstainers and 595 participants involved as a moderate drinkers. The study population was further split into according to BMI as follows: <19 (underweight), ≥19 and <25 (normal weight), ≥25 and <30 (over- weight), and ≥30 (obese). Results: Serum ALT (P < 0.002), GGT (P < 0.001) and ALP (P < 0.001) but not AST (P < 0.883) activities in moderate drinkers were higher than those in abstainers. Mean ALT activity is higher in obese and over weight in alcohol consumers and abstainers as compared to mean AST activity in the same groups. ALP activity was increased with BMI in moderate drinkers. In abstainers activity of ALP shows weak relation in order to BMI. Conclusion: The result of moderate alcohol use raises activity of hepatic enzymes with increasing BMI. Most participants with alcohol consumption have an AST/ALT ratio above 1.
文摘Risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among the adult population of the Quetta valley have been investigated. Anemic adult patients, both males and females, who were admitted in the Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, were invited to participate in this study. After detailed history and examination, preliminary blood tests including full blood counts, platelets count, retics count, absolute blood values and blood film examination were done. A clinical diagnosis was made based upon the findings of history, examination and blood tests. In patients suspected to have iron deficiency anemia, serum iron studies (i.e. serum iron, Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin) were done to confirm the diagnosis. Among the selected anemic patients, 60% were iron deficiency anemic, while 40% were non-iron deficiency anemic. Iron deficiency anemia was more common among females than males, as 70% patients were female and 30% were male. The risk factors were found to be pregnancy (40%), nutritional inadequacy (17%), menorrhagia (9%), hemorrhoids (9%), hook worms (8%), hematuria (2%) and blood loss due to various gastro-intestinal pathologies (15%).
文摘Water supply has become insufficient for the rapidly rising population in Pakistan. As in other parts of Pakistan, coastal villagers also become helpless to use ground water for drinking and daily consumption, due to their need and their not knowing about the quality of water. A number of patients arrived to Karachi hospitals, suffering from a strange disease and this study has been done to find the exact cause of this disease by assuming that arsenic contaminated drinking water may be one of the possibilities. Maximum permissible limit (MRL) of arsenic in drinking water of Pakistan has been calculated by analysis of 50 samples of supply water as 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that most of the residents of Ibrahim Hyderi, Rehri, Chashma, Mubarak, Fagheer Muhammad and Gul Hasan Goths (villages) of the coastal belt of the Karachi city were suffering from melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, non-pitting oedema, gangrene and skin cancer that might be due to arsenic contamination in drinking water. Studied subjects were seriously affected due to paralyzing lower limbs, arms and other body parts in the coastal belt of Karachi, which was observed to be the most prominent health hazards of arsenic. The majority of victims were children. This community problem demands proper addressing and extensive research for improving the quality of life of these villagers.
文摘Hydroquinone has been used for decades as a skin lightening agent. Its use in cosmetics has been banned as a result of skin problems including contact dermatitis and ochronosis. A total of 22 samples of different skin whitening cosmetics were collected from local market. They were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography and HPLC for qualitative and quantitative determination of their hydroquinone contents. The hydroquinone was extracted from samples by using 96% ethanol and was subjected to TLC analysis. Eleven out of 22 samples were found to contain hydroquinone. The HPLC analysis showed the concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.002% to 0.092% in the cosmetic samples.
