BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free r...BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.展开更多
Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,unders...Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.展开更多
The Northeast region is the main producer of guava in Brazil,generating employment and income.However,water availability means that producer’s resort to using water with high salinity,which harms plant development,es...The Northeast region is the main producer of guava in Brazil,generating employment and income.However,water availability means that producer’s resort to using water with high salinity,which harms plant development,especially during the seedling formation phase.The adoption of techniques that mitigate the deleterious effect of salinity is increasingly necessary,such as the use of elicitors such as ascorbic acid.The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphophysiology of guava seedlings under saline and ascorbic acid levels.The study was carried out by applying treatments composed of five saline levels(SL=0.3;1.3;2.3;3.3 and 4.3 dS m^(-1))and four levels of ascorbic acid—AA(0,200,400,and 600 mg L^(-1)),in a 5×4 factorial arrangement,adopting a randomized block design.Gas exchange and growth of guava seedlings are limited from 0.3 dS m^(-1).Using 400 mg L^(-1)of AA reduces damage from salinity on stomatal conductance,transpiration,and net assimilation rate up to the estimated SL of 1.80 dS m^(-1).In contrast,AA level 412 mg L^(-1)increased instantaneous water use efficiency up to the salinity of 2.3 dS m^(-1).AA level of 600 mg L^(-1)attenuated salt stress effects on leaf area and height/stem diameter ratio up to SL of 2.05 dS m^(-1).The number of leaves and the absolute and relative growth rates were stimulated by AA under the lowest saline level.展开更多
Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables...Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.展开更多
We study the confinement of a spinless charged particle to a spherical quantum dot under the influence of a linear electric field.The spherical quantum dot is described by a short-range potential given by the power-ex...We study the confinement of a spinless charged particle to a spherical quantum dot under the influence of a linear electric field.The spherical quantum dot is described by a short-range potential given by the power-exponential potential.Then,by analysing the region near the spherical quantum dot centre,we discuss two cases where the energy levels can be obtained for s-waves and how the linear electric field modifies the spectrum of energy of the spherical quantum dot.展开更多
In Morocco,hydrological and hydrobiological surveys of wadis,river and stream are rare.In this research,we plan to attempt to characterize the physico-chemistry of surface waters of sixteen stations sampled at the lev...In Morocco,hydrological and hydrobiological surveys of wadis,river and stream are rare.In this research,we plan to attempt to characterize the physico-chemistry of surface waters of sixteen stations sampled at the level of the Sebou basin during the period 2013-2023.The diagnosis showed that this natural watercourse is highly enriched in oce-anic salts.A large fluctuation in the chemical nature of the waters was recorded,as well as electrical conductivity(EC),which oscillates between 629 and 22,766μS/cm.Hydrogen Potential ranges from 8.01 to 8.79 while remaining basic.Nitrate(NO3-)concentrations range from a maximum of 886.9 mg/l to a minimum of 0.24 mg/l.Similarly,the am-monium concentration varies from 0.04 to 15.34 mg/l.It was also noted that the waters were very rich in chloride ions(860.27 to 145.55 mg/l),in sodium Na+ion(51 to 2,530 mg/l),in sulfate ions SO4--(441.4 to 37.62 mg/l),in calcium ions Ca2+(97.6 to 1,072.8 mg/l)and in magnesium ions Mg2+(631.2 to 17.28 mg/l)which explains the high hardness of these waters.The concentrations of potassium ions(K+)range from 2.54 to 17.55 mg/l.The high alkalinity is due to the high concentrations of bicarbonate ions(75.64 to 362.34 mg/l).Our study concludes that the waters of the Sebou re-main below the irrigation threshold authorized by Moroccan law when moving away from its Atlantic estuary.They are too degraded and we suggest that urban and industrial wastewater be pre-treated as a priority to reduce natural environment.展开更多
This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of Datura stramonium seed extracts on mild steel in 1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4),utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous extracts as...This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of Datura stramonium seed extracts on mild steel in 1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4),utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous extracts as ecofriendly inhibitors.Electrochemical techniques,thermodynamic studies,and quantum chemical calculations were employed to evaluate the adsorption mechanism and inhibitory action at the metal/electrolyte interface.Maximum inhibition efficie ncies of 93.1%in HCl and 97.7%in H_(2)SO_(4) were achieved with the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 0.2 g·L^(-1),while the aqueous extract demonstrated 93.8%inhibition in HCl and 96.6%in H_(2)SO_(4).Polarization curves indicated mixed-type inhibition with a slight anodic bias.The thermodynamic analysis of two extracts in both environments indicated that the K_(ads)increased and that theΔG_(ads)were close to-40 kJ·mol^(-1),suggesting that the adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm,indicating a combination of physical and chemical adsorption.SEM/EDX analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer,while quantum chemical studies further validated strong adsorption,evidenced by a lowΔE of 2.396 eV and an adsorption energy of-878 kcal·mol^(-1)(1kcal·mol^(-1)=4.18 kJ·mol^(-1)).These results demonstrate that Datura stramonium extracts are promising inhibitors,particularly in sulfuric acid,for industrial applications.Reason:Improved clarity,vocabulary,and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa L.)farmers face challenges with metal accumulation in grain,with nickel(Ni)recently emerging as a concern due to its potential to exceed legal limits,alongside cadmium(Cd).Information on Ni behaviour...Rice(Oryza sativa L.)farmers face challenges with metal accumulation in grain,with nickel(Ni)recently emerging as a concern due to its potential to exceed legal limits,alongside cadmium(Cd).Information on Ni behaviour and its interaction with Cd remains limited.Selenium(Se)is commonly used for rice biofortification and can reduce the accumulation of toxic metals in plants.Therefore,this study investigates how Ni and Cd influence mutual accumulation in rice and examines the impact of different Se forms on their interactions.Plants were grown hydroponically with various combinations of Cd(5 or 20μmol/L),Ni(20μmol/L),and Se(5μmol/L)as selenate(Se^(6+))or selenite(Se^(4+))for 7 d.Plant growth,lipid peroxidation,and element accumulation were measured,and the distribution of Se and Ni in tissues was assayed using synchrotron-basedμXRF 2D imaging.Cd and Ni were toxic to rice,reducing leaf and root biomass by 40%‒50%and inducing oxidative stress.However,their combined presence did not further exacerbate leaf growth reduction.Cd reduced root Ni accumulation by approximately 50%at equimolar concentrations,likely due to competitive inhibition at shared transport sites.Se promoted root growth in the presence of Ni and low Cd,suggesting an antioxidant role in mitigating metal-induced stress.However,high doses of Ni and Cd together significantly reduced Se accumulation(by 60%and 77%for Se^(4+)in roots and Se^(6+)in leaves,respectively)and caused severe oxidative stress in the presence of Se^(4+).The effectiveness of Se biofortification varied depending on the Se form:Se^(6+)was more effective at reducing Ni accumulation,while Se^(4+)effectively reduced Cd accumulation(by 45%‒75%)at low concentrations and Ni accumulation in the absence of Cd(by 50%).In conclusion,this study demonstrates that Se can mitigate Cd and Ni accumulation in rice.However,the co-presence of Cd and Ni may compromise Se enrichment in rice,highlighting the complexity of their interactions.展开更多
Fruit quality traits play an important role in consumption of kiwiberry(Actinidia arguta).The genetic basis of fruit quality traits in this woody,perennial and dioecious fruit crop remains largely unknown.This study a...Fruit quality traits play an important role in consumption of kiwiberry(Actinidia arguta).The genetic basis of fruit quality traits in this woody,perennial and dioecious fruit crop remains largely unknown.This study aimed to identify the underlying genetic basis of fruit quality traits in A.arguta,using a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)genetic linkage map previously developed in a tetraploid F1 population of‘Ruby-3’בKuiLv-M’.The F1 population was phenotyped over three years(2020–2022)for fruit quality traits,including skin color,flesh color,fruit weight,fruit diameter,total soluble solids,fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index.A total of nine QTLs were detected for five traits,explaining 10%–32%of the trait variation.For fruit color,the support interval of a major QTL on LG9 contained an MYB transcription factor MYB110,which was previously demonstrated to control color regulation in kiwifruit,thus suggesting that the MYB110 is the candidate gene for fruit color in kiwiberry.The linked marker for fruit color was validated in an F1 population and 25 kiwiberry cultivars.In conclusion,the knowledge obtained through the QTL mapping is applicable to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness in kiwiberry breeding.展开更多
Ecological barriers present significant challenges to bird migration by limiting the availability of stopover sites and shelters. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a major migratory barrier located in higher latitude Central...Ecological barriers present significant challenges to bird migration by limiting the availability of stopover sites and shelters. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a major migratory barrier located in higher latitude Central Asia, exerts a substantial influence on avian migration patterns. Species traversing such ecological barriers may adopt multiple optimal routes, which can contribute to the formation of migratory divides. From 2018 to 2021, the migration routes of 13 adult Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) breeding in the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were tracked using satellite transmitters. We found Common Cuckoos have two primary migration routes: western and eastern, respectively following western and eastern edges of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The eastern and western routes are likely the optimal routes for the Central Asian Common Cuckoos population to navigate the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Furthermore, two individuals exhibited intermediate migration routes, suggesting attempted traverses of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, although neither completed the migration. These intermediate routes may indicate migratory behavior influenced by hybridization between eastern and western populations or migratory flexibility. Common Cuckoos exhibit significantly faster migration speed, flight speed, and shorter stopover durations during spring compared to autumn. The observed seasonal differences in migration behavior support birds following time-minimization strategies during spring migration. These results revealed the diverse migration routes of Common Cuckoos shaped by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and seasonal variation in migration patterns.展开更多
Due to its tolerance to water deficit and salinity,sorghum is considered a suitable crop for cultivation in regions affected by these stress conditions,enabling the efficient use of limited water resources.This study ...Due to its tolerance to water deficit and salinity,sorghum is considered a suitable crop for cultivation in regions affected by these stress conditions,enabling the efficient use of limited water resources.This study evaluated the resilience of the sweet sorghum cultivar BRS 506 under water deficit and salinity stress,focusing on water relations and yield performance in semiarid conditions.A randomized complete block design was employed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement with four replicates.Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation water salinity(1.50,3.75,and 6.00 dS m^(-1))and three irrigation levels(50%,75%,and 100%of the estimated maximum crop evapotranspiration,ETc),corresponding to water deficits of 50%,25%,and 0%of ETc.Salinity stress resulted in similar electrolyte leakage in both years.In 2022,relative water content decreased with increasing salinity,whereas saturation deficit and water absorption capacity increased.The highest electrolyte leakage occurred under a 25%water deficit.In contrast,water-related physiological parameters in 2021 remained stable despite water deficits.Juice yield declined by 13.38%under the highest salinity level(6.00 dS m^(-1))compared with the lowest(1.50 dS m^(-1)).Under water deficit conditions,total yield,dry matter,stalk biomass,and juice yield were comparable between 0%and 25%water deficit,with significant reductions only at 50%.Overall,BRS 506 demonstrated resilience to salinity,maintaining cellular integrity.Despite adverse effects on plant water status at high salinity,total yield was unaffected.A 25%irrigation reduction resulted in only a 6.64%yield loss,indicating improved water use efficiency and highlighting the potential for sustainable cultivation of sweet sorghum in water-limited environments.展开更多
Esophageal cancer(EC)continues to pose a significant clinical challenge due to the absence of a reliable early detection method,leading to late-stage diagnoses and poor patient outcomes.The recent study by Liu et al p...Esophageal cancer(EC)continues to pose a significant clinical challenge due to the absence of a reliable early detection method,leading to late-stage diagnoses and poor patient outcomes.The recent study by Liu et al presents a promising breakthrough,demonstrating that plasma DNA methylation markers-SHOX2,SEPTIN9,EPO,and RNF180-offer a non-invasive approach for early EC detection with 76.19%sensitivity and 86.27%specificity.Given the urgent need for effective screening strategies,the potential integration of this assay into clinical practice could significantly enhance early diagnosis,patient monitoring,and overall survival rates.While further validation is necessary,this advancement marks an important step toward improving EC detection and management.展开更多
Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms pose significant challenges due to their varied presentations and prognoses.Traditional prognostic models,while useful,often fall short of accurately predicting clinical outcomes for th...Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms pose significant challenges due to their varied presentations and prognoses.Traditional prognostic models,while useful,often fall short of accurately predicting clinical outcomes for these patients.This article discusses the development and implications of a novel prognostic tool,the GATIS score,which aims to enhance predictive accuracy and guide treatment strategies more effectively than current methods.Utilizing data from a large cohort and employing sophisticated statistical models,the GATIS score integrates clinical and pathological markers to provide a nuanced assessment of prognosis.We evaluate the potential of this score to transform clinical decision-making processes,its integration into current medical practices,and future directions for its develo-pment.The integration of genetic markers and other biomarkers could further refine its predictive power,highlighting the ongoing need for innovation in the management of rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.展开更多
This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has ...This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has seen a remarkable run of extreme precipitation events and resulting impacts. Here, we provide an overview of the most notable extreme events of the year, including extreme precipitation and floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts. The characteristics and impacts of these extreme events are summarized, followed by discussion on the physical drivers and the role of global warming.Finally, we also discuss the future prospects in extreme event studies, including impact-based perspectives, challenges in attribution of precipitation extremes, and the existing gap to minimize impacts from climate extremes.展开更多
Water power is one of the key renewable energy resources,whose efficiency is often hampered due to inefficient water flow management,turbine performance,and environmental variations.Most existing optimization techniqu...Water power is one of the key renewable energy resources,whose efficiency is often hampered due to inefficient water flow management,turbine performance,and environmental variations.Most existing optimization techniques lack the real-time adaptability to sufficiently allocate resources in terms of location and time.Hence,a novel Scalable Tas-manian Devil Optimization(STDO)algorithm is introduced to optimize hydropower generation for maximum power efficiency.Using the STDO to model important system characteristics including water flow,turbine changes,and energy conversion efficiency is part of the process.In the final analysis,optimizing these settings in would help reduce inefficiencies and maximize power generation output.Following that,simulations based on actual hydroelectric data are used to analyze the algorithm's effectiveness.The simulation results provide evidence that the STDO algorithm can enhance hydropower plant efficiency tremendously translating to considerable energy output augmentation compared to conven-tional optimization methods.STDO achieves the reliability(92.5),resiliency(74.3),and reduced vulnerability(9.3).To guarantee increased efficiency towards ecologically friendly power generation,the STDO algorithm may thus offer efficient resource optimization for hydropower.A clear route is made available for expanding the efficiency of current hydropower facilities while tackling the long-term objectives of reducing the environmental impact and increasing the energy output of energy produced from renewable sources.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.
基金supported by a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council(CSC),award nr.202106300012 to X.W.from EU-RISE Evofruland:grant agreement no.101007738 to X.W.
文摘Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.
基金supported by CNPq(National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—Processo:151057/2024-9),CAPES(Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)financial code—001,and UFCG(Universidade Federal de Campina Grande).
文摘The Northeast region is the main producer of guava in Brazil,generating employment and income.However,water availability means that producer’s resort to using water with high salinity,which harms plant development,especially during the seedling formation phase.The adoption of techniques that mitigate the deleterious effect of salinity is increasingly necessary,such as the use of elicitors such as ascorbic acid.The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphophysiology of guava seedlings under saline and ascorbic acid levels.The study was carried out by applying treatments composed of five saline levels(SL=0.3;1.3;2.3;3.3 and 4.3 dS m^(-1))and four levels of ascorbic acid—AA(0,200,400,and 600 mg L^(-1)),in a 5×4 factorial arrangement,adopting a randomized block design.Gas exchange and growth of guava seedlings are limited from 0.3 dS m^(-1).Using 400 mg L^(-1)of AA reduces damage from salinity on stomatal conductance,transpiration,and net assimilation rate up to the estimated SL of 1.80 dS m^(-1).In contrast,AA level 412 mg L^(-1)increased instantaneous water use efficiency up to the salinity of 2.3 dS m^(-1).AA level of 600 mg L^(-1)attenuated salt stress effects on leaf area and height/stem diameter ratio up to SL of 2.05 dS m^(-1).The number of leaves and the absolute and relative growth rates were stimulated by AA under the lowest saline level.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF1000104)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP),Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project(Grant No.Z231100003723009)+4 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2023PT16)TKI project(Grant No.KV1605-004)support from the China Scholarship Councilthe NPO bursary funding from Wageningen universitythe scholarship from Institute of vegetables and flowers,CAAS.
文摘Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.
文摘We study the confinement of a spinless charged particle to a spherical quantum dot under the influence of a linear electric field.The spherical quantum dot is described by a short-range potential given by the power-exponential potential.Then,by analysing the region near the spherical quantum dot centre,we discuss two cases where the energy levels can be obtained for s-waves and how the linear electric field modifies the spectrum of energy of the spherical quantum dot.
文摘In Morocco,hydrological and hydrobiological surveys of wadis,river and stream are rare.In this research,we plan to attempt to characterize the physico-chemistry of surface waters of sixteen stations sampled at the level of the Sebou basin during the period 2013-2023.The diagnosis showed that this natural watercourse is highly enriched in oce-anic salts.A large fluctuation in the chemical nature of the waters was recorded,as well as electrical conductivity(EC),which oscillates between 629 and 22,766μS/cm.Hydrogen Potential ranges from 8.01 to 8.79 while remaining basic.Nitrate(NO3-)concentrations range from a maximum of 886.9 mg/l to a minimum of 0.24 mg/l.Similarly,the am-monium concentration varies from 0.04 to 15.34 mg/l.It was also noted that the waters were very rich in chloride ions(860.27 to 145.55 mg/l),in sodium Na+ion(51 to 2,530 mg/l),in sulfate ions SO4--(441.4 to 37.62 mg/l),in calcium ions Ca2+(97.6 to 1,072.8 mg/l)and in magnesium ions Mg2+(631.2 to 17.28 mg/l)which explains the high hardness of these waters.The concentrations of potassium ions(K+)range from 2.54 to 17.55 mg/l.The high alkalinity is due to the high concentrations of bicarbonate ions(75.64 to 362.34 mg/l).Our study concludes that the waters of the Sebou re-main below the irrigation threshold authorized by Moroccan law when moving away from its Atlantic estuary.They are too degraded and we suggest that urban and industrial wastewater be pre-treated as a priority to reduce natural environment.
基金supported by the NRF(National Research Foundation)of Koreafunded by the Basic Science Research Program through the Ministry of Education(2020R1I1A3052258)carried out with the support of the“2024 System Semiconductor Technology Development Support Project”of Chungbuk Technopark。
文摘This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of Datura stramonium seed extracts on mild steel in 1.0 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4),utilizing both ethanolic and aqueous extracts as ecofriendly inhibitors.Electrochemical techniques,thermodynamic studies,and quantum chemical calculations were employed to evaluate the adsorption mechanism and inhibitory action at the metal/electrolyte interface.Maximum inhibition efficie ncies of 93.1%in HCl and 97.7%in H_(2)SO_(4) were achieved with the ethanolic extract at a concentration of 0.2 g·L^(-1),while the aqueous extract demonstrated 93.8%inhibition in HCl and 96.6%in H_(2)SO_(4).Polarization curves indicated mixed-type inhibition with a slight anodic bias.The thermodynamic analysis of two extracts in both environments indicated that the K_(ads)increased and that theΔG_(ads)were close to-40 kJ·mol^(-1),suggesting that the adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm,indicating a combination of physical and chemical adsorption.SEM/EDX analysis confirmed the formation of a protective layer,while quantum chemical studies further validated strong adsorption,evidenced by a lowΔE of 2.396 eV and an adsorption energy of-878 kcal·mol^(-1)(1kcal·mol^(-1)=4.18 kJ·mol^(-1)).These results demonstrate that Datura stramonium extracts are promising inhibitors,particularly in sulfuric acid,for industrial applications.Reason:Improved clarity,vocabulary,and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.
基金funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2022 research and innovation program under the Marie SKŁODOWSKA-CURIE Individual Fellowship(Grant No.101105237).
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.)farmers face challenges with metal accumulation in grain,with nickel(Ni)recently emerging as a concern due to its potential to exceed legal limits,alongside cadmium(Cd).Information on Ni behaviour and its interaction with Cd remains limited.Selenium(Se)is commonly used for rice biofortification and can reduce the accumulation of toxic metals in plants.Therefore,this study investigates how Ni and Cd influence mutual accumulation in rice and examines the impact of different Se forms on their interactions.Plants were grown hydroponically with various combinations of Cd(5 or 20μmol/L),Ni(20μmol/L),and Se(5μmol/L)as selenate(Se^(6+))or selenite(Se^(4+))for 7 d.Plant growth,lipid peroxidation,and element accumulation were measured,and the distribution of Se and Ni in tissues was assayed using synchrotron-basedμXRF 2D imaging.Cd and Ni were toxic to rice,reducing leaf and root biomass by 40%‒50%and inducing oxidative stress.However,their combined presence did not further exacerbate leaf growth reduction.Cd reduced root Ni accumulation by approximately 50%at equimolar concentrations,likely due to competitive inhibition at shared transport sites.Se promoted root growth in the presence of Ni and low Cd,suggesting an antioxidant role in mitigating metal-induced stress.However,high doses of Ni and Cd together significantly reduced Se accumulation(by 60%and 77%for Se^(4+)in roots and Se^(6+)in leaves,respectively)and caused severe oxidative stress in the presence of Se^(4+).The effectiveness of Se biofortification varied depending on the Se form:Se^(6+)was more effective at reducing Ni accumulation,while Se^(4+)effectively reduced Cd accumulation(by 45%‒75%)at low concentrations and Ni accumulation in the absence of Cd(by 50%).In conclusion,this study demonstrates that Se can mitigate Cd and Ni accumulation in rice.However,the co-presence of Cd and Ni may compromise Se enrichment in rice,highlighting the complexity of their interactions.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001995)the Major Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(Grant No.221100110400)+3 种基金the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-26)the Special Engineering Science and Technology Innovation,CAAS(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2024-ZFRI).Part of this research was funded under the TKI project:“Novel genetic and genomic tools for polyploid crops”(KV 1605-020BO 26.03009004,BO 50002022)and USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)Specialty Crop Research Initiative project“Tools for genomics assisted breeding in polyploids:Development of a community resource”(Grant No.2020-51181-32156/SCRI)received a scholarship from China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202303250034).
文摘Fruit quality traits play an important role in consumption of kiwiberry(Actinidia arguta).The genetic basis of fruit quality traits in this woody,perennial and dioecious fruit crop remains largely unknown.This study aimed to identify the underlying genetic basis of fruit quality traits in A.arguta,using a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)genetic linkage map previously developed in a tetraploid F1 population of‘Ruby-3’בKuiLv-M’.The F1 population was phenotyped over three years(2020–2022)for fruit quality traits,including skin color,flesh color,fruit weight,fruit diameter,total soluble solids,fruit longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index.A total of nine QTLs were detected for five traits,explaining 10%–32%of the trait variation.For fruit color,the support interval of a major QTL on LG9 contained an MYB transcription factor MYB110,which was previously demonstrated to control color regulation in kiwifruit,thus suggesting that the MYB110 is the candidate gene for fruit color in kiwiberry.The linked marker for fruit color was validated in an F1 population and 25 kiwiberry cultivars.In conclusion,the knowledge obtained through the QTL mapping is applicable to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness in kiwiberry breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672296).
文摘Ecological barriers present significant challenges to bird migration by limiting the availability of stopover sites and shelters. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a major migratory barrier located in higher latitude Central Asia, exerts a substantial influence on avian migration patterns. Species traversing such ecological barriers may adopt multiple optimal routes, which can contribute to the formation of migratory divides. From 2018 to 2021, the migration routes of 13 adult Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) breeding in the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were tracked using satellite transmitters. We found Common Cuckoos have two primary migration routes: western and eastern, respectively following western and eastern edges of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The eastern and western routes are likely the optimal routes for the Central Asian Common Cuckoos population to navigate the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Furthermore, two individuals exhibited intermediate migration routes, suggesting attempted traverses of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, although neither completed the migration. These intermediate routes may indicate migratory behavior influenced by hybridization between eastern and western populations or migratory flexibility. Common Cuckoos exhibit significantly faster migration speed, flight speed, and shorter stopover durations during spring compared to autumn. The observed seasonal differences in migration behavior support birds following time-minimization strategies during spring migration. These results revealed the diverse migration routes of Common Cuckoos shaped by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and seasonal variation in migration patterns.
基金funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,CNPq.Notice 01/2016 process(432.570/2016-0)Research Support Foundation of Rio Grande do Norte-FAPERN,Process No.:10910019.000263/2021-43.
文摘Due to its tolerance to water deficit and salinity,sorghum is considered a suitable crop for cultivation in regions affected by these stress conditions,enabling the efficient use of limited water resources.This study evaluated the resilience of the sweet sorghum cultivar BRS 506 under water deficit and salinity stress,focusing on water relations and yield performance in semiarid conditions.A randomized complete block design was employed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement with four replicates.Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation water salinity(1.50,3.75,and 6.00 dS m^(-1))and three irrigation levels(50%,75%,and 100%of the estimated maximum crop evapotranspiration,ETc),corresponding to water deficits of 50%,25%,and 0%of ETc.Salinity stress resulted in similar electrolyte leakage in both years.In 2022,relative water content decreased with increasing salinity,whereas saturation deficit and water absorption capacity increased.The highest electrolyte leakage occurred under a 25%water deficit.In contrast,water-related physiological parameters in 2021 remained stable despite water deficits.Juice yield declined by 13.38%under the highest salinity level(6.00 dS m^(-1))compared with the lowest(1.50 dS m^(-1)).Under water deficit conditions,total yield,dry matter,stalk biomass,and juice yield were comparable between 0%and 25%water deficit,with significant reductions only at 50%.Overall,BRS 506 demonstrated resilience to salinity,maintaining cellular integrity.Despite adverse effects on plant water status at high salinity,total yield was unaffected.A 25%irrigation reduction resulted in only a 6.64%yield loss,indicating improved water use efficiency and highlighting the potential for sustainable cultivation of sweet sorghum in water-limited environments.
文摘Esophageal cancer(EC)continues to pose a significant clinical challenge due to the absence of a reliable early detection method,leading to late-stage diagnoses and poor patient outcomes.The recent study by Liu et al presents a promising breakthrough,demonstrating that plasma DNA methylation markers-SHOX2,SEPTIN9,EPO,and RNF180-offer a non-invasive approach for early EC detection with 76.19%sensitivity and 86.27%specificity.Given the urgent need for effective screening strategies,the potential integration of this assay into clinical practice could significantly enhance early diagnosis,patient monitoring,and overall survival rates.While further validation is necessary,this advancement marks an important step toward improving EC detection and management.
文摘Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms pose significant challenges due to their varied presentations and prognoses.Traditional prognostic models,while useful,often fall short of accurately predicting clinical outcomes for these patients.This article discusses the development and implications of a novel prognostic tool,the GATIS score,which aims to enhance predictive accuracy and guide treatment strategies more effectively than current methods.Utilizing data from a large cohort and employing sophisticated statistical models,the GATIS score integrates clinical and pathological markers to provide a nuanced assessment of prognosis.We evaluate the potential of this score to transform clinical decision-making processes,its integration into current medical practices,and future directions for its develo-pment.The integration of genetic markers and other biomarkers could further refine its predictive power,highlighting the ongoing need for innovation in the management of rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.42422502 and 42275038)the China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program (Grant No.QBZ202306)funded by the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China project under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF)。
文摘This past year, 2024, is on track to be the warmest year, joining 2023 as the two hottest years on record. With the exceptional heat, weather and climate extremes were common across the world. In particular, 2024 has seen a remarkable run of extreme precipitation events and resulting impacts. Here, we provide an overview of the most notable extreme events of the year, including extreme precipitation and floods, tropical cyclones, and droughts. The characteristics and impacts of these extreme events are summarized, followed by discussion on the physical drivers and the role of global warming.Finally, we also discuss the future prospects in extreme event studies, including impact-based perspectives, challenges in attribution of precipitation extremes, and the existing gap to minimize impacts from climate extremes.
文摘Water power is one of the key renewable energy resources,whose efficiency is often hampered due to inefficient water flow management,turbine performance,and environmental variations.Most existing optimization techniques lack the real-time adaptability to sufficiently allocate resources in terms of location and time.Hence,a novel Scalable Tas-manian Devil Optimization(STDO)algorithm is introduced to optimize hydropower generation for maximum power efficiency.Using the STDO to model important system characteristics including water flow,turbine changes,and energy conversion efficiency is part of the process.In the final analysis,optimizing these settings in would help reduce inefficiencies and maximize power generation output.Following that,simulations based on actual hydroelectric data are used to analyze the algorithm's effectiveness.The simulation results provide evidence that the STDO algorithm can enhance hydropower plant efficiency tremendously translating to considerable energy output augmentation compared to conven-tional optimization methods.STDO achieves the reliability(92.5),resiliency(74.3),and reduced vulnerability(9.3).To guarantee increased efficiency towards ecologically friendly power generation,the STDO algorithm may thus offer efficient resource optimization for hydropower.A clear route is made available for expanding the efficiency of current hydropower facilities while tackling the long-term objectives of reducing the environmental impact and increasing the energy output of energy produced from renewable sources.
