AIM:To evaluate the differences in near point of convergence(NPC),fusional vergence,saccadic eye movements,versional eye movements,and heterophoria between patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and healthy s...AIM:To evaluate the differences in near point of convergence(NPC),fusional vergence,saccadic eye movements,versional eye movements,and heterophoria between patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and healthy subjects.METHODS:A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted,enrolling two cohorts:a PD group and a healthy control group.The PD group was recruited via non-random convenience sampling,while the control group was selected randomly from individuals without PD.All participants were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria before undergoing a comprehensive optometric assessment,which included measurements of uncorrected visual acuity,corrected visual acuity,and objective and subjective refraction.Subsequently,binocular vision function evaluations were performed,covering NPC measurement,fusional vergence reserve assessment at both distance and near,saccadic eye movement testing,and versional eye movement and heterophoria assessment.RESULTS:A total of 42 PD patients and 41 healthy controls were included in the final analysis.The two groups were well-matched in terms of sex distribution[29 males(69.0%)in the PD group vs 29 males(70.7%)in the control group,P=0.867]and mean age(55.3±9.6y in the PD group vs 54.9±9.8y in the control group,P=0.866).The prevalence of abnormal versional eye movements was significantly higher in the PD group than in the control group(23.81%,95%CI:12.05%-39.45%vs 7.32%,95%CI:1.54%-19.92%;P=0.025).Near exophoria was more prevalent in PD patients(61.90%,95%CI:45.64%-76.43%)than in controls(17.07%,95%CI:7.15%-32.06%),with a significant difference[odds ratio(OR)=7.99;95%CI:2.83-21.99;P<0.001].The mean NPC was significantly greater(more receded)in the PD group than in the control group(9.01±3.74 cm vs 7.20±2.15 cm;P=0.007).A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between PD severity and NPC values(Pearson’s correlation coefficient=0.309;P=0.046).Except for distance baseout break and distance base-out recovery values,all other fusional vergence parameters were significantly lower in the PD group than in the control group(P<0.05).The mean saccadic test score was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls(3.29±0.57 vs 3.78±0.42;P<0.001).Among all fusional vergence indices,near base-in blur yielded the highest area under the curve(AUC=0.877),with a sensitivity of 69%and specificity of 90%,followed by distance base-out blur(AUC=0.824,sensitivity=97.6%,specificity=66.7%),near base-out blur(AUC=0.814,sensitivity=76.2%,specificity=72.7%),near base-out break(AUC=0.749,sensitivity=78.6%,specificity=67.6%),and near base-out recovery(AUC=0.749,sensitivity=95.2%,specificity=50%).CONCLUSION:PD is associated with significant binocular vision function impairment,with receded NPC and reduced near fusional vergence reserves being the most prominent disorders.These findings highlight the potential value of binocular vision assessment as a non-invasive biomarker for the early detection and clinical monitoring of PD.展开更多
Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among primary school children in Zahedan District, Southeastern Iran, as a tropical area.Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 400 students were...Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among primary school children in Zahedan District, Southeastern Iran, as a tropical area.Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 400 students were selected randomly using multi-stage sampling technique. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent(SE)of-0.5 diopter(D) or more, hyperopia was defined as SE of +2.00 D or more and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was considered astigmatism. Anisometropia was defined as a difference of 1 D or more between two eyes. Cycloplegic refractive status was measured using auto-refractometer(Topcon 8800). Data were analyzed using SPSS,version 22 software program.Results: Mean ± SD of SE was(1.71 ± 1.16) D. A total of 20 students [6.3%, 95%confidence interval(CI): 3.96%–9.64%] were myopic(-0.5 D), 186 students(58.1%,95% CI: 52.50%–63.56%) were hyperopic( +2.00 D) and 114 students(35.6%, 95%CI: 30.43%–41.18%) were emmetropic. The prevalence of astigmatism( 0.75 D)among students was 3.4%(95% CI: 1.82%–6.25%). Anisometropia of 1 D or more was found in 21.3%(95% CI: 16.98%–26.23%) of the studied population. The prevalence of refractive errors was higher among girls than boys(73.1% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.001), but it was not significantly different among different age groups(P = 0.790).Conclusions: Refractive errors affect a sizable portion of students in Zahedan. Although myopia is not very prevalent, the high rate of hyperopia in the studied population emphasizes its need for attention.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the effects of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies on the quality of life(QOL)of university students.METHODS:This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on university students usin...AIM:To evaluate the effects of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies on the quality of life(QOL)of university students.METHODS:This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on university students using simple random sampling.Objective refraction,ocular alignment,vergence and accommodative performance were measured and assessed in all participants.Data on QOL were collected using the College of Optometrists in Vision Development-Quality of Life(COVD-QOL)Questionnaire.The effect of mentioned parameters on the QOL were evaluated.RESULTS:Totally 726 students with mean age of 21.35±1.88y were evaluated in this study,51.5%of whom were female.Esophoria was caused significantly lower QOL in the domains of somatic symptoms and occupationalphysical symptoms(P<0.05);Besides,esotropia decreased QOL in domains of somatic symptoms P=0.002 and psychological factors(P=0.023).Students with accommodation insufficiency experienced more symptoms in all domains(P<0.05)except for psychological factors(P=0.07).Increasing in the near point of convergence and accommodation and decreases QOL and increasing accommodative facility increases QOL(all P<0.05).Myopia and astigmatism cause decrease in QOL(both P<0.05),but hyperopic students had better QOL in comparison with others(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Screening programs and treatment of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies,especially phoria and accommodative insufficiency,positively impact the QOL and academic achievements of university students.展开更多
AIM:To identify topographic determinants of the anterior chamber angle(ACA)in patients with keratoconus(KCN).METHODS:Four hundred and ten eyes of 294 patients with KCN were recruited for this study.First,complete ocul...AIM:To identify topographic determinants of the anterior chamber angle(ACA)in patients with keratoconus(KCN).METHODS:Four hundred and ten eyes of 294 patients with KCN were recruited for this study.First,complete ocular examinations were performed for all patients,including visual acuity measurement,refraction,and slit-lamp biomicroscopy.Then,all participants underwent corneal imaging by the Oculus Pentacam HR.RESULTS:The mean age of the participants was 32.40±8.52y(15-60y)and 69.5%of them were male.The mean ACA was 38.47°±5.75°(range:14.40°to 56.50°)in the whole sample,38.24°±6.00°in males,and 38.98°±5.11°in females(P=0.447).The mean ACA was significantly different among different groups of cone morphology,as patients with nipple cones showed the lowest mean ACA.Moreover,there were statistically significant differences in the mean ACA among different groups of cone locations,with patients having central cones exhibiting the lowest mean ACA(P<0.001).Anterior and posterior Q values were significantly,directly correlated with ACA(anterior Q:r=0.122,P=0.014,posterior Q:r=0.192,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:This study provides critical insights into the risk factors for ACA narrowing in KCN patients,which is essential for planning intraocular surgeries.Patients with nipple and central cones exhibited the most significant ACA narrowing.Additionally,more negative Q-values are associated with increased ACA narrowing,highlighting the need for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the effects of polarized and nonpolarized sunglasses on visual functions,including distance and near visual acuity,phoria,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity across five spatial frequencies(1.5,3,6,12,...AIM:To evaluate the effects of polarized and nonpolarized sunglasses on visual functions,including distance and near visual acuity,phoria,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity across five spatial frequencies(1.5,3,6,12,18 cycles/degree).METHODS:A before-after study was conducted on 45 emmetropic students from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.Visual acuity,contrast sensitivity,stereopsis and phoria were measured under three conditions:without sunglasses,with non-polarized sunglasses and with polarized sunglasses.Tests were conducted under controlled glare conditions to simulate outdoor environments.RESULTS:A total of 45 participants were evaluated,comprising 17 males(37.8%)and 28 females(62.2%).The mean age was 21.67±2.31y(range 18-27y).The mean of distance and near visual acuity in all three conditions were equal to 0.00 logMAR.Contrast sensitivity generally decreased slightly with the use of non-polarized sunglasses compared to the no-sunglasses condition.The mean stereopsis with polarized sunglasses was 101.33±56.139 arc sec,which was worse than the no-sunglasses condition(94.33±46.632 arc sec)and better than the non-polarized sunglasses condition(105.67±58.965 arc sec),although these changes were not significant.In the phoria parameter,distance phoria appeared more affected than near phoria.CONCLUSION:Polarized and non-polarized sunglasses do not significantly affect visual acuity,stereopsis,or phoria under controlled glare conditions.Slight changes in contrast sensitivity are noted,but they are not statistically significant.展开更多
Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes ...Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes in corneal biomechanical parameters with age and sex.The articles published in PubMed between 2000 and 2021 were investigated and critiqued,and valid scientific evidence was collected,reviewed and concluded according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Most studies showed that corneal biomechanical changes occur infrequently in children up to the age of 20y,and with increasing age and wider age range,there was a significant decrease in corneal biomechanical indices,especially corneal hysteresis.In children and adults,most studies have shown that these biomechanical indicators,especially corneal resistance factor,were higher in females.Although hormonal changes may contribute to this finding,the role of axial length and other biometric indicators should not be ignored.The axial length,the intraocular pressure,and the corneal thickness are other factors associated with biomechanical parameters that should be taken into account in clinical diagnosis and management especially for patients undergoing refractive surgery as well as keratoconus patients.展开更多
AIM:To determine the diagnostic ability of various visual functions in patients with multiple sclerosis(MS)with and without optic neuritis(ON).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,we assessed and compared refractive ...AIM:To determine the diagnostic ability of various visual functions in patients with multiple sclerosis(MS)with and without optic neuritis(ON).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,we assessed and compared refractive error,visual acuity(VA),and contrast sensitivity(CS)between patients with MS and a matched control group of healthy individuals.The MS patients were further categorized into those with ON and those without.RESULTS:A total of 133 eyes from 133 participants were assessed,including 66 individuals diagnosed with MS.The mean ages for the MS group and the healthy control group were 37.5±4.27y and 38.45±4.60y,respectively(P=0.346).Among the 66 patients with MS,18 had ON.The presence of MS was associated with a decrease in best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and spherical component of refractive error(P<0.05),whereas ON did not lead to any further decline in these parameters(P>0.05).MS was linked to decreased CS at spatial frequencies of 6 and 18 cycles per degree(CPD;P<0.05),while ON in MS patients resulted in an additional decrease in CS at 3 CPD(P=0.03).The most significant sensitivity for distinguishing MS patients from healthy individuals as well as MS patients with ON from those without ON was found with cylindrical component[associated criterion(AC)>-0.75 D;71.21%]and CS at spatial frequency of 6 CPD(AC≤1.56;72.22%),respectively.Conversely,the highest specificity for these diagnostic measures was associated with BCVA(AC>0 logMAR;97.01%)and CS at a spatial frequency of 12 CPD(AC≤0.60;93.75%),respectively.CONCLUSION:MS significantly affects refractive error and CS,with ON further reducing CS.Assessing these visual parameters can improve MS monitoring and management.展开更多
High mortality of choroidal melanoma(CM)is mainly attributed to the high likelihood of tumorous recurrence.The essential challenge lies in the presence of residual CM cells survived from the antitumor treatment.These ...High mortality of choroidal melanoma(CM)is mainly attributed to the high likelihood of tumorous recurrence.The essential challenge lies in the presence of residual CM cells survived from the antitumor treatment.These residual tumorous cells are most likely to cause tumorous recurrence.This article reports the preparation of a multifunctional nanocomposite which can be used to treat CM efficiently via a chemotherapyassisted-photothermal therapy(CTH-PTT).The nanocomposite comprises of alpha-tocopheryl succinate(α-TOS)and carboxylic chitosan modified graphene(CG).α-TOS has been potentially seen as an efficient CTH antitumor drug while its deficiency such as easy being hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal esterase and poor hydrophilicity inevitable limits the clinic application ofα-TOS.CG is introduced to overcome these shortcomings,offering additional advantages such as the PTT possibility for the antitumor application.The employment of CG-α-TOS on ocular CM cells caused more than 80%inhibition rates after irradiation under an 808 nm laser for 10 min.The outcomes of this work provide a facile and advantageous way to resolve the essential issue of the treatment of ocular tumors such as CM.展开更多
AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this r...AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this randomized double-blind clinical trial study,48(24 cases)and 38 eyes(19 cases)underwent myopic astigmatism and hyperopic astigmatism LASIK.One eye of each individual was randomly assigned to AO centration and the fellow eye underwent the PC-centered method.The clinical outcomes including uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),safety and efficacy indexes,subjective spherical equivalent(SE)and corneal high-order aberrations(HOAs)were measured at baseline and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS:In the myopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were-4.12±0.87(-2.88 to-6.00)diopter(D)and-0.88±0.79(0 to-2.75)D,respectively.In the hyperopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were 0.93±0.59(-0.25 to 2.25)D and-0.73±1.00(0 to-4.25)D,respectively.At 6mo postoperatively,the safety and efficacy indexes were similar for centration in myopic and hyperopic LASIK groups.In the myopic group,significant changes were found in horizontal trefoil(P=0.041)and oblique trefoil(P=0.031)in favor of AO centration treatment.CONCLUSION:Femtosecond-LASIK is a safe and efficacious procedure for treatment of myopic and hyperopic astigmatism.AO-centered and PC-centered approaches provide similar visual and refractive outcomes.Myopic astigmatism LASIK with AO centration leads to slightly better corneal aberration outcomes.展开更多
AIM:To compare the subjective refraction data with autorefraction findings in high astigmatisms.METHODS:In a cross-sectional study,sampling was done from in different geographic regions in Iran using a multistage rand...AIM:To compare the subjective refraction data with autorefraction findings in high astigmatisms.METHODS:In a cross-sectional study,sampling was done from in different geographic regions in Iran using a multistage random cluster sampling method.All study participants underwent cycloplegic auto-refraction and subjective refraction using the red-green test.RESULTS:In this study,277 eyes of 158 students aged 8 to 15y were analyzed.According to the results,the mean difference between subjective refraction and autorefraction in measuring sphere,cylinder,spherical equivalent,J0,and J45 was-0.18±0.76,-0.36±0.40,-0.36±0.79,0.15±0.20,and 0.05±0.21 respectively.The correlation of these two refraction methods in measuring the aforementioned indices was 0.963,0.898,0.960,0.931,and 0.948 respectively.The 95%limits of agreement of the two methods in measuring the above indices were-1.66 to 1.31,-1.14 to 0.42,-1.91 to 1.19,-0.24 to 0.54,and-0.36 to 0.47 respectively.The agreement between the two methods decreased with increasing cylinder power,and the best agreement was found in myopic individuals.CONCLUSION:The measurements obtained by autorefractometer have a significantly higher cylinder average compared to subjective refraction.However,in the cylinder range of 4–5 diopters,the values of J0 and J45 do not have a high correlation.展开更多
Tumor heterogeneity and diversity significantly undermine the effectiveness of monotherapy.Collaborative therapy emerges as a promising approach to mitigate tumor recurrence resulting from monotherapy.Combining chemod...Tumor heterogeneity and diversity significantly undermine the effectiveness of monotherapy.Collaborative therapy emerges as a promising approach to mitigate tumor recurrence resulting from monotherapy.Combining chemodynamic therapy(CDT)with photothermal therapy(PTT)offers a compelling solution for eradicating residual tumor cells post-PTT.In this study,we harness the Fenton-like response facilitated by glucose oxidase(GOD)and the mild hyperthermia induced by polyethyleneimine(PEI)functionalized nitrogen-containing graphene oxide to enhance tumor therapy through a metal-free bionic nanozyme.GOD catalyzes a substantial amount of hydrogen peroxide,and,with the carrier's involvement,triggers a Fenton-like reaction,yielding a wealth of hydroxyl radicals.These hydroxyl radicals effectively target tumor cells following photothermal action,bolstering CDT and culminating in a bidirectional amplification treatment that effectively prevents tumor recurrence and metastasis.This research amalgamates the physical and chemical attributes of nanomaterials with the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment,presenting a compelling and efficacious alternative for tumor treatment.展开更多
AIM:To analyze the two-year visual and refractive outcomes as well as the safety,and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)surgery for myopia.METHODS:In this prospective cohort study,63 eligible patients were re...AIM:To analyze the two-year visual and refractive outcomes as well as the safety,and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)surgery for myopia.METHODS:In this prospective cohort study,63 eligible patients were recruited,including 45 women(71.4%)and 18 men(28.6%).Demographic characteristics along with pre-and post-operative clinical data including visual acuity,refraction,maximum ablation,spherical and cylindrical error,and residual stromal bed(RSB)were evaluated.RESULTS:The mean age of the patients was 35.42±8.16y(range 22 to 55y).The mean spherical and cylindrical error before surgery were-2.23±1.58 D(range-5 to+0.25)and-1.24±0.94 D,respectively(range-3.75 to 0.00).The mean efficacy and safety of PRK surgery at 2y follow-up were 0.98±0.06 and 1.01±0.04 respectively.The lower age was significantly correlated with a higher amount of efficacy index(P<0.001,r=-0.42).Also,the lower amount of preoperative myopia and spherical equivalent(SE)were correlated with a higher safety index(P<0.001,r=-0.44;P<0.001,r=-0.46).CONCLUSION:The two-year efficacy and safety of PRK for the treatment of low myopia is excellent.Younger age and lower amount of refractive error are correlated with higher efficacy and safety indices of the surgery.展开更多
A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of wa...A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of water with varying concentrations of salt ions.The movement of these ions across a membrane generates electricity.However,the efficiency of these systems faces a challenge due to membrane performance degradation over time,often caused by channel blockages.One potential solution to enhance system efficiency is the use of nanofluidic membranes.These specialized membranes offer high ion exchange capacity,abundant ion sources,and customizable channels with varying sizes and properties.Graphene oxide(GO)-based membranes have emerged as particularly promising candidates in this regard,garnering significant attention in recent literature.This work provides a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding GO membranes and their applications in RED systems.It also highlights recent advancements in the utilization of GO membranes within these systems.Finally,it explores the potential of these membranes to play a pivotal role in electricity generation within RED systems.展开更多
AIMTo determine the normative values of white-to-white corneal diameter with Orbscan II Topography System and to compare right and left eyes data in the normal young population.
AIM: To determine risk factors of regression and undercorrection following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in myopia or myopic astigmatism. METHODS: A case -control study was designed in which eyes with an indicatio...AIM: To determine risk factors of regression and undercorrection following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in myopia or myopic astigmatism. METHODS: A case -control study was designed in which eyes with an indication for re-treatment (AT) were defined as cases; primary criteria for RT indication, as assessed at least 9mo postoperatively, included an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/30 or worse and a stable refraction for more than 3mo. Additional considerations included optical quality symptoms and significant higher order aberrations (HOAs). Controls were chosen from the same cohort of operated eyes which had complete post-operative follow up data beyond 9mo and did not need RT. The cohort included patients who had undergone PRK by the Tissue-Saving (TS) ablation profile of Technolas 217z100 excimer laser (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA). Mitomycin C had been used in all of the primary procedures. RESULTS: We had 70 case eyes and 158 control eyes, and they were comparable in terms of age, sex and follow -up time (P values: 0.58, 1.00 and 0.89, respectively). Pre-operative spherical equivalent of more than -5.00 diopter (D), intended optical zone (OZ) diameter of less than 6.00 mm and ocular fixation instability during laser ablation were associated with AT indications (all P values <0.001). These factors maintained their significance in the multiple logistic regression model with odd ratios of 6.12, 6.71 and 7.89, respectively. CONCLUSION: Higher refractive correction (>-5.00 D), smaller OZ (<6.00 mm) and unstable fixation during laser ablation of PRK for myopia and myopic astigmatism were found to be strong predictors of undercorrection and regression.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the impact of multifocal gas permeable contact lens(MFGPCL)in various add power and distance/near area allocation on short-term changes of choroidal thickness(ChT),axial length(AL),and retinal defoc...AIM:To investigate the impact of multifocal gas permeable contact lens(MFGPCL)in various add power and distance/near area allocation on short-term changes of choroidal thickness(ChT),axial length(AL),and retinal defocus profile in young adults.METHODS:Seventeen young adults(2 males and 15 females;age 23.17±4.48y)were randomly assigned to wear two designs binocularly with a one-week washout period in between.Total of four MFGPCL designs were assessed.All designs were distance-center that varied in two add power(+1.50 and 3.00 D)and/or two distance zone(DZ)diameters(1.50 and 3.00 mm;design A:DZ 1.5/add 3.0,B:DZ 1.5/add 1.5,C:DZ 3.0/add 3.0,D:DZ 3.0/add 1.5).ChT,AL,and peripheral refraction data were collected on each subject at baseline,on days 1 and 7 of MFGPCL daily wear.ChT was assessed in four quadrants using a spectraldomain optical coherence tomography.RESULTS:AL was shortened by-26±44μm with lens C,-18±27μm with lens D,-13±29μm with lens A,and-8±30μm with lens B(all P<0.05).A significant overall increase in ChT was observed with all 4 designs(lens A:+6±6μm,B:+3±7μm,C:+8±7μm,and D:+8±7μm).Temporal and superior choroid exhibited more choroidal thickening associated with MFGPCL.All designs induced significant relative peripheral myopia(RPM)beyond the central 20o across the horizontal meridian in both nasal and temporal fields(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:MFGPCLs show a significant influence on ChT and AL,which are associated with significant increase in RPM after short-term wear.The reliability and feasibility of quantifying short-term changes in ChT support its use as a promising marker for the long-term efficacy of myopia-controlling treatments.展开更多
AIM To image stomach wall blood vessels and tissue, layerby-layer.METHODS We built up the acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy(AR-PAM) system for imaging layered tissues, such as the stomach wall. A tunable dy...AIM To image stomach wall blood vessels and tissue, layerby-layer.METHODS We built up the acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy(AR-PAM) system for imaging layered tissues, such as the stomach wall. A tunable dye laser system was coupled to a fiber bundle. The fibers of the bundle were placed in nine directions with an incident angle of 45° around a high-frequency ultrasound transducer attached to the acoustic lens. This structure formed a dark field on the tissue surface under the acoustic lens and the nine light beams from the fibers to be combined near the focal point of the acoustic lens. The sample piece was cut from a part of the porcine stomach into a petri dish. In order to realize photoacoustic depth imaging of tumor, we designed a tumor model based on indocyanine green(ICG) dye. The ICG solution(concentration of 129 μM/m L)was mixed into molten gel, and then a gel mixture of ICG(concentration of 12.9 μM/mL) was injected into the stomach submucosa. The injection quantity was controlled by 0.1 mL to make a small tumor model. RESULTS An acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on fiber illumination was established and an axial resolution of 25 μm and a lateral resolution of 50 μm in its focal zone range of 500 μm has been accomplished. We tuned the laser wavelength to 600 nm. The photoacoustic probe was driven to do B-scan imaging in tissue thickness of 200 μm. The photoacoustic micro-image of mucosa and submucosa of the tissue have been obtained and compared with a pathological photograph of the tissue stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining. We have observed more detailed internal structure of the tissue. We also utilized this photoacoustic microscopy to image blood vessels inside the submucosa. High contrast imaging of the submucosa tumor model was obtained using ICG dye. CONCLUSION This AR-PAM is able to image layer-by-layer construction and some blood vessels under mucosa in the stomach wall without any contrast agents.展开更多
AIM:To determine the corneal sensitivity recovery period after laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy(LASEK)refractive surgery and investigate the effects of ablation depth on it.METHODS:In this study examinations ...AIM:To determine the corneal sensitivity recovery period after laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy(LASEK)refractive surgery and investigate the effects of ablation depth on it.METHODS:In this study examinations were performed on 90 right eyes of 90 people(34 males and 56 females)with an age range of 20-35 and an average of 22.26±3.8 years old.A sensation of 5 corneal regions,including the center and 4 mid-peripheral regions,i.e.,nasal,inferior,temporal,and superior,each at a distance of 2 mm from the center of the cornea were measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer device in 3-time points including before LASEK,1 and 3mo after the surgery,respectively.LASEK was performed on individuals with stabilized myopia of -1.00 to -7.00 diopters and astigmatism of less than 2.00 diopters.Furthermore,the individuals were divided into three groups regarding ablation depth.RESULTS:The highest level of corneal sensitivity before surgery was related to the center of the cornea(59.1±7.76),and the highest level of corneal sensitivity loss was also related to this region.The sensation of all measured corneal regions significantly reduced 1mo postoperatively and returned to their preoperative levels 3mo after surgery(mean of 5 corneal regions in levels of preoperation:58.2±6.48,1mo postoperation:57.3±5.84,3mo postoperation:58.2±5.49;P<0.05).A significant relationship was found between ablation depth and corneal sensitivity changes in the center and temporal regions(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Corneal sensitivity in myopia and low astigmatism decreases after LASEK and reaches the preoperative level within 3mo.The depth of ablation during surgery affected the recovery of corneal sensitivity.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of astigmatism and spherical equivalent(SE)correction on contrast sensitivity(CS).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,103 visually normal subjects aged 18 to 36y with bilateral regular ...AIM:To investigate the effect of astigmatism and spherical equivalent(SE)correction on contrast sensitivity(CS).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,103 visually normal subjects aged 18 to 36y with bilateral regular astigmatism in range of 1.00 diopter cylinder(DC)to 4.00 DC and normal best-corrected visual acuity(20/20)were recruited.Binocular CS was assessed by linear sine-wave gratings at 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree(cpd),before correction of astigmatism,after full correction of astigmatism by cylindrical spectacle lenses,and after SE of refractive error.The repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used to compare the effects of astigmatism correction on logCS.RESULTS:Totally 39 patients were male and 64 patients were female with the mean age of 28.25±5.38y.The average degree of astigmatism in right and left eye was 2.03±0.83 and 2.10±0.78,respectively.Increases in uncorrected astigmatic power correlated with decreases in the logCS,especially at high spatial frequencies.A statistically significant difference in logCS was found between these three cases:before correction of astigmatism,after SE of refractive error,and after full correction of astigmatism by cylindrical spectacle lenses at all frequencies(P<0.001),except at 18 cpd.At 18 cpd,there was no statistically significant difference between logCS before and after SE of refractive error(P=1.0).Also,there was no statistically significant difference in mean CS between with-the-rule(WTR)and against-the-rule(ATR)astigmatism,before correction of astigmatism,after correction of astigmatism with cylindrical lenses,and after SE of refractive error.CONCLUSION:Binocular astigmatism defocus decreases CS depending on the degree of astigmatism power;correction of this will improve patent’s quality of vision.Although high astigmatism refractive error(more than 2.00 DC)that is fully corrected by cylindrical spectacle lenses doesn’t increase the CS to the maximum value,especially at higher spatial frequencies(12 and 18).Also SE refractive error effects on improving CS in low astigmatism power(less than 2.00 DC),especially at lower spatial frequencies.展开更多
·AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrastromal transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs) in keratoconus patients.·METHODS: This study was conducted on 8 eyes of 8 patients with moderate ...·AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrastromal transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs) in keratoconus patients.·METHODS: This study was conducted on 8 eyes of 8 patients with moderate to severe keratoconus. In the patients, ophthalmic assessments including visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundoscopy, corneal topography, and confocal microscopy were performed. Autologous stem cells were used. The isolated stem cells were injected into the corneal stroma by using femtosecond laser. Surgical procedure was similar to intracorneal ring implantation. All patients were re-assessed 1, 3, and 6mo after surgery.·RESULTS: The baseline mean visual acuity was 0.48±0.18 and improved to 0.66±0.17 after surger y and final acuity increased by 1.85±0.80 lines(P=0.001).The mean spherical refraction of patients improved 0.34 ± 0.35 D(P=0.039), and the mean cylindrical refraction of patients improved 0.84±0.23 D(P=0.016). The mean flat keratometry decreased 0.78±0.71 D(P=0.017), and the mean steep keratometry decreased 0.59±0.68 D(P=0.023). The mean central corneal thickness of patients improved of 6.29±4.47 μm(P=0.03). The mean keratocyte density at the anterior and middle stroma of cornea increased(P<0.05) but remained stable at the posterior stroma after 6mo. All patients had no complications and their corneas remained transparent. ·CONCLUSION: Intrastromal transplantation of ASCs has positive effects on vision and refractive parameters in most patients with keratoconus. After six months, visual acuity improved moderately, corneal parameters reduced slightly, and stromal keratocytes density increased. This modality is safe, and patients do not have any complications.展开更多
基金Supported by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the differences in near point of convergence(NPC),fusional vergence,saccadic eye movements,versional eye movements,and heterophoria between patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and healthy subjects.METHODS:A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted,enrolling two cohorts:a PD group and a healthy control group.The PD group was recruited via non-random convenience sampling,while the control group was selected randomly from individuals without PD.All participants were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria before undergoing a comprehensive optometric assessment,which included measurements of uncorrected visual acuity,corrected visual acuity,and objective and subjective refraction.Subsequently,binocular vision function evaluations were performed,covering NPC measurement,fusional vergence reserve assessment at both distance and near,saccadic eye movement testing,and versional eye movement and heterophoria assessment.RESULTS:A total of 42 PD patients and 41 healthy controls were included in the final analysis.The two groups were well-matched in terms of sex distribution[29 males(69.0%)in the PD group vs 29 males(70.7%)in the control group,P=0.867]and mean age(55.3±9.6y in the PD group vs 54.9±9.8y in the control group,P=0.866).The prevalence of abnormal versional eye movements was significantly higher in the PD group than in the control group(23.81%,95%CI:12.05%-39.45%vs 7.32%,95%CI:1.54%-19.92%;P=0.025).Near exophoria was more prevalent in PD patients(61.90%,95%CI:45.64%-76.43%)than in controls(17.07%,95%CI:7.15%-32.06%),with a significant difference[odds ratio(OR)=7.99;95%CI:2.83-21.99;P<0.001].The mean NPC was significantly greater(more receded)in the PD group than in the control group(9.01±3.74 cm vs 7.20±2.15 cm;P=0.007).A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between PD severity and NPC values(Pearson’s correlation coefficient=0.309;P=0.046).Except for distance baseout break and distance base-out recovery values,all other fusional vergence parameters were significantly lower in the PD group than in the control group(P<0.05).The mean saccadic test score was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls(3.29±0.57 vs 3.78±0.42;P<0.001).Among all fusional vergence indices,near base-in blur yielded the highest area under the curve(AUC=0.877),with a sensitivity of 69%and specificity of 90%,followed by distance base-out blur(AUC=0.824,sensitivity=97.6%,specificity=66.7%),near base-out blur(AUC=0.814,sensitivity=76.2%,specificity=72.7%),near base-out break(AUC=0.749,sensitivity=78.6%,specificity=67.6%),and near base-out recovery(AUC=0.749,sensitivity=95.2%,specificity=50%).CONCLUSION:PD is associated with significant binocular vision function impairment,with receded NPC and reduced near fusional vergence reserves being the most prominent disorders.These findings highlight the potential value of binocular vision assessment as a non-invasive biomarker for the early detection and clinical monitoring of PD.
基金Supported by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.91-506)
文摘Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among primary school children in Zahedan District, Southeastern Iran, as a tropical area.Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 400 students were selected randomly using multi-stage sampling technique. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent(SE)of-0.5 diopter(D) or more, hyperopia was defined as SE of +2.00 D or more and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was considered astigmatism. Anisometropia was defined as a difference of 1 D or more between two eyes. Cycloplegic refractive status was measured using auto-refractometer(Topcon 8800). Data were analyzed using SPSS,version 22 software program.Results: Mean ± SD of SE was(1.71 ± 1.16) D. A total of 20 students [6.3%, 95%confidence interval(CI): 3.96%–9.64%] were myopic(-0.5 D), 186 students(58.1%,95% CI: 52.50%–63.56%) were hyperopic( +2.00 D) and 114 students(35.6%, 95%CI: 30.43%–41.18%) were emmetropic. The prevalence of astigmatism( 0.75 D)among students was 3.4%(95% CI: 1.82%–6.25%). Anisometropia of 1 D or more was found in 21.3%(95% CI: 16.98%–26.23%) of the studied population. The prevalence of refractive errors was higher among girls than boys(73.1% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.001), but it was not significantly different among different age groups(P = 0.790).Conclusions: Refractive errors affect a sizable portion of students in Zahedan. Although myopia is not very prevalent, the high rate of hyperopia in the studied population emphasizes its need for attention.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effects of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies on the quality of life(QOL)of university students.METHODS:This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on university students using simple random sampling.Objective refraction,ocular alignment,vergence and accommodative performance were measured and assessed in all participants.Data on QOL were collected using the College of Optometrists in Vision Development-Quality of Life(COVD-QOL)Questionnaire.The effect of mentioned parameters on the QOL were evaluated.RESULTS:Totally 726 students with mean age of 21.35±1.88y were evaluated in this study,51.5%of whom were female.Esophoria was caused significantly lower QOL in the domains of somatic symptoms and occupationalphysical symptoms(P<0.05);Besides,esotropia decreased QOL in domains of somatic symptoms P=0.002 and psychological factors(P=0.023).Students with accommodation insufficiency experienced more symptoms in all domains(P<0.05)except for psychological factors(P=0.07).Increasing in the near point of convergence and accommodation and decreases QOL and increasing accommodative facility increases QOL(all P<0.05).Myopia and astigmatism cause decrease in QOL(both P<0.05),but hyperopic students had better QOL in comparison with others(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Screening programs and treatment of refractive errors and binocular vision anomalies,especially phoria and accommodative insufficiency,positively impact the QOL and academic achievements of university students.
基金Supported by Iranian University of Medical Sciences(code:IR.IUMS.REC.1401.371).
文摘AIM:To identify topographic determinants of the anterior chamber angle(ACA)in patients with keratoconus(KCN).METHODS:Four hundred and ten eyes of 294 patients with KCN were recruited for this study.First,complete ocular examinations were performed for all patients,including visual acuity measurement,refraction,and slit-lamp biomicroscopy.Then,all participants underwent corneal imaging by the Oculus Pentacam HR.RESULTS:The mean age of the participants was 32.40±8.52y(15-60y)and 69.5%of them were male.The mean ACA was 38.47°±5.75°(range:14.40°to 56.50°)in the whole sample,38.24°±6.00°in males,and 38.98°±5.11°in females(P=0.447).The mean ACA was significantly different among different groups of cone morphology,as patients with nipple cones showed the lowest mean ACA.Moreover,there were statistically significant differences in the mean ACA among different groups of cone locations,with patients having central cones exhibiting the lowest mean ACA(P<0.001).Anterior and posterior Q values were significantly,directly correlated with ACA(anterior Q:r=0.122,P=0.014,posterior Q:r=0.192,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:This study provides critical insights into the risk factors for ACA narrowing in KCN patients,which is essential for planning intraocular surgeries.Patients with nipple and central cones exhibited the most significant ACA narrowing.Additionally,more negative Q-values are associated with increased ACA narrowing,highlighting the need for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effects of polarized and nonpolarized sunglasses on visual functions,including distance and near visual acuity,phoria,stereopsis and contrast sensitivity across five spatial frequencies(1.5,3,6,12,18 cycles/degree).METHODS:A before-after study was conducted on 45 emmetropic students from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.Visual acuity,contrast sensitivity,stereopsis and phoria were measured under three conditions:without sunglasses,with non-polarized sunglasses and with polarized sunglasses.Tests were conducted under controlled glare conditions to simulate outdoor environments.RESULTS:A total of 45 participants were evaluated,comprising 17 males(37.8%)and 28 females(62.2%).The mean age was 21.67±2.31y(range 18-27y).The mean of distance and near visual acuity in all three conditions were equal to 0.00 logMAR.Contrast sensitivity generally decreased slightly with the use of non-polarized sunglasses compared to the no-sunglasses condition.The mean stereopsis with polarized sunglasses was 101.33±56.139 arc sec,which was worse than the no-sunglasses condition(94.33±46.632 arc sec)and better than the non-polarized sunglasses condition(105.67±58.965 arc sec),although these changes were not significant.In the phoria parameter,distance phoria appeared more affected than near phoria.CONCLUSION:Polarized and non-polarized sunglasses do not significantly affect visual acuity,stereopsis,or phoria under controlled glare conditions.Slight changes in contrast sensitivity are noted,but they are not statistically significant.
基金Supported by Noor Ophthalmology Research Center.
文摘Biomechanical study of the visual system by ocular response analyzer investigates the inter-structural biological relationships,mechanics,and function of the visual system.This review aimed to investigate the changes in corneal biomechanical parameters with age and sex.The articles published in PubMed between 2000 and 2021 were investigated and critiqued,and valid scientific evidence was collected,reviewed and concluded according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Most studies showed that corneal biomechanical changes occur infrequently in children up to the age of 20y,and with increasing age and wider age range,there was a significant decrease in corneal biomechanical indices,especially corneal hysteresis.In children and adults,most studies have shown that these biomechanical indicators,especially corneal resistance factor,were higher in females.Although hormonal changes may contribute to this finding,the role of axial length and other biometric indicators should not be ignored.The axial length,the intraocular pressure,and the corneal thickness are other factors associated with biomechanical parameters that should be taken into account in clinical diagnosis and management especially for patients undergoing refractive surgery as well as keratoconus patients.
文摘AIM:To determine the diagnostic ability of various visual functions in patients with multiple sclerosis(MS)with and without optic neuritis(ON).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,we assessed and compared refractive error,visual acuity(VA),and contrast sensitivity(CS)between patients with MS and a matched control group of healthy individuals.The MS patients were further categorized into those with ON and those without.RESULTS:A total of 133 eyes from 133 participants were assessed,including 66 individuals diagnosed with MS.The mean ages for the MS group and the healthy control group were 37.5±4.27y and 38.45±4.60y,respectively(P=0.346).Among the 66 patients with MS,18 had ON.The presence of MS was associated with a decrease in best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and spherical component of refractive error(P<0.05),whereas ON did not lead to any further decline in these parameters(P>0.05).MS was linked to decreased CS at spatial frequencies of 6 and 18 cycles per degree(CPD;P<0.05),while ON in MS patients resulted in an additional decrease in CS at 3 CPD(P=0.03).The most significant sensitivity for distinguishing MS patients from healthy individuals as well as MS patients with ON from those without ON was found with cylindrical component[associated criterion(AC)>-0.75 D;71.21%]and CS at spatial frequency of 6 CPD(AC≤1.56;72.22%),respectively.Conversely,the highest specificity for these diagnostic measures was associated with BCVA(AC>0 logMAR;97.01%)and CS at a spatial frequency of 12 CPD(AC≤0.60;93.75%),respectively.CONCLUSION:MS significantly affects refractive error and CS,with ON further reducing CS.Assessing these visual parameters can improve MS monitoring and management.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82202354,U20A20338)the Summit Advancement Disciplines of Zhejiang Province(Wenzhou Medical University Pharmaceutics)Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C04019)。
文摘High mortality of choroidal melanoma(CM)is mainly attributed to the high likelihood of tumorous recurrence.The essential challenge lies in the presence of residual CM cells survived from the antitumor treatment.These residual tumorous cells are most likely to cause tumorous recurrence.This article reports the preparation of a multifunctional nanocomposite which can be used to treat CM efficiently via a chemotherapyassisted-photothermal therapy(CTH-PTT).The nanocomposite comprises of alpha-tocopheryl succinate(α-TOS)and carboxylic chitosan modified graphene(CG).α-TOS has been potentially seen as an efficient CTH antitumor drug while its deficiency such as easy being hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal esterase and poor hydrophilicity inevitable limits the clinic application ofα-TOS.CG is introduced to overcome these shortcomings,offering additional advantages such as the PTT possibility for the antitumor application.The employment of CG-α-TOS on ocular CM cells caused more than 80%inhibition rates after irradiation under an 808 nm laser for 10 min.The outcomes of this work provide a facile and advantageous way to resolve the essential issue of the treatment of ocular tumors such as CM.
基金Supported by Noor Ophthalmology Research Center.
文摘AIM:To compare the visual and optical outcomes following femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)using an aberration neutral profile with asymmetric offset(AO)and pupil center(PC)treatments.METHODS:In this randomized double-blind clinical trial study,48(24 cases)and 38 eyes(19 cases)underwent myopic astigmatism and hyperopic astigmatism LASIK.One eye of each individual was randomly assigned to AO centration and the fellow eye underwent the PC-centered method.The clinical outcomes including uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),safety and efficacy indexes,subjective spherical equivalent(SE)and corneal high-order aberrations(HOAs)were measured at baseline and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS:In the myopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were-4.12±0.87(-2.88 to-6.00)diopter(D)and-0.88±0.79(0 to-2.75)D,respectively.In the hyperopic group,the mean preoperative SE and astigmatism were 0.93±0.59(-0.25 to 2.25)D and-0.73±1.00(0 to-4.25)D,respectively.At 6mo postoperatively,the safety and efficacy indexes were similar for centration in myopic and hyperopic LASIK groups.In the myopic group,significant changes were found in horizontal trefoil(P=0.041)and oblique trefoil(P=0.031)in favor of AO centration treatment.CONCLUSION:Femtosecond-LASIK is a safe and efficacious procedure for treatment of myopic and hyperopic astigmatism.AO-centered and PC-centered approaches provide similar visual and refractive outcomes.Myopic astigmatism LASIK with AO centration leads to slightly better corneal aberration outcomes.
基金Supported by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
文摘AIM:To compare the subjective refraction data with autorefraction findings in high astigmatisms.METHODS:In a cross-sectional study,sampling was done from in different geographic regions in Iran using a multistage random cluster sampling method.All study participants underwent cycloplegic auto-refraction and subjective refraction using the red-green test.RESULTS:In this study,277 eyes of 158 students aged 8 to 15y were analyzed.According to the results,the mean difference between subjective refraction and autorefraction in measuring sphere,cylinder,spherical equivalent,J0,and J45 was-0.18±0.76,-0.36±0.40,-0.36±0.79,0.15±0.20,and 0.05±0.21 respectively.The correlation of these two refraction methods in measuring the aforementioned indices was 0.963,0.898,0.960,0.931,and 0.948 respectively.The 95%limits of agreement of the two methods in measuring the above indices were-1.66 to 1.31,-1.14 to 0.42,-1.91 to 1.19,-0.24 to 0.54,and-0.36 to 0.47 respectively.The agreement between the two methods decreased with increasing cylinder power,and the best agreement was found in myopic individuals.CONCLUSION:The measurements obtained by autorefractometer have a significantly higher cylinder average compared to subjective refraction.However,in the cylinder range of 4–5 diopters,the values of J0 and J45 do not have a high correlation.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82202354,U20A20338,82201247)The Summit Advancement Disciplines of Zhejiang Province(Wenzhou Medical University-Pharmaceutics)the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C04019)。
文摘Tumor heterogeneity and diversity significantly undermine the effectiveness of monotherapy.Collaborative therapy emerges as a promising approach to mitigate tumor recurrence resulting from monotherapy.Combining chemodynamic therapy(CDT)with photothermal therapy(PTT)offers a compelling solution for eradicating residual tumor cells post-PTT.In this study,we harness the Fenton-like response facilitated by glucose oxidase(GOD)and the mild hyperthermia induced by polyethyleneimine(PEI)functionalized nitrogen-containing graphene oxide to enhance tumor therapy through a metal-free bionic nanozyme.GOD catalyzes a substantial amount of hydrogen peroxide,and,with the carrier's involvement,triggers a Fenton-like reaction,yielding a wealth of hydroxyl radicals.These hydroxyl radicals effectively target tumor cells following photothermal action,bolstering CDT and culminating in a bidirectional amplification treatment that effectively prevents tumor recurrence and metastasis.This research amalgamates the physical and chemical attributes of nanomaterials with the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment,presenting a compelling and efficacious alternative for tumor treatment.
文摘AIM:To analyze the two-year visual and refractive outcomes as well as the safety,and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)surgery for myopia.METHODS:In this prospective cohort study,63 eligible patients were recruited,including 45 women(71.4%)and 18 men(28.6%).Demographic characteristics along with pre-and post-operative clinical data including visual acuity,refraction,maximum ablation,spherical and cylindrical error,and residual stromal bed(RSB)were evaluated.RESULTS:The mean age of the patients was 35.42±8.16y(range 22 to 55y).The mean spherical and cylindrical error before surgery were-2.23±1.58 D(range-5 to+0.25)and-1.24±0.94 D,respectively(range-3.75 to 0.00).The mean efficacy and safety of PRK surgery at 2y follow-up were 0.98±0.06 and 1.01±0.04 respectively.The lower age was significantly correlated with a higher amount of efficacy index(P<0.001,r=-0.42).Also,the lower amount of preoperative myopia and spherical equivalent(SE)were correlated with a higher safety index(P<0.001,r=-0.44;P<0.001,r=-0.46).CONCLUSION:The two-year efficacy and safety of PRK for the treatment of low myopia is excellent.Younger age and lower amount of refractive error are correlated with higher efficacy and safety indices of the surgery.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:2021C04019National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:U20A20338Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,Grant/Award Number:LQ21H180012.
文摘A widely employed energy technology,known as reverse electrodialysis(RED),holds the promise of delivering clean and renewable electricity from water.This technology involves the interaction of two or more bodies of water with varying concentrations of salt ions.The movement of these ions across a membrane generates electricity.However,the efficiency of these systems faces a challenge due to membrane performance degradation over time,often caused by channel blockages.One potential solution to enhance system efficiency is the use of nanofluidic membranes.These specialized membranes offer high ion exchange capacity,abundant ion sources,and customizable channels with varying sizes and properties.Graphene oxide(GO)-based membranes have emerged as particularly promising candidates in this regard,garnering significant attention in recent literature.This work provides a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding GO membranes and their applications in RED systems.It also highlights recent advancements in the utilization of GO membranes within these systems.Finally,it explores the potential of these membranes to play a pivotal role in electricity generation within RED systems.
基金supported by research grant number 88708 from office of Vice-Chancellor for Research Affairs of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
文摘AIMTo determine the normative values of white-to-white corneal diameter with Orbscan II Topography System and to compare right and left eyes data in the normal young population.
文摘AIM: To determine risk factors of regression and undercorrection following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in myopia or myopic astigmatism. METHODS: A case -control study was designed in which eyes with an indication for re-treatment (AT) were defined as cases; primary criteria for RT indication, as assessed at least 9mo postoperatively, included an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/30 or worse and a stable refraction for more than 3mo. Additional considerations included optical quality symptoms and significant higher order aberrations (HOAs). Controls were chosen from the same cohort of operated eyes which had complete post-operative follow up data beyond 9mo and did not need RT. The cohort included patients who had undergone PRK by the Tissue-Saving (TS) ablation profile of Technolas 217z100 excimer laser (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA). Mitomycin C had been used in all of the primary procedures. RESULTS: We had 70 case eyes and 158 control eyes, and they were comparable in terms of age, sex and follow -up time (P values: 0.58, 1.00 and 0.89, respectively). Pre-operative spherical equivalent of more than -5.00 diopter (D), intended optical zone (OZ) diameter of less than 6.00 mm and ocular fixation instability during laser ablation were associated with AT indications (all P values <0.001). These factors maintained their significance in the multiple logistic regression model with odd ratios of 6.12, 6.71 and 7.89, respectively. CONCLUSION: Higher refractive correction (>-5.00 D), smaller OZ (<6.00 mm) and unstable fixation during laser ablation of PRK for myopia and myopic astigmatism were found to be strong predictors of undercorrection and regression.
基金the Deputyship for Research and Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project(No.IFKSUOR3-433-1)。
文摘AIM:To investigate the impact of multifocal gas permeable contact lens(MFGPCL)in various add power and distance/near area allocation on short-term changes of choroidal thickness(ChT),axial length(AL),and retinal defocus profile in young adults.METHODS:Seventeen young adults(2 males and 15 females;age 23.17±4.48y)were randomly assigned to wear two designs binocularly with a one-week washout period in between.Total of four MFGPCL designs were assessed.All designs were distance-center that varied in two add power(+1.50 and 3.00 D)and/or two distance zone(DZ)diameters(1.50 and 3.00 mm;design A:DZ 1.5/add 3.0,B:DZ 1.5/add 1.5,C:DZ 3.0/add 3.0,D:DZ 3.0/add 1.5).ChT,AL,and peripheral refraction data were collected on each subject at baseline,on days 1 and 7 of MFGPCL daily wear.ChT was assessed in four quadrants using a spectraldomain optical coherence tomography.RESULTS:AL was shortened by-26±44μm with lens C,-18±27μm with lens D,-13±29μm with lens A,and-8±30μm with lens B(all P<0.05).A significant overall increase in ChT was observed with all 4 designs(lens A:+6±6μm,B:+3±7μm,C:+8±7μm,and D:+8±7μm).Temporal and superior choroid exhibited more choroidal thickening associated with MFGPCL.All designs induced significant relative peripheral myopia(RPM)beyond the central 20o across the horizontal meridian in both nasal and temporal fields(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:MFGPCLs show a significant influence on ChT and AL,which are associated with significant increase in RPM after short-term wear.The reliability and feasibility of quantifying short-term changes in ChT support its use as a promising marker for the long-term efficacy of myopia-controlling treatments.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China,No.61378060
文摘AIM To image stomach wall blood vessels and tissue, layerby-layer.METHODS We built up the acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy(AR-PAM) system for imaging layered tissues, such as the stomach wall. A tunable dye laser system was coupled to a fiber bundle. The fibers of the bundle were placed in nine directions with an incident angle of 45° around a high-frequency ultrasound transducer attached to the acoustic lens. This structure formed a dark field on the tissue surface under the acoustic lens and the nine light beams from the fibers to be combined near the focal point of the acoustic lens. The sample piece was cut from a part of the porcine stomach into a petri dish. In order to realize photoacoustic depth imaging of tumor, we designed a tumor model based on indocyanine green(ICG) dye. The ICG solution(concentration of 129 μM/m L)was mixed into molten gel, and then a gel mixture of ICG(concentration of 12.9 μM/mL) was injected into the stomach submucosa. The injection quantity was controlled by 0.1 mL to make a small tumor model. RESULTS An acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on fiber illumination was established and an axial resolution of 25 μm and a lateral resolution of 50 μm in its focal zone range of 500 μm has been accomplished. We tuned the laser wavelength to 600 nm. The photoacoustic probe was driven to do B-scan imaging in tissue thickness of 200 μm. The photoacoustic micro-image of mucosa and submucosa of the tissue have been obtained and compared with a pathological photograph of the tissue stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining. We have observed more detailed internal structure of the tissue. We also utilized this photoacoustic microscopy to image blood vessels inside the submucosa. High contrast imaging of the submucosa tumor model was obtained using ICG dye. CONCLUSION This AR-PAM is able to image layer-by-layer construction and some blood vessels under mucosa in the stomach wall without any contrast agents.
文摘AIM:To determine the corneal sensitivity recovery period after laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy(LASEK)refractive surgery and investigate the effects of ablation depth on it.METHODS:In this study examinations were performed on 90 right eyes of 90 people(34 males and 56 females)with an age range of 20-35 and an average of 22.26±3.8 years old.A sensation of 5 corneal regions,including the center and 4 mid-peripheral regions,i.e.,nasal,inferior,temporal,and superior,each at a distance of 2 mm from the center of the cornea were measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer device in 3-time points including before LASEK,1 and 3mo after the surgery,respectively.LASEK was performed on individuals with stabilized myopia of -1.00 to -7.00 diopters and astigmatism of less than 2.00 diopters.Furthermore,the individuals were divided into three groups regarding ablation depth.RESULTS:The highest level of corneal sensitivity before surgery was related to the center of the cornea(59.1±7.76),and the highest level of corneal sensitivity loss was also related to this region.The sensation of all measured corneal regions significantly reduced 1mo postoperatively and returned to their preoperative levels 3mo after surgery(mean of 5 corneal regions in levels of preoperation:58.2±6.48,1mo postoperation:57.3±5.84,3mo postoperation:58.2±5.49;P<0.05).A significant relationship was found between ablation depth and corneal sensitivity changes in the center and temporal regions(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Corneal sensitivity in myopia and low astigmatism decreases after LASEK and reaches the preoperative level within 3mo.The depth of ablation during surgery affected the recovery of corneal sensitivity.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of astigmatism and spherical equivalent(SE)correction on contrast sensitivity(CS).METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,103 visually normal subjects aged 18 to 36y with bilateral regular astigmatism in range of 1.00 diopter cylinder(DC)to 4.00 DC and normal best-corrected visual acuity(20/20)were recruited.Binocular CS was assessed by linear sine-wave gratings at 1.5,3,6,12,and 18 cycles per degree(cpd),before correction of astigmatism,after full correction of astigmatism by cylindrical spectacle lenses,and after SE of refractive error.The repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used to compare the effects of astigmatism correction on logCS.RESULTS:Totally 39 patients were male and 64 patients were female with the mean age of 28.25±5.38y.The average degree of astigmatism in right and left eye was 2.03±0.83 and 2.10±0.78,respectively.Increases in uncorrected astigmatic power correlated with decreases in the logCS,especially at high spatial frequencies.A statistically significant difference in logCS was found between these three cases:before correction of astigmatism,after SE of refractive error,and after full correction of astigmatism by cylindrical spectacle lenses at all frequencies(P<0.001),except at 18 cpd.At 18 cpd,there was no statistically significant difference between logCS before and after SE of refractive error(P=1.0).Also,there was no statistically significant difference in mean CS between with-the-rule(WTR)and against-the-rule(ATR)astigmatism,before correction of astigmatism,after correction of astigmatism with cylindrical lenses,and after SE of refractive error.CONCLUSION:Binocular astigmatism defocus decreases CS depending on the degree of astigmatism power;correction of this will improve patent’s quality of vision.Although high astigmatism refractive error(more than 2.00 DC)that is fully corrected by cylindrical spectacle lenses doesn’t increase the CS to the maximum value,especially at higher spatial frequencies(12 and 18).Also SE refractive error effects on improving CS in low astigmatism power(less than 2.00 DC),especially at lower spatial frequencies.
基金the project with number IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1399.024 from Student Research Committee,Department of Optometry,Faculty of Rehabilitation,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iranthe“Student Research Committee”and“Research&Technology Chancellor”in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for their financial support of this study。
文摘·AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrastromal transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs) in keratoconus patients.·METHODS: This study was conducted on 8 eyes of 8 patients with moderate to severe keratoconus. In the patients, ophthalmic assessments including visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundoscopy, corneal topography, and confocal microscopy were performed. Autologous stem cells were used. The isolated stem cells were injected into the corneal stroma by using femtosecond laser. Surgical procedure was similar to intracorneal ring implantation. All patients were re-assessed 1, 3, and 6mo after surgery.·RESULTS: The baseline mean visual acuity was 0.48±0.18 and improved to 0.66±0.17 after surger y and final acuity increased by 1.85±0.80 lines(P=0.001).The mean spherical refraction of patients improved 0.34 ± 0.35 D(P=0.039), and the mean cylindrical refraction of patients improved 0.84±0.23 D(P=0.016). The mean flat keratometry decreased 0.78±0.71 D(P=0.017), and the mean steep keratometry decreased 0.59±0.68 D(P=0.023). The mean central corneal thickness of patients improved of 6.29±4.47 μm(P=0.03). The mean keratocyte density at the anterior and middle stroma of cornea increased(P<0.05) but remained stable at the posterior stroma after 6mo. All patients had no complications and their corneas remained transparent. ·CONCLUSION: Intrastromal transplantation of ASCs has positive effects on vision and refractive parameters in most patients with keratoconus. After six months, visual acuity improved moderately, corneal parameters reduced slightly, and stromal keratocytes density increased. This modality is safe, and patients do not have any complications.
