The article explains the legal definition of the term‘repair’as used in cosmetic efficacy claims:it refers to the ability to help maintain the normal condition of the applied area.By analysing methods for modelling ...The article explains the legal definition of the term‘repair’as used in cosmetic efficacy claims:it refers to the ability to help maintain the normal condition of the applied area.By analysing methods for modelling skin damage,the paper comprehensively summarises the evaluation system for the‘repair’efficacy of cosmetics,introducing existing assessment methods for repair efficacy across different application areas,including facial care products,body care products,foot care products,scalp care products,hair care products,and lip care products.This aims to promote the standardisation and innovative development of repair-type cosmetics.展开更多
To refine the assumption that the contrast threshold of the human eye(Crt)remains constant in general visibility theory,we integrated an artificial intelligence-based approach with a mechanistic model(AI-SD)to derive ...To refine the assumption that the contrast threshold of the human eye(Crt)remains constant in general visibility theory,we integrated an artificial intelligence-based approach with a mechanistic model(AI-SD)to derive the equivalent contrast threshold at 488 nm(C_(488))from remote sensing reflectance on a pixel-by-pixel basis.The derived C_(488) was then applied to estimate Secchi depth(Z_(sd)).We trained and validated the AI-SD model using an extensive fieldmeasured dataset(N=1577)encompassing oceanic,coastal,and inland waters and compared its performance with a traditional mechanistic model.Our findings indicate that C_(488) theoretically ranges from 1.85×10^(−5) sr^(−1) to 0.138 sr^(−1) and improves the accuracy of Z_(sd) estimates from field-measured or satellite-derived remote sensing reflectance(R_(rs))by over 10%compared to the traditional model.Furthermore,applying the AI-SD model to global R_(rs) data revealed that C_(488) exhibits spatial and temporal variability across the world’s oceans.We linked this variability to the observed,yet traditionally unexplained,non-monotonic relationship between Z_(sd) and solar zenith angle-related water-leaving radiance.These results highlight the potential for enhancing global water transparency monitoring via ocean color satellites by incorporating accurate,pixel-level C_(488) values.展开更多
Particulate matter in ambient air constitutes a complex mixture of fine and ultrafine particles composed of various chemical compounds including metals, ions, and organics. A multidisciplinary approach was developed b...Particulate matter in ambient air constitutes a complex mixture of fine and ultrafine particles composed of various chemical compounds including metals, ions, and organics. A multidisciplinary approach was developed by studying physico-chemical characteristics and mechanisms involved in the toxicity of particulate atmospheric pollution. PM0.3-2.s and PM2.5 including ultrafine particles were sampled in Dunkerque, a French industrialized seaside city. PM samples were characterized from a chemical and toxicological point of view. Physico-chemical characterization evidenced that PM2.5 comes from several sources： natural ones, such as soil resuspension and marine sea-salt emissions, as well as anthropogenic ones, such as shipping traffic, road traffic, and industrial activities. Human BEAS-2B tung cells were exposed to PM0.3-2.5, or to the Extractable Organic Matter （EOM） of PM0.3-2.5 and PM2.s. These exposures induced several mechanisms of action implied in the genotoxicity, such as oxidative DNA adducts and DNA Damage Response. The toxicity of PM-EOM was higher for the sample including the ultrafine fraction （PM2.5） containing also higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These results evidenced the major role of organic compounds in the toxicity of PM.展开更多
Sedimentary organic matter(OM) is a major reservoir of organic carbon in the global carbon cycle. Despite many studies, there still exist many debates on the mechanism of OM accumulation and preservation in marine sed...Sedimentary organic matter(OM) is a major reservoir of organic carbon in the global carbon cycle. Despite many studies, there still exist many debates on the mechanism of OM accumulation and preservation in marine sediments. We present a new field study of a Lower Cambrian shallow marine shelf sequence in the northern edge of the Yangtze Plate, China. Our results show that palynological OM and biogenic silica(Bio-Si) could be used alongside more conventional redox and paleo-productivity proxies to study the distribution of OM in marine sediments. The qualitative and quantitative study of palynological OM provides more detailed information on the nature of sedimentary organic carbon, which can be helpful in the assessment of primary productivity and OM preservation. In addition, the presence of Bio-Si stimulates the physical preservation of OM. Further analysis indicates that an increase in Bio-Si can promote OM preservation. This case-study provides insight into the intertwined factors controlling OM accumulation in the Early Cambrian.展开更多
The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM10 concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe, with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-...The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM10 concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe, with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NOx, SO2, O3 and PM10 concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20 km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city. The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NOx and SO2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 5l% for SO2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO2 and 2% for PM10 in the studied period. Concentration peaks of SO2 and NOx associated with an 03 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor, when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher, with the highest differences in the 30-67 nm and the 109-167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM10 concentrations was estimated to ＋28.9 μg/m^3 and concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction （40%）. Punctually, PM10 can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100μg/m^3.展开更多
文摘The article explains the legal definition of the term‘repair’as used in cosmetic efficacy claims:it refers to the ability to help maintain the normal condition of the applied area.By analysing methods for modelling skin damage,the paper comprehensively summarises the evaluation system for the‘repair’efficacy of cosmetics,introducing existing assessment methods for repair efficacy across different application areas,including facial care products,body care products,foot care products,scalp care products,hair care products,and lip care products.This aims to promote the standardisation and innovative development of repair-type cosmetics.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2022YFB3903003-2the Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program under contract No.2022ZDLSF06-09.
文摘To refine the assumption that the contrast threshold of the human eye(Crt)remains constant in general visibility theory,we integrated an artificial intelligence-based approach with a mechanistic model(AI-SD)to derive the equivalent contrast threshold at 488 nm(C_(488))from remote sensing reflectance on a pixel-by-pixel basis.The derived C_(488) was then applied to estimate Secchi depth(Z_(sd)).We trained and validated the AI-SD model using an extensive fieldmeasured dataset(N=1577)encompassing oceanic,coastal,and inland waters and compared its performance with a traditional mechanistic model.Our findings indicate that C_(488) theoretically ranges from 1.85×10^(−5) sr^(−1) to 0.138 sr^(−1) and improves the accuracy of Z_(sd) estimates from field-measured or satellite-derived remote sensing reflectance(R_(rs))by over 10%compared to the traditional model.Furthermore,applying the AI-SD model to global R_(rs) data revealed that C_(488) exhibits spatial and temporal variability across the world’s oceans.We linked this variability to the observed,yet traditionally unexplained,non-monotonic relationship between Z_(sd) and solar zenith angle-related water-leaving radiance.These results highlight the potential for enhancing global water transparency monitoring via ocean color satellites by incorporating accurate,pixel-level C_(488) values.
基金supported by the Institut National du Cancer (INCa Convention no. 2010-368)+2 种基金the Hauts-de-France Region (Convention No. 14003399)the French Agency of the Environment and Energy (ADEME Convention no. 1494c008283-84)
文摘Particulate matter in ambient air constitutes a complex mixture of fine and ultrafine particles composed of various chemical compounds including metals, ions, and organics. A multidisciplinary approach was developed by studying physico-chemical characteristics and mechanisms involved in the toxicity of particulate atmospheric pollution. PM0.3-2.s and PM2.5 including ultrafine particles were sampled in Dunkerque, a French industrialized seaside city. PM samples were characterized from a chemical and toxicological point of view. Physico-chemical characterization evidenced that PM2.5 comes from several sources： natural ones, such as soil resuspension and marine sea-salt emissions, as well as anthropogenic ones, such as shipping traffic, road traffic, and industrial activities. Human BEAS-2B tung cells were exposed to PM0.3-2.5, or to the Extractable Organic Matter （EOM） of PM0.3-2.5 and PM2.s. These exposures induced several mechanisms of action implied in the genotoxicity, such as oxidative DNA adducts and DNA Damage Response. The toxicity of PM-EOM was higher for the sample including the ultrafine fraction （PM2.5） containing also higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These results evidenced the major role of organic compounds in the toxicity of PM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41430101)the State Special Fund from Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2017ZX05036002)
文摘Sedimentary organic matter(OM) is a major reservoir of organic carbon in the global carbon cycle. Despite many studies, there still exist many debates on the mechanism of OM accumulation and preservation in marine sediments. We present a new field study of a Lower Cambrian shallow marine shelf sequence in the northern edge of the Yangtze Plate, China. Our results show that palynological OM and biogenic silica(Bio-Si) could be used alongside more conventional redox and paleo-productivity proxies to study the distribution of OM in marine sediments. The qualitative and quantitative study of palynological OM provides more detailed information on the nature of sedimentary organic carbon, which can be helpful in the assessment of primary productivity and OM preservation. In addition, the presence of Bio-Si stimulates the physical preservation of OM. Further analysis indicates that an increase in Bio-Si can promote OM preservation. This case-study provides insight into the intertwined factors controlling OM accumulation in the Early Cambrian.
基金the Atmosphere Protection Plan funded by the Environment, Planning and Housing Regional Agency (Nord-Pas-de-Calais)The “Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant”, UCEIV EA4492participates in the CLIMIBIO project, which is financially supported by the Hauts-de-France Region Council, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the European Regional Development Funds
文摘The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM10 concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe, with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NOx, SO2, O3 and PM10 concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20 km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city. The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NOx and SO2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 5l% for SO2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO2 and 2% for PM10 in the studied period. Concentration peaks of SO2 and NOx associated with an 03 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor, when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher, with the highest differences in the 30-67 nm and the 109-167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM10 concentrations was estimated to ＋28.9 μg/m^3 and concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction （40%）. Punctually, PM10 can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100μg/m^3.
