Objective：To validate malnutrition screening tool of nutrition risk index （NRI） against patent-generated subjective global assessment （PG-SGA） as a gold standard tool in colorectal cancer patients before radiothe...Objective：To validate malnutrition screening tool of nutrition risk index （NRI） against patent-generated subjective global assessment （PG-SGA） as a gold standard tool in colorectal cancer patients before radiotherapy.Methods：Nutritional status of 52 volunteer colorectal cancer patients with a mean age of 54.1±16.8 years who referred to radiotherapy center were assessed by PG-SGA （gold standard method） and NRI.Serum albumin levels of patients were determined by colorimetric method.A contingency table was used to determine the sensitivity,specificity,and predictive value of the NRI in screening patients at risk of malnutrition,in comparison with the PG-SGA in patients before radiotherapy.Results：The findings of PG-SGA and NRI showed that 52％ and 45％ of patients in our study were moderately or severely malnourished respectively.The NRI had a sensitivity of 66％ and a specificity of 60％ against PG-SGA.The positive predictive value was 64％ and the negative predicative value was 62％.The agreement between NRI and PG-SGA was statistically insignificant （kappa =0.267; P＞0.05）.Conclusions：The findings of present study showed that the prevalence of malnutrition was high in patients with colorectal cancer.Moreover,NRI method had low sensitivity and specificity in assessing nutritional status of patients with cancer.It seems that the combination of anthropometric,laboratory parameters and a subjective scoring system may be helpful tools in screening of malnutrition in cancer patients.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between almond consumption, the most widely consumed tree nut in the US, and nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, diet quality, and weight/adiposity in ...Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between almond consumption, the most widely consumed tree nut in the US, and nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, diet quality, and weight/adiposity in adults. Methods: Data from adults (N=24,808), 19+ years, participating in the NHANES 2001-2010 were used. The NCI method was used to estimate the usual intake of almonds and selected nutrients. Almond consumers were defined as those consuming any amount of almonds/almond butter. Percentages of the consumers/non-consumers below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or above the Adequate Intake (AI) for select nutrients were determined. To assess significant differences for the percentage of almond consumers vs. non-consumers with intakes less than the EAR or above the AI, a Z-statistic for differences in population proportions was used. Covariate-controlled linear regression was used to determine differences in diet quality, measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), between the consumer groups. Body mass indices and waist circumference were assessed. P was set at p < 0.01. Results: Almond consumers were more likely to be non-Hispanic white, older, of higher income, more physically active, and were less likely to be a current smoker than non-consumers. Usual intake of almonds among consumers was 29.5 ± 1.5 g/day. Usual intake of protein;dietary fiber;vitamins A, D, E, and C;thiamin;niacin;riboflavin;folate, calcium, copper, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, and potassium was higher in almond consumers. Almond consumers were less likely to be below the EAR for protein, vitamins A, D, E, B12, and C;riboflavin;calcium;copper;magnesium;iron;phosphorus;and zinc. They were also more likely to be above the AI for dietary fiber and potassium. Total HEI-2010 scores were approximately 15 points higher in almond consumers. Body mass indices and waist circumference measures were lower in almond consumers. Conclusions: Moderate consumption of almonds should be encouraged as part of a healthy diet.展开更多
Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the association of rice consumption with nutrient intake and diet quality in a recent nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: NHANES data (2005-2010)...Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the association of rice consumption with nutrient intake and diet quality in a recent nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: NHANES data (2005-2010) were used to assess the association of rice consumption by adults (19+ yrs;N = 14,386) with nutrient intake and diet quality. 24-hour dietary intakes were used to calculate usual intake (UI) of rice consumption using the National Cancer Institute methodology. Rice consumption groups were 0.25 to 0.5 to <1.0, and >1.0 oz. eq. of UI of rice. Diet quality (using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 [HEI-2005]) was calculated. Covariate adjusted least square means ± SE were determined and quartile trends across the rice consumption categories were examined. Results: Significant (p < 0.001) positive trends (β coefficient across rice consumption categories) were seen for sodium (118.99 mg), dietary fiber (0.57 g), folate (58.24 μg DFE), magnesium (11.83 mg), iron (0.97 mg) and potassium (29.45 mg). Significant negative trends (p < 0.0001) were seen for intakes of saturated fatty acids (-1.75 g), added sugars (-1.31 g);and calcium (-40.46 mg). HEI-2005 also showed a positive trend (p < 0.0001) with rice consumption (5.5 points). HEI-2005 component scores for total fruit (0.07), whole fruit (0.11), dark green/orange vegetables (0.25), total grains (0.10), meat/beans (0.24), and oils (0.15) were higher (p < 0.01) in rice consumers than non-consumers. HEI-2005 component scores for saturated fatty acids (0.63), solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol (1.22) were higher suggesting more favorable intake, but sodium (-0.24) was lower. Conclusion: Overall, consumption of rice should be encouraged to improve nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutrition education can provide ways to reduce sodium added to rice dishes.展开更多
Little is known about the impact of direct sowing under vegetation cover on the production and quality of New Rice for Africa （NERICA） on poor oxisol. In this study, two NERICA varieties （NERICA 3 and NERICA 8） w...Little is known about the impact of direct sowing under vegetation cover on the production and quality of New Rice for Africa （NERICA） on poor oxisol. In this study, two NERICA varieties （NERICA 3 and NERICA 8） were grown under tropical oxisol soil with very low nutrient contents. Four cultivation systems were used in completely randomized block design, including plowing （control）, unplowed soil with dead vegetation cover （DVC）, unplowed soil with live vegetation cover （LVC） and unplowed soil with mixed vegetation cover （MVC）. DVC significantly improved the exponential growth of NERICAs. NERICA 3 was the more productive （2.16–3.05 t/hm2） compared with NERICA 8 （0.71–1.21 t/hm2）. Cultivation systems improved the nutritional quality of NERICAs. The total protein content of NERICA 3 under DVC and MVC was 84.8% and 75.0% higher than control, respectively. The total soluble carbohydrate contents of NERICA 8 under LVC and MVC was 73.2% and 57.3% higher than control, respectively. These results suggested that conservative approach like direct sowing on unplowed soil with vegetation cover systems can improve the nutritional quality of rainfed NERICAs and their sustainable production under poor oxisol soil in sub-Saharan Africa.展开更多
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has had a substantial global health impact,with over 765 million confirmed cases and nearly 7 million deaths.[1]In South Korea,stringent lockdown policy heavily restricted the daily a...Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has had a substantial global health impact,with over 765 million confirmed cases and nearly 7 million deaths.[1]In South Korea,stringent lockdown policy heavily restricted the daily activities for over two years,resulting in widespread public health issues.展开更多
Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a critical process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting to support vital organs like the brain and red blood cells. Postprandially, this process is rapidly ...Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a critical process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting to support vital organs like the brain and red blood cells. Postprandially, this process is rapidly suppressed to allow for glucose storage as glycogen and lipids in the liver. Failure to suppress gluconeogenesis after meals leads to elevated postprandial glucose levels, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. This dynamic switch is regulated by insulin and glucagon, but insulin resistance impairs this regulation. In this study, we identified a novel mechanism involving postprandial circulating hyaluronan(HA) and lysosomal hyaluronidase-1(HYAL1) that suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis by rewiring hepatic metabolism and mitochondrial function. Hyal1 knockout(Hyal1 KO) mice exhibited increased gluconeogenesis, while liver-specific Hyal1 overexpression(Liv-Hyal1) mice showed reduced gluconeogenic activity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed minimal changes in liver gene expression due to Hyal1 deletion, but metabolomic profiling demonstrated that Hyal1 overexpression mitigated high-fat diet(HFD)-induced elevations in gluconeogenic pathway metabolites. Mechanistically, HYAL1-mediated HA digestion activates a feedback loop in HA synthesis, repartitioning the cellular uridine diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(UDP-Glc NAc) pool. This reduces O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification(O-Glc NAcylation) of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits, decreasing ATP production and suppressing gluconeogenesis. Importantly, this pathway remains intact in the livers of HFD-fed, insulin-resistant mice. In summary, our findings reveal a new postprandial mechanism for regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, highlighting the potential of enhancing postprandial HA levels or hepatic HYAL1 activity as a therapeutic strategy for managing excessive gluconeogenesis in insulin-resistant conditions, such as type 2 diabetes.展开更多
Many epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that dietary fiber plays an important role in colon cancer prevention. These findings may relate to the ability of fiber to reduce the contact time of carci...Many epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that dietary fiber plays an important role in colon cancer prevention. These findings may relate to the ability of fiber to reduce the contact time of carcinogens within the intestinal lumen and to promote healthy gut microbiota, which modifies the host's metabolism in various ways. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which dietary fiber-dependent changes in gut microbiota enhance bile acid deconjugation, produce short chain fatty acids, and modulate inflammatory bioactive substances can lead to a better understanding of the beneficial role of dietary fiber. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms via which dietary fiber protects against colon cancer.展开更多
Each hepatitis virus—Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E,and G—poses a distinct scenario to the patient and clinician alike.Since the discovery of each virus,extensive knowledge regarding epidemiology,virologic properties,and the n...Each hepatitis virus—Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E,and G—poses a distinct scenario to the patient and clinician alike.Since the discovery of each virus,extensive knowledge regarding epidemiology,virologic properties,and the natural clinical and immunologic history of acute and chronic infections has been generated.Basic discoveries about host immunologic responses to acute and chronic viral infections,combined with virologic data,has led to vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A,B,and E and highly efficacious antivirals for Hepatitis B and C.These therapeutic breakthroughs are transforming the fields of hepatology,transplant medicine in general,and public and global health.Most notably,there is even an ambitious global effort to eliminate chronic viral hepatitis within the next decade.While attainable,there are many barriers to this goal that are being actively investigated in basic and clinical labs on the local,national,and international scales.Herein,we discuss pertinent clinical information and recent organizational guidelines for each of the individual hepatitis viruses while also synthesizing this information with the latest research to focus on exciting future directions for each virus.展开更多
Chronic hyperglycemia statue noticed in diabetes mellitus favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity...Chronic hyperglycemia statue noticed in diabetes mellitus favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity.Zinc plays an important role in antioxidant defense in type2 diabetic patients by notably acting as a cofactor of the superoxide dismutase enzyme,by modulating the glutathione metabolism and metallothionein expression,by competing with iron and copper in the cell membrane and by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase enzyme.Zinc also improves the oxidative stress in these patients by reducing chronic hyperglycemia.It indeed promotes phosphorylation of insulin receptors by enhancing transport of glucose into cells.However,several studies reveal changes in zinc metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controversies remain regarding the effect of zinc supplementation in the improvement of oxidative stress in these patients.Faced with the serious challenge of the metabolic disorders related to oxidative stress in diabetes along with the importance of antioxidant nutrients in the control of this disease,new studies may contribute to improve our understanding of the role played by zinc against oxidative stress and its connection with type 2 diabetes mellitus prognosis.This could serve as a prelude to the development of prevention strategies and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.展开更多
A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University,Brazil,to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn,Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for ...A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University,Brazil,to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn,Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years,using the sequential extraction and organic matter fractionation methods.During 2005-2006,maize(Zea mays L.) was used as test plants and the experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and five replicates.The treatments consisted of four sewage sludge rates(in a dry basis):0.0(control,with mineral fertilization),45.0,90.0 and 127.5 t ha-1,annually for nine years.Before maize sowing,the sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 10 cm depth.Soil samples(0-20 cm layer) for Zn,Cd and Pb analysis were collected 60 days after sowing.The successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil did not affect heavy metal(Cd and Pb) fractions in the soil,with exception of Zn fractions.The Zn,Cd and Pb distributions in the soil were strongly associated with humin and residual fractions,which are characterized by stable chemical bonds.Zinc,Cd and Pb in the soil showed low phytoavailability after nine-year successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil.展开更多
Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigor...Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （MVPA） in children among diverse racial groups. Methods The psychometric properties of the PAQ-C with 742 Hong Kong Chinese children were assessed with the scale＇s internal consistency, reliability, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factory analysis （CFA） in the overall sample, and multistep invariance tests across gender groups as well as convergent validity with body mass index （BMI）, and an accelerometry-based MVPA. Results The Cronbach alpha coefficient （α=0.79）, composite reliability value （p=0.81）, and the intraclass correlation coefficient （α=0.82） indicate the satisfactory reliability of the PAQ-C score. The CFA indicated data fit a single factor model, suggesting that the PAQ-C measures only one construct, on MVPA over the previous 7 days. The multiple-group CFAs suggested that the factor Ioadings and variances and covariances of the PAQ-C measurement model were invariant across gender groups. The PAQ-C score was related to accelerometry-based MVPA （r=0.33） and inversely related to BMI （r=0.18）. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C in Chinese children.展开更多
Weakened capability of eating and swallowing is common among elderly population,affecting negatively on their health and well-being.This work measured occlusal force and tongue muscle strength of elderly patients and ...Weakened capability of eating and swallowing is common among elderly population,affecting negatively on their health and well-being.This work measured occlusal force and tongue muscle strength of elderly patients and then assessed whether correlations existed between oral physiological properties and the eating and swallowing capability.A total of 26 elderly patients with potential swallow disorder were recruited in this work.Participants’denture status and daily diet texture were determined by a pre-questionnaire analysis.Their swallowing capability was assessed and rated by water drinking test.Maximum tongue pressure,incisor occlusal force and hand gripping force were measured for each subject.It was observed that participating subjects have on average a significantly lower biting force and maximum tongue pressure than that of normal adults.The swallowing grades assessed by water drinking test showed significant correlations with both the biting force(r=−0.498,P<0.05)and the tongue muscle strength(r=−0.544,P<0.05).The biting force of dysphagia participants correlates significantly with dental conditions(P<0.05).The observed correlation between tongue pressure and diet texture indicates that tongue muscle strength could be used as a reliable indicator of the eating and swallowing capability for elderly people.展开更多
Neonatal growth is characterized by a high protein synthesis rate that is largely due to an enhanced sensitivity to the postprandial rise in insulin and amino acids, especially leucine. The mechanism of leucine＇s act...Neonatal growth is characterized by a high protein synthesis rate that is largely due to an enhanced sensitivity to the postprandial rise in insulin and amino acids, especially leucine. The mechanism of leucine＇s action in vivo is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of leucine infusion on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs. To evaluate the mode of action of leucine, we used rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） complex-1 （mTORC1）. Overnight-fasted 7-day-old piglets were treated with rapamycin for 1 hour and then infused with leucine （400 μmol·kg^-1·h^-1） for 1 hour. Leucine infusion increased the rate of protein synthesis, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 （S6K1） and eukaryotic initiation factor （elF） 4E-binding protein-1 （4E-BP1） phosphorylation in gastrocnemius and masseter muscles （P 〈 0.05）, but not in the liver. The leucine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis and S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation were completely blocked by rapamycin, suggesting that leucine action is by an mTORC1-dependent mechanism. Neither leucine nor rapamycin had any effect on the activation of the upstream mTQRC1 regulators, AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B, in skeletal muscle or liver. The activation of elF2α and elongation factor 2 was not affected by leucine or rapamycin, indicating that these two pathways are not limiting steps of leucine-induced protein synthesis. These results suggest that leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by inducing the activation of mTORC1 and its downstream pathway leading to mRNA translation.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) programs on postoperative complications of pancreatic surgery. METHODS Computer searches were performed in databases(including PubM ed, Cochrane Libr...AIM To evaluate the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) programs on postoperative complications of pancreatic surgery. METHODS Computer searches were performed in databases(including PubM ed, Cochrane Library and Embase) for randomized controlled trials or case-control studies describing ERAS programs in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery published between January 1995 and August 2017. Two researchers independently evaluated the quality of the studies' extracted data that met the inclusion criteria and performed a metaanalysis using Rev Man5.3.5 software. Forest plots, demonstrating the outcomes of the ERAS group vs the control group after pancreatic surgery, and funnel plots were used to evaluate potential publication bias.RESULTS Twenty case-control studies including 3694 patients, published between January 1995 and August 2017, were selected for the meta-analysis. This study included the ERAS group(n = 1886) and the control group(n = 1808), which adopted the traditional perioperative management. Compared to the control group, the ERAS group had lower delayed gastric emptying rates [odds ratio(OR) = 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48-0.72, P < 0.00001], lower postoperative complication rates(OR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.45-0.72, P < 0.00001), particularly for the mild postoperative complications(Clavien-Dindo Ⅰ-Ⅱ)(OR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.58-0.88, P = 0.002), lower abdominal infection rates(OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.54-0.90, P = 0.006), and shorter postoperative length of hospital stay(PLOS)(WMD =-4.45, 95%CI:-5.99 to-2.91, P < 0.00001). However, there were no significant differences in complications, such as, postoperative pancreatic fistulas, moderate to severe complications(Clavien-Dindo Ⅲ-Ⅴ), mortality, readmission and unintended reoperation, in both groups.CONCLUSION The perioperative implementation of ERAS programs in pancreatic surgery is safe and effective, can decrease postoperative complication rates, and can promote recovery for patients.展开更多
基金the financial support of Nutrition Research Center,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective：To validate malnutrition screening tool of nutrition risk index （NRI） against patent-generated subjective global assessment （PG-SGA） as a gold standard tool in colorectal cancer patients before radiotherapy.Methods：Nutritional status of 52 volunteer colorectal cancer patients with a mean age of 54.1±16.8 years who referred to radiotherapy center were assessed by PG-SGA （gold standard method） and NRI.Serum albumin levels of patients were determined by colorimetric method.A contingency table was used to determine the sensitivity,specificity,and predictive value of the NRI in screening patients at risk of malnutrition,in comparison with the PG-SGA in patients before radiotherapy.Results：The findings of PG-SGA and NRI showed that 52％ and 45％ of patients in our study were moderately or severely malnourished respectively.The NRI had a sensitivity of 66％ and a specificity of 60％ against PG-SGA.The positive predictive value was 64％ and the negative predicative value was 62％.The agreement between NRI and PG-SGA was statistically insignificant （kappa =0.267; P＞0.05）.Conclusions：The findings of present study showed that the prevalence of malnutrition was high in patients with colorectal cancer.Moreover,NRI method had low sensitivity and specificity in assessing nutritional status of patients with cancer.It seems that the combination of anthropometric,laboratory parameters and a subjective scoring system may be helpful tools in screening of malnutrition in cancer patients.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between almond consumption, the most widely consumed tree nut in the US, and nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, diet quality, and weight/adiposity in adults. Methods: Data from adults (N=24,808), 19+ years, participating in the NHANES 2001-2010 were used. The NCI method was used to estimate the usual intake of almonds and selected nutrients. Almond consumers were defined as those consuming any amount of almonds/almond butter. Percentages of the consumers/non-consumers below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or above the Adequate Intake (AI) for select nutrients were determined. To assess significant differences for the percentage of almond consumers vs. non-consumers with intakes less than the EAR or above the AI, a Z-statistic for differences in population proportions was used. Covariate-controlled linear regression was used to determine differences in diet quality, measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), between the consumer groups. Body mass indices and waist circumference were assessed. P was set at p < 0.01. Results: Almond consumers were more likely to be non-Hispanic white, older, of higher income, more physically active, and were less likely to be a current smoker than non-consumers. Usual intake of almonds among consumers was 29.5 ± 1.5 g/day. Usual intake of protein;dietary fiber;vitamins A, D, E, and C;thiamin;niacin;riboflavin;folate, calcium, copper, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, and potassium was higher in almond consumers. Almond consumers were less likely to be below the EAR for protein, vitamins A, D, E, B12, and C;riboflavin;calcium;copper;magnesium;iron;phosphorus;and zinc. They were also more likely to be above the AI for dietary fiber and potassium. Total HEI-2010 scores were approximately 15 points higher in almond consumers. Body mass indices and waist circumference measures were lower in almond consumers. Conclusions: Moderate consumption of almonds should be encouraged as part of a healthy diet.
文摘Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the association of rice consumption with nutrient intake and diet quality in a recent nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: NHANES data (2005-2010) were used to assess the association of rice consumption by adults (19+ yrs;N = 14,386) with nutrient intake and diet quality. 24-hour dietary intakes were used to calculate usual intake (UI) of rice consumption using the National Cancer Institute methodology. Rice consumption groups were 0.25 to 0.5 to <1.0, and >1.0 oz. eq. of UI of rice. Diet quality (using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 [HEI-2005]) was calculated. Covariate adjusted least square means ± SE were determined and quartile trends across the rice consumption categories were examined. Results: Significant (p < 0.001) positive trends (β coefficient across rice consumption categories) were seen for sodium (118.99 mg), dietary fiber (0.57 g), folate (58.24 μg DFE), magnesium (11.83 mg), iron (0.97 mg) and potassium (29.45 mg). Significant negative trends (p < 0.0001) were seen for intakes of saturated fatty acids (-1.75 g), added sugars (-1.31 g);and calcium (-40.46 mg). HEI-2005 also showed a positive trend (p < 0.0001) with rice consumption (5.5 points). HEI-2005 component scores for total fruit (0.07), whole fruit (0.11), dark green/orange vegetables (0.25), total grains (0.10), meat/beans (0.24), and oils (0.15) were higher (p < 0.01) in rice consumers than non-consumers. HEI-2005 component scores for saturated fatty acids (0.63), solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol (1.22) were higher suggesting more favorable intake, but sodium (-0.24) was lower. Conclusion: Overall, consumption of rice should be encouraged to improve nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutrition education can provide ways to reduce sodium added to rice dishes.
基金the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Environment as well as the Food and Nutrition Research Center(CRAN)of Institute for Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants in Cameroon for their support
文摘Little is known about the impact of direct sowing under vegetation cover on the production and quality of New Rice for Africa （NERICA） on poor oxisol. In this study, two NERICA varieties （NERICA 3 and NERICA 8） were grown under tropical oxisol soil with very low nutrient contents. Four cultivation systems were used in completely randomized block design, including plowing （control）, unplowed soil with dead vegetation cover （DVC）, unplowed soil with live vegetation cover （LVC） and unplowed soil with mixed vegetation cover （MVC）. DVC significantly improved the exponential growth of NERICAs. NERICA 3 was the more productive （2.16–3.05 t/hm2） compared with NERICA 8 （0.71–1.21 t/hm2）. Cultivation systems improved the nutritional quality of NERICAs. The total protein content of NERICA 3 under DVC and MVC was 84.8% and 75.0% higher than control, respectively. The total soluble carbohydrate contents of NERICA 8 under LVC and MVC was 73.2% and 57.3% higher than control, respectively. These results suggested that conservative approach like direct sowing on unplowed soil with vegetation cover systems can improve the nutritional quality of rainfed NERICAs and their sustainable production under poor oxisol soil in sub-Saharan Africa.
基金supported by the Convergence Medical Institute of Technology Policy Research Project(CMIT PRP 2022-03)at Pusan National University Hospital.
文摘Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has had a substantial global health impact,with over 765 million confirmed cases and nearly 7 million deaths.[1]In South Korea,stringent lockdown policy heavily restricted the daily activities for over two years,resulting in widespread public health issues.
基金supported by the USDA/ARS (cooperative agreement 3092-51000062)the NIH R01DK136532 and R01DK136619 to Y.Z.,the NIH R00AG068239,R01DK138035,and R01AG084646 to S.Z.,the NIH R00CA237618 and USDA/ARS (cooperative agreement 309251000-064) to X.G.+2 种基金the CPRIT Scholar in Cancer Research (RR210029) to D.G.supported by the CPRIT Core Facility Support Award RP210227 “Proteomic and Metabolomic Core Facility”,the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA125123,the NIH R01CA220297 and R01CA216426the intramural funds from the Dan L.Duncan Cancer Center (DLDCC) at the Baylor College of Medicine。
文摘Hepatic gluconeogenesis is a critical process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting to support vital organs like the brain and red blood cells. Postprandially, this process is rapidly suppressed to allow for glucose storage as glycogen and lipids in the liver. Failure to suppress gluconeogenesis after meals leads to elevated postprandial glucose levels, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. This dynamic switch is regulated by insulin and glucagon, but insulin resistance impairs this regulation. In this study, we identified a novel mechanism involving postprandial circulating hyaluronan(HA) and lysosomal hyaluronidase-1(HYAL1) that suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis by rewiring hepatic metabolism and mitochondrial function. Hyal1 knockout(Hyal1 KO) mice exhibited increased gluconeogenesis, while liver-specific Hyal1 overexpression(Liv-Hyal1) mice showed reduced gluconeogenic activity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed minimal changes in liver gene expression due to Hyal1 deletion, but metabolomic profiling demonstrated that Hyal1 overexpression mitigated high-fat diet(HFD)-induced elevations in gluconeogenic pathway metabolites. Mechanistically, HYAL1-mediated HA digestion activates a feedback loop in HA synthesis, repartitioning the cellular uridine diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(UDP-Glc NAc) pool. This reduces O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification(O-Glc NAcylation) of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits, decreasing ATP production and suppressing gluconeogenesis. Importantly, this pathway remains intact in the livers of HFD-fed, insulin-resistant mice. In summary, our findings reveal a new postprandial mechanism for regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, highlighting the potential of enhancing postprandial HA levels or hepatic HYAL1 activity as a therapeutic strategy for managing excessive gluconeogenesis in insulin-resistant conditions, such as type 2 diabetes.
基金Supported by The United States Department of Agriculture
文摘Many epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that dietary fiber plays an important role in colon cancer prevention. These findings may relate to the ability of fiber to reduce the contact time of carcinogens within the intestinal lumen and to promote healthy gut microbiota, which modifies the host's metabolism in various ways. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which dietary fiber-dependent changes in gut microbiota enhance bile acid deconjugation, produce short chain fatty acids, and modulate inflammatory bioactive substances can lead to a better understanding of the beneficial role of dietary fiber. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the mechanisms via which dietary fiber protects against colon cancer.
文摘Each hepatitis virus—Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E,and G—poses a distinct scenario to the patient and clinician alike.Since the discovery of each virus,extensive knowledge regarding epidemiology,virologic properties,and the natural clinical and immunologic history of acute and chronic infections has been generated.Basic discoveries about host immunologic responses to acute and chronic viral infections,combined with virologic data,has led to vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A,B,and E and highly efficacious antivirals for Hepatitis B and C.These therapeutic breakthroughs are transforming the fields of hepatology,transplant medicine in general,and public and global health.Most notably,there is even an ambitious global effort to eliminate chronic viral hepatitis within the next decade.While attainable,there are many barriers to this goal that are being actively investigated in basic and clinical labs on the local,national,and international scales.Herein,we discuss pertinent clinical information and recent organizational guidelines for each of the individual hepatitis viruses while also synthesizing this information with the latest research to focus on exciting future directions for each virus.
文摘Chronic hyperglycemia statue noticed in diabetes mellitus favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity.Zinc plays an important role in antioxidant defense in type2 diabetic patients by notably acting as a cofactor of the superoxide dismutase enzyme,by modulating the glutathione metabolism and metallothionein expression,by competing with iron and copper in the cell membrane and by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase enzyme.Zinc also improves the oxidative stress in these patients by reducing chronic hyperglycemia.It indeed promotes phosphorylation of insulin receptors by enhancing transport of glucose into cells.However,several studies reveal changes in zinc metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controversies remain regarding the effect of zinc supplementation in the improvement of oxidative stress in these patients.Faced with the serious challenge of the metabolic disorders related to oxidative stress in diabetes along with the importance of antioxidant nutrients in the control of this disease,new studies may contribute to improve our understanding of the role played by zinc against oxidative stress and its connection with type 2 diabetes mellitus prognosis.This could serve as a prelude to the development of prevention strategies and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.
基金Supported by the Sao Paulo State Research Foundation(FAPESP),Brazil,and the master scholarship granted to the first author(No.06/54620-6)
文摘A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University,Brazil,to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn,Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years,using the sequential extraction and organic matter fractionation methods.During 2005-2006,maize(Zea mays L.) was used as test plants and the experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and five replicates.The treatments consisted of four sewage sludge rates(in a dry basis):0.0(control,with mineral fertilization),45.0,90.0 and 127.5 t ha-1,annually for nine years.Before maize sowing,the sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 10 cm depth.Soil samples(0-20 cm layer) for Zn,Cd and Pb analysis were collected 60 days after sowing.The successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil did not affect heavy metal(Cd and Pb) fractions in the soil,with exception of Zn fractions.The Zn,Cd and Pb distributions in the soil were strongly associated with humin and residual fractions,which are characterized by stable chemical bonds.Zinc,Cd and Pb in the soil showed low phytoavailability after nine-year successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil.
基金funded by the General Research Fund(GRF)from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(to PWCL,project number:GRF 244913)
文摘Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （MVPA） in children among diverse racial groups. Methods The psychometric properties of the PAQ-C with 742 Hong Kong Chinese children were assessed with the scale＇s internal consistency, reliability, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factory analysis （CFA） in the overall sample, and multistep invariance tests across gender groups as well as convergent validity with body mass index （BMI）, and an accelerometry-based MVPA. Results The Cronbach alpha coefficient （α=0.79）, composite reliability value （p=0.81）, and the intraclass correlation coefficient （α=0.82） indicate the satisfactory reliability of the PAQ-C score. The CFA indicated data fit a single factor model, suggesting that the PAQ-C measures only one construct, on MVPA over the previous 7 days. The multiple-group CFAs suggested that the factor Ioadings and variances and covariances of the PAQ-C measurement model were invariant across gender groups. The PAQ-C score was related to accelerometry-based MVPA （r=0.33） and inversely related to BMI （r=0.18）. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C in Chinese children.
基金Authors acknowledge a grant support from Chinese Nutrition Society for this project(2015 Chinese Nutrition Society(CNS)Nutrition Research Foundation—DSM Research Fund,grant number:cws201506913).
文摘Weakened capability of eating and swallowing is common among elderly population,affecting negatively on their health and well-being.This work measured occlusal force and tongue muscle strength of elderly patients and then assessed whether correlations existed between oral physiological properties and the eating and swallowing capability.A total of 26 elderly patients with potential swallow disorder were recruited in this work.Participants’denture status and daily diet texture were determined by a pre-questionnaire analysis.Their swallowing capability was assessed and rated by water drinking test.Maximum tongue pressure,incisor occlusal force and hand gripping force were measured for each subject.It was observed that participating subjects have on average a significantly lower biting force and maximum tongue pressure than that of normal adults.The swallowing grades assessed by water drinking test showed significant correlations with both the biting force(r=−0.498,P<0.05)and the tongue muscle strength(r=−0.544,P<0.05).The biting force of dysphagia participants correlates significantly with dental conditions(P<0.05).The observed correlation between tongue pressure and diet texture indicates that tongue muscle strength could be used as a reliable indicator of the eating and swallowing capability for elderly people.
文摘Neonatal growth is characterized by a high protein synthesis rate that is largely due to an enhanced sensitivity to the postprandial rise in insulin and amino acids, especially leucine. The mechanism of leucine＇s action in vivo is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of leucine infusion on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs. To evaluate the mode of action of leucine, we used rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） complex-1 （mTORC1）. Overnight-fasted 7-day-old piglets were treated with rapamycin for 1 hour and then infused with leucine （400 μmol·kg^-1·h^-1） for 1 hour. Leucine infusion increased the rate of protein synthesis, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 （S6K1） and eukaryotic initiation factor （elF） 4E-binding protein-1 （4E-BP1） phosphorylation in gastrocnemius and masseter muscles （P 〈 0.05）, but not in the liver. The leucine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis and S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation were completely blocked by rapamycin, suggesting that leucine action is by an mTORC1-dependent mechanism. Neither leucine nor rapamycin had any effect on the activation of the upstream mTQRC1 regulators, AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B, in skeletal muscle or liver. The activation of elF2α and elongation factor 2 was not affected by leucine or rapamycin, indicating that these two pathways are not limiting steps of leucine-induced protein synthesis. These results suggest that leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by inducing the activation of mTORC1 and its downstream pathway leading to mRNA translation.
文摘AIM To evaluate the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) programs on postoperative complications of pancreatic surgery. METHODS Computer searches were performed in databases(including PubM ed, Cochrane Library and Embase) for randomized controlled trials or case-control studies describing ERAS programs in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery published between January 1995 and August 2017. Two researchers independently evaluated the quality of the studies' extracted data that met the inclusion criteria and performed a metaanalysis using Rev Man5.3.5 software. Forest plots, demonstrating the outcomes of the ERAS group vs the control group after pancreatic surgery, and funnel plots were used to evaluate potential publication bias.RESULTS Twenty case-control studies including 3694 patients, published between January 1995 and August 2017, were selected for the meta-analysis. This study included the ERAS group(n = 1886) and the control group(n = 1808), which adopted the traditional perioperative management. Compared to the control group, the ERAS group had lower delayed gastric emptying rates [odds ratio(OR) = 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48-0.72, P < 0.00001], lower postoperative complication rates(OR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.45-0.72, P < 0.00001), particularly for the mild postoperative complications(Clavien-Dindo Ⅰ-Ⅱ)(OR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.58-0.88, P = 0.002), lower abdominal infection rates(OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.54-0.90, P = 0.006), and shorter postoperative length of hospital stay(PLOS)(WMD =-4.45, 95%CI:-5.99 to-2.91, P < 0.00001). However, there were no significant differences in complications, such as, postoperative pancreatic fistulas, moderate to severe complications(Clavien-Dindo Ⅲ-Ⅴ), mortality, readmission and unintended reoperation, in both groups.CONCLUSION The perioperative implementation of ERAS programs in pancreatic surgery is safe and effective, can decrease postoperative complication rates, and can promote recovery for patients.
