Under the influence of globalization, it's a trend to develop international education in universities around the world. China, as a giant education country, also takes part in the international education market, d...Under the influence of globalization, it's a trend to develop international education in universities around the world. China, as a giant education country, also takes part in the international education market, developing international education in universities, and recruiting international students to study in China. In this paper, it analyzes the rational reasons to develop international education in terms of globalization, nature of universities and consistent development. What's more, based on the experience of developing international education in Software College, Northeastern University(NEU), China, it introduces three aspects of internationalization implemented in the college.展开更多
The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe...The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe_(oct2)-terminated Fe_(3)O_(4)(111)surfaces under HSF conditions,including their adsorption and reduction behaviors,was investigated using the density functional theory method.The results indicated that the H_(2)molecule adsorbed onto the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface with an adsorption energy(AE)of-1.36 eV,whereas the CO molecule preferentially adsorbed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface with an AE of-1.56 eV.Both H_(2)and CO can readily undergo reduction on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface(corresponding to energy barriers of 0.83 eV and 2.23 eV,respectively),but kinetically the reaction of H2is more favorable than that of CO.With regard to the thermodynamics at 400-1400 K,the H_(2)was easy to be adsorbed,while the CO would like to react on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface.These thermodynamically tendencies were reversed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface.The thermodynamic disadvantage of the reaction of H_(2)on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was offset by an increase in the temperature.Furthermore,the adsorption of H2 and CO on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was competitive,whereas the adsorption of them on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface was synergistic.Therefore,iron ores with a higher proportion of Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface can be applied for the HSF process.In conjunction with the increases in the reduction temperature and the ratio of H_(2)in the reducing gas would promote efficient HSF smelting.These observations provide effective guidance for optimizing the practical operation parameters and advancing the development of the HSF process.展开更多
The Cu-12Fe alloy has attracted significant attention due to its excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding capability,high strength,cost-effectiveness,and recyclability.In the present work,the Cu...The Cu-12Fe alloy has attracted significant attention due to its excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding capability,high strength,cost-effectiveness,and recyclability.In the present work,the Cu-12Fe alloy strip with the thickness of 2.4 mm was successfully produced by twin-roll strip casting.The microstructure and properties of the Cu-12Fe alloy were tailored by cold rolling and aging treatment.The tensile strength of the as-cast strip is approximately 328 MPa and its elongation is 25%.The Fe phase randomly dispersed in the matrix,and the average size of Fe-rich phase is 2μm.Besides,enrichment of Fe phase is observed in the central layer of the strip,results in the formation of the“sandwich structure”.Moreover,the as-cast strip of Cu-12Fe was directly cold-rolled from 2.4 to 0.12 mm.The directly cold-rolled sample after aging at 450℃for 16 h(ProcessⅠ)shows excellent electrical conductivity of 69.5%IACS,the tensile strength and elongation are 513 MPa and 3.8%,the saturation magnetic flux density is 20.1 emu·g^(-1),and the coercive force is 25.2 Oe.In ProcessⅡ,the as-cast strip firstly cold-rolled to 1.2 mm,then aged at 500℃for 1.5 h,followed by cold rolling to 0.12 mm,finally aged at 450℃for 16 h.The sample after ProcessⅡshows the electrical conductivity of 66.3%IACS,the tensile strength of 533 MPa,an elongation of 3.5%,saturation magnetic flux density of 21.4 emu·g^(-1),and the coercive force of 22.3 Oe.展开更多
Vulnerabilities are a known problem in modern Open Source Software(OSS).Most developers often rely on third-party libraries to accelerate feature implementation.However,these libraries may contain vulnerabilities that...Vulnerabilities are a known problem in modern Open Source Software(OSS).Most developers often rely on third-party libraries to accelerate feature implementation.However,these libraries may contain vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit to propagate malicious code,posing security risks to dependent projects.Existing research addresses these challenges through Software Composition Analysis(SCA)for vulnerability detection and remediation.Nevertheless,current solutions may introduce additional issues,such as incompatibilities,dependency conflicts,and additional vulnerabilities.To address this,we propose Vulnerability Scan and Protection(VulnScanPro),a robust solution for detection and remediation vulnerabilities in Java projects.Specifically,VulnScanPro builds a finegrained method graph to identify unreachable methods.The method graph is mapped to the project’s dependency tree,constructing a comprehensive vulnerability propagation graph that identifies unreachable vulnerable APIs and dependencies.Based on this analysis,we propose three solutions for vulnerability remediation:(1)Removing unreachable vulnerable dependencies,thereby resolving security risks and reducing maintenance overhead.(2)Upgrading vulnerable dependencies to the closest non-vulnerable versions,while pinning the versions of transitive dependencies introduced by the vulnerable dependency,in order to mitigate compatibility issues and prevent the introduction of new vulnerabilities.(3)Eliminating unreachable vulnerable APIs,particularly when security patches are either incompatible or absent.Experimental results show that these solutions effectively mitigate vulnerabilities and enhance the overall security of the project.展开更多
High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as not...High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as notable solid-state welding and processing techniques,have been proved effectiveness in enhancing microstructures and mechanical properties of HEAs.This review article summarizes the current status of FSW/P of HEAs.The welding materials and conditions used for FSW/P in HEAs are reviewed and discussed.The effects of FSW/P on the evolutions of grain structure,texture,dislocation,and secondary phase for different HEAs are highlighted.Furthermore,the influences of FSW/P on the mechanical properties of various HEAs are analyzed.Finally,potential applications,challenges,and future directions of FSW/P in HEAs are forecasted.Overall,FSW/P enable to refine grains of HEAs through dynamic recrystallization and to activate diverse deformation mechanisms of HEAs through tailoring phase structures,thereby significantly improving the strength,hardness,and ductility of both single-and dual-phase HEAs.Future progress in this field will rely on comprehensive optimization of processing parameters and alloy composition,integration of multi-scale modeling with advanced characterization for in-depth exploration of microstructural mechanisms,systematic evaluation of functional properties,and effective bridging of the gap between laboratory research and industrial application.The review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the FSW/P of HEAs and encourage further research in this area.展开更多
To synergistically recover alumina and alkali from red mud(RM),the structural stability and conversion mechanism of hydroandradite(HA)from hydrogarnet(HG)were investigated via the First-principles,XRF,XRD,PSD and SEM ...To synergistically recover alumina and alkali from red mud(RM),the structural stability and conversion mechanism of hydroandradite(HA)from hydrogarnet(HG)were investigated via the First-principles,XRF,XRD,PSD and SEM methods,and a novel hydrothermal process based on the conversion principle was finally proposed.The crystal structure simulation shows that the HA with varied silicon saturation coefficients is more stable than HG,and the HA with a high iron substitution coefficient is more difficult to be converted from HG.The(110)plane of Fe_(2)O_(3) is easier to combine with HG to form HA,and the binding energy is 81.93 kJ/mol.The effects of raw material ratio,solution concentration and hydrothermal parameters on the conversion from HG to HA were revealed,and the optimal conditions for the alumina recovery were obtained.The recovery efficiencies of alumina and Na_(2)O from the RM are 63.06%and 97.34%,respectively,and the Na_(2)O content in the treated RM is only 0.13%.展开更多
Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The c...Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The core principle involves the resistive melting of a consumable electrode within a slag pool,followed by the refining of molten metal droplets as they traverse the slag,and subsequent sequential solidification in a water-cooled mold.However,conventional ESR processes face limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components,enhancing production efficiency,achieving highly specialized microstructures,and meeting ultra-high purity demands for advanced applications.Advanced composite ESR technologies have been developed to overcome these limitations by innovatively modifying key process aspects.For instance,electrode systems are improved using vibration,rotation,or multiple electrodes.Enhanced mold design and solidification control are achieved through techniques including conductive molds,mold rotation,and ingot withdrawal.Precise control of the process is realized through the use of protective gas,vacuum,or elevated pressure,as well as the application of external fields such as magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibration.This review comprehensively summarizes these advanced techniques,examining their principles and characteristics,and discussing their specific advantages and challenges.展开更多
The effects of the high pressure die casting(HPDC)processes on porosity,microstructure,and mechanical properties of heat-treatment-free aluminum silicon(Al-Si)alloys have long been a focal point in automotive die-cast...The effects of the high pressure die casting(HPDC)processes on porosity,microstructure,and mechanical properties of heat-treatment-free aluminum silicon(Al-Si)alloys have long been a focal point in automotive die-casting research.In this work,the combined effect of shot sleeve materials and slow shot speeds on porosity,microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly designed HPDC Al-Si alloy was investigated.Results show that employing a ceramic shot sleeve or increasing the slow shot speed significantly reduces both the average size and area fraction of externally solidified crystals(ESCs),as well as the average pore size and volume fraction.When the slow shot speed is increased from 0.05 m·s^(-1)to 0.1 m·s^(-1),the pore volume fraction decreases by 10.2%in steel-shot-sleeve samples,compared to a substantial 67.1%reduction in ceramic-shot-sleeve samples.At a slow shot speed of 0.1 m·s^(-1),castings produced with a ceramic shot sleeve exhibit superior mechanical properties:8.3%higher yield strength,17.4%greater tensile strength,and an 81.4%improvement in elongation,relative to those from a steel shot sleeve.These findings provide valuable insights for minimizing porosity and coarse ESCs in die castings,offering promising potential for broader industrial applications.展开更多
Automated classification of gas flow states in blast furnaces using top-camera imagery typically demands a large volume of labeled data,whose manual annotation is both labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive.To mitigate ...Automated classification of gas flow states in blast furnaces using top-camera imagery typically demands a large volume of labeled data,whose manual annotation is both labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive.To mitigate this challenge,we present an enhanced semi-supervised learning approach based on the Mean Teacher framework,incorporating a novel feature loss module to maximize classification performance with limited labeled samples.The model studies show that the proposed model surpasses both the baseline Mean Teacher model and fully supervised method in accuracy.Specifically,for datasets with 20%,30%,and 40%label ratios,using a single training iteration,the model yields accuracies of 78.61%,82.21%,and 85.2%,respectively,while multiple-cycle training iterations achieves 82.09%,81.97%,and 81.59%,respectively.Furthermore,scenario-specific training schemes are introduced to support diverse deployment need.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed technique in minimizing labeling requirements and advancing intelligent blast furnace diagnostics.展开更多
It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla we...It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla were investigated,its impact on sulfidation flotation was explored,and the mechanisms involved in both fluoride roasting and sulfidation flotation were discussed.With CaF_(2)as the roasting reagent,Na_(2)S·9H_(2)O as the sulfidation reagent,and sodium butyl xanthate(NaBX)as the collector,the results of the flotation experiments showed that fluoride roasting improved the floatability of chrysocolla,and the recovery rate increased from 16.87%to 82.74%.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that after fluoride roasting,approximately all the Cu on the chrysocolla surface was exposed in the form of CuO,which could provide a basis for subsequent sulfidation flotation.The microscopy and elemental analyses revealed that large quantities of"pagoda-like"grains were observed on the sulfidation surface of the fluoride-roasted chrysocolla,indicating high crystallinity particles of copper sulfide.This suggests that the effect of sulfide formation on the chrysocolla surface was more pronounced.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that fluoride roasting increased the relative contents of sulfur and copper on the surface and that both the Cu~+and polysulfide fractions on the surface of the minerals increased.This enhances the effect of sulfidation,which is conducive to flotation recovery.Therefore,fluoride roasting improved the effect of copper species transformation and sulfidation on the surface of chysocolla,promoted the adsorption of collectors,and improved the recovery of chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation.展开更多
Rapid regional population shifts and spatial polarization have heightened pressure on cultivated land—a critical resource demanding urgent attention amid ongoing urban-rural transition.This study selects Jiangsu prov...Rapid regional population shifts and spatial polarization have heightened pressure on cultivated land—a critical resource demanding urgent attention amid ongoing urban-rural transition.This study selects Jiangsu province,a national leader in both economic and agricultural development,as a case area to construct a multidimensional framework for assessing the recessive morphological characteristics of multifunctional cultivated land use.We examine temporal dynamics,spatial heterogeneity,and propose an integrated zoning strategy based on empirical analysis.The results reveal that:(1)The recessive morphology index shows a consistent upward trend,with structural breaks in 2007 and 2013,and a spatial shift from“higher in the east and lower in the west”to“higher in the south and lower in the north.”(2)Coordination among sub-dimensions of the index has steadily improved.(3)The index is expected to continue rising in the next decade,though at a slower pace.(4)To promote coordinated multidimensional land-use development,we recommend a policy framework that reinforces existing strengths,addresses weaknesses,and adapts zoning schemes to current spatial conditions.This research offers new insights into multifunctional cultivated land systems and underscores their role in enhancing human well-being,securing food supply,and supporting sustainable urban-rural integration.展开更多
Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub species, plays an important role in revegetation in the degraded ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China. Large areas planted with this shrub have been art...Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub species, plays an important role in revegetation in the degraded ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China. Large areas planted with this shrub have been artificially established as sand binders for soil protection, which might change the composition of soil bacterial communities with the development of sand dune stabilization. In this paper, we investigated the diversity and composition of native soil bacterial communities in the C. microphylla plantation for sand fixation using polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（PCR-DGGE） to understand the influence of this plantation on sandy soil ecosystem development. We collected soil samples from plantations with an age sequence of 0, 9, 16, and 26 years, as well as from the natural community, to identify the differences among soil bacterial communities. The result showed that bacterial abundance and community composition in the sandy land were affected by the age of the C. microphylla plantation. Moreover, bacterial diversity decreased with increasing plantation age, and the composition of the bacterial community in the 26-year plantation was similar to that in the natural community. Phylogenetic analysis of bands excised from the DGGE gels showed that members of alpha Proteobacterium, gamma Proteobacterium, Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi were dominant in the sandy land. The stabilization of moving sand dune and development of sand-fixed plantation resulted in an increase of soil fertility, which could drive the structural evolvement of soil bacterial community, and it needs over 20 years for the soil bacterial community to form a stable structure, similar to the case for the natural vegetation.展开更多
Pollution discharge disturbs the natural functions of water systems. The environmental microbial com-munity composition and diversity are sensitive key indicators to the impact of water pol utant on the microbial ecol...Pollution discharge disturbs the natural functions of water systems. The environmental microbial com-munity composition and diversity are sensitive key indicators to the impact of water pol utant on the microbial ecology system over time. It is meaningful to develop a way to identify the microbial diversity related to heavy metal effects in evaluating river pol ution. Water and sediment samples were col ected from eight sections along the Tiaozi River where wastewater and sewage were discharged from Siping City in northeastern China. The main pollutants contents and microbial communities were analyzed. As the primary metal pol utants, zinc （Zn） and arsenic （As） were recorded at the maximum concentrations of 420 and 5.72 μg/L in the water, and 1704 and 1.92 mg/kg in the sediment, re-spectively. These pollutants posed a threat to the microbial community diversity as only a few species of bacteria and eukaryotes with strong resistance were detected through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Acineto-bacter johnsoni , Clostridium cel ulovorans, and Trichococcus pasteuri were the dominant bacteria in the severely pol uted areas. The massive reproduction of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri almost depleted the dissolved oxygen （DO） and resulted in the decline of the aerobic bacteria. It was noted that the pollution reduced the microbial diversity but the L. hoffmeisteri mass increased as the dominant community, which led to the overconsuming of DO and anaerobic stinking water bodies. Water quality, concentrations of heavy metals, and the spatial distribution of microbial popula-tions have obvious consistencies, which mean that the heavy metals in the river pose a serious stress on the microorganisms.展开更多
Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate...Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.展开更多
Recently,InE has been regarded as a popular education strategy in Chinese universities.However,problems have been exposed in the adoption of InE,for example,in InE courses and competitions.The purpose of this paper is...Recently,InE has been regarded as a popular education strategy in Chinese universities.However,problems have been exposed in the adoption of InE,for example,in InE courses and competitions.The purpose of this paper is to provide a possible solution to the problems,which is to organize effective InE courses by integrating InE with Inter-Course-level Problem-Based Learning(ICPBL).A detailed case is demonstrated by an ICPBL elective course design with deep integration of InE in the teaching,learning,and assessments.This paper contributes to a new curriculum design for promoting InE education in practically for Chinese universities.展开更多
Benxi area, Northeastern China, is the main distribution area of Archean BIF-hosted iron deposits in China. In this area, Nanfen iron deposit is well known as the largest open-pit iron deposit not only in China but al...Benxi area, Northeastern China, is the main distribution area of Archean BIF-hosted iron deposits in China. In this area, Nanfen iron deposit is well known as the largest open-pit iron deposit not only in China but also in Asia. So far, the tectonic nature during Archean BIF formation period in Benxi area has been long disputed and the tectonic setting of Nanfen BIF had not been found. In this study, the geochemical characters of chlorite amphibolites closely associated with BIF have been investigated for the tectonic environment of Nanfen BIF. Chlortie amphibolites show the geochemical affinity to the back-arc basin basalt (BABB), indicating that the tectonic environment of Nanfen BIF is the back-arc basin. In conjunction with geological evidence of other BIFs at Benxi area, it is identified that BIF in Benxi area might be formed in the subduction-related back-arc basin, which provides a favorable sedimentary environment of Algoma-type BIF.展开更多
Critical thinking is a fundamental skill for today’s college students,since it aids in the acquisition of knowledge,correct judgements,and self-adjustment.However,traditional English teaching in China only focuses on...Critical thinking is a fundamental skill for today’s college students,since it aids in the acquisition of knowledge,correct judgements,and self-adjustment.However,traditional English teaching in China only focuses on the development of students’language skills and the inculcation of language knowledge,rather than the cultivation of students’critical thinking skills.This study addresses the aforementioned problem and discusses the definition and significance of critical thinking.Subsequently,it analyzes the causes of L2 students’ineffective critical thinking and proposes several procedures for the training of students in English reading,listening,speaking,and writing.展开更多
Sinter is the core raw material for blast furnaces.Flue pressure,which is an important state parameter,affects sinter quality.In this paper,flue pressure prediction and optimization were studied based on the shapley a...Sinter is the core raw material for blast furnaces.Flue pressure,which is an important state parameter,affects sinter quality.In this paper,flue pressure prediction and optimization were studied based on the shapley additive explanation(SHAP)to predict the flue pressure and take targeted adjustment measures.First,the sintering process data were collected and processed.A flue pressure prediction model was then constructed after comparing different feature selection methods and model algorithms using SHAP+extremely random-ized trees(ET).The prediction accuracy of the model within the error range of±0.25 kPa was 92.63%.SHAP analysis was employed to improve the interpretability of the prediction model.The effects of various sintering operation parameters on flue pressure,the relation-ship between the numerical range of key operation parameters and flue pressure,the effect of operation parameter combinations on flue pressure,and the prediction process of the flue pressure prediction model on a single sample were analyzed.A flue pressure optimization module was also constructed and analyzed when the prediction satisfied the judgment conditions.The operating parameter combination was then pushed.The flue pressure was increased by 5.87%during the verification process,achieving a good optimization effect.展开更多
In recent years,medium entropy alloys have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physical and chemical performances.By controlling reasonable elemental composition and processing parameters,the medium entro...In recent years,medium entropy alloys have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physical and chemical performances.By controlling reasonable elemental composition and processing parameters,the medium entropy alloys can exhibit similar properties to high entropy alloys and have lower costs.In this paper,a FeCoNi medium entropy alloy precursor was prepared via sol-gel and coprecipitation methods,respectively,and FeCoNi medium entropy alloys were prepared by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction.The phases and magnetic properties of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy were investigated.Results showed that FeCoNi medium entropy alloy was produced by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction at 1500℃.Some carbon was detected in the FeCoNi medium entropy alloy prepared by carbothermal reduction.The alloy prepared by hydrogen reduction was uniform and showed a relatively high purity.Moreover,the hydrogen reduction product exhibited better saturation magnetization and lower coercivity.展开更多
The effect of different intermediate annealing heat treatments on the surface microstructures and anodic oxide film structures of rolled Al-5.6Mg sheets was studied.The results show that when the continuous annealing ...The effect of different intermediate annealing heat treatments on the surface microstructures and anodic oxide film structures of rolled Al-5.6Mg sheets was studied.The results show that when the continuous annealing is used to control microstructures of the sheets instead of the static state annealing in the intermediate annealing process,the surface grain size of the sheets can be reduced by about 65.7%,and the size of the Mg precipitation phase(Mg_(2)Al_(3))can be reduced by about 67%.Under the combined influence of grain size,precipitation phase,and texture,the highest glossiness can be obtained,which is attributed to continuous intermediate annealing and stabilization annealing at low temperature.The uniform grain and precipitation structures is beneficial to reducing the inhomogeneous dissolution of the oxide film and to obtain the anodic oxide film with uniform thickness and high glossiness.展开更多
文摘Under the influence of globalization, it's a trend to develop international education in universities around the world. China, as a giant education country, also takes part in the international education market, developing international education in universities, and recruiting international students to study in China. In this paper, it analyzes the rational reasons to develop international education in terms of globalization, nature of universities and consistent development. What's more, based on the experience of developing international education in Software College, Northeastern University(NEU), China, it introduces three aspects of internationalization implemented in the college.
基金financially supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20608)the Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program(Key Research and Development Program Project),China(No.2023JH2/101800058)+3 种基金the Science&Technology Plan Project of Hebei Province,China(No.23314601L)the Project of Hydrogen-Based Shaft Furnace Reduction-Electric Furnace Melting And Separation Technology Research and Application for High-Titanium Magnetite Iron Ore(No.HG2023239)the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274253)the Special Project for Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation in Hebei Province,China(No.23284101Z)。
文摘The novel process of hydrogen-based shaft furnaces(HSFs)has attracted considerable attention because of their significant reduction of CO_(2)emissions.In this study,the interaction of H_(2)and CO with Fe_(tet1)-and Fe_(oct2)-terminated Fe_(3)O_(4)(111)surfaces under HSF conditions,including their adsorption and reduction behaviors,was investigated using the density functional theory method.The results indicated that the H_(2)molecule adsorbed onto the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface with an adsorption energy(AE)of-1.36 eV,whereas the CO molecule preferentially adsorbed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface with an AE of-1.56 eV.Both H_(2)and CO can readily undergo reduction on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface(corresponding to energy barriers of 0.83 eV and 2.23 eV,respectively),but kinetically the reaction of H2is more favorable than that of CO.With regard to the thermodynamics at 400-1400 K,the H_(2)was easy to be adsorbed,while the CO would like to react on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface.These thermodynamically tendencies were reversed on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface.The thermodynamic disadvantage of the reaction of H_(2)on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was offset by an increase in the temperature.Furthermore,the adsorption of H2 and CO on the Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface was competitive,whereas the adsorption of them on the Fe_(oct2)-terminated surface was synergistic.Therefore,iron ores with a higher proportion of Fe_(tet1)-terminated surface can be applied for the HSF process.In conjunction with the increases in the reduction temperature and the ratio of H_(2)in the reducing gas would promote efficient HSF smelting.These observations provide effective guidance for optimizing the practical operation parameters and advancing the development of the HSF process.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(2022-MS-109)the Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province(2023JH2/101800045)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peoples Republic of China(ZZ2021006).
文摘The Cu-12Fe alloy has attracted significant attention due to its excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding capability,high strength,cost-effectiveness,and recyclability.In the present work,the Cu-12Fe alloy strip with the thickness of 2.4 mm was successfully produced by twin-roll strip casting.The microstructure and properties of the Cu-12Fe alloy were tailored by cold rolling and aging treatment.The tensile strength of the as-cast strip is approximately 328 MPa and its elongation is 25%.The Fe phase randomly dispersed in the matrix,and the average size of Fe-rich phase is 2μm.Besides,enrichment of Fe phase is observed in the central layer of the strip,results in the formation of the“sandwich structure”.Moreover,the as-cast strip of Cu-12Fe was directly cold-rolled from 2.4 to 0.12 mm.The directly cold-rolled sample after aging at 450℃for 16 h(ProcessⅠ)shows excellent electrical conductivity of 69.5%IACS,the tensile strength and elongation are 513 MPa and 3.8%,the saturation magnetic flux density is 20.1 emu·g^(-1),and the coercive force is 25.2 Oe.In ProcessⅡ,the as-cast strip firstly cold-rolled to 1.2 mm,then aged at 500℃for 1.5 h,followed by cold rolling to 0.12 mm,finally aged at 450℃for 16 h.The sample after ProcessⅡshows the electrical conductivity of 66.3%IACS,the tensile strength of 533 MPa,an elongation of 3.5%,saturation magnetic flux density of 21.4 emu·g^(-1),and the coercive force of 22.3 Oe.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62141210)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.N2217005)+1 种基金Open Fund of State Key Lab.for Novel Software Technology,Nanjing University(KFKT2021B01)111 Project(B16009).
文摘Vulnerabilities are a known problem in modern Open Source Software(OSS).Most developers often rely on third-party libraries to accelerate feature implementation.However,these libraries may contain vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit to propagate malicious code,posing security risks to dependent projects.Existing research addresses these challenges through Software Composition Analysis(SCA)for vulnerability detection and remediation.Nevertheless,current solutions may introduce additional issues,such as incompatibilities,dependency conflicts,and additional vulnerabilities.To address this,we propose Vulnerability Scan and Protection(VulnScanPro),a robust solution for detection and remediation vulnerabilities in Java projects.Specifically,VulnScanPro builds a finegrained method graph to identify unreachable methods.The method graph is mapped to the project’s dependency tree,constructing a comprehensive vulnerability propagation graph that identifies unreachable vulnerable APIs and dependencies.Based on this analysis,we propose three solutions for vulnerability remediation:(1)Removing unreachable vulnerable dependencies,thereby resolving security risks and reducing maintenance overhead.(2)Upgrading vulnerable dependencies to the closest non-vulnerable versions,while pinning the versions of transitive dependencies introduced by the vulnerable dependency,in order to mitigate compatibility issues and prevent the introduction of new vulnerabilities.(3)Eliminating unreachable vulnerable APIs,particularly when security patches are either incompatible or absent.Experimental results show that these solutions effectively mitigate vulnerabilities and enhance the overall security of the project.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171032)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.E2023501002)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024GFYD003)。
文摘High entropy alloys(HEAs)have recently attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications across various fields.Friction stir welding and processing(FSW/P),as notable solid-state welding and processing techniques,have been proved effectiveness in enhancing microstructures and mechanical properties of HEAs.This review article summarizes the current status of FSW/P of HEAs.The welding materials and conditions used for FSW/P in HEAs are reviewed and discussed.The effects of FSW/P on the evolutions of grain structure,texture,dislocation,and secondary phase for different HEAs are highlighted.Furthermore,the influences of FSW/P on the mechanical properties of various HEAs are analyzed.Finally,potential applications,challenges,and future directions of FSW/P in HEAs are forecasted.Overall,FSW/P enable to refine grains of HEAs through dynamic recrystallization and to activate diverse deformation mechanisms of HEAs through tailoring phase structures,thereby significantly improving the strength,hardness,and ductility of both single-and dual-phase HEAs.Future progress in this field will rely on comprehensive optimization of processing parameters and alloy composition,integration of multi-scale modeling with advanced characterization for in-depth exploration of microstructural mechanisms,systematic evaluation of functional properties,and effective bridging of the gap between laboratory research and industrial application.The review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the FSW/P of HEAs and encourage further research in this area.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC2904405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22078055,51774079)。
文摘To synergistically recover alumina and alkali from red mud(RM),the structural stability and conversion mechanism of hydroandradite(HA)from hydrogarnet(HG)were investigated via the First-principles,XRF,XRD,PSD and SEM methods,and a novel hydrothermal process based on the conversion principle was finally proposed.The crystal structure simulation shows that the HA with varied silicon saturation coefficients is more stable than HG,and the HA with a high iron substitution coefficient is more difficult to be converted from HG.The(110)plane of Fe_(2)O_(3) is easier to combine with HG to form HA,and the binding energy is 81.93 kJ/mol.The effects of raw material ratio,solution concentration and hydrothermal parameters on the conversion from HG to HA were revealed,and the optimal conditions for the alumina recovery were obtained.The recovery efficiencies of alumina and Na_(2)O from the RM are 63.06%and 97.34%,respectively,and the Na_(2)O content in the treated RM is only 0.13%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 52175352)。
文摘Electroslag remelting(ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures,and its typical products are ingots or simple castings.The core principle involves the resistive melting of a consumable electrode within a slag pool,followed by the refining of molten metal droplets as they traverse the slag,and subsequent sequential solidification in a water-cooled mold.However,conventional ESR processes face limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components,enhancing production efficiency,achieving highly specialized microstructures,and meeting ultra-high purity demands for advanced applications.Advanced composite ESR technologies have been developed to overcome these limitations by innovatively modifying key process aspects.For instance,electrode systems are improved using vibration,rotation,or multiple electrodes.Enhanced mold design and solidification control are achieved through techniques including conductive molds,mold rotation,and ingot withdrawal.Precise control of the process is realized through the use of protective gas,vacuum,or elevated pressure,as well as the application of external fields such as magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibration.This review comprehensively summarizes these advanced techniques,examining their principles and characteristics,and discussing their specific advantages and challenges.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3404201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52175335,52405342)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation Joint Foundation of Liaoning province(Grant No.2023-B SB A-108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.N2402005)。
文摘The effects of the high pressure die casting(HPDC)processes on porosity,microstructure,and mechanical properties of heat-treatment-free aluminum silicon(Al-Si)alloys have long been a focal point in automotive die-casting research.In this work,the combined effect of shot sleeve materials and slow shot speeds on porosity,microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly designed HPDC Al-Si alloy was investigated.Results show that employing a ceramic shot sleeve or increasing the slow shot speed significantly reduces both the average size and area fraction of externally solidified crystals(ESCs),as well as the average pore size and volume fraction.When the slow shot speed is increased from 0.05 m·s^(-1)to 0.1 m·s^(-1),the pore volume fraction decreases by 10.2%in steel-shot-sleeve samples,compared to a substantial 67.1%reduction in ceramic-shot-sleeve samples.At a slow shot speed of 0.1 m·s^(-1),castings produced with a ceramic shot sleeve exhibit superior mechanical properties:8.3%higher yield strength,17.4%greater tensile strength,and an 81.4%improvement in elongation,relative to those from a steel shot sleeve.These findings provide valuable insights for minimizing porosity and coarse ESCs in die castings,offering promising potential for broader industrial applications.
基金financial support provided by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2024105036)the Tangshan Talent Funding Project,China(Nos.B202302007 and A2021110015)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52264042)the Australian Research Council(No.IH230100010)。
文摘Automated classification of gas flow states in blast furnaces using top-camera imagery typically demands a large volume of labeled data,whose manual annotation is both labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive.To mitigate this challenge,we present an enhanced semi-supervised learning approach based on the Mean Teacher framework,incorporating a novel feature loss module to maximize classification performance with limited labeled samples.The model studies show that the proposed model surpasses both the baseline Mean Teacher model and fully supervised method in accuracy.Specifically,for datasets with 20%,30%,and 40%label ratios,using a single training iteration,the model yields accuracies of 78.61%,82.21%,and 85.2%,respectively,while multiple-cycle training iterations achieves 82.09%,81.97%,and 81.59%,respectively.Furthermore,scenario-specific training schemes are introduced to support diverse deployment need.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed technique in minimizing labeling requirements and advancing intelligent blast furnace diagnostics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374259)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing Science and Technology,China(No.BGRIMM-KJSKL-2023-11)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province,China(No.202302 AF080004)。
文摘It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla were investigated,its impact on sulfidation flotation was explored,and the mechanisms involved in both fluoride roasting and sulfidation flotation were discussed.With CaF_(2)as the roasting reagent,Na_(2)S·9H_(2)O as the sulfidation reagent,and sodium butyl xanthate(NaBX)as the collector,the results of the flotation experiments showed that fluoride roasting improved the floatability of chrysocolla,and the recovery rate increased from 16.87%to 82.74%.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that after fluoride roasting,approximately all the Cu on the chrysocolla surface was exposed in the form of CuO,which could provide a basis for subsequent sulfidation flotation.The microscopy and elemental analyses revealed that large quantities of"pagoda-like"grains were observed on the sulfidation surface of the fluoride-roasted chrysocolla,indicating high crystallinity particles of copper sulfide.This suggests that the effect of sulfide formation on the chrysocolla surface was more pronounced.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that fluoride roasting increased the relative contents of sulfur and copper on the surface and that both the Cu~+and polysulfide fractions on the surface of the minerals increased.This enhances the effect of sulfidation,which is conducive to flotation recovery.Therefore,fluoride roasting improved the effect of copper species transformation and sulfidation on the surface of chysocolla,promoted the adsorption of collectors,and improved the recovery of chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42101252。
文摘Rapid regional population shifts and spatial polarization have heightened pressure on cultivated land—a critical resource demanding urgent attention amid ongoing urban-rural transition.This study selects Jiangsu province,a national leader in both economic and agricultural development,as a case area to construct a multidimensional framework for assessing the recessive morphological characteristics of multifunctional cultivated land use.We examine temporal dynamics,spatial heterogeneity,and propose an integrated zoning strategy based on empirical analysis.The results reveal that:(1)The recessive morphology index shows a consistent upward trend,with structural breaks in 2007 and 2013,and a spatial shift from“higher in the east and lower in the west”to“higher in the south and lower in the north.”(2)Coordination among sub-dimensions of the index has steadily improved.(3)The index is expected to continue rising in the next decade,though at a slower pace.(4)To promote coordinated multidimensional land-use development,we recommend a policy framework that reinforces existing strengths,addresses weaknesses,and adapts zoning schemes to current spatial conditions.This research offers new insights into multifunctional cultivated land systems and underscores their role in enhancing human well-being,securing food supply,and supporting sustainable urban-rural integration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40871247)the China National Twelfth Five-year-plan Key Project (2012BAD16B0302)
文摘Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub species, plays an important role in revegetation in the degraded ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China. Large areas planted with this shrub have been artificially established as sand binders for soil protection, which might change the composition of soil bacterial communities with the development of sand dune stabilization. In this paper, we investigated the diversity and composition of native soil bacterial communities in the C. microphylla plantation for sand fixation using polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（PCR-DGGE） to understand the influence of this plantation on sandy soil ecosystem development. We collected soil samples from plantations with an age sequence of 0, 9, 16, and 26 years, as well as from the natural community, to identify the differences among soil bacterial communities. The result showed that bacterial abundance and community composition in the sandy land were affected by the age of the C. microphylla plantation. Moreover, bacterial diversity decreased with increasing plantation age, and the composition of the bacterial community in the 26-year plantation was similar to that in the natural community. Phylogenetic analysis of bands excised from the DGGE gels showed that members of alpha Proteobacterium, gamma Proteobacterium, Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi were dominant in the sandy land. The stabilization of moving sand dune and development of sand-fixed plantation resulted in an increase of soil fertility, which could drive the structural evolvement of soil bacterial community, and it needs over 20 years for the soil bacterial community to form a stable structure, similar to the case for the natural vegetation.
基金Project supported by the National Science and Technology Majo Project of China(Nos.2008ZX07208-005 and 2012ZX07202-003)
文摘Pollution discharge disturbs the natural functions of water systems. The environmental microbial com-munity composition and diversity are sensitive key indicators to the impact of water pol utant on the microbial ecology system over time. It is meaningful to develop a way to identify the microbial diversity related to heavy metal effects in evaluating river pol ution. Water and sediment samples were col ected from eight sections along the Tiaozi River where wastewater and sewage were discharged from Siping City in northeastern China. The main pollutants contents and microbial communities were analyzed. As the primary metal pol utants, zinc （Zn） and arsenic （As） were recorded at the maximum concentrations of 420 and 5.72 μg/L in the water, and 1704 and 1.92 mg/kg in the sediment, re-spectively. These pollutants posed a threat to the microbial community diversity as only a few species of bacteria and eukaryotes with strong resistance were detected through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Acineto-bacter johnsoni , Clostridium cel ulovorans, and Trichococcus pasteuri were the dominant bacteria in the severely pol uted areas. The massive reproduction of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri almost depleted the dissolved oxygen （DO） and resulted in the decline of the aerobic bacteria. It was noted that the pollution reduced the microbial diversity but the L. hoffmeisteri mass increased as the dominant community, which led to the overconsuming of DO and anaerobic stinking water bodies. Water quality, concentrations of heavy metals, and the spatial distribution of microbial popula-tions have obvious consistencies, which mean that the heavy metals in the river pose a serious stress on the microorganisms.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41871197,No.41271201The Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province,No.20170520280The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China,No.171104003
文摘Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.
基金This research was financially supported by the PBL Research and Application Project of Northeastern University(Grant No.PBL-JX2021yb029,PBL-JX2021yb027).
文摘Recently,InE has been regarded as a popular education strategy in Chinese universities.However,problems have been exposed in the adoption of InE,for example,in InE courses and competitions.The purpose of this paper is to provide a possible solution to the problems,which is to organize effective InE courses by integrating InE with Inter-Course-level Problem-Based Learning(ICPBL).A detailed case is demonstrated by an ICPBL elective course design with deep integration of InE in the teaching,learning,and assessments.This paper contributes to a new curriculum design for promoting InE education in practically for Chinese universities.
文摘Benxi area, Northeastern China, is the main distribution area of Archean BIF-hosted iron deposits in China. In this area, Nanfen iron deposit is well known as the largest open-pit iron deposit not only in China but also in Asia. So far, the tectonic nature during Archean BIF formation period in Benxi area has been long disputed and the tectonic setting of Nanfen BIF had not been found. In this study, the geochemical characters of chlorite amphibolites closely associated with BIF have been investigated for the tectonic environment of Nanfen BIF. Chlortie amphibolites show the geochemical affinity to the back-arc basin basalt (BABB), indicating that the tectonic environment of Nanfen BIF is the back-arc basin. In conjunction with geological evidence of other BIFs at Benxi area, it is identified that BIF in Benxi area might be formed in the subduction-related back-arc basin, which provides a favorable sedimentary environment of Algoma-type BIF.
文摘Critical thinking is a fundamental skill for today’s college students,since it aids in the acquisition of knowledge,correct judgements,and self-adjustment.However,traditional English teaching in China only focuses on the development of students’language skills and the inculcation of language knowledge,rather than the cultivation of students’critical thinking skills.This study addresses the aforementioned problem and discusses the definition and significance of critical thinking.Subsequently,it analyzes the causes of L2 students’ineffective critical thinking and proposes several procedures for the training of students in English reading,listening,speaking,and writing.
基金supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274326)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202109)the Seventh Batch of Ten Thousand Talents Plan of China(No.ZX20220553).
文摘Sinter is the core raw material for blast furnaces.Flue pressure,which is an important state parameter,affects sinter quality.In this paper,flue pressure prediction and optimization were studied based on the shapley additive explanation(SHAP)to predict the flue pressure and take targeted adjustment measures.First,the sintering process data were collected and processed.A flue pressure prediction model was then constructed after comparing different feature selection methods and model algorithms using SHAP+extremely random-ized trees(ET).The prediction accuracy of the model within the error range of±0.25 kPa was 92.63%.SHAP analysis was employed to improve the interpretability of the prediction model.The effects of various sintering operation parameters on flue pressure,the relation-ship between the numerical range of key operation parameters and flue pressure,the effect of operation parameter combinations on flue pressure,and the prediction process of the flue pressure prediction model on a single sample were analyzed.A flue pressure optimization module was also constructed and analyzed when the prediction satisfied the judgment conditions.The operating parameter combination was then pushed.The flue pressure was increased by 5.87%during the verification process,achieving a good optimization effect.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074078 and 52374327)the Applied Fundamental Research Program of Liaoning Province,China(No.2023JH2/101600002)+3 种基金the Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.2022-YQ-09)the Shenyang Young Middle-Aged Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Support Program,China(No.RC220491)the Liaoning Province Steel Industry-University-Research Innovation Alliance Cooperation Project of Bensteel Group,China(No.KJBLM202202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Nos.N2201023 and N2325009)。
文摘In recent years,medium entropy alloys have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physical and chemical performances.By controlling reasonable elemental composition and processing parameters,the medium entropy alloys can exhibit similar properties to high entropy alloys and have lower costs.In this paper,a FeCoNi medium entropy alloy precursor was prepared via sol-gel and coprecipitation methods,respectively,and FeCoNi medium entropy alloys were prepared by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction.The phases and magnetic properties of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy were investigated.Results showed that FeCoNi medium entropy alloy was produced by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction at 1500℃.Some carbon was detected in the FeCoNi medium entropy alloy prepared by carbothermal reduction.The alloy prepared by hydrogen reduction was uniform and showed a relatively high purity.Moreover,the hydrogen reduction product exhibited better saturation magnetization and lower coercivity.
文摘The effect of different intermediate annealing heat treatments on the surface microstructures and anodic oxide film structures of rolled Al-5.6Mg sheets was studied.The results show that when the continuous annealing is used to control microstructures of the sheets instead of the static state annealing in the intermediate annealing process,the surface grain size of the sheets can be reduced by about 65.7%,and the size of the Mg precipitation phase(Mg_(2)Al_(3))can be reduced by about 67%.Under the combined influence of grain size,precipitation phase,and texture,the highest glossiness can be obtained,which is attributed to continuous intermediate annealing and stabilization annealing at low temperature.The uniform grain and precipitation structures is beneficial to reducing the inhomogeneous dissolution of the oxide film and to obtain the anodic oxide film with uniform thickness and high glossiness.
