Background and purpose The low-field MRI is a promising tool to accurately diagnose strokes.We here report our study on the accuracy of a 0.23-Tesla(0.23-T)MRI using the haematoma enhanced inversion recovery(HEIR)sequ...Background and purpose The low-field MRI is a promising tool to accurately diagnose strokes.We here report our study on the accuracy of a 0.23-Tesla(0.23-T)MRI using the haematoma enhanced inversion recovery(HEIR)sequence to detect acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)and intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH)within 24 hours of symptom onset.Methods A novel HEIR sequence based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery T1-weighted,with a scanning time of 1 min and 17 s,was developed using an ICH and AIS pig model on a 0.23-T MRI.Images of the pig model were obtained hourly for 24 hours in order to monitor value changes on T1/T2 and verify the differential diagnosis of AIS and ICH.Then,30 patients with AIS and 30 patients with ICH with confirmed diagnoses by 3T-MRI/CT were included.Diagnostic criteria on a 0.23-T MRI for ICH was the hyperintensity signal on both the diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)and HEIR sequence,while for AIS was the hyperintensity on DWI and isointensity on the HEIR sequence.Two blinded raters independently assessed the images obtained by the 0.23-T MRI for the presence of ICH/AIS.Results In the pig model,setting the inversion time to 800 ms enabled clear differentiation of ICH from brain parenchymal tissue and AIS.In real patients,a correct 0.23-T MRI diagnosis of either an AIS or ICH was made in all 60 patients within 24 hours of symptom onset(100%overall accuracy).No adverse events occurred.Conclusions The 0.23-T MRI may have the potential to differentiate cerebral haemorrhage from cerebral infarction with both speed and accuracy,making brain MRI scans easier,faster and cheaper.It might be possible to improve the screening imaging process for strokes in the emergency room.Further multicentre studies are needed to validate our findings.展开更多
Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both ne...Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both neuroprotective, protecting dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and also restorative, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopaminergic terminals in striatum, resulting in improvements in motor performance in animal models of Parkinsonism. Studies show that this protection is mediated through the same common mechanisms as other neuroprotective agents, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways at molecular and cellular levels. Restoration of function seems to involve activation of certain compensatory brain regions as a mechanism at the network level to correct the imbalances to the nervous system resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Clinical studies in China and Korea, in particular, have shown a positive benefit of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease, especially in reducing the doses of dopaminergic medications and the associated side effects. However, large and well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but...Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.展开更多
Dextrocardia refers to a right-sided location of the heart within the thoracic cavity which is the primary manifestation of the abnormal lateralisation of the embryonic leftright axis.[1]As a rare cardiac malformation...Dextrocardia refers to a right-sided location of the heart within the thoracic cavity which is the primary manifestation of the abnormal lateralisation of the embryonic leftright axis.[1]As a rare cardiac malformation,the prevalence rate of dextrocardia is between 1/6000 to 1/35000 live births.[2]It is reported that the incidence rate of coronary artery disease for dextrocardia patients is similar for patients without dextrocardia.However,the detailed information including electrocardiogram(ECG)manifestation and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)technique for dextrocardia patients is still limited.[3,4]Herein,we report a dextrocardia patient who was diagnosed by modified ECG and treated by trans-radial PCI facilitated with guiding extension catheter(GEC).展开更多
心理学界的可重复性问题是近年来的一个热点。从2011年到2016年,国际心理学界对可重复性问题的认识大致经历了暴露问题、否认/争论、接受和应对几个阶段。2011年到2012年间集中爆发了Bem的超感知觉研究、Stapel长期学术造假和老年启动(e...心理学界的可重复性问题是近年来的一个热点。从2011年到2016年,国际心理学界对可重复性问题的认识大致经历了暴露问题、否认/争论、接受和应对几个阶段。2011年到2012年间集中爆发了Bem的超感知觉研究、Stapel长期学术造假和老年启动(elderly priming)重复失败等几个重大的事件。这些事件的集中爆发,将严重的重复危机暴露在心理学家的面前,成为了国际心理学界关注的热点问题。2013~2014年期间,不少期刊组织了专刊对可重复性问题进行了讨论,各种学术会议上也出现了相应的专题讨论。这一阶段中,主要讨论点在于:心理学研究中是否存在“可重复危机”?已经发现的重复失败问题是特殊现象还是心理学研究的常见现象?2015年开放科学合作组(Open Science Collobration)在《科学》杂志上发表的《对心理科学中可重复性的估计(Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science)》,发现2008年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology )》《实验心理学杂志:学习、记忆与认识( Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition )》和《心理科学( Psychological Science )》三个杂志上的100篇文章的可重复性大约为39%,该文引起了广泛的关注。与此同时,美国心理科学协会(Association of Psychological Sciences,APS)也组织了预注册的重复报告(Registered Replication Reports, RRR),这些规范的、大规模的重复也发现了许多重要的研究无法重复。这些重复研究使得心理学研究者不得不接受一个事实:心理学中不可重复的研究,可能不是少数,而是很常见的。2016年开始,国际同行们开始更加认真地讨论如何应对可重复危机,包括在讨论可重复性危机时的语气(tone)的问题、如何开放数据、材料等。同一时间,越来越多的研究者开始使用开放科学框架(Open Science Framework, OSF),越来越多的杂志开始采用透明开放的用稿政策,包括《自然》与《科学》。展开更多
Results on brain imaging studies have led to a better understanding of the neural circuits involved in social cognition and its implication in autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It has been shown that the superior tempor...Results on brain imaging studies have led to a better understanding of the neural circuits involved in social cognition and its implication in autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It has been shown that the superior temporal sulcus(STS)is highly implicated in social processes, from perception of socially relevant information, such as body movements or eye gaze, to more complex social cognition processes. Furthermore, several multimodal brain imaging results point to anatomo-functional abnormalities in the STS in both children and adults with ASD. These results are highly consistent with social impairments in ASD, among which eye gaze perception is particularly relevant. Gaze abnormalities can now be objectively measured using eye-tracking methodology, leading to a better characterization of social perception impairments in autism. Moreover, these gaze abnormalities have been associated with STS abnormalities in ASD. Based on these results, our hypothesis is that anatomo-functional anomalies in the STS occurring early across brain development could constitute the first step in the cascade of neural dysfunction underlying autism. In the present work, we’ll review recent data of STS contribution to normal social cognition and it’s implication in autism.展开更多
The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is know...The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions.However,previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality,leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown.Here,we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities—resting-state functional connectivity,probabilistic diffusion tractography,and structural covariance—to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function.We found convergent clusters in the dorsal,dorsolateral,rostral,ventral,and caudal striatum.Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions,while the caudal striatum was related to action execution.Interestingly,significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ,but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD.Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum,representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.展开更多
The default mode network(DMN) is associated with the occurrence of mind-wandering or task-unrelated thought. In contrast, the frontal-parietal network(FPN) and visual network(VS) are involved in tasks with external st...The default mode network(DMN) is associated with the occurrence of mind-wandering or task-unrelated thought. In contrast, the frontal-parietal network(FPN) and visual network(VS) are involved in tasks with external stimuli. However, it is not clear how these functional network interactions support these two different processes– mind-wandering and on-task – especially with regard to individual variation in the mind-wandering experience. In this study, we investigated the functional connectivity and modular structure among the DMN, FPN, and VS. Our results showed that, compared to the on-task period, mindwandering was associated with increased DMN activity and increased DMN-VS connectivity. Moreover, mindwandering was accompanied by a large number of transitional nodes, which expressed a diversity of brain regions. Intriguingly, the functional connectivity of the FPN and VS was strongly correlated with individual behavioral performance. Our findings highlight the individual variation of mind-wandering, which implies the importance of other complementary large-scale brain networks.展开更多
The use of thallium(I) hydroxide (TlOH) as a base is known to extremely accelerate the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using organoboronic acid or organoboronic acid ester as a substrate. Here, we investigated ...The use of thallium(I) hydroxide (TlOH) as a base is known to extremely accelerate the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using organoboronic acid or organoboronic acid ester as a substrate. Here, we investigated the effects of TlOH by comparing with other conventional bases such as KOH, K2CO3, and CsF for Pd0-mediated rapid cross-coupling reactions between CH3I and organoborane reagents, such as phenyl-, (Z)-4-benzyloxy-2-butenyl-, and benzylboronic acid pinacol esters under the conditions CH3I/borane/Pd0/base (1:40:1:3) in THF/H2O or DMF/H2O for 5 min with an aim to fabricate a PET tracer efficiently. Consequently, however, the use of TlOH was much less efficient than the other bases for the acceleration of cross-coupling reactions. Thus, it was reconfirmed that the milder and non-toxic conditions using K2CO3 or CsF so far developed by our group were most appropriate for the rapid C-methylations.展开更多
Background:Secondary central nervous system lymphoma(SCNSL)is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system(CNS)that originated elsewhere,or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma.Prognosis of SCNSL is...Background:Secondary central nervous system lymphoma(SCNSL)is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system(CNS)that originated elsewhere,or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma.Prognosis of SCNSL is poor and the most appropriate treatment is still undetermined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study to assess the feasibility of an R-MIADD(rituximab,high-dose methotrexate,ifosfamide,cytarabine,liposomal formulation of doxorubicin,and dexamethasone)regimen for SCNSL patients.Results:Nineteen patients with newly diagnosed CNS lesions were selected,with a median age of 58(range 20 to 72)years.Out of 19 patients,11(57.9%)achieved complete remission(CR)and 2(10.5%)achieved partial remission(PR);the overall response rate was 68.4%.The median progression-free survival after CNS involvement was 28.0 months(95%confidence interval 11.0–44.9),and the median overall survival after CNS involvement was 34.5 months.Treatment-related death occurred in one patient(5.3%).Conclusions:These single-centered data underscore the feasibility of an R-MIADD regimen as the induction therapy of SCNSL,further investigation is warranted.展开更多
Background and purpose Symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis(sCAS)is an essential cause of transient ischaemic attack(TIA)or minor stroke.We aimed to evaluate whether the superiority of aspirin-ticagrelor over ...Background and purpose Symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis(sCAS)is an essential cause of transient ischaemic attack(TIA)or minor stroke.We aimed to evaluate whether the superiority of aspirin-ticagrelor over aspirin-clopidogrel varies between patients with sCAS or not.Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of the High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events-II(CHANCE-2)trial,all of which were CYP2C19 loss-of function alleles carriers.The primary exposures of interest were the treatment group and sCAS status.The primary efficacy endpoint was the new stroke assessed within 90 days.Results A total of 5920(92.3%)from 6412 were analysed,including 197(3.3%)with sCAS and 5723(96.7%)without sCAS.Stroke recurrence occurred in 13(12.15%)and 11(12.22%)patients with sCAS who received aspirin-ticagrelor and aspirin-clopidogrel,respectively(adjusted HR,1.04;95%CI,0.46 to 2.36;p=0.930).Among patients without sCAS,there were 158 cases(5.52%)of new strokes in the aspirin-ticagrelor group and 222 cases(7.76%)in the aspirin-clopidogrel group(HR,0.70;95%CI,0.57 to 0.86;p=0.0006).The treatment-by sCAS subtype was not significant(p=0.405).Conclusions Genotype-guided dual antiplatelet treatment with aspirin-ticagrelor may be beneficial for preventing recurrent strokes in patients without sCAS;however,it appears less effective in those with sCAS.No significant interaction was found between the treatment and sCAS subtypes.展开更多
The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dmPFC and dlPFC)are key hubs of cognitive control and decision-making,with the dmPFC implicated in response conflict detection and the dlPFC in behavioral adjustment[...The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dmPFC and dlPFC)are key hubs of cognitive control and decision-making,with the dmPFC implicated in response conflict detection and the dlPFC in behavioral adjustment[1,2].These regions share a posterior-to-anterior connectivity gradient and exhibit functional segregation along a medial–lateral axis[3].While neuroimaging studies have extensively explored these functional topographies in adults,the prefrontal cortex is among the last brain regions to mature[4],with synaptic pruning,gray matter reduction,and white matter augmentation continuing into adulthood[5].However,the timeline and factors driving the developmental separation of the dmPFC from the dlPFC remain unclear.展开更多
Objective To explore the hemodynamic characteristics of the middle cerebral artery(MCA)in atherosclerotic stenosis using four-dimensional flow(4D Flow)MRI,and combining high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall i...Objective To explore the hemodynamic characteristics of the middle cerebral artery(MCA)in atherosclerotic stenosis using four-dimensional flow(4D Flow)MRI,and combining high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging(HR VW-MRI)to analyze the relationship between hemodynamics and the degree of stenosis,as well as the morphological characteristics of plaques.Methods The study was a cross-sectional study.A total of 24 patients with middle cerebral artery(MCA)M1 atherosclerotic stenosis and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls(HC group)were prospectively recruited from September 2018 to March 2021 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Capital Medical University.All subjects underwent MRI examination.The hemodynamic of MCA were collected by 4D Flow MRI,and the hemodynamic parameters of proximal and distal MCA stenosis were calculated by blood flow post-processing software,including average blood flow rate(FR_(avg)),average blood flow velocity(V_(avg)),peak blood flow velocity(V_(pk)),time average wall shear stress(TAWSS),minimum wall shear stress(WSS_(min))and oscillatory shear index(OSI).The differences in hemodynamic parameters among the proximal and distal ends of MCA stenosis and the HC group were compared using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test.The stenosis rate and characteristics of MCA plaque were analyzed by HR VW-MRI,including remodeling index(RI),normalized wall index(NWI)and plaque length.Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between stenosis rate and hemodynamic parameters.Taking the stenosis rate as the control variable,partial correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between plaque morphological characteristics and hemodynamic parameters.Results There were statistically significant differences in FR_(avg),V_(avg),V_(pk),TAWSS,OSI,WSS_(min)among the proximal and distal stenosis of MCA and HC groups(P<0.05).The proximal end of the MCA stenosis had significantly higher FR_(avg),V_(avg),TAWSS and WSS_(min)than those of the distal end of the stenosis(P<0.01).The FR_(avg),V_(ang),V_(pk),TAWSS,and WSS_(min)the distal end of MCA stenosis were lower than those in the HC group,while the OSI was higher than that in the HC group(P<0.01).The correlation analysis results showed that the MCA proximal V_(pk)(r=-0.425,P=0.027)and distal V_(pk)(r=-0.538,P=0.004))were negatively correlated with the diameter stenosis rate.When the stenosis rate was taken as the control factor,in the MCA proximal stenosis,V_(avg)(r=0.553,P=0.003),TAWSS(r=0.543,P=0.004)and WSS_(min)(r=0.547,P=0.004)were positively correlated with RI,proximal OSI was negatively correlated with RI(r=-0.492,P=0.011),and was positively correlated with the plaque length(r=0.437,P=0.026).At the distal end of the stenosis,V_(pk) was negatively correlated with NWI(r=-0.556,P=0.003),OSI was negatively correlated with RI(r=-0.511,P=0.008),NWI(r=-0.390,P=0.049).TAWSS was positively correlated with RI(r=0.393,P=0.047).Conclusion The 4D flow MRI demonstrates characteristic hemodynamic changes in the proximal and distal ends of the stenotic MCA.The local hemodynamic characteristics of the stenotic MCA are correlated with plaque morphological parameters,including lumen stenosis,plaque load,and RI.It suggests an interaction between the occurrence and development of MCA plaque and local hemodynamic changes.展开更多
Background The clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease are known to differ between the Chinese and United States(US)populations as do the plaque features on imaging.Objectives The aim of this study was to i...Background The clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease are known to differ between the Chinese and United States(US)populations as do the plaque features on imaging.Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the histological features of excised carotid plaques from Chinese and US patients.Methods Carotid endarterectomy specimens collected from two prospective studies were included.The entire plaque was serially sectioned(10-µm thickness)at 0.5-1 mm intervals.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Mallory’s trichrome staining were performed.The morphology and components of the plaques were measured and compared between the two groups.Results A total of 1152 histological sections from 75 Chinese patients and 1843 sections from 111 US patients were analyzed.The Chinese group had significantly smaller minimum lumen diameters(median:1.1 vs.1.3 mm,p=0.046)and a larger percent wall volume(median:74%vs.70%,p=0.018)than the US group.After adjusting for confounding factors,carotid plaques in the Chinese population had larger lipid pools(β=10.0%,95%CI:4.9 to 15.9%),more recent intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH;β=8.4%,95%CI:4.5 to 12.7%),less late IPH(β=-8.2%,95%CI:-11.3 to-5.4),and fewer fibrous cap disruptions(45%vs.67%,p=0.061).Chinese plaques were more homogeneous and had a higher percentage of plaques with features of xanthomas than did US plaques(20%vs 2.7%,p<0.001).Conclusions The histology of Chinese plaques differs significantly from that of U.S.plaques,suggesting substantial differences in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease between Chinese and North American populations,which indicates a need for a different management approach.展开更多
Background Localization of sensory cortical areas during the operation is essential to preserve the sensory function. Intraoperative direct electrostimulation under awake anesthesia is the golden standard but time-con...Background Localization of sensory cortical areas during the operation is essential to preserve the sensory function. Intraoperative direct electrostimulation under awake anesthesia is the golden standard but time-consuming. We applied 3T high field blood oxygen level-dependent （BOLD） functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） to identify the relationship between glioma and cortical sensory areas preoperatively and to guide intraoperative direct electrostimulation for quick and precise localization. Methods Five glioma patients with sensory cortex involvement by or next to the lesion had preoperative BOLD fMRI to determine the spatial relationship of cortical sensory areas to the tumours. Bilateral hand opposite movement was performed by these patients for fMRI. Precentral and postcentral gyri were identified by electrical stimulation during the operation. Karnofsky Performance Status scores of the patients＇ pre- and postoperative and the role of BOLD fMRI were evaluated. Results The cortical sensory areas were all activated in five glioma patients involving postcentral gyrus areas by BOLD fMRI with bilateral hand opposite movement. The detected activation areas corresponded with the results from cortical electrical stimulation. Conclusions The relationship between cortical sensory areas and tumour can be accurately shown by BOLD fMRI before operation. And the information used to make the tumour resection could obtain good clinical results.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.82271329grant no.82471356).
文摘Background and purpose The low-field MRI is a promising tool to accurately diagnose strokes.We here report our study on the accuracy of a 0.23-Tesla(0.23-T)MRI using the haematoma enhanced inversion recovery(HEIR)sequence to detect acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)and intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH)within 24 hours of symptom onset.Methods A novel HEIR sequence based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery T1-weighted,with a scanning time of 1 min and 17 s,was developed using an ICH and AIS pig model on a 0.23-T MRI.Images of the pig model were obtained hourly for 24 hours in order to monitor value changes on T1/T2 and verify the differential diagnosis of AIS and ICH.Then,30 patients with AIS and 30 patients with ICH with confirmed diagnoses by 3T-MRI/CT were included.Diagnostic criteria on a 0.23-T MRI for ICH was the hyperintensity signal on both the diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)and HEIR sequence,while for AIS was the hyperintensity on DWI and isointensity on the HEIR sequence.Two blinded raters independently assessed the images obtained by the 0.23-T MRI for the presence of ICH/AIS.Results In the pig model,setting the inversion time to 800 ms enabled clear differentiation of ICH from brain parenchymal tissue and AIS.In real patients,a correct 0.23-T MRI diagnosis of either an AIS or ICH was made in all 60 patients within 24 hours of symptom onset(100%overall accuracy).No adverse events occurred.Conclusions The 0.23-T MRI may have the potential to differentiate cerebral haemorrhage from cerebral infarction with both speed and accuracy,making brain MRI scans easier,faster and cheaper.It might be possible to improve the screening imaging process for strokes in the emergency room.Further multicentre studies are needed to validate our findings.
文摘Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both neuroprotective, protecting dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and also restorative, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopaminergic terminals in striatum, resulting in improvements in motor performance in animal models of Parkinsonism. Studies show that this protection is mediated through the same common mechanisms as other neuroprotective agents, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways at molecular and cellular levels. Restoration of function seems to involve activation of certain compensatory brain regions as a mechanism at the network level to correct the imbalances to the nervous system resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Clinical studies in China and Korea, in particular, have shown a positive benefit of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease, especially in reducing the doses of dopaminergic medications and the associated side effects. However, large and well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
文摘Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.
基金the Chinese Cardiovascular Association-V.G.(2017-CCA-VG-042).
文摘Dextrocardia refers to a right-sided location of the heart within the thoracic cavity which is the primary manifestation of the abnormal lateralisation of the embryonic leftright axis.[1]As a rare cardiac malformation,the prevalence rate of dextrocardia is between 1/6000 to 1/35000 live births.[2]It is reported that the incidence rate of coronary artery disease for dextrocardia patients is similar for patients without dextrocardia.However,the detailed information including electrocardiogram(ECG)manifestation and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)technique for dextrocardia patients is still limited.[3,4]Herein,we report a dextrocardia patient who was diagnosed by modified ECG and treated by trans-radial PCI facilitated with guiding extension catheter(GEC).
文摘心理学界的可重复性问题是近年来的一个热点。从2011年到2016年,国际心理学界对可重复性问题的认识大致经历了暴露问题、否认/争论、接受和应对几个阶段。2011年到2012年间集中爆发了Bem的超感知觉研究、Stapel长期学术造假和老年启动(elderly priming)重复失败等几个重大的事件。这些事件的集中爆发,将严重的重复危机暴露在心理学家的面前,成为了国际心理学界关注的热点问题。2013~2014年期间,不少期刊组织了专刊对可重复性问题进行了讨论,各种学术会议上也出现了相应的专题讨论。这一阶段中,主要讨论点在于:心理学研究中是否存在“可重复危机”?已经发现的重复失败问题是特殊现象还是心理学研究的常见现象?2015年开放科学合作组(Open Science Collobration)在《科学》杂志上发表的《对心理科学中可重复性的估计(Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science)》,发现2008年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology )》《实验心理学杂志:学习、记忆与认识( Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition )》和《心理科学( Psychological Science )》三个杂志上的100篇文章的可重复性大约为39%,该文引起了广泛的关注。与此同时,美国心理科学协会(Association of Psychological Sciences,APS)也组织了预注册的重复报告(Registered Replication Reports, RRR),这些规范的、大规模的重复也发现了许多重要的研究无法重复。这些重复研究使得心理学研究者不得不接受一个事实:心理学中不可重复的研究,可能不是少数,而是很常见的。2016年开始,国际同行们开始更加认真地讨论如何应对可重复危机,包括在讨论可重复性危机时的语气(tone)的问题、如何开放数据、材料等。同一时间,越来越多的研究者开始使用开放科学框架(Open Science Framework, OSF),越来越多的杂志开始采用透明开放的用稿政策,包括《自然》与《科学》。
文摘Results on brain imaging studies have led to a better understanding of the neural circuits involved in social cognition and its implication in autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It has been shown that the superior temporal sulcus(STS)is highly implicated in social processes, from perception of socially relevant information, such as body movements or eye gaze, to more complex social cognition processes. Furthermore, several multimodal brain imaging results point to anatomo-functional abnormalities in the STS in both children and adults with ASD. These results are highly consistent with social impairments in ASD, among which eye gaze perception is particularly relevant. Gaze abnormalities can now be objectively measured using eye-tracking methodology, leading to a better characterization of social perception impairments in autism. Moreover, these gaze abnormalities have been associated with STS abnormalities in ASD. Based on these results, our hypothesis is that anatomo-functional anomalies in the STS occurring early across brain development could constitute the first step in the cascade of neural dysfunction underlying autism. In the present work, we’ll review recent data of STS contribution to normal social cognition and it’s implication in autism.
基金This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(GE 2835/1-1,El 816/4-1)the Helmholtz Portfolio Theme 4 Supercomputing and Modelling for the Human Brain'and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No.785907(HBP SGA2)We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the China Scholarship Council(201606750003).
文摘The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions.However,previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality,leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown.Here,we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities—resting-state functional connectivity,probabilistic diffusion tractography,and structural covariance—to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function.We found convergent clusters in the dorsal,dorsolateral,rostral,ventral,and caudal striatum.Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions,while the caudal striatum was related to action execution.Interestingly,significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ,but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD.Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum,representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571111)the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (cstc2017jcyjAX0110)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU1609109)
文摘The default mode network(DMN) is associated with the occurrence of mind-wandering or task-unrelated thought. In contrast, the frontal-parietal network(FPN) and visual network(VS) are involved in tasks with external stimuli. However, it is not clear how these functional network interactions support these two different processes– mind-wandering and on-task – especially with regard to individual variation in the mind-wandering experience. In this study, we investigated the functional connectivity and modular structure among the DMN, FPN, and VS. Our results showed that, compared to the on-task period, mindwandering was associated with increased DMN activity and increased DMN-VS connectivity. Moreover, mindwandering was accompanied by a large number of transitional nodes, which expressed a diversity of brain regions. Intriguingly, the functional connectivity of the FPN and VS was strongly correlated with individual behavioral performance. Our findings highlight the individual variation of mind-wandering, which implies the importance of other complementary large-scale brain networks.
文摘The use of thallium(I) hydroxide (TlOH) as a base is known to extremely accelerate the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using organoboronic acid or organoboronic acid ester as a substrate. Here, we investigated the effects of TlOH by comparing with other conventional bases such as KOH, K2CO3, and CsF for Pd0-mediated rapid cross-coupling reactions between CH3I and organoborane reagents, such as phenyl-, (Z)-4-benzyloxy-2-butenyl-, and benzylboronic acid pinacol esters under the conditions CH3I/borane/Pd0/base (1:40:1:3) in THF/H2O or DMF/H2O for 5 min with an aim to fabricate a PET tracer efficiently. Consequently, however, the use of TlOH was much less efficient than the other bases for the acceleration of cross-coupling reactions. Thus, it was reconfirmed that the milder and non-toxic conditions using K2CO3 or CsF so far developed by our group were most appropriate for the rapid C-methylations.
基金This study was supported by the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2020-2-2049)。
文摘Background:Secondary central nervous system lymphoma(SCNSL)is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system(CNS)that originated elsewhere,or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma.Prognosis of SCNSL is poor and the most appropriate treatment is still undetermined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study to assess the feasibility of an R-MIADD(rituximab,high-dose methotrexate,ifosfamide,cytarabine,liposomal formulation of doxorubicin,and dexamethasone)regimen for SCNSL patients.Results:Nineteen patients with newly diagnosed CNS lesions were selected,with a median age of 58(range 20 to 72)years.Out of 19 patients,11(57.9%)achieved complete remission(CR)and 2(10.5%)achieved partial remission(PR);the overall response rate was 68.4%.The median progression-free survival after CNS involvement was 28.0 months(95%confidence interval 11.0–44.9),and the median overall survival after CNS involvement was 34.5 months.Treatment-related death occurred in one patient(5.3%).Conclusions:These single-centered data underscore the feasibility of an R-MIADD regimen as the induction therapy of SCNSL,further investigation is warranted.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20358,82471356)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-2M 5-029).
文摘Background and purpose Symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis(sCAS)is an essential cause of transient ischaemic attack(TIA)or minor stroke.We aimed to evaluate whether the superiority of aspirin-ticagrelor over aspirin-clopidogrel varies between patients with sCAS or not.Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of the High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events-II(CHANCE-2)trial,all of which were CYP2C19 loss-of function alleles carriers.The primary exposures of interest were the treatment group and sCAS status.The primary efficacy endpoint was the new stroke assessed within 90 days.Results A total of 5920(92.3%)from 6412 were analysed,including 197(3.3%)with sCAS and 5723(96.7%)without sCAS.Stroke recurrence occurred in 13(12.15%)and 11(12.22%)patients with sCAS who received aspirin-ticagrelor and aspirin-clopidogrel,respectively(adjusted HR,1.04;95%CI,0.46 to 2.36;p=0.930).Among patients without sCAS,there were 158 cases(5.52%)of new strokes in the aspirin-ticagrelor group and 222 cases(7.76%)in the aspirin-clopidogrel group(HR,0.70;95%CI,0.57 to 0.86;p=0.0006).The treatment-by sCAS subtype was not significant(p=0.405).Conclusions Genotype-guided dual antiplatelet treatment with aspirin-ticagrelor may be beneficial for preventing recurrent strokes in patients without sCAS;however,it appears less effective in those with sCAS.No significant interaction was found between the treatment and sCAS subtypes.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Project of China(2021ZD0200200)the Key Collaborative Research Program of the Alliance of International Science Organizations(ANSO-CR-KP-2022-10)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62403465,62327805,82072099,and 82202253).
文摘The dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(dmPFC and dlPFC)are key hubs of cognitive control and decision-making,with the dmPFC implicated in response conflict detection and the dlPFC in behavioral adjustment[1,2].These regions share a posterior-to-anterior connectivity gradient and exhibit functional segregation along a medial–lateral axis[3].While neuroimaging studies have extensively explored these functional topographies in adults,the prefrontal cortex is among the last brain regions to mature[4],with synaptic pruning,gray matter reduction,and white matter augmentation continuing into adulthood[5].However,the timeline and factors driving the developmental separation of the dmPFC from the dlPFC remain unclear.
文摘Objective To explore the hemodynamic characteristics of the middle cerebral artery(MCA)in atherosclerotic stenosis using four-dimensional flow(4D Flow)MRI,and combining high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging(HR VW-MRI)to analyze the relationship between hemodynamics and the degree of stenosis,as well as the morphological characteristics of plaques.Methods The study was a cross-sectional study.A total of 24 patients with middle cerebral artery(MCA)M1 atherosclerotic stenosis and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls(HC group)were prospectively recruited from September 2018 to March 2021 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Capital Medical University.All subjects underwent MRI examination.The hemodynamic of MCA were collected by 4D Flow MRI,and the hemodynamic parameters of proximal and distal MCA stenosis were calculated by blood flow post-processing software,including average blood flow rate(FR_(avg)),average blood flow velocity(V_(avg)),peak blood flow velocity(V_(pk)),time average wall shear stress(TAWSS),minimum wall shear stress(WSS_(min))and oscillatory shear index(OSI).The differences in hemodynamic parameters among the proximal and distal ends of MCA stenosis and the HC group were compared using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test.The stenosis rate and characteristics of MCA plaque were analyzed by HR VW-MRI,including remodeling index(RI),normalized wall index(NWI)and plaque length.Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between stenosis rate and hemodynamic parameters.Taking the stenosis rate as the control variable,partial correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between plaque morphological characteristics and hemodynamic parameters.Results There were statistically significant differences in FR_(avg),V_(avg),V_(pk),TAWSS,OSI,WSS_(min)among the proximal and distal stenosis of MCA and HC groups(P<0.05).The proximal end of the MCA stenosis had significantly higher FR_(avg),V_(avg),TAWSS and WSS_(min)than those of the distal end of the stenosis(P<0.01).The FR_(avg),V_(ang),V_(pk),TAWSS,and WSS_(min)the distal end of MCA stenosis were lower than those in the HC group,while the OSI was higher than that in the HC group(P<0.01).The correlation analysis results showed that the MCA proximal V_(pk)(r=-0.425,P=0.027)and distal V_(pk)(r=-0.538,P=0.004))were negatively correlated with the diameter stenosis rate.When the stenosis rate was taken as the control factor,in the MCA proximal stenosis,V_(avg)(r=0.553,P=0.003),TAWSS(r=0.543,P=0.004)and WSS_(min)(r=0.547,P=0.004)were positively correlated with RI,proximal OSI was negatively correlated with RI(r=-0.492,P=0.011),and was positively correlated with the plaque length(r=0.437,P=0.026).At the distal end of the stenosis,V_(pk) was negatively correlated with NWI(r=-0.556,P=0.003),OSI was negatively correlated with RI(r=-0.511,P=0.008),NWI(r=-0.390,P=0.049).TAWSS was positively correlated with RI(r=0.393,P=0.047).Conclusion The 4D flow MRI demonstrates characteristic hemodynamic changes in the proximal and distal ends of the stenotic MCA.The local hemodynamic characteristics of the stenotic MCA are correlated with plaque morphological parameters,including lumen stenosis,plaque load,and RI.It suggests an interaction between the occurrence and development of MCA plaque and local hemodynamic changes.
基金funded by the National Institutes of Health(R01 NS083503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81361120402 and 62271061)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L232130).
文摘Background The clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular disease are known to differ between the Chinese and United States(US)populations as do the plaque features on imaging.Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the histological features of excised carotid plaques from Chinese and US patients.Methods Carotid endarterectomy specimens collected from two prospective studies were included.The entire plaque was serially sectioned(10-µm thickness)at 0.5-1 mm intervals.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Mallory’s trichrome staining were performed.The morphology and components of the plaques were measured and compared between the two groups.Results A total of 1152 histological sections from 75 Chinese patients and 1843 sections from 111 US patients were analyzed.The Chinese group had significantly smaller minimum lumen diameters(median:1.1 vs.1.3 mm,p=0.046)and a larger percent wall volume(median:74%vs.70%,p=0.018)than the US group.After adjusting for confounding factors,carotid plaques in the Chinese population had larger lipid pools(β=10.0%,95%CI:4.9 to 15.9%),more recent intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH;β=8.4%,95%CI:4.5 to 12.7%),less late IPH(β=-8.2%,95%CI:-11.3 to-5.4),and fewer fibrous cap disruptions(45%vs.67%,p=0.061).Chinese plaques were more homogeneous and had a higher percentage of plaques with features of xanthomas than did US plaques(20%vs 2.7%,p<0.001).Conclusions The histology of Chinese plaques differs significantly from that of U.S.plaques,suggesting substantial differences in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease between Chinese and North American populations,which indicates a need for a different management approach.
基金This work was supported by a grant from the country ＂11th Five-Year Plan＂ （No. 2007BAI05B08）, Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30730035） and Key Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development （973 Program, No. 2007CB512500）.
文摘Background Localization of sensory cortical areas during the operation is essential to preserve the sensory function. Intraoperative direct electrostimulation under awake anesthesia is the golden standard but time-consuming. We applied 3T high field blood oxygen level-dependent （BOLD） functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） to identify the relationship between glioma and cortical sensory areas preoperatively and to guide intraoperative direct electrostimulation for quick and precise localization. Methods Five glioma patients with sensory cortex involvement by or next to the lesion had preoperative BOLD fMRI to determine the spatial relationship of cortical sensory areas to the tumours. Bilateral hand opposite movement was performed by these patients for fMRI. Precentral and postcentral gyri were identified by electrical stimulation during the operation. Karnofsky Performance Status scores of the patients＇ pre- and postoperative and the role of BOLD fMRI were evaluated. Results The cortical sensory areas were all activated in five glioma patients involving postcentral gyrus areas by BOLD fMRI with bilateral hand opposite movement. The detected activation areas corresponded with the results from cortical electrical stimulation. Conclusions The relationship between cortical sensory areas and tumour can be accurately shown by BOLD fMRI before operation. And the information used to make the tumour resection could obtain good clinical results.
