Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev., an underutilized fruit tree species commonly found in tropical rainforest of West Africa, has potential for integration into agroforestry systems for economic and environmental benefi...Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev., an underutilized fruit tree species commonly found in tropical rainforest of West Africa, has potential for integration into agroforestry systems for economic and environmental benefits. The seed oil of A. parviflora is considered economically important but wild fruits collection produces an average of 40 tons of oil annually. However, over 100,000 tons of Allanblackia seed oil is needed annually by food and cosmetics industries. The need to domesticate and conserve A. parviflora to ensure adequate sustainable supply of seed oil and to sustainably manage the genetic resources is therefore critical. This paper reviews the current state-of-the art on domestication and sustainable use efforts of Allanblackia. Propagation methods have been developed to encourage large scale commercial cultivation, include grafting, rooting of stem cuttings and research into improved seed germination. Range-wide germplasm collection has been undertaken leading to establishment of 140 accessions in a gene bank for future source of germplasm. Mother blocks, i.e. established plots consisting of grafts, seedlings and cuttings, have been established at Rural Resource Centres with 58 elite clones, which have been recommended for distribution to farmers. The diversification of cropping systems to include A. parviflora trees is projected to contribute to community livelihoods development and poverty reduction through large-scale production and supply chain development of the species. Furthermore, the integration of A. parviflora into agroforestry systems is important for the conservation of the genetic resources of the species.展开更多
Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the...Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 °C and the flow above 16 l/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University’s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2558kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University’s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.展开更多
The use of the Albanian geothermal springs and waters, for their curative effects （Natural SPA） dates back centuries, since the time of the Roman Empire, while their first modern use started only in 1937. Unfortunat...The use of the Albanian geothermal springs and waters, for their curative effects （Natural SPA） dates back centuries, since the time of the Roman Empire, while their first modern use started only in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 ~C and the flow above 16 L/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2,558 kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.展开更多
As the impact of climate change intensifies,climate migration(climate change-induced migration)has become a pressing global issue that requires effective adaptation strategies to lessen its effects.Therefore,this stud...As the impact of climate change intensifies,climate migration(climate change-induced migration)has become a pressing global issue that requires effective adaptation strategies to lessen its effects.Therefore,this study delved into the complex relationship between climate change adaptation strategies and climate migration with food insecurity serving as a mediating factor.We collected sample data through face-to-face interviews in Khorramabad City,Iran from February to May in 2023.Using the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM),we explored how food insecurity influences the relationship between climate change adaptation strategies and climate migration.The findings showed that while climate change adaptation strategies can boost community resilience,their success is closely tied to levels of food insecurity.About 78.72%of the surveyed households experienced certain levels of food insecurity,increasing the risk of displacement due to climate-related disasters.Climate change adaptation strategies including economic strategies,irrigation management strategies,organic-oriented strategies,sustainable development-oriented strategies,and crop variety management strategies played a significant role in reducing climate migration.Moreover,we found that climate change adaptation strategies not only impact food security,but also shape migration decisions.This research underscores the importance of an integrated approach that links climate change adaptation strategies,climate migration,and food insecurity.This study emphasizes the importance of food security for formulating sustainable adaptation strategies.展开更多
Freshwater ecosystems are crucial in the global emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as CH_(4).Macrophytes are the main organic matter(i.e.,detritus)supplier to the sediment of these systems,thus controlling CH_(4)...Freshwater ecosystems are crucial in the global emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as CH_(4).Macrophytes are the main organic matter(i.e.,detritus)supplier to the sediment of these systems,thus controlling CH_(4) production.However,species-specific differences(structure and composition)may determine contrasting patterns of detritus transformation into CH_(4).Furthermore,eutrophication can affect the degradation and,consequently,CH_(4) production.We performed a 64-day microcosm experiment with anoxic incubations of detritus from seven phylogenetically different macrophytes(two charophytes,filamentous algae–Spirogyra,Cladophora–,three submerged plants and an amphibious one),under two trophic conditions(oligo-versus eutrophic)and with/without sediment.We assessed the CH_(4) and CO_(2) production and the changes in the detritus quality at the end of the experiment.The ranking in the mean cumulative CH_(4) production was:Chara hispida>Nitella hyalina>Najasmarina≈Teucrium scordium>Stuckenia pectinata≈Myriophyllum spicatum>filamentous algae,and it was related to the detritus quality.GHGs maximumproduction rates were 1.6(N.marina)-1.2(C.hispida)mmol CH_(4)/(g OC·day)and 1.7(N.marina)-1.5(C.hispida)mmol CO_(2)/(g OC·day).The CO_(2):CH_(4) ratiowas biased towards CO_(2) during the first 10 days(average ratio of 200)and fell afterwards to about 1 for all macrophyte species and treatments.The sediment favored detritus decomposition(probably due to the“positive priming effect”),increasing GHGs production.The influence of nutrient enrichment was not evident.Delving into themacrophyte detritus quality-GHGs production relationship is needed to forecast the GHGs emissions in macrophyte-dominated systems.展开更多
Climate change and human activities have led to desertification and decreased land productivity,significantly affecting human livelihoods in desert regions.Identifying suitable areas for cultivating economic and nativ...Climate change and human activities have led to desertification and decreased land productivity,significantly affecting human livelihoods in desert regions.Identifying suitable areas for cultivating economic and native plants based on ecological capacity,biological restoration,and risk management can be valuable tools for combating desertification.In this study,we identified suitable areas for the growth of economic and medicinal Moringa peregrina trees in desert regions of Sistan and Baluchestan Province,southern Iran,using library research and field methods.We also assessed the economic involvement of local communities in areas under different topographic conditions(namely flat area,undulating area,rolling area,moderately sloping area,and steep area)in the study area.Financial indicators such as the net present value(NPV),benefit-cost ratio(BCR),internal rate of return(IRR),and return on investment(ROI)were calculated for areas under various topographic conditions in the study area.The rolling area with results of NPV(6142.75 USD),IRR(103.38),BCR(5.38),and ROI(in the 3rd year)was the best region for investing and cultivating M.peregrina.The minimum economic level varied from 0.80 hm2 in the flat area to 21.60 hm2 in the steep area.Also,approximately 5,314,629.51 hm2 of desert lands in the study area were deemed suitable for M.peregrina cultivation,benefiting around 1,743,246 households in the study area.Cultivating M.peregrina in southern Iran can positively affect local communities and help preserve land from erosion.Our study will provide theoretical support for planting native species in other degraded desert regions to enhance ecosystem services and the well-being of indigenous populations.展开更多
The relationship between socioeconomic development and the environment is intimately linked with the level of regional sustainable development.Clarifying the evolution pattern of this relationship during the sustainab...The relationship between socioeconomic development and the environment is intimately linked with the level of regional sustainable development.Clarifying the evolution pattern of this relationship during the sustainable development progress is crucial for achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),but less research has focused on this problem.Here,we have utilized statistical and remote sensing data from 290 municipal units in China to analyze the evolution of the coupling coordination degree(CCD)between socioeconomic development and the environment along a progression of sustainable development measured by the SDG Index.The results show that the hotspot areas of CCD are concentrated in coastal regions,gradually decreasing as they move inland.Additionally,as sustainable development progresses,both socioeconomic and environment levels exhibit a nonlinear rise.The coupling coordination between the two demonstrates a pattern of initial increasing,then decreasing,and finally increasing again,which may be related to changes in industrial structure.Our study delves deeply into the patterns of evolution in the relationship between socioeconomic and environments,exploring the challenges and opportunities faced by regions at different stages of sustainable development.The findings can deepen our understanding of sustainable development and provide policy suggestions and theoretical support for achieving SDGs.展开更多
The response of N_(2)O emissions to nitrogen(N)addition is usually positive,but its response to phosphorus(P)addition varies,and the underlying mechanisms for the changes in N_(2)O emissions remain unclear.We conducte...The response of N_(2)O emissions to nitrogen(N)addition is usually positive,but its response to phosphorus(P)addition varies,and the underlying mechanisms for the changes in N_(2)O emissions remain unclear.We conducted field studies to examine the response of N_(2)O emissions to N and P addition over two years in three typical alpine grasslands,alpine meadow(AM),alpine steppe(AS),and alpine cultivated grassland(CG)on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).Our results showed consistent increases in N_(2)O emissions under N addition alone or with P addition,and insignificant change in N_(2)O emissions under P addition alone in all three grasslands.N addition increased N_(2)O emissions directly in AM,by lowering soil pH in AS,and by lowering abundance of denitrification genes in CG.N and P co-addition increased N_(2)O emissions in AM and AS but only showed an interactive effect in AM.P addition enhanced the increase in N_(2)O emissions caused by N addition mainly by promoting plant growth in AM.Overall,our results illustrate that short-term P addition cannot alleviate the stimulation of N_(2)O emissions by N deposition in alpine grassland ecosystems,and may even further stimulate N_(2)O emissions.展开更多
Migration is a potential strategy to reduce poverty in the Global South.In China,the Poverty-alleviation Relocation(PAR)is a government-led,large-scale migration initiative aimed at eliminating poverty and promoting e...Migration is a potential strategy to reduce poverty in the Global South.In China,the Poverty-alleviation Relocation(PAR)is a government-led,large-scale migration initiative aimed at eliminating poverty and promoting environmental sustainability.To examine the ecological and socio-economic effects of the PAR,we quantified the changes in five types of ecosystem services(ES)as well as the subjective well-being of rural residents in Fuping county,Hebei province of China,by using ES mapping,household survey,and semi-structured interviews.We found that the PAR improves people's quality of life,with the well-being scores associated with transportation,communication,education,and healthcare increasing by 0.45–0.81.Additionally,the PAR enhances the supply of ES,evidenced by the increases in four types of ES in both in-migration and out-migration areas.The ES growth rates in in-migration areas ranged from 0.7%to 3.9%,while in out-migration areas,the rates ranged from 0.4%to 2.5%.However,the changes in income and food well-being are minimal,with scores at 0 and 0.32,respectively.More importantly,the elderly and low-educated residents experience minimal improvements in well-being after relocation.Our findings suggest that for other developing countries seeking to adopt PAR,it is crucial to provide targeted support for livelihood transitions,particularly for marginalized social groups,restore out-migration areas,and strengthen cross-regional cooperation to better address ecological constraints on livelihoods.展开更多
Background:Fucoxanthin,a carotenoid derived from brown seaweeds,has gained attention as a promising ingredient in skincare due to its antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-aging,and photoprotective properties.Objective:T...Background:Fucoxanthin,a carotenoid derived from brown seaweeds,has gained attention as a promising ingredient in skincare due to its antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-aging,and photoprotective properties.Objective:This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the cosmeceutical potential of fucoxanthin,summarizing findings from in vitro and in vivo studies,as well as clinical trials.Methods:A systematic review(2000–2023)using PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar identified studies on fucoxanthin's anti-aging and skin-related properties.Following a three-phase screening process(titles,abstracts,and full-text evaluation),14 relevant studies were selected—9 in vitro and 5 in vivo/clinical—exploring fucoxanthin's effects in cosmetics and skincare.Key outcomes,including effects on oxidative stress,collagen synthesis,melanin production,and skin health,were analyzed.Results:The results from nine in vitro studies showed that fucoxanthin effectively reduces oxidative stress,enhances procollagen synthesis,inhibits matrix metalloproteinases,and suppresses melanin synthesis in various skin cell lines,indicating its potential in preventing skin aging,reducing pigmentation,and improving skin structure and elasticity.In vivo studies,including experiments on ultraviolet B(UVB)-irradiated guinea pigs and hairless mice,demonstrated that fucoxanthin could protect against ultraviolet(UV)-induced skin damage,prevent wrinkle formation,and reduce inflammation.Furthermore,a clinical study involving Korean women confirmed significant improvements in skin moisture,elasticity,and reduction of wrinkles after eight weeks of applying a fucoxanthin-based cream.This review underscores the increasing evidence of fucoxanthin's efficacy in the skin and highlights its cosmetic potential as a main ingredient of innovative,natural,and sustainable cosmeceutical formulations targeting the skin's overall health and preventing aging.Conclusions:Fucoxanthin demonstrates considerable potential as a natural and sustainable component in cosmeceutical formulations for skin beauty and anti-aging.Stability issues,together with bioavailability problems and sourcing,remain an ongoing obstacle to further development.Further research on clinical trials alongside new formulation strategies will help address restrictions that block fucoxanthin from successful cosmetics applications.展开更多
Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry so...Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry sources.Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)served as a toughening agent,whereas walnut shell powder(WSP)functioned as a filler in the formulation of a thermosetting bio-based GC-PVA-WSP(GCPW)composite with GC resin.The findings demonstrated that boric acid increased the limited oxygen index(LOI)value of GCPW to 33%,while simultaneously diminishing its total smoke production(TSP)by 99.9%,and achieving a flame retardant index(FRI)of 5.04.In addition,the incorporation of WSP enhanced the compressive strength of the GCPW composite to 9.15 MPa.Concurrently,the GCPW composite demonstrates excellent hydrophobic properties,with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.086 W/m·K.展开更多
Urban sprawl is a critical challenge in the urban development trajectory of developing countries,necessitating precise measurement,trend projection,and strategic management to achieve sustainable urban growth.This stu...Urban sprawl is a critical challenge in the urban development trajectory of developing countries,necessitating precise measurement,trend projection,and strategic management to achieve sustainable urban growth.This study focuses on the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)as a case region and introduces a comprehensive evaluation framework that incorporates multidimensional factors and addresses the scale effects of urban sprawl.We emphasize the value of a systematic geographical approach by quantifying urban sprawl through simulated scenarios and analyzing its driving factors.We constructed an innovative urban sprawl index(USI)to assess the degree of sprawl within the YREB.This assessment integrates two geographic models with an artificial neural network algorithm,enabling simulation of urban sprawl trends under two future scenarios for 2035.Additionally,two analytical methods were employed to identify the key driving mechanisms of urban sprawl in the region.Findings indicate a strong correlation between urban scale and the extent of urban sprawl:larger urban areas exhibit more pronounced sprawl,with agglomeration and morphological transformations identified as primary contributors to urban sprawl.The study further reveals an intricate association between urban sprawl and the compactness of urban internal structures.While both development scenarios offer distinct advantages,the Coordinated Development Scenario is projected to foster a more balanced urban expansion.The robustness of the evaluation framework was enhanced through simulation and an in-depth analysis of internal mechanisms,bolstering confidence in its applicability.We advocate for the adoption and continued refinement of this framework as a tool for promoting balanced urban growth.The strategic recommendations provided herein are vital for mitigating multi-scale urban sprawl,advancing economic development,and improving residents’quality of life across cities in the YREB.展开更多
In this study,epoxidized soybean oil(ESO)and ricinoleic acid(RA)were used to synthesize polyol esters,designated ESO-RA(ER)resin.The esters were further crosslinked with 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)to create...In this study,epoxidized soybean oil(ESO)and ricinoleic acid(RA)were used to synthesize polyol esters,designated ESO-RA(ER)resin.The esters were further crosslinked with 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)to create a biodegradable flame-retardant thermoset foam,referred to as ESO-RA-PMDI(ERP)foam,using water as a foaming agent.Additionally,flame retardants such as triethyl phosphate(TEP)and expanded graphite(EG)have been combined for foam preparation without the need for catalysts or foaming agents.The study findings showed that the incorporation of TEP and EG diminished the pulverization ratio while augmenting the compressive strength and shore hardness.Furthermore,the ERP foam exhibited exceptional flame retardant characteristics,as evidenced by a reported limiting oxygen index(LOI)value of 30.6vol%.A peak heat release rate of 97.12 kW/m^(2)was reported during the fire test.Significantly,a low peak smoke production rate(pSPR)of 0.026m^(2)/s and a total smoke production(TSP)of 0.62 m^(2)were achieved.In addition,ERP foam exhibited exceptional ultraviolet(UV)resistance,thermal insulation,and biodegradability.After 60 days of exposure to Penicillium sp.,foam containing both TEP and EG exhibited a mass loss of 9.39%,indicating that the incorporation of flame retardants did not negatively impact its biodegradability.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Eleutherine bulbosa(Mill.)Urb.bulb extract(EBE)on the 3D human retinoblastoma cancer cells(WERI-Rb-1)spheroids and explore its apoptotic mechanism.METHODS:The 3D WERI-Rb-1 and human ...AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Eleutherine bulbosa(Mill.)Urb.bulb extract(EBE)on the 3D human retinoblastoma cancer cells(WERI-Rb-1)spheroids and explore its apoptotic mechanism.METHODS:The 3D WERI-Rb-1 and human retinal pigmented epithelium cells(ARPE-19)spheroids were developed using type 1 murine collagen that was excised from the rat tail tendon and cultured via hanging drop and embedded techniques.The cytotoxic activity was examined by Alamar blue assay meanwhile,the morphological characteristics were assessed by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptotic and antioxidant signal transduction pathways were explored to ascertain its molecular mechanisms.The statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism.RESULTS:The Alamar blue assay portrayed higher half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of EBE and cisplatin on 3D WERI-Rb-1 model as compared to the previous study on 2D model.The results of DAPI and SEM illustrated apoptotic features upon treatment with EBE and cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner on 3D WERI-Rb-1 model.The mRNA and protein levels of apoptotic and antioxidant-related pathways were significantly affected by EBE and cisplatin,respectively(P<0.05).The regulation of gene and protein expressions of 3D WERI-Rb-1 spheroids differed from the 2D study,suggesting that the tumor microenvironment of extracellular matrix(ECM)collagen matrix hindered the EBE treatment efficacy,leading to apoptotic evasion.CONCLUSION:A significant inhibition effect of EBE is observed on the 3D WERI-Rb-1 spheroids.The presence of ECM causes an increase in cytotoxic resistance upon treatment with EBE and cisplatin.展开更多
The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longip...The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longipes).The experiment involved categorising the dimensions of charcoal powder into three specific particle sizes:20-40 mesh,40-60 mesh,and particles that could pass through a 60-mesh screen.The charcoal powder will be combined with tapioca as a binding agent at three specific concentrations:11%,13%,and 15%.The research findings indicate that the samples underwent 60 mesh passes achieved the maximum briquette density,with an average value of 0.58 g/cm^(3).The highest attainable compressive strength sample value was 27.52 kgf/cm^(2),which was attained by employing 60 mesh size and 15%adhesive concentration.The calorimetric investigation showed that SPB-charcoal had the highest calorific value of 25.88 MJ/kg,while the SPB-CB had a little lower caloric value of 24.64 MJ/kg.The ash content and volatile matter values showed that the briquettes with the lowest ash content had values of 10.49%and 32.65%,respectively.Furthermore,the carbon fixation values varied between 16.65%and 52.36%.Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that charcoal derived from SPB exhibits superior thermal characteristics compared to charcoal briquettes.However,thermal properties of SPB charcoal do not show significant differences when compared to charcoal briquettes that have been processed with a mesh size of 20-40 and include 11%adhesive.According to this research,it may be inferred that charcoal briquettes made from sugar palm bunches meet the requirements specified in SNI 01-6235-2000.展开更多
Land use/cover change(LUCC)is the foundation and frontier for integrating multiple land surface processes.This paper aims to systematically review LUCC research from 1990 to 2018.Based on qualitative and quantitative ...Land use/cover change(LUCC)is the foundation and frontier for integrating multiple land surface processes.This paper aims to systematically review LUCC research from 1990 to 2018.Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses,we delineated the history of LUCC research and summarized their characteristics and major progress at different stages.We also identified the main challenges and proposed future directions for LUCC research.We found that the number of publications on LUCC research and their total citations grew exponentially.The research foci shifted from the process of LUCC during 1990-2004 to the impact of LUCC during 2005-2013 and then to the sustainability of LUCC from 2014 onwards.Currently,LUCC research is facing theoretical,methodological and practical challenges ranging from integrating the framework of sustainability science,adopting emerging technologies to supporting territorial spatial planning.To move forward,LUCC research should be closely integrated with landscape sustainability science and geodesign and take the leading role in territorial spatial planning to achieve the related Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Topography is the most factor that has the greatest impact of all factor that affect the distribution. To study the diversity of trees and shrub species in the Perc forest situated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, 140 circul...Topography is the most factor that has the greatest impact of all factor that affect the distribution. To study the diversity of trees and shrub species in the Perc forest situated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, 140 circular plots of 1200 m2 in a grid of 300 m × 250 m were surveyed, using a systematic random sampling method. In each plot, the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Hill＇s N1 and Simpson indices and the evenness index of Simpson and Smith-Wilson were calculated and ordered on the basis of different classes of elevation, exposition and slope. The results indicated that slope did not have any significant effect on the indices. Exposition and elevation classes significant impacted the richness and diversity indices, but did not influence evenness. In general, the highest plant diversity was observed for slopes less than 15 %, northern aspects, without geographical direction, and elevations of 2100-2200 m. This information can be very useful in achieving the goals for sustainable management of forests. In addition to greater protection for regions with high diversity and reforestation （compatible species） in degraded area, we can help increase diversity in forests.展开更多
We investigated the altitudinal variation of Carpinus betulus L. in the Hyrcanian forest using leaf macro-morphological and micro-morphological traits. We collected a total of 1600 leaves from two locations. In each l...We investigated the altitudinal variation of Carpinus betulus L. in the Hyrcanian forest using leaf macro-morphological and micro-morphological traits. We collected a total of 1600 leaves from two locations. In each location, we sampled six populations along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 100 m to 1,150 m. We found that trees in the higher elevations have smaller leaf lamina than those in the lower elevations. In contrast, leaf mass per area was high at low altitudes and increased newly at the higher ones. Stomatal dimension was negatively correlated with elevation, while stomatal density was positively correlated with elevation. We also found that two transects showed the same plasticity trend. Leaf area showed the highest plasticity, while the number of veins showed the lowest plasticity. This study shows that altitude, and related temperature and rainfall, represents an important driving force in Carpinus betulus leaf morphological variation. Moreover, our results suggest that leaf area, leaf mass per area and stomatal density could influence the species responses to different ecological conditions.展开更多
Ecohydrology, aiming to study the interactions between terrestrial ecological systems and hydrological cycles as well as their impacts on water management, has been an emerging interdisciplinary research field since t...Ecohydrology, aiming to study the interactions between terrestrial ecological systems and hydrological cycles as well as their impacts on water management, has been an emerging interdisciplinary research field since the 20th century. It hosts both natural and human regulated processes that are potentially coupled in complex ways. Understanding the ecological-hydrological processes, the fundamental mechanisms and the connections be- tween them is critical since these processes are not isolated but integrated to impact ba- sin-scale hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a larger river system, especially in arid environment where water resources are considered to be the source of life. Thus, re- search on ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment is not only a scientific focus area but also important to sustainable development. Research projects and initiatives involved in observation, measurement, modeling and data assimilation have been well-developed for those purposes over the past 20 years. This review summarizes the historical development of ecohydrology science in China and the state-of-the-art tools available in the research framework. Five grand scientific challenges are listed as prospects and exciting opportunities for the scientific community. To advance the current ecological-hydrological processes research, scientists from multidisciplinary backgrounds （such as geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geochemistry and ecology）, need to unite to tackle the many open problems in new dimensions.展开更多
文摘Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev., an underutilized fruit tree species commonly found in tropical rainforest of West Africa, has potential for integration into agroforestry systems for economic and environmental benefits. The seed oil of A. parviflora is considered economically important but wild fruits collection produces an average of 40 tons of oil annually. However, over 100,000 tons of Allanblackia seed oil is needed annually by food and cosmetics industries. The need to domesticate and conserve A. parviflora to ensure adequate sustainable supply of seed oil and to sustainably manage the genetic resources is therefore critical. This paper reviews the current state-of-the art on domestication and sustainable use efforts of Allanblackia. Propagation methods have been developed to encourage large scale commercial cultivation, include grafting, rooting of stem cuttings and research into improved seed germination. Range-wide germplasm collection has been undertaken leading to establishment of 140 accessions in a gene bank for future source of germplasm. Mother blocks, i.e. established plots consisting of grafts, seedlings and cuttings, have been established at Rural Resource Centres with 58 elite clones, which have been recommended for distribution to farmers. The diversification of cropping systems to include A. parviflora trees is projected to contribute to community livelihoods development and poverty reduction through large-scale production and supply chain development of the species. Furthermore, the integration of A. parviflora into agroforestry systems is important for the conservation of the genetic resources of the species.
文摘Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 °C and the flow above 16 l/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University’s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2558kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University’s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.
文摘The use of the Albanian geothermal springs and waters, for their curative effects （Natural SPA） dates back centuries, since the time of the Roman Empire, while their first modern use started only in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 ~C and the flow above 16 L/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2,558 kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University＇s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.
基金support provided by the Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,Faculty of Agriculture,Lorestan University,Iran.
文摘As the impact of climate change intensifies,climate migration(climate change-induced migration)has become a pressing global issue that requires effective adaptation strategies to lessen its effects.Therefore,this study delved into the complex relationship between climate change adaptation strategies and climate migration with food insecurity serving as a mediating factor.We collected sample data through face-to-face interviews in Khorramabad City,Iran from February to May in 2023.Using the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM),we explored how food insecurity influences the relationship between climate change adaptation strategies and climate migration.The findings showed that while climate change adaptation strategies can boost community resilience,their success is closely tied to levels of food insecurity.About 78.72%of the surveyed households experienced certain levels of food insecurity,increasing the risk of displacement due to climate-related disasters.Climate change adaptation strategies including economic strategies,irrigation management strategies,organic-oriented strategies,sustainable development-oriented strategies,and crop variety management strategies played a significant role in reducing climate migration.Moreover,we found that climate change adaptation strategies not only impact food security,but also shape migration decisions.This research underscores the importance of an integrated approach that links climate change adaptation strategies,climate migration,and food insecurity.This study emphasizes the importance of food security for formulating sustainable adaptation strategies.
基金supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (No.PID2020–116147GB-C22)funded by the European Union (Next Generation UE)+1 种基金funded by the Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (UNAM)CONAHCYT (CVU:828722).
文摘Freshwater ecosystems are crucial in the global emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as CH_(4).Macrophytes are the main organic matter(i.e.,detritus)supplier to the sediment of these systems,thus controlling CH_(4) production.However,species-specific differences(structure and composition)may determine contrasting patterns of detritus transformation into CH_(4).Furthermore,eutrophication can affect the degradation and,consequently,CH_(4) production.We performed a 64-day microcosm experiment with anoxic incubations of detritus from seven phylogenetically different macrophytes(two charophytes,filamentous algae–Spirogyra,Cladophora–,three submerged plants and an amphibious one),under two trophic conditions(oligo-versus eutrophic)and with/without sediment.We assessed the CH_(4) and CO_(2) production and the changes in the detritus quality at the end of the experiment.The ranking in the mean cumulative CH_(4) production was:Chara hispida>Nitella hyalina>Najasmarina≈Teucrium scordium>Stuckenia pectinata≈Myriophyllum spicatum>filamentous algae,and it was related to the detritus quality.GHGs maximumproduction rates were 1.6(N.marina)-1.2(C.hispida)mmol CH_(4)/(g OC·day)and 1.7(N.marina)-1.5(C.hispida)mmol CO_(2)/(g OC·day).The CO_(2):CH_(4) ratiowas biased towards CO_(2) during the first 10 days(average ratio of 200)and fell afterwards to about 1 for all macrophyte species and treatments.The sediment favored detritus decomposition(probably due to the“positive priming effect”),increasing GHGs production.The influence of nutrient enrichment was not evident.Delving into themacrophyte detritus quality-GHGs production relationship is needed to forecast the GHGs emissions in macrophyte-dominated systems.
基金funded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative(2024VCC0009).
文摘Climate change and human activities have led to desertification and decreased land productivity,significantly affecting human livelihoods in desert regions.Identifying suitable areas for cultivating economic and native plants based on ecological capacity,biological restoration,and risk management can be valuable tools for combating desertification.In this study,we identified suitable areas for the growth of economic and medicinal Moringa peregrina trees in desert regions of Sistan and Baluchestan Province,southern Iran,using library research and field methods.We also assessed the economic involvement of local communities in areas under different topographic conditions(namely flat area,undulating area,rolling area,moderately sloping area,and steep area)in the study area.Financial indicators such as the net present value(NPV),benefit-cost ratio(BCR),internal rate of return(IRR),and return on investment(ROI)were calculated for areas under various topographic conditions in the study area.The rolling area with results of NPV(6142.75 USD),IRR(103.38),BCR(5.38),and ROI(in the 3rd year)was the best region for investing and cultivating M.peregrina.The minimum economic level varied from 0.80 hm2 in the flat area to 21.60 hm2 in the steep area.Also,approximately 5,314,629.51 hm2 of desert lands in the study area were deemed suitable for M.peregrina cultivation,benefiting around 1,743,246 households in the study area.Cultivating M.peregrina in southern Iran can positively affect local communities and help preserve land from erosion.Our study will provide theoretical support for planting native species in other degraded desert regions to enhance ecosystem services and the well-being of indigenous populations.
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(Grant No.42271291)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Certificate No.2024M750219)the Project Supported by State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Re-source Ecology(Grant No.2022-ZD-02).
文摘The relationship between socioeconomic development and the environment is intimately linked with the level of regional sustainable development.Clarifying the evolution pattern of this relationship during the sustainable development progress is crucial for achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),but less research has focused on this problem.Here,we have utilized statistical and remote sensing data from 290 municipal units in China to analyze the evolution of the coupling coordination degree(CCD)between socioeconomic development and the environment along a progression of sustainable development measured by the SDG Index.The results show that the hotspot areas of CCD are concentrated in coastal regions,gradually decreasing as they move inland.Additionally,as sustainable development progresses,both socioeconomic and environment levels exhibit a nonlinear rise.The coupling coordination between the two demonstrates a pattern of initial increasing,then decreasing,and finally increasing again,which may be related to changes in industrial structure.Our study delves deeply into the patterns of evolution in the relationship between socioeconomic and environments,exploring the challenges and opportunities faced by regions at different stages of sustainable development.The findings can deepen our understanding of sustainable development and provide policy suggestions and theoretical support for achieving SDGs.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFE0112400 and 2023YFF1304303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32361143870 and 32101315)。
文摘The response of N_(2)O emissions to nitrogen(N)addition is usually positive,but its response to phosphorus(P)addition varies,and the underlying mechanisms for the changes in N_(2)O emissions remain unclear.We conducted field studies to examine the response of N_(2)O emissions to N and P addition over two years in three typical alpine grasslands,alpine meadow(AM),alpine steppe(AS),and alpine cultivated grassland(CG)on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).Our results showed consistent increases in N_(2)O emissions under N addition alone or with P addition,and insignificant change in N_(2)O emissions under P addition alone in all three grasslands.N addition increased N_(2)O emissions directly in AM,by lowering soil pH in AS,and by lowering abundance of denitrification genes in CG.N and P co-addition increased N_(2)O emissions in AM and AS but only showed an interactive effect in AM.P addition enhanced the increase in N_(2)O emissions caused by N addition mainly by promoting plant growth in AM.Overall,our results illustrate that short-term P addition cannot alleviate the stimulation of N_(2)O emissions by N deposition in alpine grassland ecosystems,and may even further stimulate N_(2)O emissions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42361144859Team Construction Project of Faculty of Geographical Science,BNU,No.2024-JXTD-03,No.2024-KYTD-09The Beijing Normal University Tang Scholar,No.2021。
文摘Migration is a potential strategy to reduce poverty in the Global South.In China,the Poverty-alleviation Relocation(PAR)is a government-led,large-scale migration initiative aimed at eliminating poverty and promoting environmental sustainability.To examine the ecological and socio-economic effects of the PAR,we quantified the changes in five types of ecosystem services(ES)as well as the subjective well-being of rural residents in Fuping county,Hebei province of China,by using ES mapping,household survey,and semi-structured interviews.We found that the PAR improves people's quality of life,with the well-being scores associated with transportation,communication,education,and healthcare increasing by 0.45–0.81.Additionally,the PAR enhances the supply of ES,evidenced by the increases in four types of ES in both in-migration and out-migration areas.The ES growth rates in in-migration areas ranged from 0.7%to 3.9%,while in out-migration areas,the rates ranged from 0.4%to 2.5%.However,the changes in income and food well-being are minimal,with scores at 0 and 0.32,respectively.More importantly,the elderly and low-educated residents experience minimal improvements in well-being after relocation.Our findings suggest that for other developing countries seeking to adopt PAR,it is crucial to provide targeted support for livelihood transitions,particularly for marginalized social groups,restore out-migration areas,and strengthen cross-regional cooperation to better address ecological constraints on livelihoods.
基金the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia(MOHE)and She Empire Sdn Bhd for their financial support under the Industry Matching Programme(IMaP)(Ref:IMaP/1/2024/SKK15/UTHM//1)for the project titled“FusionDerm Validation:Pioneering the Next-Generation Multipurpose Cream with Fucoxanthin for Enhanced Urban Skin Defense and Anti-Pollution Efficacy.”。
文摘Background:Fucoxanthin,a carotenoid derived from brown seaweeds,has gained attention as a promising ingredient in skincare due to its antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-aging,and photoprotective properties.Objective:This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the cosmeceutical potential of fucoxanthin,summarizing findings from in vitro and in vivo studies,as well as clinical trials.Methods:A systematic review(2000–2023)using PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar identified studies on fucoxanthin's anti-aging and skin-related properties.Following a three-phase screening process(titles,abstracts,and full-text evaluation),14 relevant studies were selected—9 in vitro and 5 in vivo/clinical—exploring fucoxanthin's effects in cosmetics and skincare.Key outcomes,including effects on oxidative stress,collagen synthesis,melanin production,and skin health,were analyzed.Results:The results from nine in vitro studies showed that fucoxanthin effectively reduces oxidative stress,enhances procollagen synthesis,inhibits matrix metalloproteinases,and suppresses melanin synthesis in various skin cell lines,indicating its potential in preventing skin aging,reducing pigmentation,and improving skin structure and elasticity.In vivo studies,including experiments on ultraviolet B(UVB)-irradiated guinea pigs and hairless mice,demonstrated that fucoxanthin could protect against ultraviolet(UV)-induced skin damage,prevent wrinkle formation,and reduce inflammation.Furthermore,a clinical study involving Korean women confirmed significant improvements in skin moisture,elasticity,and reduction of wrinkles after eight weeks of applying a fucoxanthin-based cream.This review underscores the increasing evidence of fucoxanthin's efficacy in the skin and highlights its cosmetic potential as a main ingredient of innovative,natural,and sustainable cosmeceutical formulations targeting the skin's overall health and preventing aging.Conclusions:Fucoxanthin demonstrates considerable potential as a natural and sustainable component in cosmeceutical formulations for skin beauty and anti-aging.Stability issues,together with bioavailability problems and sourcing,remain an ongoing obstacle to further development.Further research on clinical trials alongside new formulation strategies will help address restrictions that block fucoxanthin from successful cosmetics applications.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(32460363)Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Foundation(No.202401BD070001-029)+3 种基金Yunnan Agricultural Joint General Foundation(202101BD070001-105)the Yunnan Provincial Youth Top Talent Project(Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2020-166)the Foreign ExpertWorkstation(202305AF150006)the 111 Project(D21027).
文摘Highly flame-retardant bio-based composites were prepared in this study.Firstly,glucose-citric acid(GC)resin was synthesized through the interaction of glucose and citric acid derived from agricultural and forestry sources.Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)served as a toughening agent,whereas walnut shell powder(WSP)functioned as a filler in the formulation of a thermosetting bio-based GC-PVA-WSP(GCPW)composite with GC resin.The findings demonstrated that boric acid increased the limited oxygen index(LOI)value of GCPW to 33%,while simultaneously diminishing its total smoke production(TSP)by 99.9%,and achieving a flame retardant index(FRI)of 5.04.In addition,the incorporation of WSP enhanced the compressive strength of the GCPW composite to 9.15 MPa.Concurrently,the GCPW composite demonstrates excellent hydrophobic properties,with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.086 W/m·K.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U24A20580)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42171298)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(Grant No.CSTB2023NSCQLZX0009)Philosophy and Social Science Major Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.24SKZDZX04).
文摘Urban sprawl is a critical challenge in the urban development trajectory of developing countries,necessitating precise measurement,trend projection,and strategic management to achieve sustainable urban growth.This study focuses on the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)as a case region and introduces a comprehensive evaluation framework that incorporates multidimensional factors and addresses the scale effects of urban sprawl.We emphasize the value of a systematic geographical approach by quantifying urban sprawl through simulated scenarios and analyzing its driving factors.We constructed an innovative urban sprawl index(USI)to assess the degree of sprawl within the YREB.This assessment integrates two geographic models with an artificial neural network algorithm,enabling simulation of urban sprawl trends under two future scenarios for 2035.Additionally,two analytical methods were employed to identify the key driving mechanisms of urban sprawl in the region.Findings indicate a strong correlation between urban scale and the extent of urban sprawl:larger urban areas exhibit more pronounced sprawl,with agglomeration and morphological transformations identified as primary contributors to urban sprawl.The study further reveals an intricate association between urban sprawl and the compactness of urban internal structures.While both development scenarios offer distinct advantages,the Coordinated Development Scenario is projected to foster a more balanced urban expansion.The robustness of the evaluation framework was enhanced through simulation and an in-depth analysis of internal mechanisms,bolstering confidence in its applicability.We advocate for the adoption and continued refinement of this framework as a tool for promoting balanced urban growth.The strategic recommendations provided herein are vital for mitigating multi-scale urban sprawl,advancing economic development,and improving residents’quality of life across cities in the YREB.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32460363)Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Foundation(No.202401BD070001-029)+3 种基金as well as the Yunnan Provincial Youth top talent project(No.YNWR-QNBJ-2020-166)Foreign Expert Workstation(No.202305 AF150006)111 project(No.D21027)Yunnan Province Natural Science Key Foundation(No.202301AS070043)。
文摘In this study,epoxidized soybean oil(ESO)and ricinoleic acid(RA)were used to synthesize polyol esters,designated ESO-RA(ER)resin.The esters were further crosslinked with 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(PMDI)to create a biodegradable flame-retardant thermoset foam,referred to as ESO-RA-PMDI(ERP)foam,using water as a foaming agent.Additionally,flame retardants such as triethyl phosphate(TEP)and expanded graphite(EG)have been combined for foam preparation without the need for catalysts or foaming agents.The study findings showed that the incorporation of TEP and EG diminished the pulverization ratio while augmenting the compressive strength and shore hardness.Furthermore,the ERP foam exhibited exceptional flame retardant characteristics,as evidenced by a reported limiting oxygen index(LOI)value of 30.6vol%.A peak heat release rate of 97.12 kW/m^(2)was reported during the fire test.Significantly,a low peak smoke production rate(pSPR)of 0.026m^(2)/s and a total smoke production(TSP)of 0.62 m^(2)were achieved.In addition,ERP foam exhibited exceptional ultraviolet(UV)resistance,thermal insulation,and biodegradability.After 60 days of exposure to Penicillium sp.,foam containing both TEP and EG exhibited a mass loss of 9.39%,indicating that the incorporation of flame retardants did not negatively impact its biodegradability.
基金Supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia,Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia(UPM/700-2/1/GPB/2017/9549900).
文摘AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Eleutherine bulbosa(Mill.)Urb.bulb extract(EBE)on the 3D human retinoblastoma cancer cells(WERI-Rb-1)spheroids and explore its apoptotic mechanism.METHODS:The 3D WERI-Rb-1 and human retinal pigmented epithelium cells(ARPE-19)spheroids were developed using type 1 murine collagen that was excised from the rat tail tendon and cultured via hanging drop and embedded techniques.The cytotoxic activity was examined by Alamar blue assay meanwhile,the morphological characteristics were assessed by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptotic and antioxidant signal transduction pathways were explored to ascertain its molecular mechanisms.The statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism.RESULTS:The Alamar blue assay portrayed higher half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)values of EBE and cisplatin on 3D WERI-Rb-1 model as compared to the previous study on 2D model.The results of DAPI and SEM illustrated apoptotic features upon treatment with EBE and cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner on 3D WERI-Rb-1 model.The mRNA and protein levels of apoptotic and antioxidant-related pathways were significantly affected by EBE and cisplatin,respectively(P<0.05).The regulation of gene and protein expressions of 3D WERI-Rb-1 spheroids differed from the 2D study,suggesting that the tumor microenvironment of extracellular matrix(ECM)collagen matrix hindered the EBE treatment efficacy,leading to apoptotic evasion.CONCLUSION:A significant inhibition effect of EBE is observed on the 3D WERI-Rb-1 spheroids.The presence of ECM causes an increase in cytotoxic resistance upon treatment with EBE and cisplatin.
基金funded by the Regular Fundamental Research Grant of the Directorate of Research,Technology,and Community Service,Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology,Republic of Indonesia No.093/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024Research Institution of Universitas Sumatera Utara No.1/UN5.4.10S/PPM/KPDRTPM/2024supported by the project“Development,Exploitation Properties and Application of Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Composites from Alternative Lignocellulosic Raw Materials”,Project No.HN C--1290/19.10.2023,carried out at the University of Forestry,Sofia,Bulgaria.
文摘The utilisation of sugar palm bunches-charcoal briquettes(SPB-CB)represents a significant advancement in biomass energy.This study aimed to analyse the properties of charcoal briquettes produced from SPB(Arenga longipes).The experiment involved categorising the dimensions of charcoal powder into three specific particle sizes:20-40 mesh,40-60 mesh,and particles that could pass through a 60-mesh screen.The charcoal powder will be combined with tapioca as a binding agent at three specific concentrations:11%,13%,and 15%.The research findings indicate that the samples underwent 60 mesh passes achieved the maximum briquette density,with an average value of 0.58 g/cm^(3).The highest attainable compressive strength sample value was 27.52 kgf/cm^(2),which was attained by employing 60 mesh size and 15%adhesive concentration.The calorimetric investigation showed that SPB-charcoal had the highest calorific value of 25.88 MJ/kg,while the SPB-CB had a little lower caloric value of 24.64 MJ/kg.The ash content and volatile matter values showed that the briquettes with the lowest ash content had values of 10.49%and 32.65%,respectively.Furthermore,the carbon fixation values varied between 16.65%and 52.36%.Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that charcoal derived from SPB exhibits superior thermal characteristics compared to charcoal briquettes.However,thermal properties of SPB charcoal do not show significant differences when compared to charcoal briquettes that have been processed with a mesh size of 20-40 and include 11%adhesive.According to this research,it may be inferred that charcoal briquettes made from sugar palm bunches meet the requirements specified in SNI 01-6235-2000.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971270)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0405)。
文摘Land use/cover change(LUCC)is the foundation and frontier for integrating multiple land surface processes.This paper aims to systematically review LUCC research from 1990 to 2018.Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses,we delineated the history of LUCC research and summarized their characteristics and major progress at different stages.We also identified the main challenges and proposed future directions for LUCC research.We found that the number of publications on LUCC research and their total citations grew exponentially.The research foci shifted from the process of LUCC during 1990-2004 to the impact of LUCC during 2005-2013 and then to the sustainability of LUCC from 2014 onwards.Currently,LUCC research is facing theoretical,methodological and practical challenges ranging from integrating the framework of sustainability science,adopting emerging technologies to supporting territorial spatial planning.To move forward,LUCC research should be closely integrated with landscape sustainability science and geodesign and take the leading role in territorial spatial planning to achieve the related Sustainable Development Goals.
文摘Topography is the most factor that has the greatest impact of all factor that affect the distribution. To study the diversity of trees and shrub species in the Perc forest situated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, 140 circular plots of 1200 m2 in a grid of 300 m × 250 m were surveyed, using a systematic random sampling method. In each plot, the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Hill＇s N1 and Simpson indices and the evenness index of Simpson and Smith-Wilson were calculated and ordered on the basis of different classes of elevation, exposition and slope. The results indicated that slope did not have any significant effect on the indices. Exposition and elevation classes significant impacted the richness and diversity indices, but did not influence evenness. In general, the highest plant diversity was observed for slopes less than 15 %, northern aspects, without geographical direction, and elevations of 2100-2200 m. This information can be very useful in achieving the goals for sustainable management of forests. In addition to greater protection for regions with high diversity and reforestation （compatible species） in degraded area, we can help increase diversity in forests.
文摘We investigated the altitudinal variation of Carpinus betulus L. in the Hyrcanian forest using leaf macro-morphological and micro-morphological traits. We collected a total of 1600 leaves from two locations. In each location, we sampled six populations along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 100 m to 1,150 m. We found that trees in the higher elevations have smaller leaf lamina than those in the lower elevations. In contrast, leaf mass per area was high at low altitudes and increased newly at the higher ones. Stomatal dimension was negatively correlated with elevation, while stomatal density was positively correlated with elevation. We also found that two transects showed the same plasticity trend. Leaf area showed the highest plasticity, while the number of veins showed the lowest plasticity. This study shows that altitude, and related temperature and rainfall, represents an important driving force in Carpinus betulus leaf morphological variation. Moreover, our results suggest that leaf area, leaf mass per area and stomatal density could influence the species responses to different ecological conditions.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,No.2017YFA0604704
文摘Ecohydrology, aiming to study the interactions between terrestrial ecological systems and hydrological cycles as well as their impacts on water management, has been an emerging interdisciplinary research field since the 20th century. It hosts both natural and human regulated processes that are potentially coupled in complex ways. Understanding the ecological-hydrological processes, the fundamental mechanisms and the connections be- tween them is critical since these processes are not isolated but integrated to impact ba- sin-scale hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a larger river system, especially in arid environment where water resources are considered to be the source of life. Thus, re- search on ecological-hydrological processes in arid environment is not only a scientific focus area but also important to sustainable development. Research projects and initiatives involved in observation, measurement, modeling and data assimilation have been well-developed for those purposes over the past 20 years. This review summarizes the historical development of ecohydrology science in China and the state-of-the-art tools available in the research framework. Five grand scientific challenges are listed as prospects and exciting opportunities for the scientific community. To advance the current ecological-hydrological processes research, scientists from multidisciplinary backgrounds （such as geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, geochemistry and ecology）, need to unite to tackle the many open problems in new dimensions.
