Setting: The Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL) in Kampala. Objective: The proportion of poor quality specimens received for drug susceptibility testing (DST) at the NTRL and factors contributing...Setting: The Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL) in Kampala. Objective: The proportion of poor quality specimens received for drug susceptibility testing (DST) at the NTRL and factors contributing to poor specimen quality were assessed. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted of sputum samples received at the NTRL from patients at high risk for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) during July-October 2013. Demographic, clinical, and bacte-riological data were abstracted from laboratory records. A poor quality sample failed to meet any one of four criteria: ≥3 milliliter (ml) volume, delivered within 72 hours, triple packaged, and non-salivary appearance. Results: Overall, 365 (64%) of 556 samples were of poor quality;89 (16%) were not triple packaged, 44 (8%) were <3 mls, 164 (30%) were not delivered on time, and 215 (39%) were salivary in appearance. Poor quality specimens were more likely to be collected during the eighth month of TB treatment (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.2 - 5.1), from the East or Northeast zones (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.1 - 4.8), and from patients who previously defaulted from treatment (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.1 - 3.2). Conclusion: The majority of sputum samples had poor quality. Additional efforts are needed to improve quality of samples collected at the end of treatment, from East and Northeast zones, and from patients who had previously defaulted.展开更多
The clinical application of solid lipid particles(SLPs)is hampered due to the need for advanced nano/micro-suspension production technology.This research aims to establish a pilot-scale production line employing high-...The clinical application of solid lipid particles(SLPs)is hampered due to the need for advanced nano/micro-suspension production technology.This research aims to establish a pilot-scale production line employing high-speed shears as emulsification equipment.The primary purpose is to manufacture nano/micro-suspensions using solid lipid particles(SLPs).The study also exhaustively introduces and analyzes the regulatory schemes for process parameters and formulations at various stages of production.The process and formulation endured optimization through orthog-onal or single-factor tests at various production steps:laboratory research,small-scale trial production,and pilot production.Quality standards for the product were determined,and key parameters were obtained at each stage.The laboratory research demonstrated that the optimal SLPs comprised 15 mL 3%polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)per 1.0 g tilmicosin and 2.5 g carnauba wax(WAX).During small-scale production,modifications were made to the volume of the aqueous phase,emulsifier concentration,and emulsification strength,setting them to 16 mL,5%,and 2200 r/min,respectively.In the pilot production stage,the shear time was considered optimal at eight min.The impurity,content,polydispersion coefficient(PDI),and size of the pilot product were<3%,5%,0385 and 2.64μm,respectively.Among the several parameters studied,heating temperature,drug-lipid ratio,and emulsifier concentration were identified as the main factors affecting product quality,and they were regulated at 100℃,1:3,and 5%,respectively.A novel hot melt emulsification shear method aided the development of a new solid lipid-based suspension from its preliminary stages in the laboratory to pilot production.This innovation is expected to enhance solid lipid-based suspensions'industrial evolution extensively.展开更多
This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Re...This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4+ T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.展开更多
Introduction： Recently rapid development of drug resistant TB, particularly MDR TB （Multi Drug Resistant TB） and XDRTB （Extensively Drug-Resistant TB） possess a major threat to control of tuberculosis globally. I...Introduction： Recently rapid development of drug resistant TB, particularly MDR TB （Multi Drug Resistant TB） and XDRTB （Extensively Drug-Resistant TB） possess a major threat to control of tuberculosis globally. Information on the extent of MDR-TB from Kenya is largely limited due to several factors. Monitoring of development of resistance is a vital tool in providing critical information for effective planning for TB control and in management of patients infected with TB. Methods： Cross-sectional with cluster design. Results： A total of 2,171 participants recruited into the study from 50 selected clusters. Prevalence of rifampicin resistance for new cases was 1.3% [95% CI, 0.8-2.0] and INH resistance was 5.5% [95% CI, 4.5-6.7]. MDR TB was found in 0.67% of new cases and 2.1% amongst previously treated TB cases. Discussion： Resistance to isoniazid in Kenya has been on the decline due to introduction of rifampicin in combined therapy. There was increase of MDR TB among new cases by 24% and decline in previously treated cases due to lethal impact of HIV. Conclusions： Although drug resistance TB is a growing problem in Kenya, resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin MDR TB is less than previously estimated. The country should continue to monitor drug resistance and ensure effective use of anti TB medicines.展开更多
Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut gr...Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut growth and enhances yield under both greenhouse and field conditions.Therefore,it is of significant interest to investigate how ARC-BBBE influences the levels and spatial distribution of major phytohormones in peanut roots.Greenhouse pot experiments revealed that ARC-BBBE significantly enhanced peanut growth and root system development.A systematic analysis of the effects of ARC-BBBE on key phytohormones in peanut roots across different growth stages showed that gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3))content varied markedly,with predominant accumulation occurring during the early growth stage,whereas changes in indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)levels were not statistically significant.Specifically,GA_(3)content in the ARC-BBBE treatment group was 1.27-fold higher than in the control group during the seedling stage.Furthermore,peanut growth parameters were significantly improved following ARC-BBBE application,particularly at the flowering stage,where plant height,above-ground biomass,root length,and root weight in the treated group were 1.24-,1.17-,1.13-,and 1.21-fold greater than those in the control,respectively.To elucidate the functional role of phytohormones in ARC-BBBE-mediated growth promotion,we examined the effects of exogenous GA_(3)and its biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole(S3307)on both PHNZY-23-3 rhizobial growth and peanut development.Results indicated that supplementation with 1×10~3 mg/L GA_(3)most effectively promoted peanut growth at the seedling stage,while S3307 application inhibited growth.These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism by which ARC-BBBE modulates GA_(3)dynamics to enhance peanut growth,offering a foundation for future research on plant-microbe interactions and phytohormone regulation.展开更多
Frequent extreme heat events around the world not only pose a major threat to human health but also cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry.The existing management practices are insufficient to ful...Frequent extreme heat events around the world not only pose a major threat to human health but also cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry.The existing management practices are insufficient to fully prevent heat stress with an urgent need to develop preventive medicines.The aim of this study was to develop an antiheat stress Chinese herbal formula(CHF)via big data analysis techniques and to evaluate its anti-heat stress effect and mechanism of action via pharmacodynamic evaluation and network pharmacology analysis.Many anti-heat stress CHFs were collected from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)database.Three alternative CHFs were obtained via unsupervised entropy hierarchical clustering analysis,and the most effective CHF against heat stress,Shidi Jieshu decoction(SJD),was obtained by screening in a mouse heat stress model.In dry and hot environments,SJD significantly improved the heat tolerance of AA broilers by 4-6℃.In a humid and hot environment,pretreatment with 2%SJD resulted in 100%survival of Wenchang chickens at high temperatures.The main active ingredients of SJD were identified as muntjacoside E,timosaponin C,macrostemonoside H and mangiferin via ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(UPLC/MS)and database comparison.The active ingredients of SJD were found to target tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),signal transducer activator of transcription 3(STAT3)and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR).Finally,the safety of the new formulation was assessed in an acute oral toxicity study in rats.The SJDs developed in this study provide a new option for the prevention of heat stress in animal husbandry and offer new insights for further research on anti-heat stress.展开更多
Single-stranded positive-sense RNA(+ssRNA)viruses encompass a diverse range of species and exert profound effects on human and animal health,as well as agricultural economic productivity.The 5'and 3'untranslat...Single-stranded positive-sense RNA(+ssRNA)viruses encompass a diverse range of species and exert profound effects on human and animal health,as well as agricultural economic productivity.The 5'and 3'untranslated regions(UTRs)of these viruses play pivotal roles in regulating critical processes such as translation initiation,RNA synthesis,virus assembly,and virulence.This article provided an overview of the untranslated regions in representative species of single-stranded positive-sense RNA(+ssRNA)viruses,highlighting their potential in vaccine development research and addressing some of the challenges currently faced in this field.展开更多
An accurate and precise method for the determination of tulathromycin in swine plasma was developed and validated.Plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry de...An accurate and precise method for the determination of tulathromycin in swine plasma was developed and validated.Plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection （HPLC-MS/MS） using electrospray ionization （ESI）.Tulathromycin was extracted from plasma by precipitation with acetonitrile and separated using a Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18 column （150 mm×2.0 mm） at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min^-1.Solvent A consisted of 0.002 mol L^-1 ammonium acetate and formic acid （999：1,v/v）,and solvent B was acetonitrile.The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected-ion mode with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization to monitor the respective MH＋ ions,namely,m/z 577.3 for tulathromycin and m/z 679.3 for the internal standard roxithromycin.The calibration curves were linear in a dynamic range of 2.0-500 ng mL^-1 on the column.The accuracy was ranged from 95.25 to 109.75%,and the precision was ranged from 2.81 to 7.72%.The recoveries measured at 3 concentration levels （20,250,and 500 ng mL^-1） were higher than 98%.The method described above is efficient,and has the required accuracy and precision for rapid determination of tulathromycin in plasma.The method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in swine,and tulathromycin demonstrated a rapid absorption,wide distribution,and slow elimination after intramuscular administration.展开更多
In order to investigate the influence of functional polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor （M/F）, Fcg receptors CD16A （FCGR3A） and CD32A （FCGR2A） genes on susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculos...In order to investigate the influence of functional polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor （M/F）, Fcg receptors CD16A （FCGR3A） and CD32A （FCGR2A） genes on susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） in the Moroccan population, we analyzed 123 patients with PTB and 154 healthy controls. The genotyping for M/F-173 （G/C） （rs755622）, FCGR2A- 131H/R （rs 1801274） and FCGR3A-158V/F （rs396991） was carried out using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay method. We found a statistically significant in- crease of the MIF-173CC homozygote genotype and M/F-173＂C allele frequencies in PTB patients compared with healthy controls （17.07% versus 5.84%, P = 0.003; and 35.37% versus 26.30%, P = 0.02; respectively）. In contrast, no association was observed between FCGR2A-131H/R and FCGR3A-158V/F polymorphisms and tuberculosis disease. Our finding suggests that M/F-173℃ variant may play an important role in the development of active tuberculosis.展开更多
Objective Mycobacterium avium （M. avium） and Mycobacterium intracellulare （M. intracellulare） are the major causative agents of nontuberculous mycobacteria （NTM）-related pulmonary infections. However, little is ...Objective Mycobacterium avium （M. avium） and Mycobacterium intracellulare （M. intracellulare） are the major causative agents of nontuberculous mycobacteria （NTM）-related pulmonary infections. However, little is known about the differences in drug susceptibility profiles between these two species. Methods A total of 393 NTM isolates were collected from Shanghai Pulmonary Disease Hospital. Sequencing of partial genes was performed to identify the strains at species level. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） was used to evaluate the drug susceptibility against 20 antimicrobial agents. Variable number of tandem repeat （VNTR） typing was conducted to genotype these two species. Results A total of 173 （44.0%） M. avium complex （MAC） isolates were identified, including 41 （10.4%） M. avium isolates and 132 （33.6%） M. intracellulare isolates. Clarithromycin and amikacin were the two most effective agents against MAC isolates. The Hunter-Gaston Discriminatory Index （HGDI） values for VNTR typing of M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates were 0.993 and 0.995, respectively. Levofloxacin resistance was more common among the unclustered strains than among the clustered strains of M. intracellulare. Conclusion M. intrecellulare was the most common NTM species in China. Clarithromycin and amikacin had high antimicrobial activities against MAC. VNTR typing of MAC isolates revealed a high discriminatory power. Levofloxacin resistance was associated with unclustered strains of M. intracellulare.展开更多
With the implementation of the C-strain vaccine,classical swine fever(CSF) has been under control in China,which is currently in a chronic atypical epidemic situation.African swine fever(ASF) emerged in China in 2018 ...With the implementation of the C-strain vaccine,classical swine fever(CSF) has been under control in China,which is currently in a chronic atypical epidemic situation.African swine fever(ASF) emerged in China in 2018 and spread quickly across the country.It is presently occurring sporadically due to the lack of commercial vaccines and farmers’ increased awareness of biosafety.Atypical porcine pestivirus(APPV) was first detected in Guangdong Province,China,in 2016,which mainly harms piglets and has a local epidemic situation in southern China.These three diseases have similar clinical symptoms in pig herds,which cause considerable losses to the pig industry.They are difficult to be distinguished only by clinical diagnosis.Therefore,developing an early and accurate simultaneous detection and differential diagnosis of the diseases induced by these viruses is essential.In this study,three pairs of specific primers and Taq-man probes were designed from highly conserved genomic regions of CSFV(5’ UTR),African swine fever virus(ASFV)(B646L),and APPV(5’ UTR),followed by the optimization of reaction conditions to establish a multiplex real-time PCR detection assay.The results showed that the method did not cross-react with other swine pathogens(porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine parvovirus(PPV),and bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV).The sensitivity results showed that CSFV,ASFV,and APPV could be detected as low as 1 copy μL–1;the repeatability results showed that the intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variation of ASFV,CSFV,and APPV was less than 1%.Twenty-two virus samples were detected by the multiplex real-time PCR,compared with national standard diagnostic and patented method assay for CSF(GB/T 27540–2011),ASF(GB/T 18648–2020),and APPV(CN108611442A),respectively.The sensitivity of this triple real-time PCR for CSFV,ASFV,and APPV was almost the same,and the compliance results were the same(100%).A total of 451 clinical samples were detected,and the results showed that the positive rates of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV were 0.22% (1/451),1.3%(6/451),and 0%(0/451),respectively.This assay provides a valuale tool for rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV.展开更多
In order to evaluate the performance of a molecular Hain line probe assay （Hain LPA） for rapid detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance of Mycobocterium tuberculosis in China, 1612 smear positive patients we...In order to evaluate the performance of a molecular Hain line probe assay （Hain LPA） for rapid detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance of Mycobocterium tuberculosis in China, 1612 smear positive patients were consecutively enrolled in this study. Smear positive sputum specimens were collected for Hain LPA and conventional drug susceptibility testing （DST）. The sensitivity and specificity of Hain LPA were analyzed by using conventional DST as golden reference. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value {PPV） and negative predictive value （NPV） for rifampicin resistance detection were 88.33%, 97.66%, 81.54%, and 98.62%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for isoniazid resistance detection were 80.25%, 98.07%, 87.25%, and 96.78%, respectively. These findings suggested that Hain LPA can be an effective method worthy of broader use in China.展开更多
Objective To compare the performance of MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF for detecting smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB）. Methods Clinical PTB suspects were enrolled consecutively in Anhui Chest Hospital and...Objective To compare the performance of MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF for detecting smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB）. Methods Clinical PTB suspects were enrolled consecutively in Anhui Chest Hospital and Xi＇an Chest Hospital from January to December in 2014. The sputum samples of smear negative PTB suspects were collected and decontaminated. The sediment was used to conduct MTBDRplus V2, Xpert MTB/RIF and drug susceptibility test （DST）. All the samples with discrepant drug susceptibility result between molecular methods and phenotypic method were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results A total of 1973 cases were enrolled in this study. The detection rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex （MTBC） by MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF were 27.67% and 27.98%, respectively. When setting MGIT culture result as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 86.74% and 93.84%, and the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF were 86.55% and 93.43%, respectively. For the detection of the resistance to rifampin, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 94.34% and 96.62%, and the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF were 88.68% and 95.96%, respectively. For the detection of the resistance to isoniazid, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 77.38% and 98.02%, respectively. Conclusion MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF can be used to detect MTBC in smear negative samples with satisfactory performance.展开更多
Since first isolation in 1947 from the Zika forest in Uganda, Zika virus(ZIKV) has been principally known as a benign agent associated with sporadic human infections in a restricted number of African countries. Howeve...Since first isolation in 1947 from the Zika forest in Uganda, Zika virus(ZIKV) has been principally known as a benign agent associated with sporadic human infections in a restricted number of African countries. However, during 2015–2016,an Asian lineage of ZIKV caused an unprecedentedly large outbreak in the Americas and sizeable numbers of exported cases across the globe. In this review, we critically appraise the recent advances in molecular epidemiological studies of ZIKV performed to date, and we highlight the pivotal role played by genomic surveillance in elucidating the origins,dissemination and evolution of the Asian lineage of ZIKV in Asia and in the Americas.展开更多
The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China.The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a ...The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China.The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group.Moreover,the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group,and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83 fold compared to controls.Additionally,notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants,well-filled pod numbers,and enhanced growth performance;ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46%to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method,and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%.The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth,nodulation,and increasing production.At the same time,it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus,which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.展开更多
Mequindox （MEQ）, 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinacetyl-l,4-dioxide, is widely used in Chinese veterinary medicine as an antimicrobial agent and feed additive. Its toxicity has been reported to be closely related to its metabo...Mequindox （MEQ）, 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinacetyl-l,4-dioxide, is widely used in Chinese veterinary medicine as an antimicrobial agent and feed additive. Its toxicity has been reported to be closely related to its metabolism. To understand the pathways underlying MEQ＇s metabolism more clearly, we studied its metabolism in isolated rat liver cells by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid linear trap quadrupole orbitrap （LC-LTQ-Orbitrap） mass spectrometry. The structures of MEQ metabolites and their product ions were readily and reliably characterized on the basis of accurate MS2 spectra and known structure of MEQ. Eleven metabolites were detected in isolated rat liver cells, two of which were detected for the first time in vitro. The major metabolic pathways reported previously for in vitro metabolism of MEQ in rat microsomes were confirmed in this study, including N O group reduction, carbonyl reduction, and methyl monohydroxylation. In addition, we fotmd that acetyl hydroxylation was an important pathway of MEQ metabolism. The results also demonstrate that cellular systems more closely simulate in vivo conditions than do other in vitro systems such as microsomes. Taken together, these data contribute to our understanding of the in vivo metabolism of MEQ.展开更多
Objective:To determine the rate of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV) infection in hard ticks(Ixodidae) in Yazd province of Iran.Methods:A molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) was conducted in Yazd prov...Objective:To determine the rate of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV) infection in hard ticks(Ixodidae) in Yazd province of Iran.Methods:A molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) was conducted in Yazd province during 2008 -2009.A total of 140 hard ticks(three genera and 7 species) were collected from randomly selected villages and were exanimate for presence of CCHFV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) method.Results: CCHFV genome was found in 5.71%of hard ticks.All positive ticks were from Hyalomma genus. Positive ticks including:Hyalomma dromedarii,Hyalomma marginatum,Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum,Hyalomma asiaticum.We were not able to find virus in in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus.Results exhibited that Hyalomma is the main vector in the study area.Conclusions:Due to the presence of virus in 24 provinces’ out of 31,we recommend the use of acaricides and repellent to prevent disease transmission among humans. Greta care should be taken by the people who are working in slaughter houses.展开更多
Objective China is among the 30 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis(TB)worldwide,and TB remains a public health concern.Kashgar Prefecture in the southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region is considered as one of th...Objective China is among the 30 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis(TB)worldwide,and TB remains a public health concern.Kashgar Prefecture in the southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region is considered as one of the highest TB burden regions in China.However,molecular epidemiological studies of Kashgar are lacking.Methods A population-based retrospective study was conducted using whole-genome sequencing(WGS)to determine the characteristics of drug resistance and the transmission patterns.Results A total of 1,668 isolates collected in 2020 were classified into lineages 2(46.0%),3(27.5%),and 4(26.5%).The drug resistance rates revealed by WGS showed that the top three drugs in terms of the resistance rate were isoniazid(7.4%,124/1,668),streptomycin(6.0%,100/1,668),and rifampicin(3.3%,55/1,668).The rate of rifampicin resistance was 1.8%(23/1,290)in the new cases and 9.4%(32/340)in the previously treated cases.Known resistance mutations were detected more frequently in lineage 2 strains than in lineage 3 or 4 strains,respectively:18.6%vs.8.7 or 9%,P<0.001.The estimated proportion of recent transmissions was 25.9%(432/1,668).Multivariate logistic analyses indicated that sex,age,occupation,lineage,and drug resistance were the risk factors for recent transmission.Despite the low rate of drug resistance,drug-resistant strains had a higher risk of recent transmission than the susceptible strains(adjusted odds ratio,1.414;95%CI,1.023–1.954;P=0.036).Among all patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis(DR-TB),78.4%(171/218)were attributed to the transmission of DR-TB strains.Conclusion Our results suggest that drug-resistant strains are more transmissible than susceptible strains and that transmission is the major driving force of the current DR-TB epidemic in Kashgar.展开更多
Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR...Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.展开更多
Colistin has been regarded as the last line antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the increasing emergence of colistin resistance among gram-negative b...Colistin has been regarded as the last line antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the increasing emergence of colistin resistance among gram-negative bacteria represents a serious problem. The objective of this study was to characterize the effectiveness of the chemically synthesized thanatin in linear form against colistin-resistant E. coli isolated from a pig farm in China. Agar diffusion assay and broth microdilution test were employed to analyze the susceptibility of colistin-sensitive E. coli (ATCC25922) and colistin-resistant E. coli (SHP45) to linear thanatin (L-thanatin). Combinatory effect of linear thanatin and colistin against E. coli was also determined by fractional inhibition concentration index (FICI) analysis. The results showed that L-thanatin at a concentration of 1 mg/ml produced larger inhibition zone on agar against ATCC25922 than SHP45. In the quantitative microdilution test, L-thanatin had the same MIC of 3.2 μg/ml for ATCC25922 and SHP45. Based on the FICI analysis, additive effect was obtained with 1.56 μg/ml of L-thanatin and 0.125 μg/ml of colistin for ATCC25922;but with 1.56 μg/ml of L-thanatin and 0.25 μg/ml of colistin or with 2 μg/ml of colistin and 0.39 μg/ml of L-thanatin for SHP45. These data proved that L-thanatin is an effective antimicrobial peptide against colistin-resistant E. coli.展开更多
文摘Setting: The Uganda National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL) in Kampala. Objective: The proportion of poor quality specimens received for drug susceptibility testing (DST) at the NTRL and factors contributing to poor specimen quality were assessed. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted of sputum samples received at the NTRL from patients at high risk for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) during July-October 2013. Demographic, clinical, and bacte-riological data were abstracted from laboratory records. A poor quality sample failed to meet any one of four criteria: ≥3 milliliter (ml) volume, delivered within 72 hours, triple packaged, and non-salivary appearance. Results: Overall, 365 (64%) of 556 samples were of poor quality;89 (16%) were not triple packaged, 44 (8%) were <3 mls, 164 (30%) were not delivered on time, and 215 (39%) were salivary in appearance. Poor quality specimens were more likely to be collected during the eighth month of TB treatment (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.2 - 5.1), from the East or Northeast zones (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.1 - 4.8), and from patients who previously defaulted from treatment (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.1 - 3.2). Conclusion: The majority of sputum samples had poor quality. Additional efforts are needed to improve quality of samples collected at the end of treatment, from East and Northeast zones, and from patients who had previously defaulted.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020DKPY008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.31772797)。
文摘The clinical application of solid lipid particles(SLPs)is hampered due to the need for advanced nano/micro-suspension production technology.This research aims to establish a pilot-scale production line employing high-speed shears as emulsification equipment.The primary purpose is to manufacture nano/micro-suspensions using solid lipid particles(SLPs).The study also exhaustively introduces and analyzes the regulatory schemes for process parameters and formulations at various stages of production.The process and formulation endured optimization through orthog-onal or single-factor tests at various production steps:laboratory research,small-scale trial production,and pilot production.Quality standards for the product were determined,and key parameters were obtained at each stage.The laboratory research demonstrated that the optimal SLPs comprised 15 mL 3%polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)per 1.0 g tilmicosin and 2.5 g carnauba wax(WAX).During small-scale production,modifications were made to the volume of the aqueous phase,emulsifier concentration,and emulsification strength,setting them to 16 mL,5%,and 2200 r/min,respectively.In the pilot production stage,the shear time was considered optimal at eight min.The impurity,content,polydispersion coefficient(PDI),and size of the pilot product were<3%,5%,0385 and 2.64μm,respectively.Among the several parameters studied,heating temperature,drug-lipid ratio,and emulsifier concentration were identified as the main factors affecting product quality,and they were regulated at 100℃,1:3,and 5%,respectively.A novel hot melt emulsification shear method aided the development of a new solid lipid-based suspension from its preliminary stages in the laboratory to pilot production.This innovation is expected to enhance solid lipid-based suspensions'industrial evolution extensively.
基金MOH Program on Applied Research in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS (WA 2003-17)
文摘This paper describes the development and challenge of HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network and quality assurance system in China. At present,the HIV/AIDS testing laboratories includes three classes,the National AIDS Reference Laboratory,HIV/AIDS confirmatory laboratories and HIV/AIDS screening laboratories. All of them are accredited by the health authorities,and each class of laboratories take charge of their function strictly according to the "National Management of HIV/AIDS Detection (2006)". A complete quality assurance and quality control system for HIV/AIDS testing has been developed,which includes technical training,strict laboratory monitoring and approval,examination or proficiency testing on HIV/AIDS detection,and quality evaluation and supervision of HIV/AIDS diagnostic kits. Besides conduct the routine anti-HIV antibody test,more and more laboratories began to conduct other tests,such as CD4+ T lymphocyte cell counting,HIV viral load,HIV DNA PCR,genotyping,drug resistance,and HIV-1 recent infection test. The primary challenges faced by the HIV/AIDS testing laboratory network are in the areas of laboratory management and quality control. For example,the provincial PT program is inefficient,the internal quality control is conducted perfunctorily,personnel training can not met the needs of the workplace,which need to be improved.
文摘Introduction： Recently rapid development of drug resistant TB, particularly MDR TB （Multi Drug Resistant TB） and XDRTB （Extensively Drug-Resistant TB） possess a major threat to control of tuberculosis globally. Information on the extent of MDR-TB from Kenya is largely limited due to several factors. Monitoring of development of resistance is a vital tool in providing critical information for effective planning for TB control and in management of patients infected with TB. Methods： Cross-sectional with cluster design. Results： A total of 2,171 participants recruited into the study from 50 selected clusters. Prevalence of rifampicin resistance for new cases was 1.3% [95% CI, 0.8-2.0] and INH resistance was 5.5% [95% CI, 4.5-6.7]. MDR TB was found in 0.67% of new cases and 2.1% amongst previously treated TB cases. Discussion： Resistance to isoniazid in Kenya has been on the decline due to introduction of rifampicin in combined therapy. There was increase of MDR TB among new cases by 24% and decline in previously treated cases due to lethal impact of HIV. Conclusions： Although drug resistance TB is a growing problem in Kenya, resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin MDR TB is less than previously estimated. The country should continue to monitor drug resistance and ensure effective use of anti TB medicines.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32441047,32272447)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2022C FA 107)Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for CAAS(No.1610172023001)。
文摘Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating peanut growth and development.Our previous studies have demonstrated that the microbial inoculant ARC-BBBE,developed by our research group,effectively promotes peanut growth and enhances yield under both greenhouse and field conditions.Therefore,it is of significant interest to investigate how ARC-BBBE influences the levels and spatial distribution of major phytohormones in peanut roots.Greenhouse pot experiments revealed that ARC-BBBE significantly enhanced peanut growth and root system development.A systematic analysis of the effects of ARC-BBBE on key phytohormones in peanut roots across different growth stages showed that gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3))content varied markedly,with predominant accumulation occurring during the early growth stage,whereas changes in indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)levels were not statistically significant.Specifically,GA_(3)content in the ARC-BBBE treatment group was 1.27-fold higher than in the control group during the seedling stage.Furthermore,peanut growth parameters were significantly improved following ARC-BBBE application,particularly at the flowering stage,where plant height,above-ground biomass,root length,and root weight in the treated group were 1.24-,1.17-,1.13-,and 1.21-fold greater than those in the control,respectively.To elucidate the functional role of phytohormones in ARC-BBBE-mediated growth promotion,we examined the effects of exogenous GA_(3)and its biosynthesis inhibitor uniconazole(S3307)on both PHNZY-23-3 rhizobial growth and peanut development.Results indicated that supplementation with 1×10~3 mg/L GA_(3)most effectively promoted peanut growth at the seedling stage,while S3307 application inhibited growth.These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism by which ARC-BBBE modulates GA_(3)dynamics to enhance peanut growth,offering a foundation for future research on plant-microbe interactions and phytohormone regulation.
基金supported by the Major Special Science and Technology Plan(202302AA310020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(32072925,32473087)the National Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Huazhong Agricultural University(202310504018)。
文摘Frequent extreme heat events around the world not only pose a major threat to human health but also cause significant economic losses to the livestock industry.The existing management practices are insufficient to fully prevent heat stress with an urgent need to develop preventive medicines.The aim of this study was to develop an antiheat stress Chinese herbal formula(CHF)via big data analysis techniques and to evaluate its anti-heat stress effect and mechanism of action via pharmacodynamic evaluation and network pharmacology analysis.Many anti-heat stress CHFs were collected from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)database.Three alternative CHFs were obtained via unsupervised entropy hierarchical clustering analysis,and the most effective CHF against heat stress,Shidi Jieshu decoction(SJD),was obtained by screening in a mouse heat stress model.In dry and hot environments,SJD significantly improved the heat tolerance of AA broilers by 4-6℃.In a humid and hot environment,pretreatment with 2%SJD resulted in 100%survival of Wenchang chickens at high temperatures.The main active ingredients of SJD were identified as muntjacoside E,timosaponin C,macrostemonoside H and mangiferin via ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(UPLC/MS)and database comparison.The active ingredients of SJD were found to target tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),signal transducer activator of transcription 3(STAT3)and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR).Finally,the safety of the new formulation was assessed in an acute oral toxicity study in rats.The SJDs developed in this study provide a new option for the prevention of heat stress in animal husbandry and offer new insights for further research on anti-heat stress.
基金National Key Research and Development Programs of China(Grant No.2021YFD1801102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22077043,32473010)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023PY005 to DW)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(SZYJY2022016 to DW)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFA061 to DW)the Funding from National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology(AML2023B05 to DW)。
文摘Single-stranded positive-sense RNA(+ssRNA)viruses encompass a diverse range of species and exert profound effects on human and animal health,as well as agricultural economic productivity.The 5'and 3'untranslated regions(UTRs)of these viruses play pivotal roles in regulating critical processes such as translation initiation,RNA synthesis,virus assembly,and virulence.This article provided an overview of the untranslated regions in representative species of single-stranded positive-sense RNA(+ssRNA)viruses,highlighting their potential in vaccine development research and addressing some of the challenges currently faced in this field.
基金supported by the Guangzhou Technology Pillar Program for the Development of New Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Tulathromycin and Industrialization during 2010,China(2010Z1-E371)the International Communication and Cooperation for the Development of New Veterinary Medicine of Tulathromycin Raw Materials and Its Preparation,China(2010DFA32610)
文摘An accurate and precise method for the determination of tulathromycin in swine plasma was developed and validated.Plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection （HPLC-MS/MS） using electrospray ionization （ESI）.Tulathromycin was extracted from plasma by precipitation with acetonitrile and separated using a Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18 column （150 mm×2.0 mm） at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min^-1.Solvent A consisted of 0.002 mol L^-1 ammonium acetate and formic acid （999：1,v/v）,and solvent B was acetonitrile.The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected-ion mode with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization to monitor the respective MH＋ ions,namely,m/z 577.3 for tulathromycin and m/z 679.3 for the internal standard roxithromycin.The calibration curves were linear in a dynamic range of 2.0-500 ng mL^-1 on the column.The accuracy was ranged from 95.25 to 109.75%,and the precision was ranged from 2.81 to 7.72%.The recoveries measured at 3 concentration levels （20,250,and 500 ng mL^-1） were higher than 98%.The method described above is efficient,and has the required accuracy and precision for rapid determination of tulathromycin in plasma.The method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in swine,and tulathromycin demonstrated a rapid absorption,wide distribution,and slow elimination after intramuscular administration.
基金supported in part by the grants SAF06-00398/CTS1880,Spainin another part by the National Institute of Hygiene,Rabat,Morocco
文摘In order to investigate the influence of functional polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor （M/F）, Fcg receptors CD16A （FCGR3A） and CD32A （FCGR2A） genes on susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB） in the Moroccan population, we analyzed 123 patients with PTB and 154 healthy controls. The genotyping for M/F-173 （G/C） （rs755622）, FCGR2A- 131H/R （rs 1801274） and FCGR3A-158V/F （rs396991） was carried out using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay method. We found a statistically significant in- crease of the MIF-173CC homozygote genotype and M/F-173＂C allele frequencies in PTB patients compared with healthy controls （17.07% versus 5.84%, P = 0.003; and 35.37% versus 26.30%, P = 0.02; respectively）. In contrast, no association was observed between FCGR2A-131H/R and FCGR3A-158V/F polymorphisms and tuberculosis disease. Our finding suggests that M/F-173℃ variant may play an important role in the development of active tuberculosis.
基金supported by a grant from the National Basic Research Program of China 2014CB744403the National Science and Technology Major Project 2014ZX100030002
文摘Objective Mycobacterium avium （M. avium） and Mycobacterium intracellulare （M. intracellulare） are the major causative agents of nontuberculous mycobacteria （NTM）-related pulmonary infections. However, little is known about the differences in drug susceptibility profiles between these two species. Methods A total of 393 NTM isolates were collected from Shanghai Pulmonary Disease Hospital. Sequencing of partial genes was performed to identify the strains at species level. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） was used to evaluate the drug susceptibility against 20 antimicrobial agents. Variable number of tandem repeat （VNTR） typing was conducted to genotype these two species. Results A total of 173 （44.0%） M. avium complex （MAC） isolates were identified, including 41 （10.4%） M. avium isolates and 132 （33.6%） M. intracellulare isolates. Clarithromycin and amikacin were the two most effective agents against MAC isolates. The Hunter-Gaston Discriminatory Index （HGDI） values for VNTR typing of M. avium and M. intracellulare isolates were 0.993 and 0.995, respectively. Levofloxacin resistance was more common among the unclustered strains than among the clustered strains of M. intracellulare. Conclusion M. intrecellulare was the most common NTM species in China. Clarithromycin and amikacin had high antimicrobial activities against MAC. VNTR typing of MAC isolates revealed a high discriminatory power. Levofloxacin resistance was associated with unclustered strains of M. intracellulare.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872484) to Zhang Qianyithe Non-profit Key Program of Veterinary Drug Industry from China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control (GY202011) to Xia Yingju。
文摘With the implementation of the C-strain vaccine,classical swine fever(CSF) has been under control in China,which is currently in a chronic atypical epidemic situation.African swine fever(ASF) emerged in China in 2018 and spread quickly across the country.It is presently occurring sporadically due to the lack of commercial vaccines and farmers’ increased awareness of biosafety.Atypical porcine pestivirus(APPV) was first detected in Guangdong Province,China,in 2016,which mainly harms piglets and has a local epidemic situation in southern China.These three diseases have similar clinical symptoms in pig herds,which cause considerable losses to the pig industry.They are difficult to be distinguished only by clinical diagnosis.Therefore,developing an early and accurate simultaneous detection and differential diagnosis of the diseases induced by these viruses is essential.In this study,three pairs of specific primers and Taq-man probes were designed from highly conserved genomic regions of CSFV(5’ UTR),African swine fever virus(ASFV)(B646L),and APPV(5’ UTR),followed by the optimization of reaction conditions to establish a multiplex real-time PCR detection assay.The results showed that the method did not cross-react with other swine pathogens(porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine parvovirus(PPV),and bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV).The sensitivity results showed that CSFV,ASFV,and APPV could be detected as low as 1 copy μL–1;the repeatability results showed that the intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variation of ASFV,CSFV,and APPV was less than 1%.Twenty-two virus samples were detected by the multiplex real-time PCR,compared with national standard diagnostic and patented method assay for CSF(GB/T 27540–2011),ASF(GB/T 18648–2020),and APPV(CN108611442A),respectively.The sensitivity of this triple real-time PCR for CSFV,ASFV,and APPV was almost the same,and the compliance results were the same(100%).A total of 451 clinical samples were detected,and the results showed that the positive rates of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV were 0.22% (1/451),1.3%(6/451),and 0%(0/451),respectively.This assay provides a valuale tool for rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV.
基金supported by Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Project(2009-04-01)
文摘In order to evaluate the performance of a molecular Hain line probe assay （Hain LPA） for rapid detection of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance of Mycobocterium tuberculosis in China, 1612 smear positive patients were consecutively enrolled in this study. Smear positive sputum specimens were collected for Hain LPA and conventional drug susceptibility testing （DST）. The sensitivity and specificity of Hain LPA were analyzed by using conventional DST as golden reference. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value {PPV） and negative predictive value （NPV） for rifampicin resistance detection were 88.33%, 97.66%, 81.54%, and 98.62%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for isoniazid resistance detection were 80.25%, 98.07%, 87.25%, and 96.78%, respectively. These findings suggested that Hain LPA can be an effective method worthy of broader use in China.
文摘Objective To compare the performance of MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF for detecting smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis （PTB）. Methods Clinical PTB suspects were enrolled consecutively in Anhui Chest Hospital and Xi＇an Chest Hospital from January to December in 2014. The sputum samples of smear negative PTB suspects were collected and decontaminated. The sediment was used to conduct MTBDRplus V2, Xpert MTB/RIF and drug susceptibility test （DST）. All the samples with discrepant drug susceptibility result between molecular methods and phenotypic method were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results A total of 1973 cases were enrolled in this study. The detection rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex （MTBC） by MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF were 27.67% and 27.98%, respectively. When setting MGIT culture result as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 86.74% and 93.84%, and the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF were 86.55% and 93.43%, respectively. For the detection of the resistance to rifampin, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 94.34% and 96.62%, and the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF were 88.68% and 95.96%, respectively. For the detection of the resistance to isoniazid, the sensitivity and specificity of MTBDRplus V2 were 77.38% and 98.02%, respectively. Conclusion MTBDRplus V2 and Xpert MTB/RIF can be used to detect MTBC in smear negative samples with satisfactory performance.
基金supported by the National Key Science and Technology Projects of China (2017ZX10104001-006)the National Science and Technology Major Project (2018ZX10101004-002)supported by the Taishan Scholars program of Shandong Province (ts201511056)
文摘Since first isolation in 1947 from the Zika forest in Uganda, Zika virus(ZIKV) has been principally known as a benign agent associated with sporadic human infections in a restricted number of African countries. However, during 2015–2016,an Asian lineage of ZIKV caused an unprecedentedly large outbreak in the Americas and sizeable numbers of exported cases across the globe. In this review, we critically appraise the recent advances in molecular epidemiological studies of ZIKV performed to date, and we highlight the pivotal role played by genomic surveillance in elucidating the origins,dissemination and evolution of the Asian lineage of ZIKV in Asia and in the Americas.
基金The authors thank the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(32030085,U22A20551)Major project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd015)+1 种基金Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP2021-OCRI)Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(3570).
文摘The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China.The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group.Moreover,the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group,and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83 fold compared to controls.Additionally,notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants,well-filled pod numbers,and enhanced growth performance;ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46%to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method,and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%.The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth,nodulation,and increasing production.At the same time,it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus,which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB118800)
文摘Mequindox （MEQ）, 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinacetyl-l,4-dioxide, is widely used in Chinese veterinary medicine as an antimicrobial agent and feed additive. Its toxicity has been reported to be closely related to its metabolism. To understand the pathways underlying MEQ＇s metabolism more clearly, we studied its metabolism in isolated rat liver cells by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid linear trap quadrupole orbitrap （LC-LTQ-Orbitrap） mass spectrometry. The structures of MEQ metabolites and their product ions were readily and reliably characterized on the basis of accurate MS2 spectra and known structure of MEQ. Eleven metabolites were detected in isolated rat liver cells, two of which were detected for the first time in vitro. The major metabolic pathways reported previously for in vitro metabolism of MEQ in rat microsomes were confirmed in this study, including N O group reduction, carbonyl reduction, and methyl monohydroxylation. In addition, we fotmd that acetyl hydroxylation was an important pathway of MEQ metabolism. The results also demonstrate that cellular systems more closely simulate in vivo conditions than do other in vitro systems such as microsomes. Taken together, these data contribute to our understanding of the in vivo metabolism of MEQ.
基金supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences grant No.10446
文摘Objective:To determine the rate of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV) infection in hard ticks(Ixodidae) in Yazd province of Iran.Methods:A molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) was conducted in Yazd province during 2008 -2009.A total of 140 hard ticks(three genera and 7 species) were collected from randomly selected villages and were exanimate for presence of CCHFV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) method.Results: CCHFV genome was found in 5.71%of hard ticks.All positive ticks were from Hyalomma genus. Positive ticks including:Hyalomma dromedarii,Hyalomma marginatum,Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum,Hyalomma asiaticum.We were not able to find virus in in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor marginatus.Results exhibited that Hyalomma is the main vector in the study area.Conclusions:Due to the presence of virus in 24 provinces’ out of 31,we recommend the use of acaricides and repellent to prevent disease transmission among humans. Greta care should be taken by the people who are working in slaughter houses.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China [2022YFC2305200]Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [2021A01D145 and 2022D01A115]Applied Technology Research and Development Programing Project of Kashgar Prefecture [KS2021031 and KS2021034]。
文摘Objective China is among the 30 countries with a high burden of tuberculosis(TB)worldwide,and TB remains a public health concern.Kashgar Prefecture in the southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region is considered as one of the highest TB burden regions in China.However,molecular epidemiological studies of Kashgar are lacking.Methods A population-based retrospective study was conducted using whole-genome sequencing(WGS)to determine the characteristics of drug resistance and the transmission patterns.Results A total of 1,668 isolates collected in 2020 were classified into lineages 2(46.0%),3(27.5%),and 4(26.5%).The drug resistance rates revealed by WGS showed that the top three drugs in terms of the resistance rate were isoniazid(7.4%,124/1,668),streptomycin(6.0%,100/1,668),and rifampicin(3.3%,55/1,668).The rate of rifampicin resistance was 1.8%(23/1,290)in the new cases and 9.4%(32/340)in the previously treated cases.Known resistance mutations were detected more frequently in lineage 2 strains than in lineage 3 or 4 strains,respectively:18.6%vs.8.7 or 9%,P<0.001.The estimated proportion of recent transmissions was 25.9%(432/1,668).Multivariate logistic analyses indicated that sex,age,occupation,lineage,and drug resistance were the risk factors for recent transmission.Despite the low rate of drug resistance,drug-resistant strains had a higher risk of recent transmission than the susceptible strains(adjusted odds ratio,1.414;95%CI,1.023–1.954;P=0.036).Among all patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis(DR-TB),78.4%(171/218)were attributed to the transmission of DR-TB strains.Conclusion Our results suggest that drug-resistant strains are more transmissible than susceptible strains and that transmission is the major driving force of the current DR-TB epidemic in Kashgar.
文摘Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.
文摘Colistin has been regarded as the last line antibiotic for treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the increasing emergence of colistin resistance among gram-negative bacteria represents a serious problem. The objective of this study was to characterize the effectiveness of the chemically synthesized thanatin in linear form against colistin-resistant E. coli isolated from a pig farm in China. Agar diffusion assay and broth microdilution test were employed to analyze the susceptibility of colistin-sensitive E. coli (ATCC25922) and colistin-resistant E. coli (SHP45) to linear thanatin (L-thanatin). Combinatory effect of linear thanatin and colistin against E. coli was also determined by fractional inhibition concentration index (FICI) analysis. The results showed that L-thanatin at a concentration of 1 mg/ml produced larger inhibition zone on agar against ATCC25922 than SHP45. In the quantitative microdilution test, L-thanatin had the same MIC of 3.2 μg/ml for ATCC25922 and SHP45. Based on the FICI analysis, additive effect was obtained with 1.56 μg/ml of L-thanatin and 0.125 μg/ml of colistin for ATCC25922;but with 1.56 μg/ml of L-thanatin and 0.25 μg/ml of colistin or with 2 μg/ml of colistin and 0.39 μg/ml of L-thanatin for SHP45. These data proved that L-thanatin is an effective antimicrobial peptide against colistin-resistant E. coli.
