The consequences of climate change continue to threaten European forests,particularly for species located at the edges of their latitudinal and altitudinal ranges.While extensively studied in Central Europe,European b...The consequences of climate change continue to threaten European forests,particularly for species located at the edges of their latitudinal and altitudinal ranges.While extensively studied in Central Europe,European beech forests require further investigation to understand how climate change will affect these ecosystems in Mediterranean areas.Proposed silvicultural options increasingly aim at sustainable management to reduce biotic and abiotic stresses and enhance these forest ecosystems'resistance and resilience mechanisms.Process-based models(PBMs)can help us to simulate such phenomena and capture early stress signals while considering the effect of different management approaches.In this study,we focus on estimating sensitivity of two state-of-the-art PBMs forest models by simulating carbon and water fluxes at the stand level to assess productivity changes and feedback resulting from different climatic forcings as well as different management regimes.We applied the 3D-CMCC-FEM and MEDFATE forest models for carbon(C)and water(H_(2)O)fluxes in two sites of the Italian peninsula,Cansiglio in the north and Mongiana in the south,under managed vs.unmanaged scenarios and under current climate and different climatic scenarios(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).To ensure confidence in the models’results,we preliminary evaluated their performance in simulating C and H_(2)O flux in three additional beech forests of the FLUXNET network along a latitudinal gradient spanning from Denmark to central Italy.The 3D-CMCC-FEM model achieved R^(2)values of 0.83 and 0.86 with RMSEs of 2.53 and 2.05 for C and H_(2)O fluxes,respectively.MEDFATE showed R^(2)values of 0.76 and 0.69 with RMSEs of 2.54 and 3.01.At the Cansiglio site in northern Italy,both models simulated a general increase in C and H_(2)O fluxes under the RCP8.5 climate scenario compared to the current climate.Still,no benefit in managed plots compared to unmanaged ones,as the site does not have water availability limitations,and thus,competition for water is low.At the Mongiana site in southern Italy,both models predict a decrease in C and H_(2)O fluxes and sensitivity to the different climatic forcing compared to the current climate;and an increase in C and H_(2)O fluxes when considering specific management regimes compared to unmanaged scenarios.Conversely,under unmanaged scenarios plots are simulated to experience first signals of mortality prematurely due to water stress(MEDFATE)and carbon starvation(3D-CMCC-FEM)scenarios.In conclusion,while management interventions may be considered a viable solution for the conservation of beech forests under future climate conditions at moister sites like Cansiglio,in drier sites like Mongiana conservation may not lie in management interventions alone.展开更多
European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)forests can have a high variability in plant species richness and abundance,from monospecific stands to highly species-rich communities.To understand what causes the low plant diversi...European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)forests can have a high variability in plant species richness and abundance,from monospecific stands to highly species-rich communities.To understand what causes the low plant diversity observed in some beech forests,we analyzed the drivers of plant community completeness in 155 vegetation plots.Data were collected in mature,closed-canopy beech forests in Tuscany,central Italy.Site-specific species pools were estimated based on species co-occurrences.We used Generalized Least Squares linear modeling to assess the effects of anthropogenic and environmental drivers on the community completeness of whole communities and on the set of specialist species of beech forests.We also tested the response of the total cover of the herb layer to the selected predictors and related both the predictive and response variables to species composition in a Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination.The community completeness of whole communities and that of beech forest specialists were negatively affected by total beech cover and positively influenced by slope.Moreover,the community completeness of whole communities was negatively impacted by elevation and positively influenced by disturbance frequency.The cover of the herb layer decreased with increasing beech cover,elevation,and precipitation.High community completeness and high cover of the herb layer were associated with the presence of thermophilic species of mixed deciduous woods in low-elevation beech forests.Our results suggest that a low plant community completeness and a low cover of the herb layer are mainly due to the competition by beech itself when it forms pure forests in its ecological optimum.Such competition is better exerted at upper elevations and in sites with low slopes,where beech litter accumulation is a limiting factor for understory species.Such evidence suggests that species absence in mature beech forests is mainly due to natural drivers and should therefore not be considered an indicator of ecological degradation of the forest.展开更多
Microhabitat heterogeneity results in significant variations in the thermal environment on a small spatial scale,leading to different intensities of cold stress during extreme low-temperature events.Investigating vari...Microhabitat heterogeneity results in significant variations in the thermal environment on a small spatial scale,leading to different intensities of cold stress during extreme low-temperature events.Investigating variations in body temperature and metabolomic responses of organisms inhabiting different microhabitats emerges as an important task for understanding how organisms respond to more frequent extreme low-temperature events in the face of climate change.In the present study,we measured substrate temperature,air temperature,wind speed,light intensity,and body temperature to evaluate the relative importance of drivers that affect body temperature in different microhabitats,and determined the metabolomic responses of intertidal snails Littorina brevicula and limpets Cellana toreuma from different microhabitats(snail:exposed vs.shaded rock;limpet,rock vs.tidal pool)during extreme low-temperature event in winter.Results showed that microhabitat type,substrate temperature,air temperature,wind speed,and light intensity contribute notably to the body temperatures.During extreme low-temperature events,mollusks collected from different microhabitats exhibited microhabitat-specific metabolomic responses that are associated with cellular stress response,energy metabolism,immune response,nucleotide metabolism,and osmoregulation.These metabolic pathways were highly induced in the more exposed areas(exposed rock for snails and rocky environment for limpets).Notably,in different microhabitats,the metabolites enriched from these pathways showed significant correlations with microclimate environmental variables(i.e.,substrate temperature,wind speed,and body tem-perature).Overall,these findings highlight the importance of microhabitat heterogeneity for intertidal species surviving extreme cold events and are essential for understanding cold adaptation of intertidal species in the context of climate change.展开更多
Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence da...Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data.Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species.We tested to what extent species’physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations.Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia,we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records.We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs:a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates,and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors.We further tested the models’sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences.Compared with naïve models,the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A.japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area.The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change(i.e.,larger range expansion and less contraction)than the physiologically informed models.Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs,namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area.Given these promising features,we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physi-ological information where available.展开更多
Blister beetles(Coleoptera:Meloidae)are currently subdivided into three subfamilies:Eleticinae(a basal group),Nemognathinae,and Meloinae.These are all characterized by the endogenous production of the defensive terpen...Blister beetles(Coleoptera:Meloidae)are currently subdivided into three subfamilies:Eleticinae(a basal group),Nemognathinae,and Meloinae.These are all characterized by the endogenous production of the defensive terpene cantharidin(CA),whereas the two most derived subfamilies show a hypermetamorphic larval development.Here,we provide novel draft genome assemblies of five species sampled across the three blister beetle subfamilies(Iselma pallidipennis,Stenodera caucasica,Zonitis immaculata,Lydus trimaculatus,and Mylabris variabilis)and performed a comparative analysis with other available Meloidae genomes and the closely-related canthariphilous species(Pyrochroa serraticornis)to disclose adaptations at a molecular level.Our results highlighted the expansion and selection of genes potentially responsible for CA production and metabolism,as well as its mobilization and vesicular compartmentalization.Furthermore,we observed adaptive selection patterns and gain of genes devoted to epigenetic regulation,development,and morphogenesis,possibly related to hypermetamorphosis.We hypothesize that most genetic adaptations occurred to support both CA biosynthesis and hypermetamorphosis,two crucial aspects of Meloidae biology that likely contributed to their evolutionary success.展开更多
基金the Institute Research Centre for Ecological and Forestry Applications (CREAF) of Barcelona that supported the research by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio'n”(MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) (grant agreement No. PID 2021-126679OBI00)partially supported by MIUR Project (PRIN 2020) between WATER and carbon cycles during droug“Unraveling interactionsht and their impact on water resources and forest and grassland ecosySTEMs in the Mediterranean climate (WATERSTEM)”(Project number: 20202WF53Z),“WAFER”at CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)+3 种基金Priwitzer et al. (2014) (cod. 2020E52THS)-Research Projects of National Relevance funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research entitled: “Multi-scale observations to predict Forest response to pollution and climate change”(MULTIFOR, project number: 2020E52THS)funding by the project OptForEU Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101060554the project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No. 3138 of December 16, 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of December 18, 2021 of Italian Ministry of UniversityResearch funded by the European UnionationEU under award Number: Project code CN_00000033–Next Gener, Concession Decree No. 1034 of June 17, 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP B83C22002930006, Project title“National Biodiversity Future Centre-NBFC”
文摘The consequences of climate change continue to threaten European forests,particularly for species located at the edges of their latitudinal and altitudinal ranges.While extensively studied in Central Europe,European beech forests require further investigation to understand how climate change will affect these ecosystems in Mediterranean areas.Proposed silvicultural options increasingly aim at sustainable management to reduce biotic and abiotic stresses and enhance these forest ecosystems'resistance and resilience mechanisms.Process-based models(PBMs)can help us to simulate such phenomena and capture early stress signals while considering the effect of different management approaches.In this study,we focus on estimating sensitivity of two state-of-the-art PBMs forest models by simulating carbon and water fluxes at the stand level to assess productivity changes and feedback resulting from different climatic forcings as well as different management regimes.We applied the 3D-CMCC-FEM and MEDFATE forest models for carbon(C)and water(H_(2)O)fluxes in two sites of the Italian peninsula,Cansiglio in the north and Mongiana in the south,under managed vs.unmanaged scenarios and under current climate and different climatic scenarios(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).To ensure confidence in the models’results,we preliminary evaluated their performance in simulating C and H_(2)O flux in three additional beech forests of the FLUXNET network along a latitudinal gradient spanning from Denmark to central Italy.The 3D-CMCC-FEM model achieved R^(2)values of 0.83 and 0.86 with RMSEs of 2.53 and 2.05 for C and H_(2)O fluxes,respectively.MEDFATE showed R^(2)values of 0.76 and 0.69 with RMSEs of 2.54 and 3.01.At the Cansiglio site in northern Italy,both models simulated a general increase in C and H_(2)O fluxes under the RCP8.5 climate scenario compared to the current climate.Still,no benefit in managed plots compared to unmanaged ones,as the site does not have water availability limitations,and thus,competition for water is low.At the Mongiana site in southern Italy,both models predict a decrease in C and H_(2)O fluxes and sensitivity to the different climatic forcing compared to the current climate;and an increase in C and H_(2)O fluxes when considering specific management regimes compared to unmanaged scenarios.Conversely,under unmanaged scenarios plots are simulated to experience first signals of mortality prematurely due to water stress(MEDFATE)and carbon starvation(3D-CMCC-FEM)scenarios.In conclusion,while management interventions may be considered a viable solution for the conservation of beech forests under future climate conditions at moister sites like Cansiglio,in drier sites like Mongiana conservation may not lie in management interventions alone.
基金funded by the Tuscany region(project Nat-NET)Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No.3138 of 16 December 2021,rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEUProject code CN_00000033,Concession Decree No.1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP B63C22000650007,Project title“National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC”.
文摘European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)forests can have a high variability in plant species richness and abundance,from monospecific stands to highly species-rich communities.To understand what causes the low plant diversity observed in some beech forests,we analyzed the drivers of plant community completeness in 155 vegetation plots.Data were collected in mature,closed-canopy beech forests in Tuscany,central Italy.Site-specific species pools were estimated based on species co-occurrences.We used Generalized Least Squares linear modeling to assess the effects of anthropogenic and environmental drivers on the community completeness of whole communities and on the set of specialist species of beech forests.We also tested the response of the total cover of the herb layer to the selected predictors and related both the predictive and response variables to species composition in a Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination.The community completeness of whole communities and that of beech forest specialists were negatively affected by total beech cover and positively influenced by slope.Moreover,the community completeness of whole communities was negatively impacted by elevation and positively influenced by disturbance frequency.The cover of the herb layer decreased with increasing beech cover,elevation,and precipitation.High community completeness and high cover of the herb layer were associated with the presence of thermophilic species of mixed deciduous woods in low-elevation beech forests.Our results suggest that a low plant community completeness and a low cover of the herb layer are mainly due to the competition by beech itself when it forms pure forests in its ecological optimum.Such competition is better exerted at upper elevations and in sites with low slopes,where beech litter accumulation is a limiting factor for understory species.Such evidence suggests that species absence in mature beech forests is mainly due to natural drivers and should therefore not be considered an indicator of ecological degradation of the forest.
基金supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(42025604)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the Ocean University of China.
文摘Microhabitat heterogeneity results in significant variations in the thermal environment on a small spatial scale,leading to different intensities of cold stress during extreme low-temperature events.Investigating variations in body temperature and metabolomic responses of organisms inhabiting different microhabitats emerges as an important task for understanding how organisms respond to more frequent extreme low-temperature events in the face of climate change.In the present study,we measured substrate temperature,air temperature,wind speed,light intensity,and body temperature to evaluate the relative importance of drivers that affect body temperature in different microhabitats,and determined the metabolomic responses of intertidal snails Littorina brevicula and limpets Cellana toreuma from different microhabitats(snail:exposed vs.shaded rock;limpet,rock vs.tidal pool)during extreme low-temperature event in winter.Results showed that microhabitat type,substrate temperature,air temperature,wind speed,and light intensity contribute notably to the body temperatures.During extreme low-temperature events,mollusks collected from different microhabitats exhibited microhabitat-specific metabolomic responses that are associated with cellular stress response,energy metabolism,immune response,nucleotide metabolism,and osmoregulation.These metabolic pathways were highly induced in the more exposed areas(exposed rock for snails and rocky environment for limpets).Notably,in different microhabitats,the metabolites enriched from these pathways showed significant correlations with microclimate environmental variables(i.e.,substrate temperature,wind speed,and body tem-perature).Overall,these findings highlight the importance of microhabitat heterogeneity for intertidal species surviving extreme cold events and are essential for understanding cold adaptation of intertidal species in the context of climate change.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3102403)the Stra-tegic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB42030204)+5 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guang-dong Province,China(2023B1212060047)development fund of South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(SCSIO202208)supported by JST SICORP Grant Number JPMJSC20E5,Japanthe Portuguese National Funds from FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through projects UIDB/04326/2020,UIDP/04326/2020,LA/P/0101/2020,PTDC/BIA-CBI/6515/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/PTDC/BIA-CBI/6515/2020)the Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus 2022.00861.CEECINDsupported by the National Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Climate Change(NKFIH-471-3/2021,RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00014).
文摘Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data.Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species.We tested to what extent species’physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations.Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia,we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records.We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs:a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates,and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors.We further tested the models’sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences.Compared with naïve models,the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A.japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area.The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change(i.e.,larger range expansion and less contraction)than the physiologically informed models.Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs,namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area.Given these promising features,we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physi-ological information where available.
基金funded by the project“NOCLOT—NuOvi farmaCi anticoaguLanti dalla biOdiversiTàdei meloidi”financed by Regione Lazio(grant nos.A0375-2020-36555 and CUP F85F21003680009)co-funded by MIUR-Italy Grants of Departments of Excellence—L.232/2016—art.1 cc.314–337 awarded to the Department of Science of Roma Tre University(2018–2022 and 2023–2027)+3 种基金supported by the project PON—Ricerca e Innovazione(MURProject Code:999900_PON_RTD_A7-G-15023_SCIENZE)support of NBFC to the University of Roma Tre—Department of Science and Sapienza University—Department of Biology and Biotechnologies,“Charles Darwin”,funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,PNRR,Missione 4 Componente 2,“Dalla ricerca all’impresa”,Investimento 1.4(Project CN00000033)supported also by Rome Technopole,PNRR grant M-4C-2Inv.1.5 CUP F832B22000040006 to MAB.
文摘Blister beetles(Coleoptera:Meloidae)are currently subdivided into three subfamilies:Eleticinae(a basal group),Nemognathinae,and Meloinae.These are all characterized by the endogenous production of the defensive terpene cantharidin(CA),whereas the two most derived subfamilies show a hypermetamorphic larval development.Here,we provide novel draft genome assemblies of five species sampled across the three blister beetle subfamilies(Iselma pallidipennis,Stenodera caucasica,Zonitis immaculata,Lydus trimaculatus,and Mylabris variabilis)and performed a comparative analysis with other available Meloidae genomes and the closely-related canthariphilous species(Pyrochroa serraticornis)to disclose adaptations at a molecular level.Our results highlighted the expansion and selection of genes potentially responsible for CA production and metabolism,as well as its mobilization and vesicular compartmentalization.Furthermore,we observed adaptive selection patterns and gain of genes devoted to epigenetic regulation,development,and morphogenesis,possibly related to hypermetamorphosis.We hypothesize that most genetic adaptations occurred to support both CA biosynthesis and hypermetamorphosis,two crucial aspects of Meloidae biology that likely contributed to their evolutionary success.
