Mutual events between natural satellites include mutual occultation and mutual eclipse. Mutual eclipse is another kind of mutual occultation as viewed from the center of the Sun instead of the Earth. Two mutual eclips...Mutual events between natural satellites include mutual occultation and mutual eclipse. Mutual eclipse is another kind of mutual occultation as viewed from the center of the Sun instead of the Earth. Two mutual eclipses of J2 Europa by J1 Io （2009 Aug. 28 and Sept. 12） were observed at Yunnan Observatory during the PHEMU09 international campaign. We will calculate the astrometric data of these Galilean satellites by analyzing and fitting the light curves we obtained. The limb-darkening was considered during modeling the light intensity of eclipsed satellites in the penumbra zone, by taking the Lommel-Seeliger scattering law into account. Several dynamical quantifies, such as the relative coordinates of the eclipsing satellite from the eclipsed one △α cos δ and △δ, impact parameter and mid-time corresponding to the impact parameter and the deviations O - C of observed △α cos d and △δ relative to ephemerides, were obtained for each event respectively.展开更多
Ryde and Petrosian have pointed out that the rise phases of gamma-ray burst （GRB） pulses originate from the widths of the intrinsic pulses and their decay phases are determined by the curvature effect of the expandi...Ryde and Petrosian have pointed out that the rise phases of gamma-ray burst （GRB） pulses originate from the widths of the intrinsic pulses and their decay phases are determined by the curvature effect of the expanding fireball surface based on their simplified formula. In this paper we investigate in detail the issue based on the formula in Ref.[20], which is derived based on a model of highly symmetric expanding fireballs, where the Doppler effect is the key factor to be concerned about, and no terms are omitted in their derivation. Our analyses show that the decay phases of the observed pulses originate from the contributions from both the curvature effect of the expanding fireball and the two timescales of the local pulses, and the rise phases of the observed pulses only come from the two timescales of the local pulses. Associated with a local pulse with both rise and decay portions, the light curve of GRBs in the rise portion is expected to undergo a concave phase and then a convex one, whereas that in the decay portion is expected to evolve by an opposite process. And the ratio of the concave timescale to the convex one in the rise phase of the observed pulse linearly increases with the ratio of the rising timescale to the decay one of the local pulse （Trd）, whereas the ratio of the convex timescale to the concave timescale in its decay phase linearly decreases with Trd. The two correlations are independent of the local pulse forms and the rest-frame radiation forms. But the different forms of local pulses and the different values of Trd gives rise to the diversity of the light curve pulse shapes. We test a sample of 86 GRB pulses detected by the BATSE instrument on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and find that the characteristics do exist in the light curve of GRBs.展开更多
A 2D velocity field of the eruptive prominence （EP） of 1991 March 5 is obtained from its spectral data observed at the Yunnan Observatory and the velocity distributions along the entrance slit are derived for differ...A 2D velocity field of the eruptive prominence （EP） of 1991 March 5 is obtained from its spectral data observed at the Yunnan Observatory and the velocity distributions along the entrance slit are derived for different observing frames. Under the assumption that matter in the EP undergoes axial, radial and possible rotational motions, we construct a theoretical velocity distribution of the EP along the entrance slit, to derive, by fitting, the angular velocity of rotation ω and the other three parameters （axial velocity v0, radial velocity vr and the angle between the EP plane and the line of sight Ф）. We found： an averaged angular velocity ω of 3.0 × 10^-3 arc s^-1 and the variation of ω with the height above the solar limb. As the EP rises, the matter within it in fact moves along a spiral path around its axis. The spiral motion may be explained by the theory of plasma ‘double pole diffusion＇ （DPD） caused by a sharp density gradient between the eruptive prominence and the surrounding corona. A theoretical angular velocity ω′ is estimated based on the DPD and basically coincides with ω obtained from the optimal velocity fitting.展开更多
Two-station observation of meteors,especially a meteor trains,provides an effective approach to the measurement of the physical parameters.We have collected four special groups of photographs of meteoric trains taken ...Two-station observation of meteors,especially a meteor trains,provides an effective approach to the measurement of the physical parameters.We have collected four special groups of photographs of meteoric trains taken at two stations during Leonids 2001.One representative group has been measured and analyzed in detail.An analysis has been reported in our first paper.In this paper,an alternative explanation for the screw-like meteoric train is suggested based on some physical calculations.The results reveal that this train has a screw-like structure and,apparently,spoke beams.The mother meteor of this train may be negatively charged and moves forward along a left-hand screw trajectory under the effect of the geomagnetic field.The spoke beams might be the visual effect of the long time exposure of many particles released from the disintegrated meteoroid.展开更多
We determined the relative stellar ages and metallicities of about 80 elliptical galaxies in both low and high density environments using the latest binary stellar population （BSP） synthesis model and tested the pre...We determined the relative stellar ages and metallicities of about 80 elliptical galaxies in both low and high density environments using the latest binary stellar population （BSP） synthesis model and tested the predictions of a recent hierarchical formation model that adopted the new ACDM cosmology. The stellar ages and metallicities were estimated from two high-quality published spectra line indices, the Hβ and [MgFe] indices. The results show that the stellar populations of elliptical galaxies are older than 3.9 Gyr and more metal rich than 0.02. Most of our results are in agreement with the model predictions; （1） elliptical galaxies in denser environment are redder and have older populations than field galaxies; （2） elliptical galaxies with more massive stellar components are redder and have older and more metal rich populations than less massive ones; （3） the most massive galaxies have the oldest and most metal rich stars. However, some of our results differ from the model predictions on the metallicity distributions of low- and high-density elliptical galaxies and the dependence on the distance to the cluster center.展开更多
The Kunming 40-meter radio telescope is situated in the yard of the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory （Longitude： 102.8° East, Latitude： 25.0° North） and saw its first light in 2006 May. The Kunming statio...The Kunming 40-meter radio telescope is situated in the yard of the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory （Longitude： 102.8° East, Latitude： 25.0° North） and saw its first light in 2006 May. The Kunming station successfully joined the VLBI tracking of China＇s first lunar probe ＂Chang＇E-1＂ together with the other Chinese telescopes： the Beijing Miyun 50-meter radio telescope, Urumqi Nanshan 25-meter radio telescope, and Shanghai Sheshan 25-meter radio telescope, and received the downlinked scientific data together with the Miyun station from October of 2007 to March of 2009. We give an introduction to the new Chinese VLBI facility and investigate its potential applications. Due to its location, the Kunming station can significantly improve the u - v coverage of the European VLBI Network （EVN）, in particular, in long baseline observations. We also report the results of the first EVN fringe-test experiment of N09SX1 with the Kunming station. The first fringes in the European telescopes were successfully detected at 2.3 GHz with the ftp-transferred data on 2009 June 17. From scheduling the observations to performing the post correlations, the Kunming station shows its good compatibility to work with the EVN. The imaging result of the extended source 1156＋295 further demonstrates that the Kunming station greatly enhances the EVN performance.展开更多
More than about 50% of stars are in binaries, but most stellar population studies take single star stellar population （ssSSP） models, which do not take binary interactions into account. In fact, the integrated pecul...More than about 50% of stars are in binaries, but most stellar population studies take single star stellar population （ssSSP） models, which do not take binary interactions into account. In fact, the integrated peculiarities of ssSSPs are different from those of stellar populations with binary interactions （bsSSPs）. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of binary interactions on the Lick indices and colors of populations in detail. We show some formulae for calculating the difference between the Lick indices and colors of bsSSPs, and those of ssSSPs. Twenty-five Lick indices and 12 colors are studied in this work. The results can be conveniently used for calculating the effects of binary interactions on stellar population studies and for adding the effects of binary interactions into present ssSSP models. The electronic data and fortran procedures in the paper can be obtained on request from the authors.展开更多
The single degenerate model is the most widely accepted progenitor model of type Ia supernovae （SNe Ia）, in which a carbon-oxygen white dwarf （CO WD） accretes hydrogen-rich material from a main sequence or a sligh...The single degenerate model is the most widely accepted progenitor model of type Ia supernovae （SNe Ia）, in which a carbon-oxygen white dwarf （CO WD） accretes hydrogen-rich material from a main sequence or a slightly evolved star （WD＋MS） to increase its mass, and explodes when its mass approaches the Chandrasekhar mass limit. During the mass transfer phase between the two components, an optically thick wind may occur and the material lost as wind may exist as circumstellar material （CSM）. Searching for the CSM around a progenitor star is helpful for discriminating different progenitor models of SNe Ia. In addition, the CSM is a source of color excess. The purpose of this paper is to study the color excess produced from the single-degenerate progenitor model with an optically thick wind, and reproduce the distribution of color excesses of SNe Ia. Meng et al. systemically carded out binary evolution calculations of the WD ＋MS systems for various metallicities and showed the parameters of the systems before Roche lobe overflow and at the moment of supernova explosion in Meng ＆ Yang. With the results of Meng et al., we calculate the color excesses of SNe Ia at maximum light via a simple analytic method. We reproduce the distribution of color excesses of SNe Ia by our binary population synthesis approach if the velocity of the optically thick wind is taken to be an order of magnitude of 10km s^-1. However, if the wind velocity is larger than 100km s^-1, the reproduction is bad.展开更多
We present simultaneous observations of three recurring jets in EUV and soft X-ray （SXR）, which occurred in an active region on 2007 June 5. By comparing their morphological and kinematic characteristics in these tw...We present simultaneous observations of three recurring jets in EUV and soft X-ray （SXR）, which occurred in an active region on 2007 June 5. By comparing their morphological and kinematic characteristics in these two different wavelengths, we found that EUV and SXR jets had similar locations, directions, sizes and velocities. We also analyzed their spectral properties by using six spectral lines from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer （EIS） onboard Hinode and found that these jets had temperatures from 0.05 to 2.0MK and maximum electron densities from 6.6× 10^9 to 3.4× 10^10cm^-3. For each jet, an elongated blue-shifted component and a red- shifted component at the jet base were simultaneously observed in the Fe XII A195 and the He II A256 lines. The three jets had maximum Doppler velocities from 25 to 121 km s-1 in the FexII A195 line and from 115 to 232 km s -1 in the HeII A256 line. They had maximum non-thermal velocities from 98 to 181 km s-1 in the Fe xII A195 line and from 196 to 399 km s-1 in the He II A256 line. We also examined the relationship between averaged Doppler velocities and maximum ionization temperatures of these three jets and found that averaged Doppler velocities decreased with the increase of maximum ionization temperatures. In the photosphere, magnetic flux emergences and cancelations continuously took place at the jet base. These observa- tional results were consistent with the magnetic reconnection jet model, implying that magnetic reconnection between emerging magnetic flux and ambient magnetic field occurred in the lower atmosphere.展开更多
Using multi-wavelength data of Hinode, the rapid rotation of a sunspot in active region NOAA 10930 is studied in detail. We found extraordinary counterclockwise rotation of the sunspot with positive polarity before an...Using multi-wavelength data of Hinode, the rapid rotation of a sunspot in active region NOAA 10930 is studied in detail. We found extraordinary counterclockwise rotation of the sunspot with positive polarity before an X3.4 flare. From a series of vector magnetograms, it is found that magnetic force lines are highly sheared along the neutral line accompanying the sunspot rotation. Furthermore, it is also found that sheared loops and an inverse S-shaped magnetic loop in the corona formed gradually after the sunspot rotation. The X3.4 flare can be reasonably regarded as a result of this movement. A detailed analysis provides evidence that sunspot rotation leads to magnetic field lines twisting in the photosphere. The twist is then transported into the corona and triggers flares.展开更多
The phenomenon of gamma-ray burst （GRB） spectral lags is very common, but a definitive explanation has not yet been given. From a sample of 82 GRB pulses we find that the spectral lags are correlated with the pulse ...The phenomenon of gamma-ray burst （GRB） spectral lags is very common, but a definitive explanation has not yet been given. From a sample of 82 GRB pulses we find that the spectral lags are correlated with the pulse widths, however, there is no correlation between the relative spectral lags and the relative pulse widths. We suspect that the correlations between spectral lags and pulse widths might be caused by the Lorentz factor of the GRBs concerned. Our analysis on the relative quantities suggests that the intrinsic spectral lag might reflect other aspect of pulses than the aspect associated with the dynamical time of shocks or that associated with the time delay due to the curvature effect.展开更多
By use of the high-resolution spectral data obtained with THEMIS on 2002 September 5, the spectra and characteristics of five well-observed microflares have been analyzed. Our results indicate that some of them are lo...By use of the high-resolution spectral data obtained with THEMIS on 2002 September 5, the spectra and characteristics of five well-observed microflares have been analyzed. Our results indicate that some of them are located near the longitudinal magnetic polarity inversion lines. All the microflares are accompanied by mass motions. The most obvious characteristic of the Hα microflare spectra is the emission at the center of both Hα and CaⅡ 8542A lines. For the first time both thermal and non-thermal semi-empirical atmospheric models for the conspicuous and faint microflares are computed. In computing the non-thermal models, we assume that the electron beam resulting from magnetic reconnection is produced in the chromosphere, because it requires lower energies for the injected particles. It is found there is obvious heating in the low chromosphere. The temperature enhancement is about 1000-2200 K in the thermal models. If the non-thermal effects are included, then the required temperature increase can be reduced by 100-150 K. These imply that the Hα microflares can probably be produced by magnetic reconnection in the solar lower atmosphere. The radiative and kinetic energies of the Hα microflares are estimated and the total energy is found to be 10^27 - 4× 10^28 erg.展开更多
We examine the nonlinear dynamical properties of the monthly smoothed group sunspot number Rg and find that the solar activity underlying the time series of Rg is globally governed by a low-dimensional chaotic attract...We examine the nonlinear dynamical properties of the monthly smoothed group sunspot number Rg and find that the solar activity underlying the time series of Rg is globally governed by a low-dimensional chaotic attractor. This finding is consistent with the nonlinear study results of the monthly Wolf sunspot numbers. We estimate the maximal Lyaponuv exponent （MLE） for the Rg series to be positive and to equal approximately 0.0187 ± 0.0023 （month^- 1）. Thus, the Lyaponuv time or predictability time of the chaotic motion is obtained to be about 4.46 ± 0.5 years, which is slightly different with the predictability time obtained from Rz. However, they both indicate that solar activity forecast should be done only for a short to medium term due to the intrinsic complexity of the time behavior concerned.展开更多
Three important physical processes occurring in contact binary systems are studied. The first one is the effect of spin, orbital rotation and tide on the structure of the components, which includes also the effect of ...Three important physical processes occurring in contact binary systems are studied. The first one is the effect of spin, orbital rotation and tide on the structure of the components, which includes also the effect of meridian circulation on the mixing of the chemical elements in the components. The second one is the mass and energy exchange between the components. To describe the energy exchange, a new approach is introduced based on the understanding that the exchange is due to the release of the potential, kinetic and thermal energy of the exchanged mass. The third is the loss of mass and angular momentum through the outer Lagrangian point. The rate of mass loss and the angular momentum carded away by the lost mass are discussed. To show the effects of these processes, we follow the evolution of a binary system consisting of a 12M⊙ and a 5M⊙ star with mass exchange between the components and mass loss via the outer Lagrangian point, both with and without considering the effects of rotation and tide. The result shows that the effect of rotation and tide advances the start of the semi-detached and the contact phases, and delays the end of the hydrogen-burning phase of the primary. Furthermore, it can change not only the occurrence of mass and angular momentum loss via the outer Lagrangian point, but also the contact or semi-contact status of the system. Thus, this effect can result in the special phenomenon of short-term variations occurring over a slow increase of the orbital period. The occurrence of mass and angular momentum loss via the outer Lagrangian point can affect the orbital period of the system significantly, but this process can be influenced, even suppressed out by the effect of rotation and tide. The mass and energy exchange occurs in the common envelope. The net result of the mass exchange process is a mass transfer from the primary to the secondary during the whole contact phase.展开更多
AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions ar...AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions are dominated by the nonthermal emissions from the jet. We model its SED through a synchrotron ＋ inverse Compton （IC） model. The results show that the IC component of Ⅲ Zw 2 peaks at a few MeV, and the flux density drops rapidly at higher energy with photon index F 3.3 above 0.1 GeV. The predicted flux is slightly over the sensitivity of Fermi/LAT, but it was not included in the first Fermi/LAT AGN catalog. The reason for this may be： 1） that the IC peak is low and the spectrum is very steep above 0.1 GeV, 2） that Ⅲ Zw 2 is in the low state during the period of the Fermi/LAT operation. We also find that Ⅲ Zw 2 follows similar jet processes as those in γ-ray AGNs, e.g., the relation between jet power and radiation power, which is called the blazar sequence. We suggest that Ⅲ Zw 2 may be a young source at an earlier stage of jet activity.展开更多
A section of an S-shaped filament underwent an eruption in a sigmoidal active region （AR 8027） with S-shaped coronal structure, which was clearly driven by a bipole emerging below the NW end of the filament. The bip...A section of an S-shaped filament underwent an eruption in a sigmoidal active region （AR 8027） with S-shaped coronal structure, which was clearly driven by a bipole emerging below the NW end of the filament. The bipole with two separating poles showed typical characteristics of emerging flux region （EFR） and its axis rotated counterclockwise. Two canceiling magnetic features （CMFs） were formed between the two poles and adjacent flux with opposite polarity and substantial flux cancellation occurred in them. Along with the bipole emergence the filament was strongly disturbed. Just before the filament eruption, two X-ray loops overlying the filament brightened, an axial X-ray structure and then a cusp structure appeared. During the eruption first the whole filament rose and then its SE end broke away from the chromosphere, while its NW end remained stationary. Helical structure and motion were observed in the filament body and downward mass motion in the two ends. After the eruption, a major part of the filament remained and slowly returned to quiescence, and an X-ray arcade and an axial structure formed. These observations suggest that the eruption resuited from the interaction between the bipole and the overlying loops. We provide evidence that steady photospheric reconnection between their footprints took place in the two CMFs during the bipole emergence.展开更多
Using 64 ms count data of long gamma-ray bursts （T90 〉 2.6 s）, we analyze the quantity named relative spectral lag （RSL）, T31/FWHM（1）. We investigated in detail all the correlations between the RSL and other pa...Using 64 ms count data of long gamma-ray bursts （T90 〉 2.6 s）, we analyze the quantity named relative spectral lag （RSL）, T31/FWHM（1）. We investigated in detail all the correlations between the RSL and other parameters for a sample of nine long bursts, using the general cross-correlation technique that includes the lag between two different energy bands. We conclude that the distribution of RSLs is normal and has a mean value of 0.1; that the RSLs are weakly correlated with the FWHM, the asymmetry, peak flux （Fp）, peak energy （Ep） and spectral indexes （α and β）, while they are uncorrelated with τ31, the hardness- ratio （HR31） and the peak time （tm）. Our important discovery is that redshift （z） and peak luminosity （Lp） are strongly correlated with the RSL, which can be measured easily and directly, making the RSL a good redshift and peak luminosity indicator.展开更多
We have collected a sample of 70 BL Lacs （33 radio-selected BL Lacs and 37 X-ray selected BL Lacs） with multi-waveband data for investigating the classifying criteria of BL Lacertae Objects. For each source, we esti...We have collected a sample of 70 BL Lacs （33 radio-selected BL Lacs and 37 X-ray selected BL Lacs） with multi-waveband data for investigating the classifying criteria of BL Lacertae Objects. For each source, we estimate its luminosities in radio, optical and X-ray, the broad-band spectral index from radio to X-ray and the peak frequency of the synchrotron emission, and make a statistical analysis of the data obtained. Our main results are as follows： （1） The broad-band spectral index and the peak frequency have no correlation with the redshift, while they are inversely correlated with each other and they could be regarded as equivalent classifying criteria of BL Lac objects. （2） There are significant effects of the luminosity/redshift relation on the observed luminosity distribution in our sample, hence, if the radio luminosity is to be used as a classifying criterion of BL Lac objects, it should not be regarded as equivalent to the broad-band spectral index or the peak frequency. （3） Our resuits supply a specific piece of evidence for the suggestion that the use of luminosities always introduces a redshift bias to the data and show that the location of the peak frequency is not always linked to the luminosity of any wave band.展开更多
The light curve is one of the most important photometric characteristics of variable stars,which can supply physical information about many stars.So,light curves are the best candidate to inspect a theoretical model o...The light curve is one of the most important photometric characteristics of variable stars,which can supply physical information about many stars.So,light curves are the best candidate to inspect a theoretical model of binaries.One important feature of the light curve is the difference of two light minima of the light curve,namely the difference between the primary eclipse depth and the secondary eclipse depth(DED).In this paper,the secondary eclipse depths of theoretical and observational light curves are studied.Firstly,a method to calculate the theoretical light curves of an eclipsing binary with non-spherical components is proposed,which can be put into the HSB contact binary model [Huang R Q,et al.Chin J Astron Astrophys,2007,7:235-244;Song H F,et al.Chin J Astron Astrophys,2007,7:539-550].Theoretical light curves and the DED of the binary can be obtained at every evolutionary phase.The relationships of DED with mass and luminosity are presented and show special features for the contact binaries.Secondly,a large amount of observational data is collected,from which 11 massive,intermediate-mass contact binaries and 9 low-mass contact binaries are chosen and the two relationships are obtained using theoretical light curves.Finally,in order to check whether the HSB contact binary model can be used in contact binary systems with massive,intermediate-mass and low-mass components,a comparison is performed for the above mentioned relationships obtained from theoretical light curves with those from the astronomical observations.The results show a good agreement for contact binary systems with all different masses.展开更多
Some historical records,which have held since the beginning of modern solar activity cycles,are being broken by the present Sun:cycle 23 records the longest cycle length and fall time;latitudes of high-latitude sunspo...Some historical records,which have held since the beginning of modern solar activity cycles,are being broken by the present Sun:cycle 23 records the longest cycle length and fall time;latitudes of high-latitude sunspots belonging to a new cycle around the minimum time of the cycle are statistically the lowest at present,compared with those of other cycles;there are only one or no sunspots in a month appearing at high latitudes for 58 months,which is the first time that such a long duration has been observed.The solar dynamo is believed to be slowing down due to:(1)the minimum smoothed monthly mean sunspot number is the smallest since cycle 16 onwards,and even probably among all modern solar cycles;and(2)once the time interval between the first observations of two neighboring sunspot groups is larger than 14 d,it should be approximately regarded as an observation of no sunspots on the visible solar disk,called a spotless event.Spotless events occur with the highest frequency around the minimum time of cycle 24,and the longest spotless event also appears around the minimum time for observations of the Sun since cycle 16.Cycle 24 is expected to have the lowest level of sunspot activity from cycle 16 onwards and even probably for all of the modern solar cycles.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program Grant No. 2011CB811400)the Joint Doctoral Promotion Programme of the Chinese Academy of Science
文摘Mutual events between natural satellites include mutual occultation and mutual eclipse. Mutual eclipse is another kind of mutual occultation as viewed from the center of the Sun instead of the Earth. Two mutual eclipses of J2 Europa by J1 Io （2009 Aug. 28 and Sept. 12） were observed at Yunnan Observatory during the PHEMU09 international campaign. We will calculate the astrometric data of these Galilean satellites by analyzing and fitting the light curves we obtained. The limb-darkening was considered during modeling the light intensity of eclipsed satellites in the penumbra zone, by taking the Lommel-Seeliger scattering law into account. Several dynamical quantifies, such as the relative coordinates of the eclipsing satellite from the eclipsed one △α cos δ and △δ, impact parameter and mid-time corresponding to the impact parameter and the deviations O - C of observed △α cos d and △δ relative to ephemerides, were obtained for each event respectively.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 10463001） and the Research Foundation of Guangxi University （Grant No DD052018）Acknowledgment We thank Dr Enwei Liang for his helpful suggestions.
文摘Ryde and Petrosian have pointed out that the rise phases of gamma-ray burst （GRB） pulses originate from the widths of the intrinsic pulses and their decay phases are determined by the curvature effect of the expanding fireball surface based on their simplified formula. In this paper we investigate in detail the issue based on the formula in Ref.[20], which is derived based on a model of highly symmetric expanding fireballs, where the Doppler effect is the key factor to be concerned about, and no terms are omitted in their derivation. Our analyses show that the decay phases of the observed pulses originate from the contributions from both the curvature effect of the expanding fireball and the two timescales of the local pulses, and the rise phases of the observed pulses only come from the two timescales of the local pulses. Associated with a local pulse with both rise and decay portions, the light curve of GRBs in the rise portion is expected to undergo a concave phase and then a convex one, whereas that in the decay portion is expected to evolve by an opposite process. And the ratio of the concave timescale to the convex one in the rise phase of the observed pulse linearly increases with the ratio of the rising timescale to the decay one of the local pulse （Trd）, whereas the ratio of the convex timescale to the concave timescale in its decay phase linearly decreases with Trd. The two correlations are independent of the local pulse forms and the rest-frame radiation forms. But the different forms of local pulses and the different values of Trd gives rise to the diversity of the light curve pulse shapes. We test a sample of 86 GRB pulses detected by the BATSE instrument on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and find that the characteristics do exist in the light curve of GRBs.
文摘A 2D velocity field of the eruptive prominence （EP） of 1991 March 5 is obtained from its spectral data observed at the Yunnan Observatory and the velocity distributions along the entrance slit are derived for different observing frames. Under the assumption that matter in the EP undergoes axial, radial and possible rotational motions, we construct a theoretical velocity distribution of the EP along the entrance slit, to derive, by fitting, the angular velocity of rotation ω and the other three parameters （axial velocity v0, radial velocity vr and the angle between the EP plane and the line of sight Ф）. We found： an averaged angular velocity ω of 3.0 × 10^-3 arc s^-1 and the variation of ω with the height above the solar limb. As the EP rises, the matter within it in fact moves along a spiral path around its axis. The spiral motion may be explained by the theory of plasma ‘double pole diffusion＇ （DPD） caused by a sharp density gradient between the eruptive prominence and the surrounding corona. A theoretical angular velocity ω′ is estimated based on the DPD and basically coincides with ω obtained from the optimal velocity fitting.
文摘Two-station observation of meteors,especially a meteor trains,provides an effective approach to the measurement of the physical parameters.We have collected four special groups of photographs of meteoric trains taken at two stations during Leonids 2001.One representative group has been measured and analyzed in detail.An analysis has been reported in our first paper.In this paper,an alternative explanation for the screw-like meteoric train is suggested based on some physical calculations.The results reveal that this train has a screw-like structure and,apparently,spoke beams.The mother meteor of this train may be negatively charged and moves forward along a left-hand screw trajectory under the effect of the geomagnetic field.The spoke beams might be the visual effect of the long time exposure of many particles released from the disintegrated meteoroid.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘We determined the relative stellar ages and metallicities of about 80 elliptical galaxies in both low and high density environments using the latest binary stellar population （BSP） synthesis model and tested the predictions of a recent hierarchical formation model that adopted the new ACDM cosmology. The stellar ages and metallicities were estimated from two high-quality published spectra line indices, the Hβ and [MgFe] indices. The results show that the stellar populations of elliptical galaxies are older than 3.9 Gyr and more metal rich than 0.02. Most of our results are in agreement with the model predictions; （1） elliptical galaxies in denser environment are redder and have older populations than field galaxies; （2） elliptical galaxies with more massive stellar components are redder and have older and more metal rich populations than less massive ones; （3） the most massive galaxies have the oldest and most metal rich stars. However, some of our results differ from the model predictions on the metallicity distributions of low- and high-density elliptical galaxies and the dependence on the distance to the cluster center.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10978006)the 973 Program(No.2006CB806302)
文摘The Kunming 40-meter radio telescope is situated in the yard of the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory （Longitude： 102.8° East, Latitude： 25.0° North） and saw its first light in 2006 May. The Kunming station successfully joined the VLBI tracking of China＇s first lunar probe ＂Chang＇E-1＂ together with the other Chinese telescopes： the Beijing Miyun 50-meter radio telescope, Urumqi Nanshan 25-meter radio telescope, and Shanghai Sheshan 25-meter radio telescope, and received the downlinked scientific data together with the Miyun station from October of 2007 to March of 2009. We give an introduction to the new Chinese VLBI facility and investigate its potential applications. Due to its location, the Kunming station can significantly improve the u - v coverage of the European VLBI Network （EVN）, in particular, in long baseline observations. We also report the results of the first EVN fringe-test experiment of N09SX1 with the Kunming station. The first fringes in the European telescopes were successfully detected at 2.3 GHz with the ftp-transferred data on 2009 June 17. From scheduling the observations to performing the post correlations, the Kunming station shows its good compatibility to work with the EVN. The imaging result of the extended source 1156＋295 further demonstrates that the Kunming station greatly enhances the EVN performance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaThis work is supported by the Chinese National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 10433030,10521001and 2007CB815406)+1 种基金the YouthFoundation of Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (07ACX51001)the Scientific Research Foundation of Dali University.
文摘More than about 50% of stars are in binaries, but most stellar population studies take single star stellar population （ssSSP） models, which do not take binary interactions into account. In fact, the integrated peculiarities of ssSSPs are different from those of stellar populations with binary interactions （bsSSPs）. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of binary interactions on the Lick indices and colors of populations in detail. We show some formulae for calculating the difference between the Lick indices and colors of bsSSPs, and those of ssSSPs. Twenty-five Lick indices and 12 colors are studied in this work. The results can be conveniently used for calculating the effects of binary interactions on stellar population studies and for adding the effects of binary interactions into present ssSSP models. The electronic data and fortran procedures in the paper can be obtained on request from the authors.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant Nos.11080922 and 12345678)
文摘The single degenerate model is the most widely accepted progenitor model of type Ia supernovae （SNe Ia）, in which a carbon-oxygen white dwarf （CO WD） accretes hydrogen-rich material from a main sequence or a slightly evolved star （WD＋MS） to increase its mass, and explodes when its mass approaches the Chandrasekhar mass limit. During the mass transfer phase between the two components, an optically thick wind may occur and the material lost as wind may exist as circumstellar material （CSM）. Searching for the CSM around a progenitor star is helpful for discriminating different progenitor models of SNe Ia. In addition, the CSM is a source of color excess. The purpose of this paper is to study the color excess produced from the single-degenerate progenitor model with an optically thick wind, and reproduce the distribution of color excesses of SNe Ia. Meng et al. systemically carded out binary evolution calculations of the WD ＋MS systems for various metallicities and showed the parameters of the systems before Roche lobe overflow and at the moment of supernova explosion in Meng ＆ Yang. With the results of Meng et al., we calculate the color excesses of SNe Ia at maximum light via a simple analytic method. We reproduce the distribution of color excesses of SNe Ia by our binary population synthesis approach if the velocity of the optically thick wind is taken to be an order of magnitude of 10km s^-1. However, if the wind velocity is larger than 100km s^-1, the reproduction is bad.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 10973038 and 40636031)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program+1 种基金 Grant No. 2011CB811403)the Scientific Application Foundation of Yunnan Province (Grant Nos. 2007A112M and 2007A115M)
文摘We present simultaneous observations of three recurring jets in EUV and soft X-ray （SXR）, which occurred in an active region on 2007 June 5. By comparing their morphological and kinematic characteristics in these two different wavelengths, we found that EUV and SXR jets had similar locations, directions, sizes and velocities. We also analyzed their spectral properties by using six spectral lines from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer （EIS） onboard Hinode and found that these jets had temperatures from 0.05 to 2.0MK and maximum electron densities from 6.6× 10^9 to 3.4× 10^10cm^-3. For each jet, an elongated blue-shifted component and a red- shifted component at the jet base were simultaneously observed in the Fe XII A195 and the He II A256 lines. The three jets had maximum Doppler velocities from 25 to 121 km s-1 in the FexII A195 line and from 115 to 232 km s -1 in the HeII A256 line. They had maximum non-thermal velocities from 98 to 181 km s-1 in the Fe xII A195 line and from 196 to 399 km s-1 in the He II A256 line. We also examined the relationship between averaged Doppler velocities and maximum ionization temperatures of these three jets and found that averaged Doppler velocities decreased with the increase of maximum ionization temperatures. In the photosphere, magnetic flux emergences and cancelations continuously took place at the jet base. These observa- tional results were consistent with the magnetic reconnection jet model, implying that magnetic reconnection between emerging magnetic flux and ambient magnetic field occurred in the lower atmosphere.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) undergrant numbers 10673031 and 40636031the National Basic Research Program of China 973 undergrant number G2006CB806301.
文摘Using multi-wavelength data of Hinode, the rapid rotation of a sunspot in active region NOAA 10930 is studied in detail. We found extraordinary counterclockwise rotation of the sunspot with positive polarity before an X3.4 flare. From a series of vector magnetograms, it is found that magnetic force lines are highly sheared along the neutral line accompanying the sunspot rotation. Furthermore, it is also found that sheared loops and an inverse S-shaped magnetic loop in the corona formed gradually after the sunspot rotation. The X3.4 flare can be reasonably regarded as a result of this movement. A detailed analysis provides evidence that sunspot rotation leads to magnetic field lines twisting in the photosphere. The twist is then transported into the corona and triggers flares.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The phenomenon of gamma-ray burst （GRB） spectral lags is very common, but a definitive explanation has not yet been given. From a sample of 82 GRB pulses we find that the spectral lags are correlated with the pulse widths, however, there is no correlation between the relative spectral lags and the relative pulse widths. We suspect that the correlations between spectral lags and pulse widths might be caused by the Lorentz factor of the GRBs concerned. Our analysis on the relative quantities suggests that the intrinsic spectral lag might reflect other aspect of pulses than the aspect associated with the dynamical time of shocks or that associated with the time delay due to the curvature effect.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘By use of the high-resolution spectral data obtained with THEMIS on 2002 September 5, the spectra and characteristics of five well-observed microflares have been analyzed. Our results indicate that some of them are located near the longitudinal magnetic polarity inversion lines. All the microflares are accompanied by mass motions. The most obvious characteristic of the Hα microflare spectra is the emission at the center of both Hα and CaⅡ 8542A lines. For the first time both thermal and non-thermal semi-empirical atmospheric models for the conspicuous and faint microflares are computed. In computing the non-thermal models, we assume that the electron beam resulting from magnetic reconnection is produced in the chromosphere, because it requires lower energies for the injected particles. It is found there is obvious heating in the low chromosphere. The temperature enhancement is about 1000-2200 K in the thermal models. If the non-thermal effects are included, then the required temperature increase can be reduced by 100-150 K. These imply that the Hα microflares can probably be produced by magnetic reconnection in the solar lower atmosphere. The radiative and kinetic energies of the Hα microflares are estimated and the total energy is found to be 10^27 - 4× 10^28 erg.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘We examine the nonlinear dynamical properties of the monthly smoothed group sunspot number Rg and find that the solar activity underlying the time series of Rg is globally governed by a low-dimensional chaotic attractor. This finding is consistent with the nonlinear study results of the monthly Wolf sunspot numbers. We estimate the maximal Lyaponuv exponent （MLE） for the Rg series to be positive and to equal approximately 0.0187 ± 0.0023 （month^- 1）. Thus, the Lyaponuv time or predictability time of the chaotic motion is obtained to be about 4.46 ± 0.5 years, which is slightly different with the predictability time obtained from Rz. However, they both indicate that solar activity forecast should be done only for a short to medium term due to the intrinsic complexity of the time behavior concerned.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Three important physical processes occurring in contact binary systems are studied. The first one is the effect of spin, orbital rotation and tide on the structure of the components, which includes also the effect of meridian circulation on the mixing of the chemical elements in the components. The second one is the mass and energy exchange between the components. To describe the energy exchange, a new approach is introduced based on the understanding that the exchange is due to the release of the potential, kinetic and thermal energy of the exchanged mass. The third is the loss of mass and angular momentum through the outer Lagrangian point. The rate of mass loss and the angular momentum carded away by the lost mass are discussed. To show the effects of these processes, we follow the evolution of a binary system consisting of a 12M⊙ and a 5M⊙ star with mass exchange between the components and mass loss via the outer Lagrangian point, both with and without considering the effects of rotation and tide. The result shows that the effect of rotation and tide advances the start of the semi-detached and the contact phases, and delays the end of the hydrogen-burning phase of the primary. Furthermore, it can change not only the occurrence of mass and angular momentum loss via the outer Lagrangian point, but also the contact or semi-contact status of the system. Thus, this effect can result in the special phenomenon of short-term variations occurring over a slow increase of the orbital period. The occurrence of mass and angular momentum loss via the outer Lagrangian point can affect the orbital period of the system significantly, but this process can be influenced, even suppressed out by the effect of rotation and tide. The mass and energy exchange occurs in the common envelope. The net result of the mass exchange process is a mass transfer from the primary to the secondary during the whole contact phase.
基金the West Ph.D. project of the Training Programme for the Talents of the West Light Foundation of the CASthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC+2 种基金Grant Nos.10903025 and 10778702) for financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10973034)the 973 Program (Grant No.2009CB824800)
文摘AGNs with hard γ-ray emission identified so far are radio-loud. Ⅲ Zw 2 is a radio intermediate AGN with a relativistic jet. We study its spectral energy distribution （SED） and find that the broad band emissions are dominated by the nonthermal emissions from the jet. We model its SED through a synchrotron ＋ inverse Compton （IC） model. The results show that the IC component of Ⅲ Zw 2 peaks at a few MeV, and the flux density drops rapidly at higher energy with photon index F 3.3 above 0.1 GeV. The predicted flux is slightly over the sensitivity of Fermi/LAT, but it was not included in the first Fermi/LAT AGN catalog. The reason for this may be： 1） that the IC peak is low and the spectrum is very steep above 0.1 GeV, 2） that Ⅲ Zw 2 is in the low state during the period of the Fermi/LAT operation. We also find that Ⅲ Zw 2 follows similar jet processes as those in γ-ray AGNs, e.g., the relation between jet power and radiation power, which is called the blazar sequence. We suggest that Ⅲ Zw 2 may be a young source at an earlier stage of jet activity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A section of an S-shaped filament underwent an eruption in a sigmoidal active region （AR 8027） with S-shaped coronal structure, which was clearly driven by a bipole emerging below the NW end of the filament. The bipole with two separating poles showed typical characteristics of emerging flux region （EFR） and its axis rotated counterclockwise. Two canceiling magnetic features （CMFs） were formed between the two poles and adjacent flux with opposite polarity and substantial flux cancellation occurred in them. Along with the bipole emergence the filament was strongly disturbed. Just before the filament eruption, two X-ray loops overlying the filament brightened, an axial X-ray structure and then a cusp structure appeared. During the eruption first the whole filament rose and then its SE end broke away from the chromosphere, while its NW end remained stationary. Helical structure and motion were observed in the filament body and downward mass motion in the two ends. After the eruption, a major part of the filament remained and slowly returned to quiescence, and an X-ray arcade and an axial structure formed. These observations suggest that the eruption resuited from the interaction between the bipole and the overlying loops. We provide evidence that steady photospheric reconnection between their footprints took place in the two CMFs during the bipole emergence.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Using 64 ms count data of long gamma-ray bursts （T90 〉 2.6 s）, we analyze the quantity named relative spectral lag （RSL）, T31/FWHM（1）. We investigated in detail all the correlations between the RSL and other parameters for a sample of nine long bursts, using the general cross-correlation technique that includes the lag between two different energy bands. We conclude that the distribution of RSLs is normal and has a mean value of 0.1; that the RSLs are weakly correlated with the FWHM, the asymmetry, peak flux （Fp）, peak energy （Ep） and spectral indexes （α and β）, while they are uncorrelated with τ31, the hardness- ratio （HR31） and the peak time （tm）. Our important discovery is that redshift （z） and peak luminosity （Lp） are strongly correlated with the RSL, which can be measured easily and directly, making the RSL a good redshift and peak luminosity indicator.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘We have collected a sample of 70 BL Lacs （33 radio-selected BL Lacs and 37 X-ray selected BL Lacs） with multi-waveband data for investigating the classifying criteria of BL Lacertae Objects. For each source, we estimate its luminosities in radio, optical and X-ray, the broad-band spectral index from radio to X-ray and the peak frequency of the synchrotron emission, and make a statistical analysis of the data obtained. Our main results are as follows： （1） The broad-band spectral index and the peak frequency have no correlation with the redshift, while they are inversely correlated with each other and they could be regarded as equivalent classifying criteria of BL Lac objects. （2） There are significant effects of the luminosity/redshift relation on the observed luminosity distribution in our sample, hence, if the radio luminosity is to be used as a classifying criterion of BL Lac objects, it should not be regarded as equivalent to the broad-band spectral index or the peak frequency. （3） Our resuits supply a specific piece of evidence for the suggestion that the use of luminosities always introduces a redshift bias to the data and show that the location of the peak frequency is not always linked to the luminosity of any wave band.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10933002)
文摘The light curve is one of the most important photometric characteristics of variable stars,which can supply physical information about many stars.So,light curves are the best candidate to inspect a theoretical model of binaries.One important feature of the light curve is the difference of two light minima of the light curve,namely the difference between the primary eclipse depth and the secondary eclipse depth(DED).In this paper,the secondary eclipse depths of theoretical and observational light curves are studied.Firstly,a method to calculate the theoretical light curves of an eclipsing binary with non-spherical components is proposed,which can be put into the HSB contact binary model [Huang R Q,et al.Chin J Astron Astrophys,2007,7:235-244;Song H F,et al.Chin J Astron Astrophys,2007,7:539-550].Theoretical light curves and the DED of the binary can be obtained at every evolutionary phase.The relationships of DED with mass and luminosity are presented and show special features for the contact binaries.Secondly,a large amount of observational data is collected,from which 11 massive,intermediate-mass contact binaries and 9 low-mass contact binaries are chosen and the two relationships are obtained using theoretical light curves.Finally,in order to check whether the HSB contact binary model can be used in contact binary systems with massive,intermediate-mass and low-mass components,a comparison is performed for the above mentioned relationships obtained from theoretical light curves with those from the astronomical observations.The results show a good agreement for contact binary systems with all different masses.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10583032 and 40636031)the National Key Research Science Foundation(2006CB806303)
文摘Some historical records,which have held since the beginning of modern solar activity cycles,are being broken by the present Sun:cycle 23 records the longest cycle length and fall time;latitudes of high-latitude sunspots belonging to a new cycle around the minimum time of the cycle are statistically the lowest at present,compared with those of other cycles;there are only one or no sunspots in a month appearing at high latitudes for 58 months,which is the first time that such a long duration has been observed.The solar dynamo is believed to be slowing down due to:(1)the minimum smoothed monthly mean sunspot number is the smallest since cycle 16 onwards,and even probably among all modern solar cycles;and(2)once the time interval between the first observations of two neighboring sunspot groups is larger than 14 d,it should be approximately regarded as an observation of no sunspots on the visible solar disk,called a spotless event.Spotless events occur with the highest frequency around the minimum time of cycle 24,and the longest spotless event also appears around the minimum time for observations of the Sun since cycle 16.Cycle 24 is expected to have the lowest level of sunspot activity from cycle 16 onwards and even probably for all of the modern solar cycles.
