As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical...As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical or biological homogeneous systems. Unlike fluorescence intensity, FP/FA is almost independent the concentration or quantum of fluorophores, but they are highly dependent on the size or molecular weight of the molecules or materials attached to fluorophores. Recently, significant progress in FP/FA was made, due to the introduction of some nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers. The detection sensitivity is thus greatly improved by using nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers, and nanomaterial-based FP/FA is currently used successfully in immunoassay, and analysis of protein, nucleic acid, small molecule and metal ion.Nanomaterial-based FP/FA provides a new kind of strategy to design fluorescent sensors and establishes innovative analytical methods. In this review, we summarize the scientific publications in the field of FP/FA sensor in recent five years, and first introduce the recent progress of FP/FA sensor based on nanomaterial. Subsequently, the various analytical applications of FP/FA based on nanomaterial are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current challenges and future prospects in this promising field.展开更多
Several N-alkyl/aryl-Se-alkyl/（aryl）selenocarbamates were prepared from various isocyanates and diselenides by reductive cleavage of Se-Se bond with the Zn/AIC]3 system in dry acetonitrile at 80 ℃.
Combustion within small motors is key in the application-specific development of nanothermite-based micro-energetic systems. This study evaluates the performance of nanothermite mixtures in a converging-diverging nozz...Combustion within small motors is key in the application-specific development of nanothermite-based micro-energetic systems. This study evaluates the performance of nanothermite mixtures in a converging-diverging nozzle and an open tube. Mixtures were prepared using nano-aluminum(n-Al),potassium perchlorate(KClO_(4)), and different carbon nanomaterials(CNMs) including graphene-oxide(GO), reduced GO, carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and nanofibers(CNFs). The mixtures were packed at different densities and ignited by laser beam. Performance was measured using thrust measurement,high-speed imaging, and computational fluid dynamics modeling, respectively. Thrust, specific impulse(ISP), volumetric impulse(ISV), as well as normalized energy were found to increase notably with CNM content. Two distinctive reaction regimes(fast and slow) were observed in combustion of low and high packing densities(20% and 55%TMD), respectively. Total impulse(IFT) and ISPwere maximized in the 5%GO/Al/KClO_4 mixture, producing 7.95 m N·s and 135.20 s respectively at 20%TMD, an improvement of 57%compared to a GO-free sample(5.05 m N·s and 85.88 s). CFD analysis of the motors over predicts the thrust generated but trends in nozzle layout and packing density agree with those observed experimentally;peak force was maximized by reducing packing density and using an open tube. The numerical force profiles fit better for the nozzle cases than the open tube scenarios due to the rapid nature of combustion. This study reveals the potential of GO in improving oxygenated salt-based nanothermites,and further demonstrates their applicability for micro-propulsion and micro-energetic applications.展开更多
For many decades,Alzheimer's disease research has primarily focused on impairments within cortical and hippocampal regions,which are thought to be related to cognitive dysfunctions such as memory and language defi...For many decades,Alzheimer's disease research has primarily focused on impairments within cortical and hippocampal regions,which are thought to be related to cognitive dysfunctions such as memory and language deficits.The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is still under debate,making it challenging to establish an effective therapy or early diagnosis.It is widely accepted that the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide in the brain parenchyma leads to synaptic dysfunction,a critical step in Alzheimer's disease development.The traditional amyloid cascade model is initiated by accumulating extracellular amyloid-beta in brain areas essential for memory and language.However,while it is possible to reduce the presence of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain with newer immunotherapies,cognitive symptoms do not necessarily improve.Interestingly,recent studies support the notion that early alterations in subcortical brain regions also contribute to brain damage and precognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.A body of recent evidence suggests that early Alzheimer's disease is associated with alterations(e.g.,motivation,anxiety,and motor impairment)in subcortical areas,such as the striatum and amygdala,in both human and animal models.Also,recent data indicate that intracellular amyloid-beta appears early in subcortical regions such as the nucleus accumbens,locus coeruleus,and raphe nucleus,even without extracellular amyloid plaques.The reported effects are mainly excitatory,increasing glutamatergic transmission and neuronal excitability.In agreement,data in Alzheimer's disease patients and animal models show an increase in neuronal synchronization that leads to electroencephalogram disturbances and epilepsy.The data indicate that early subcortical brain dysfunctions might be associated with non-cognitive symptoms such as anxiety,irritability,and motivation deficits,which precede memory loss and language alterations.Overall,the evidence reviewed suggests that subcortical brain regions could explain early dysfunctions and perhaps be targets for therapies to slow disease progression.Future research should focus on these non-traditional brain regions to reveal early pathological alterations and underlying mechanisms to advance our understanding of Alzheimer's disease beyond the traditionally studied hippocampal and cortical circuits.展开更多
Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier ...Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier diffusion lengths,suppressed non-radiative recombination rates,and intense photoluminescence.A key advantage of LD perovskites is the tunability of their optical and electronic properties through the precise optimization of their structural arrangements and dimensionality.This review systematically examines recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic characterizations of LD perovskites,focusing on their structural,optical,and photophysical properties that underpin their versatility in diverse applications.The review further summarizes advancements in LD perovskite-based devices,including resistive memory,artificial synapses,photodetectors,light-emitting diodes,and solar cells.Finally,the challenges associated with stability,scalability,and integration,as well as future prospects,are discussed,emphasizing the potential of LD perovskites to drive breakthroughs in device efficiency and industrial applicability.展开更多
The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cereb...The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex,versatile,and human-relevant system than traditional animal models,which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain.Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain,this field is currently under constant development,and work in this area is abundant.In this review,we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology,starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids.We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies,highlighting neurodevelopmental,psychiatric,neurodegenerative,brain tumor,and infectious diseases.Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids,we describe their use in transplantation,drug screening,and toxicology assays.We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids.Finally,we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field,such as the development of vasculature and microglia,and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering.展开更多
Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant i...Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant interest in bone tissue engineering(BTE)because of their abundant availability,minimally invasive harvesting procedures,and robust differentiation potential into osteogenic lineages.Unlike bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs can be easily obtained in large quantities,making them appealing alternatives for therapeutic applications.This review explores hydrogels containing polymers,such as chitosan,collagen,gelatin,and hyaluronic acid,and their composites,tailored for BTE,and emphasizes the importance of these hydrogels as scaffolds for the delivery of AD-MSCs.Various hydrogel fabrication techniques and biocompatibility assessments are discussed,along with innovative modifications to enhance osteogenesis.This review also briefly outlines AD-MSC isolation methods and advanced embedding techniques for precise cell placement,such as direct encapsulation and three-dimensional bioprinting.We discuss the mechanisms of bone regeneration in the AD-MSC-laden hydrogels,including osteoinduction,vascularization,and extracellular matrix remodeling.We also review the preclinical and clinical applications of AD-MSC-hydrogel systems,emphasizing their success and limitations.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of AD-MSC-based hydrogel systems to guide the development of effective therapies for bone regeneration.展开更多
The issue of resistance reduction through hull ventilation is of particular interest in contemporary research.This paper presents multiphase computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations with 2-DOF motion of a planing ...The issue of resistance reduction through hull ventilation is of particular interest in contemporary research.This paper presents multiphase computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations with 2-DOF motion of a planing hull.The original hull was modified by introducing a step to allow air ventilation.Following an assessment of the hull performance,a simulation campaign in calm water was conducted to characterize the hull at various forward speeds and air insufflation rates for a defined single step geometry.Geometric analysis of the air layer thickness beneath the hull for each simulated condition was performed using a novel method for visualizing local air thickness.Additionally,two new parameters were introduced to understand the influence of spray rails on the air volume beneath the hull and to indicate the primary direction of ventilated air escape.A validation campaign and an assessment of uncertainty of the simulation has been conducted.The features offered by the CFD methodology include the evaluation of the air layer thickness as a function of hull velocity and injection flow rate and the air volume distribution beneath the hull.The air injection velocity can be adjusted across various operating conditions,thereby preventing performance or efficiency loss during navigation.Based on these findings,the study highlights the benefits of air insufflation in reducing hull resistance for high-speed planing vessels.This work lays a robust foundation for future research and new promising topics,as the exploration of air insufflation continues to be a topic of contemporary interest within naval architecture and hydrodynamics.展开更多
Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced mus...Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced muscle damage,chronic pain syndromes,tendinopathies,and muscle atrophy.This review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for H2 therapy and identifies research gaps.A comprehensive search of PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library(up to April 2025)yielded 45 eligible studies:25 preclinical and 20 clinical trials.Preclinical models consistently showed reductions in reactive oxygen species,inflammatory cytokines,and improved cell viability.Clinical trials reported symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis,decreased Disease Activity Score 28 in rheumatoid arthritis,and accelerated clearance of muscle damage markers.Delivery methods varied-hydrogen-rich water,gas inhalation,and saline infusion-hindering direct comparison.Mechanistic biomarkers were inconsistently reported,limiting understanding of target engagement.Common limitations included small sample sizes,short durations,and protocol heterogeneity.Despite these constraints,findings suggest H2 may serve as a promising adjunctive therapy via antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective mechanisms.Future research should prioritize standardized delivery protocols,robust mechanistic endpoints,and longer-term randomized trials to validate clinical efficacy and optimize therapeutic strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Robotic assistance is increasingly used for donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation,yet existing evidence is fragmented and variably indirect.AIM To evaluate clinical outcomes,surgical perf...BACKGROUND Robotic assistance is increasingly used for donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation,yet existing evidence is fragmented and variably indirect.AIM To evaluate clinical outcomes,surgical performance,and economic effects of robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in the transplant pathway.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 and a priori registration,systematic reviews were included with or without meta-analysis.Four databases were searched through July 2025.Methodological quality was appraised with a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews(AMSTAR 2),and certainty was graded with grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation(GRADE).Evidence overlap was calculated via a citation-matrix-based corrected covered area(CCA).Effect sizes were prespecified as risk ratios(RR)for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes.RESULTS Five reviews met the inclusion criteria,four with meta-analyses and one consensus review used only for context.Donor(direct)findings were more favorable for robotics in terms of estimated blood loss(≈-117 mL)and length of stay(≈-0.6 days),although with longer operative time(≈+105 minutes).Absolute risks for donor complications were not estimable from ratio-only data.Recipient(indirect)meta-analysis indicated robotics to be favorable in terms of conversion(RR≈0.41)and severe morbidity(RR≈0.81),with a trend toward lower overall morbidity(RR≈0.92)and no difference in 30-day mortality.Differences in length of stay and operative time were small and heterogeneous.Economic evidence(indirect,network meta-analysis)suggested higher procedural costs for robotic vs laparoscopic intervention,but lower hospitalization costs vs open intervention,with laparoscopy the least expensive overall.AMSTAR 2 ratings were moderate-to-high across the reviews,GRADE certainty was low for key donor continuous outcomes,and low-to-moderate for recipient and economic outcomes.Overlap was slight(graded-corpus CCA=0.0%;including a contextual non-transplant review increased CCA to≈1.25%).CONCLUSION Robotic donor hepatectomy confers perioperative advantages at the cost of longer operative time.Recipient and economic findings are indirect and considered hypothesis-generating.Transplant-specific,prospective comparisons using a minimum standardized dataset and uniform outcome definitions are needed to resolve remaining uncertainties and to clarify the cost-utility correlation.展开更多
Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disruptin...Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the neural connections that allow communication between the brain and the rest of the body, which results in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Disconnection in the spinal tracts is an irreversible condition owing to the poor capacity for spontaneous axonal regeneration in the affected neurons.展开更多
Inborn errors of metabolism(IEM)are rare disorders,most are liver-based with liver transplantation(LT)emerging as an effective cure in the pediatric population.LT has been shown to offer a cure or deter disease progre...Inborn errors of metabolism(IEM)are rare disorders,most are liver-based with liver transplantation(LT)emerging as an effective cure in the pediatric population.LT has been shown to offer a cure or deter disease progression and provide symptomatic improvement in patients with IEM.Each metabolic disorder is unique,with the missing enzyme or transporter protein causing substrate deficiency or toxic byproduct production.Knowledge about the distribution of deficient enzymes,the percentage of enzymes replaced by LT,and the extent of extrahepatic involvement helps anticipate and manage complications in the perioperative period.Most patients have multisystem involvement and can be on complex dietary regimens.Metabolic decompensation can be triggered due to the stress response to surgery,fasting and other unanticipated complications perioperatively.Thus,a multidisciplinary team’s input including those from metabolic specialists is essential to develop disease and patient-specific strategies for the perioperative management of these patients during LT.In this review,we outline the classification of IEM,indications for LT along with potential benefits,basic metabolic defects and their implications,details of extrahepatic involvement and perioperative management strategies for LT in children with some of the commonly presenting IEM,to assist anesthesiologists handling this cohort of patients.展开更多
The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the cent...The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.展开更多
The development of clinical candidates that modify the natural progression of sporadic Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies is a praiseworthy endeavor,but extremely challenging.Therapeutic candidates ...The development of clinical candidates that modify the natural progression of sporadic Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies is a praiseworthy endeavor,but extremely challenging.Therapeutic candidates that were successful in preclinical Parkinson's disease animal models have repeatedly failed when tested in clinical trials.While these failures have many possible explanations,it is perhaps time to recognize that the problem lies with the animal models rather than the putative candidate.In other words,the lack of adequate animal models of Parkinson's disease currently represents the main barrier to preclinical identification of potential disease-modifying therapies likely to succeed in clinical trials.However,this barrier may be overcome by the recent introduction of novel generations of viral vectors coding for different forms of alpha-synuclein species and related genes.Although still facing several limitations,these models have managed to mimic the known neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease with unprecedented accuracy,delineating a more optimistic scenario for the near future.展开更多
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and water electrolyzer(PEMFC and PEMWE)with high conversion efficiency and zero-carbon emission stand out as an attractive strategy for efficient conversion between hydrogen energy a...Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and water electrolyzer(PEMFC and PEMWE)with high conversion efficiency and zero-carbon emission stand out as an attractive strategy for efficient conversion between hydrogen energy and renewable electricity.As a key component,efficient oxygen electrocatalyst for promoting sluggish reaction kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution reaction(ORR and OER)under harsh operation conditions severely limited progress of these devices.Among various candidates,Ptgroup(Pt,Ir,and Ru)-based electrocatalysts are still the most active ORR/OER catalysts.However,the scarcity,high cost,and questionable stability restrict the widespread applications and the commercialization of PEMWE/PEMFC.Progresses in synthesizing atomically dispersed single/multiple-atom catalysts(SACs/MACs)offer new opportunities to Pt-group ORR/OER catalysts owing to nearly 100% metal utilization and high catalytic activities.Extensive efforts have been continuously devoted to optimizing the local structure of Pt-group OER/ORR catalysts at atom-level for further enhancing stability and activity.In this review,universal synthesis methods to prepare Ptgroup SACs are discussed first,highlighting crucial factors which affect the structure and catalytic performance.Afterward,advanced characterization techniques for directly confirming atomic dispersed metal atoms were introduced,including aberration-corrected high-angle-annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.Importantly,considerations for rational catalyst design and typical Pt-group SACs/MACs are summarized regarding the regulation strategy of atomically dispersed metal sites and various supports,and effects of metal-support interaction on the catalytic performance.Finally,key challenges and proposed perspectives for future development of atomically dispersed Pt-group oxygen electrocatalysts for fuel cell and electrolyzer are briefly discussed.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the commo...BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the common comorbidities associated with DMA but is often refractory to current treatments.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(hAFSC-EVs)on the recovery of bladder dysfunction in DMA rats.METHODS Eighty rats were divided into normal control,streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,diabetic rats subjected to arterial balloon endothelial injury of common iliac artery(DMA),and DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs(DMA+hAFSC-EVs).At 4 weeks and 12 weeks after DMA induction,levels of blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-insulin resistance,and HOMA-βwere measured.Cystometry,common iliac artery wall thickness,and bladder tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6,transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,Smad3,connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)and fibronectin were also evaluated.RESULTS Bladder weight and blood glucose,triglyceride,HOMA-insulin resistance,common iliac artery intima thickness,voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,CTGF and fibronectin were significantly increased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after induction,while the HOMA-βlevel decreased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks,and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased at 12 weeks.hAFSC-EVs treatment in DMA rats significantly reduced bladder weight and blood glucose,thickness of common iliac arterial intima,voided volume,intercontraction interval and bladder capacity at 4 weeks.The mRNA expression of TNF-α,TGF-β1,and CTGF in DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs were significantly decreased at 4 weeks,while the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and Smad3 were significantly decreased 12 weeks.CONCLUSION hAFSC-EVs treatment can help restore DMA-induced bladder dysfunction,which is associated with lowered blood glucose levels,reduced arterial wall thickness,and decreased TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,and CTGF expression.展开更多
The accretion of the Panama-ChocóBlock to the South American Plate partially drove the geological setting of the northern Andes.This event occurred in different collisional stages that are recorded in Oligocene-m...The accretion of the Panama-ChocóBlock to the South American Plate partially drove the geological setting of the northern Andes.This event occurred in different collisional stages that are recorded in Oligocene-middle Miocene deformed rocks of the inter-Andean valley between the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia.However,uncertainty remains about the age of the latest accretionary phases of the Panama-ChocóBlock.Poorly studied late Miocene volcanic rocks within the northern inter-Andean valley may provide key information to constrain the temporality of that final collision.Here,we study the deformational features of the~12-6 Ma extrusive rocks of the Combia Volcanic Province located in the northwestern Andes(Colombia).We present anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)data for pyroclastic and volcanic rocks within the AmagáBasin,an inter-Andean depression with Oligocene-middle Miocene sedimentary rocks that recorded NW-SE compression and NE-SW simple shear caused by the Panama-ChocóBlock collision.We identified that the magnetic fabrics of the extrusive rocks of the Combia Volcanic Province reveal flow directions that indicate the occurrence of ancient volcanoes in the central axis of the AmagáBasin.Some of these fabrics do not contain any deformational features,whereas others record the same structural regime as the Oligocene-middle Miocene sedimentary rocks.We infer that variations in the intensity of the deformation promoted late Miocene local fault reactivations that,in contrast to the Oligocene-middle Miocene deformational events,did not affect the entire AmagáBasin.Age differences among the studied sections can also explain the different deformational patterns identified in the basin.Both interpretations suggest that the most significant collisional events of the Panama-ChocóBlock occurred in the Oligocene-middle Miocene,whereas the formation of the Combia Volcanic Province may have either followed or coincided with the latest stages of the accretion.展开更多
The visual system of teleost fish grows continuously,which is a useful model for studying regeneration of the central nervous system.Glial cells are key for this process,but their contribution is still not well define...The visual system of teleost fish grows continuously,which is a useful model for studying regeneration of the central nervous system.Glial cells are key for this process,but their contribution is still not well defined.We followed oligodendrocytes in the visual system of adult zebrafish during regeneration of the optic nerve at 6,24,and 72 hours post-lesion and at 7 and 14 days post-lesion via the sox10:tagRFP transgenic line and confocal microscopy.To understand the changes that these oligodendrocytes undergo during regeneration,we used Sox2 immunohistochemistry,a stem cell marker involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation.We also used the Click-iT™ Plus TUNEL assay to study cell death and a BrdU assay to determine cell proliferation.Before optic nerve crush,sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes are located in the retina,in the optic nerve head,and through all the entire optic nerve.Sox2-positive cells are present in the peripheral germinal zone,the mature retina,and the optic nerve.After optic nerve crush,sox10:tagRFP cells disappeared from the optic nerve crush zone,suggesting that they died,although they were not TUNEL positive.Concomitantly,the number of Sox2-positive cells increased around the crushed area,the optic nerve head,and the retina.Then,between 24 hours post-lesion and 14 days post-lesion,double sox10:tagRFP/Sox2-positive cells were detected in the retina,optic nerve head,and whole optic nerve,together with a proliferation response at 72 hours post-lesion.Our results confirm that a degenerating process may occur prior to regeneration.First,sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes that surround the degenerated axons stop wrapping them,change their“myelinating oligodendrocyte”morphology to a“nonmyelinating oligodendrocyte”morphology,and die.Then,residual oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the optic nerve and retina proliferate and differentiate for the purpose of remyelination.As new axons arise from the surviving retinal ganglion cells,new sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes arise from residual oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to guide,nourish and myelinate them.Thus,oligodendrocytes play an active role in zebrafish axon regeneration and remyelination.展开更多
Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,r...Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,reduce acute rejections,and enable tailored use of maintenance agents.Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin(rATG)and interleukin-2 receptor anatagonists(IL-2RA/IL-2RBs)are the most widely used induction therapies.However,data on induction practices across India are limited.To evaluate induction immunosuppression practices across KT centers in India and establish a consensus for different subsets of KT recipients.A nationwide online survey was conducted by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation(ISOT)among its members(400 KT centers).Responses were analyzed to assess induction practices across diverse donor types,age groups,and immunological risk profiles.Heterogeneity in practices prompted consensus building using a modified Delphi process.Literature review and expert panel discussions(April 2024)were followed by structured voting,and 16 consensus statements were finalized.Of 400 centers approached,254 participated.rATG was the most commonly used induction therapy,followed by IL-2RBs;alemtuzumab was least used.Significant heterogeneity was observed in type,dose,and duration of induction therapy.Consensus recommendations were framed:rATG for high immunological risk recipients and deceased donor KTs;IL-2RB or low-dose rATG for low immunological risk;rituximab in ABOincompatible KTs;and tailoring based on age,diabetes,donor type,infection risk,and affordability.This first ISOT consensus provides 16 India-specific statements on induction therapy in KT.It emphasizes risk-stratified,evidenceinformed,and context-appropriate induction strategies,supporting standardization of care across the country.展开更多
Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs)have been recognized as promising power generation devices for future clean energy systems,owing to their relatively low activation energy for proton migration and high energy convers...Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs)have been recognized as promising power generation devices for future clean energy systems,owing to their relatively low activation energy for proton migration and high energy conversion efficiency.In certain application scenarios,the use of N_(2)O(a potent greenhouse gas),as an alternative oxidant to air,presents a feasible strategy.Herein,we report for the first time the operation of PCFCs employing N_(2)O as the oxidant.A hybrid Pr_(2)Ni_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4-δ)(PNCO-214)catalyst is developed,comprising Ruddlesden-Popper(R-P)structured Pr_(4)Ni_(1.8)Co_(1.2)O_(10-δ)(PNCO-4310)and fluorite structured Pr_(6)O_(11)(PO-611),which synergistically exhibits exceptional catalytic activity toward both N_(2)O decomposition and the oxygen reduction reaction,achieving a conversion over 92% and an area specific resistance of 1.301Ω·cm^(2) at 600℃.Quasi-insitu temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses reveal that abundant oxygen vacancies in PNCO-214 facilitate rapid adsorption and dissociation of N_(2)O into N_(2) and O_(2),while also promoting the surface exchange kinetics of proton/oxygen during oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).When applied in an anode-supported single cell with PNCO-214 cathode operating under N_(2)O,outstanding power density and low resistance are achieved,delivering 0.801 W·cm^(-2) and 0.245Ω·cm^(2) at 600℃.Satisfactory performance is also maintained even when the temperature is reduced to 500℃.Furthermore,the single cell demonstrates relatively good stability with negligible degradation over 130 h at 600℃ and 0.7 V.These findings underscore the potential of PNCO-214 as a highly effective cathode catalyst for enabling the use of N_(2)O as a viable oxidant in PCFCs for specific industrial applications.展开更多
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21822407, 21405163)the top priority program of “OneThree-Five” Strategic Planning of Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS
文摘As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical or biological homogeneous systems. Unlike fluorescence intensity, FP/FA is almost independent the concentration or quantum of fluorophores, but they are highly dependent on the size or molecular weight of the molecules or materials attached to fluorophores. Recently, significant progress in FP/FA was made, due to the introduction of some nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers. The detection sensitivity is thus greatly improved by using nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers, and nanomaterial-based FP/FA is currently used successfully in immunoassay, and analysis of protein, nucleic acid, small molecule and metal ion.Nanomaterial-based FP/FA provides a new kind of strategy to design fluorescent sensors and establishes innovative analytical methods. In this review, we summarize the scientific publications in the field of FP/FA sensor in recent five years, and first introduce the recent progress of FP/FA sensor based on nanomaterial. Subsequently, the various analytical applications of FP/FA based on nanomaterial are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current challenges and future prospects in this promising field.
基金the K.N.Toosi University of Technology Research Council for financial assistance
文摘Several N-alkyl/aryl-Se-alkyl/（aryl）selenocarbamates were prepared from various isocyanates and diselenides by reductive cleavage of Se-Se bond with the Zn/AIC]3 system in dry acetonitrile at 80 ℃.
基金financial funding from the Egyptian governmentthe financial funding from the NSERC Discovery grant。
文摘Combustion within small motors is key in the application-specific development of nanothermite-based micro-energetic systems. This study evaluates the performance of nanothermite mixtures in a converging-diverging nozzle and an open tube. Mixtures were prepared using nano-aluminum(n-Al),potassium perchlorate(KClO_(4)), and different carbon nanomaterials(CNMs) including graphene-oxide(GO), reduced GO, carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and nanofibers(CNFs). The mixtures were packed at different densities and ignited by laser beam. Performance was measured using thrust measurement,high-speed imaging, and computational fluid dynamics modeling, respectively. Thrust, specific impulse(ISP), volumetric impulse(ISV), as well as normalized energy were found to increase notably with CNM content. Two distinctive reaction regimes(fast and slow) were observed in combustion of low and high packing densities(20% and 55%TMD), respectively. Total impulse(IFT) and ISPwere maximized in the 5%GO/Al/KClO_4 mixture, producing 7.95 m N·s and 135.20 s respectively at 20%TMD, an improvement of 57%compared to a GO-free sample(5.05 m N·s and 85.88 s). CFD analysis of the motors over predicts the thrust generated but trends in nozzle layout and packing density agree with those observed experimentally;peak force was maximized by reducing packing density and using an open tube. The numerical force profiles fit better for the nozzle cases than the open tube scenarios due to the rapid nature of combustion. This study reveals the potential of GO in improving oxygenated salt-based nanothermites,and further demonstrates their applicability for micro-propulsion and micro-energetic applications.
文摘For many decades,Alzheimer's disease research has primarily focused on impairments within cortical and hippocampal regions,which are thought to be related to cognitive dysfunctions such as memory and language deficits.The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is still under debate,making it challenging to establish an effective therapy or early diagnosis.It is widely accepted that the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide in the brain parenchyma leads to synaptic dysfunction,a critical step in Alzheimer's disease development.The traditional amyloid cascade model is initiated by accumulating extracellular amyloid-beta in brain areas essential for memory and language.However,while it is possible to reduce the presence of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain with newer immunotherapies,cognitive symptoms do not necessarily improve.Interestingly,recent studies support the notion that early alterations in subcortical brain regions also contribute to brain damage and precognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.A body of recent evidence suggests that early Alzheimer's disease is associated with alterations(e.g.,motivation,anxiety,and motor impairment)in subcortical areas,such as the striatum and amygdala,in both human and animal models.Also,recent data indicate that intracellular amyloid-beta appears early in subcortical regions such as the nucleus accumbens,locus coeruleus,and raphe nucleus,even without extracellular amyloid plaques.The reported effects are mainly excitatory,increasing glutamatergic transmission and neuronal excitability.In agreement,data in Alzheimer's disease patients and animal models show an increase in neuronal synchronization that leads to electroencephalogram disturbances and epilepsy.The data indicate that early subcortical brain dysfunctions might be associated with non-cognitive symptoms such as anxiety,irritability,and motivation deficits,which precede memory loss and language alterations.Overall,the evidence reviewed suggests that subcortical brain regions could explain early dysfunctions and perhaps be targets for therapies to slow disease progression.Future research should focus on these non-traditional brain regions to reveal early pathological alterations and underlying mechanisms to advance our understanding of Alzheimer's disease beyond the traditionally studied hippocampal and cortical circuits.
基金funding from FCT(Fundagao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia,I.P.)under the projects LA/P/0037/2020,UIDP/50025/2020 and UIDB/50025/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures,Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication-i3Nby the projects FlexSolar(PTDC/CTM-REF/1008/2020),and SpaceFlex(2022.01610.PTDC,DOI:10.54499/2022.01610.PTDC)+1 种基金supported by the project M-ECO2-Industrial Cluster for advanced biofuel production,Ref.C644930471-00000041,R2U Technologies and Befunding from the European Union via the project X-STREAM(Horizon EU,ERC CoG,No 101124803)the support of a fellowship from the"la Caixa"Foundation(ID 100010434)。
文摘Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier diffusion lengths,suppressed non-radiative recombination rates,and intense photoluminescence.A key advantage of LD perovskites is the tunability of their optical and electronic properties through the precise optimization of their structural arrangements and dimensionality.This review systematically examines recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic characterizations of LD perovskites,focusing on their structural,optical,and photophysical properties that underpin their versatility in diverse applications.The review further summarizes advancements in LD perovskite-based devices,including resistive memory,artificial synapses,photodetectors,light-emitting diodes,and solar cells.Finally,the challenges associated with stability,scalability,and integration,as well as future prospects,are discussed,emphasizing the potential of LD perovskites to drive breakthroughs in device efficiency and industrial applicability.
基金supported by the Grant PID2021-126715OB-IOO financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and"ERDFA way of making Europe"by the Grant PI22CⅢ/00055 funded by Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ(ISCⅢ)+6 种基金the UFIECPY 398/19(PEJ2018-004965) grant to RGS funded by AEI(Spain)the UFIECPY-396/19(PEJ2018-004961)grant financed by MCIN (Spain)FI23CⅢ/00003 grant funded by ISCⅢ-PFIS Spain) to PMMthe UFIECPY 328/22 (PEJ-2021-TL/BMD-21001) grant to LM financed by CAM (Spain)the grant by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)through the PDSE program (Programa de Doutorado Sanduiche no Exterior)to VSCG financed by MEC (Brazil)
文摘The brain is the most complex human organ,and commonly used models,such as two-dimensional-cell cultures and animal brains,often lack the sophistication needed to accurately use in research.In this context,human cerebral organoids have emerged as valuable tools offering a more complex,versatile,and human-relevant system than traditional animal models,which are often unable to replicate the intricate architecture and functionality of the human brain.Since human cerebral organoids are a state-of-the-art model for the study of neurodevelopment and different pathologies affecting the brain,this field is currently under constant development,and work in this area is abundant.In this review,we give a complete overview of human cerebral organoids technology,starting from the different types of protocols that exist to generate different human cerebral organoids.We continue with the use of brain organoids for the study of brain pathologies,highlighting neurodevelopmental,psychiatric,neurodegenerative,brain tumor,and infectious diseases.Because of the potential value of human cerebral organoids,we describe their use in transplantation,drug screening,and toxicology assays.We also discuss the technologies available to study cell diversity and physiological characteristics of organoids.Finally,we summarize the limitations that currently exist in the field,such as the development of vasculature and microglia,and highlight some of the novel approaches being pursued through bioengineering.
文摘Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant interest in bone tissue engineering(BTE)because of their abundant availability,minimally invasive harvesting procedures,and robust differentiation potential into osteogenic lineages.Unlike bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs can be easily obtained in large quantities,making them appealing alternatives for therapeutic applications.This review explores hydrogels containing polymers,such as chitosan,collagen,gelatin,and hyaluronic acid,and their composites,tailored for BTE,and emphasizes the importance of these hydrogels as scaffolds for the delivery of AD-MSCs.Various hydrogel fabrication techniques and biocompatibility assessments are discussed,along with innovative modifications to enhance osteogenesis.This review also briefly outlines AD-MSC isolation methods and advanced embedding techniques for precise cell placement,such as direct encapsulation and three-dimensional bioprinting.We discuss the mechanisms of bone regeneration in the AD-MSC-laden hydrogels,including osteoinduction,vascularization,and extracellular matrix remodeling.We also review the preclinical and clinical applications of AD-MSC-hydrogel systems,emphasizing their success and limitations.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of AD-MSC-based hydrogel systems to guide the development of effective therapies for bone regeneration.
基金supported by European Union funding(PON“Ricerca e Innovazione”2014‒2020).
文摘The issue of resistance reduction through hull ventilation is of particular interest in contemporary research.This paper presents multiphase computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations with 2-DOF motion of a planing hull.The original hull was modified by introducing a step to allow air ventilation.Following an assessment of the hull performance,a simulation campaign in calm water was conducted to characterize the hull at various forward speeds and air insufflation rates for a defined single step geometry.Geometric analysis of the air layer thickness beneath the hull for each simulated condition was performed using a novel method for visualizing local air thickness.Additionally,two new parameters were introduced to understand the influence of spray rails on the air volume beneath the hull and to indicate the primary direction of ventilated air escape.A validation campaign and an assessment of uncertainty of the simulation has been conducted.The features offered by the CFD methodology include the evaluation of the air layer thickness as a function of hull velocity and injection flow rate and the air volume distribution beneath the hull.The air injection velocity can be adjusted across various operating conditions,thereby preventing performance or efficiency loss during navigation.Based on these findings,the study highlights the benefits of air insufflation in reducing hull resistance for high-speed planing vessels.This work lays a robust foundation for future research and new promising topics,as the exploration of air insufflation continues to be a topic of contemporary interest within naval architecture and hydrodynamics.
文摘Molecular hydrogen(H2)demonstrates selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with therapeutic potential across musculoskeletal conditions including osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis,exercise-induced muscle damage,chronic pain syndromes,tendinopathies,and muscle atrophy.This review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for H2 therapy and identifies research gaps.A comprehensive search of PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library(up to April 2025)yielded 45 eligible studies:25 preclinical and 20 clinical trials.Preclinical models consistently showed reductions in reactive oxygen species,inflammatory cytokines,and improved cell viability.Clinical trials reported symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis,decreased Disease Activity Score 28 in rheumatoid arthritis,and accelerated clearance of muscle damage markers.Delivery methods varied-hydrogen-rich water,gas inhalation,and saline infusion-hindering direct comparison.Mechanistic biomarkers were inconsistently reported,limiting understanding of target engagement.Common limitations included small sample sizes,short durations,and protocol heterogeneity.Despite these constraints,findings suggest H2 may serve as a promising adjunctive therapy via antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective mechanisms.Future research should prioritize standardized delivery protocols,robust mechanistic endpoints,and longer-term randomized trials to validate clinical efficacy and optimize therapeutic strategies.
文摘BACKGROUND Robotic assistance is increasingly used for donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation,yet existing evidence is fragmented and variably indirect.AIM To evaluate clinical outcomes,surgical performance,and economic effects of robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in the transplant pathway.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 and a priori registration,systematic reviews were included with or without meta-analysis.Four databases were searched through July 2025.Methodological quality was appraised with a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews(AMSTAR 2),and certainty was graded with grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation(GRADE).Evidence overlap was calculated via a citation-matrix-based corrected covered area(CCA).Effect sizes were prespecified as risk ratios(RR)for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes.RESULTS Five reviews met the inclusion criteria,four with meta-analyses and one consensus review used only for context.Donor(direct)findings were more favorable for robotics in terms of estimated blood loss(≈-117 mL)and length of stay(≈-0.6 days),although with longer operative time(≈+105 minutes).Absolute risks for donor complications were not estimable from ratio-only data.Recipient(indirect)meta-analysis indicated robotics to be favorable in terms of conversion(RR≈0.41)and severe morbidity(RR≈0.81),with a trend toward lower overall morbidity(RR≈0.92)and no difference in 30-day mortality.Differences in length of stay and operative time were small and heterogeneous.Economic evidence(indirect,network meta-analysis)suggested higher procedural costs for robotic vs laparoscopic intervention,but lower hospitalization costs vs open intervention,with laparoscopy the least expensive overall.AMSTAR 2 ratings were moderate-to-high across the reviews,GRADE certainty was low for key donor continuous outcomes,and low-to-moderate for recipient and economic outcomes.Overlap was slight(graded-corpus CCA=0.0%;including a contextual non-transplant review increased CCA to≈1.25%).CONCLUSION Robotic donor hepatectomy confers perioperative advantages at the cost of longer operative time.Recipient and economic findings are indirect and considered hypothesis-generating.Transplant-specific,prospective comparisons using a minimum standardized dataset and uniform outcome definitions are needed to resolve remaining uncertainties and to clarify the cost-utility correlation.
基金financially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación projects SAF2017-82736-C2-1-R to MTMFin Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and by Fundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoria to JS+2 种基金a predoctoral scholarship from Fundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoriafinancial support from a 6-month contract from Universidad Autónoma de Madrida 3-month contract from the School of Medicine of Universidad Francisco de Vitoria。
文摘Every year, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer a spinal cord injury(SCI). SCI is a devastating medical condition that arises from trauma or disease-induced damage to the spinal cord, disrupting the neural connections that allow communication between the brain and the rest of the body, which results in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Disconnection in the spinal tracts is an irreversible condition owing to the poor capacity for spontaneous axonal regeneration in the affected neurons.
文摘Inborn errors of metabolism(IEM)are rare disorders,most are liver-based with liver transplantation(LT)emerging as an effective cure in the pediatric population.LT has been shown to offer a cure or deter disease progression and provide symptomatic improvement in patients with IEM.Each metabolic disorder is unique,with the missing enzyme or transporter protein causing substrate deficiency or toxic byproduct production.Knowledge about the distribution of deficient enzymes,the percentage of enzymes replaced by LT,and the extent of extrahepatic involvement helps anticipate and manage complications in the perioperative period.Most patients have multisystem involvement and can be on complex dietary regimens.Metabolic decompensation can be triggered due to the stress response to surgery,fasting and other unanticipated complications perioperatively.Thus,a multidisciplinary team’s input including those from metabolic specialists is essential to develop disease and patient-specific strategies for the perioperative management of these patients during LT.In this review,we outline the classification of IEM,indications for LT along with potential benefits,basic metabolic defects and their implications,details of extrahepatic involvement and perioperative management strategies for LT in children with some of the commonly presenting IEM,to assist anesthesiologists handling this cohort of patients.
基金supported by the Wellcome Trust(grant No.103852).
文摘The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.
基金supported by grants PID2020-120308RB-I00 and PID2023-147802OB-I00 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033FEDER,UE,by Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s(ref.ASAP-020505)through the Michael J.Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research+1 种基金by CiberNed Intramural Collaborative Projects(ref.PI2020/09)by the Spanish Fundación Mutua Madrile?a de Investigación Médica(to JLL)。
文摘The development of clinical candidates that modify the natural progression of sporadic Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies is a praiseworthy endeavor,but extremely challenging.Therapeutic candidates that were successful in preclinical Parkinson's disease animal models have repeatedly failed when tested in clinical trials.While these failures have many possible explanations,it is perhaps time to recognize that the problem lies with the animal models rather than the putative candidate.In other words,the lack of adequate animal models of Parkinson's disease currently represents the main barrier to preclinical identification of potential disease-modifying therapies likely to succeed in clinical trials.However,this barrier may be overcome by the recent introduction of novel generations of viral vectors coding for different forms of alpha-synuclein species and related genes.Although still facing several limitations,these models have managed to mimic the known neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease with unprecedented accuracy,delineating a more optimistic scenario for the near future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB4000603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273277 and U24A2062)+2 种基金Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project(No.SKL202302039)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2021223)funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of China(Overseas).
文摘Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and water electrolyzer(PEMFC and PEMWE)with high conversion efficiency and zero-carbon emission stand out as an attractive strategy for efficient conversion between hydrogen energy and renewable electricity.As a key component,efficient oxygen electrocatalyst for promoting sluggish reaction kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution reaction(ORR and OER)under harsh operation conditions severely limited progress of these devices.Among various candidates,Ptgroup(Pt,Ir,and Ru)-based electrocatalysts are still the most active ORR/OER catalysts.However,the scarcity,high cost,and questionable stability restrict the widespread applications and the commercialization of PEMWE/PEMFC.Progresses in synthesizing atomically dispersed single/multiple-atom catalysts(SACs/MACs)offer new opportunities to Pt-group ORR/OER catalysts owing to nearly 100% metal utilization and high catalytic activities.Extensive efforts have been continuously devoted to optimizing the local structure of Pt-group OER/ORR catalysts at atom-level for further enhancing stability and activity.In this review,universal synthesis methods to prepare Ptgroup SACs are discussed first,highlighting crucial factors which affect the structure and catalytic performance.Afterward,advanced characterization techniques for directly confirming atomic dispersed metal atoms were introduced,including aberration-corrected high-angle-annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.Importantly,considerations for rational catalyst design and typical Pt-group SACs/MACs are summarized regarding the regulation strategy of atomically dispersed metal sites and various supports,and effects of metal-support interaction on the catalytic performance.Finally,key challenges and proposed perspectives for future development of atomically dispersed Pt-group oxygen electrocatalysts for fuel cell and electrolyzer are briefly discussed.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan,No.MOST 109-2314-B-182A-091,No.NSTC 112-2314-B-182A-062, No.NSTC 113-2314-B-182A-125.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the common comorbidities associated with DMA but is often refractory to current treatments.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(hAFSC-EVs)on the recovery of bladder dysfunction in DMA rats.METHODS Eighty rats were divided into normal control,streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,diabetic rats subjected to arterial balloon endothelial injury of common iliac artery(DMA),and DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs(DMA+hAFSC-EVs).At 4 weeks and 12 weeks after DMA induction,levels of blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-insulin resistance,and HOMA-βwere measured.Cystometry,common iliac artery wall thickness,and bladder tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6,transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,Smad3,connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)and fibronectin were also evaluated.RESULTS Bladder weight and blood glucose,triglyceride,HOMA-insulin resistance,common iliac artery intima thickness,voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,CTGF and fibronectin were significantly increased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after induction,while the HOMA-βlevel decreased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks,and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased at 12 weeks.hAFSC-EVs treatment in DMA rats significantly reduced bladder weight and blood glucose,thickness of common iliac arterial intima,voided volume,intercontraction interval and bladder capacity at 4 weeks.The mRNA expression of TNF-α,TGF-β1,and CTGF in DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs were significantly decreased at 4 weeks,while the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and Smad3 were significantly decreased 12 weeks.CONCLUSION hAFSC-EVs treatment can help restore DMA-induced bladder dysfunction,which is associated with lowered blood glucose levels,reduced arterial wall thickness,and decreased TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,and CTGF expression.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants W2433104 to V.A.P.and 42225402 to J.L.)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant 2024M753205 to V.A.P.)+2 种基金the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(International Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers,Grant 2025PD02 to V.A.P.)an association between ECOS-NORD(France)and Colciencias/Icetex(Colombia)(Grant C12U01 to M.I.M.)Part of this project was developed under a junior fellowship scheme of Colciencias(Colombia)(Grant 706-2015 to V.A.P.),which also supported the undergraduate final project of A.T.
文摘The accretion of the Panama-ChocóBlock to the South American Plate partially drove the geological setting of the northern Andes.This event occurred in different collisional stages that are recorded in Oligocene-middle Miocene deformed rocks of the inter-Andean valley between the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia.However,uncertainty remains about the age of the latest accretionary phases of the Panama-ChocóBlock.Poorly studied late Miocene volcanic rocks within the northern inter-Andean valley may provide key information to constrain the temporality of that final collision.Here,we study the deformational features of the~12-6 Ma extrusive rocks of the Combia Volcanic Province located in the northwestern Andes(Colombia).We present anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)data for pyroclastic and volcanic rocks within the AmagáBasin,an inter-Andean depression with Oligocene-middle Miocene sedimentary rocks that recorded NW-SE compression and NE-SW simple shear caused by the Panama-ChocóBlock collision.We identified that the magnetic fabrics of the extrusive rocks of the Combia Volcanic Province reveal flow directions that indicate the occurrence of ancient volcanoes in the central axis of the AmagáBasin.Some of these fabrics do not contain any deformational features,whereas others record the same structural regime as the Oligocene-middle Miocene sedimentary rocks.We infer that variations in the intensity of the deformation promoted late Miocene local fault reactivations that,in contrast to the Oligocene-middle Miocene deformational events,did not affect the entire AmagáBasin.Age differences among the studied sections can also explain the different deformational patterns identified in the basin.Both interpretations suggest that the most significant collisional events of the Panama-ChocóBlock occurred in the Oligocene-middle Miocene,whereas the formation of the Combia Volcanic Province may have either followed or coincided with the latest stages of the accretion.
基金supported by the Lanzadera TCUE and C2 program(Universidad de Salamanca)(to ASL)the Spanish National Research Council(CSIC)funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF“Europe drives our growth”):Internationalization Project“CL-EI-2021-08-IBFG Unit of Excellence”,Grant(PID2022-138478OA-100)funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and,by FEDER,UE(to MGM)+3 种基金Junta de Castilla y León(SA225P23)Gerencia Regional de Salud(2701/A1/2023)(to AV)the Plan Especial Grado Medicina(USAL)(to CPM)a Ramón y Cajal researcher:Grant RYC2021-033684-I funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and,by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.
文摘The visual system of teleost fish grows continuously,which is a useful model for studying regeneration of the central nervous system.Glial cells are key for this process,but their contribution is still not well defined.We followed oligodendrocytes in the visual system of adult zebrafish during regeneration of the optic nerve at 6,24,and 72 hours post-lesion and at 7 and 14 days post-lesion via the sox10:tagRFP transgenic line and confocal microscopy.To understand the changes that these oligodendrocytes undergo during regeneration,we used Sox2 immunohistochemistry,a stem cell marker involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation.We also used the Click-iT™ Plus TUNEL assay to study cell death and a BrdU assay to determine cell proliferation.Before optic nerve crush,sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes are located in the retina,in the optic nerve head,and through all the entire optic nerve.Sox2-positive cells are present in the peripheral germinal zone,the mature retina,and the optic nerve.After optic nerve crush,sox10:tagRFP cells disappeared from the optic nerve crush zone,suggesting that they died,although they were not TUNEL positive.Concomitantly,the number of Sox2-positive cells increased around the crushed area,the optic nerve head,and the retina.Then,between 24 hours post-lesion and 14 days post-lesion,double sox10:tagRFP/Sox2-positive cells were detected in the retina,optic nerve head,and whole optic nerve,together with a proliferation response at 72 hours post-lesion.Our results confirm that a degenerating process may occur prior to regeneration.First,sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes that surround the degenerated axons stop wrapping them,change their“myelinating oligodendrocyte”morphology to a“nonmyelinating oligodendrocyte”morphology,and die.Then,residual oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the optic nerve and retina proliferate and differentiate for the purpose of remyelination.As new axons arise from the surviving retinal ganglion cells,new sox10:tagRFP oligodendrocytes arise from residual oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to guide,nourish and myelinate them.Thus,oligodendrocytes play an active role in zebrafish axon regeneration and remyelination.
文摘Kidney transplantation(KT)accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India,with living donors contributing to 82%of cases.Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression,reduce acute rejections,and enable tailored use of maintenance agents.Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin(rATG)and interleukin-2 receptor anatagonists(IL-2RA/IL-2RBs)are the most widely used induction therapies.However,data on induction practices across India are limited.To evaluate induction immunosuppression practices across KT centers in India and establish a consensus for different subsets of KT recipients.A nationwide online survey was conducted by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation(ISOT)among its members(400 KT centers).Responses were analyzed to assess induction practices across diverse donor types,age groups,and immunological risk profiles.Heterogeneity in practices prompted consensus building using a modified Delphi process.Literature review and expert panel discussions(April 2024)were followed by structured voting,and 16 consensus statements were finalized.Of 400 centers approached,254 participated.rATG was the most commonly used induction therapy,followed by IL-2RBs;alemtuzumab was least used.Significant heterogeneity was observed in type,dose,and duration of induction therapy.Consensus recommendations were framed:rATG for high immunological risk recipients and deceased donor KTs;IL-2RB or low-dose rATG for low immunological risk;rituximab in ABOincompatible KTs;and tailoring based on age,diabetes,donor type,infection risk,and affordability.This first ISOT consensus provides 16 India-specific statements on induction therapy in KT.It emphasizes risk-stratified,evidenceinformed,and context-appropriate induction strategies,supporting standardization of care across the country.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFF0506300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52336009)+5 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2024CY2-GJHX-66)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515010429)Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2024JC-YBQN-0475)Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration(No.TZJH2024063)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.QTZX23061)the Innovation Center of Nuclear Power Technology(No.HDLCXZX-2022-ZH-013).
文摘Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs)have been recognized as promising power generation devices for future clean energy systems,owing to their relatively low activation energy for proton migration and high energy conversion efficiency.In certain application scenarios,the use of N_(2)O(a potent greenhouse gas),as an alternative oxidant to air,presents a feasible strategy.Herein,we report for the first time the operation of PCFCs employing N_(2)O as the oxidant.A hybrid Pr_(2)Ni_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4-δ)(PNCO-214)catalyst is developed,comprising Ruddlesden-Popper(R-P)structured Pr_(4)Ni_(1.8)Co_(1.2)O_(10-δ)(PNCO-4310)and fluorite structured Pr_(6)O_(11)(PO-611),which synergistically exhibits exceptional catalytic activity toward both N_(2)O decomposition and the oxygen reduction reaction,achieving a conversion over 92% and an area specific resistance of 1.301Ω·cm^(2) at 600℃.Quasi-insitu temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses reveal that abundant oxygen vacancies in PNCO-214 facilitate rapid adsorption and dissociation of N_(2)O into N_(2) and O_(2),while also promoting the surface exchange kinetics of proton/oxygen during oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).When applied in an anode-supported single cell with PNCO-214 cathode operating under N_(2)O,outstanding power density and low resistance are achieved,delivering 0.801 W·cm^(-2) and 0.245Ω·cm^(2) at 600℃.Satisfactory performance is also maintained even when the temperature is reduced to 500℃.Furthermore,the single cell demonstrates relatively good stability with negligible degradation over 130 h at 600℃ and 0.7 V.These findings underscore the potential of PNCO-214 as a highly effective cathode catalyst for enabling the use of N_(2)O as a viable oxidant in PCFCs for specific industrial applications.
