This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models ...This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models offer insights, they fall short in presenting a holistic view of complex urban challenges. System dynamics (SD) models that are often utilized to provide holistic, systematic understanding of a research subject, like the urban system, emerge as valuable tools, but data scarcity and theoretical inadequacy pose challenges. The research reviews relevant papers on recent SD model applications in urban sustainability since 2018, categorizing them based on nine key indicators. Among the reviewed papers, data limitations and model assumptions were identified as ma jor challenges in applying SD models to urban sustainability. This led to exploring the transformative potential of big data analytics, a rare approach in this field as identified by this study, to enhance SD models’ empirical foundation. Integrating big data could provide data-driven calibration, potentially improving predictive accuracy and reducing reliance on simplified assumptions. The paper concludes by advocating for new approaches that reduce assumptions and promote real-time applicable models, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability through the synergy of big data and SD models.展开更多
Assessing regional economic development is key for advancing towards the Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring sustainable societal progress.Traditional evaluation methods focus on basic economic metrics like pop...Assessing regional economic development is key for advancing towards the Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring sustainable societal progress.Traditional evaluation methods focus on basic economic metrics like population and capital,which may not fully reflect the complexities of economic activities.Nighttime light(NTL)has been validated as an alternative indicator for regional economic development,yet limitations persist in its evaluation.This study integrates OpenStreetMap(OSM)data and NTL data,providing a novel data integration approach for evaluating economic development.The study uses mainland of China as a case,applying ordinary least squares(OLS)and geographically weighted regression(GWR)to evaluate OSM and NTL data across provincial,municipal,and county levels.It compares OSM,NTL,and their combined use,providing key empirical insights for enhancing data fusion models.The study results reveal:(1)NTL data is more accurate for provincial-level economic activity,while OSM data excels at the county level.(2)GWR demonstrates superior capability over OLS in revealing the spatial dynamics of economic development across scales.(3)Through the integration of both datasets,it is observed that,compared to single-data modeling,the performance is enhanced at the city scale and county scale.The study demonstrates that combining OSM and NTL data effectively assesses economic development in both developed and underdeveloped areas at provincial,municipal,and county levels.The study offers a straightforward and efficient approach to data integration.The findings offer new research perspectives and scientific support for sustainable regional economic growth,particularly valuable in data-scarce,underdeveloped areas.展开更多
A numerical procedure for analyzing the temperature distribution in a hollow axisymmetric cylinder, made of functionally gradient material （FGM）, was investigated. Based on the thermal elasticity theory and the arbi...A numerical procedure for analyzing the temperature distribution in a hollow axisymmetric cylinder, made of functionally gradient material （FGM）, was investigated. Based on the thermal elasticity theory and the arbitrary difference precise integration （ADPI） method, temperature distribution through the FGM cylinder in the ring section under a transient-state temperature field was developed and presented. A genetic algorithm （GA） was applied to the thermal stress optimal design of an FGM hollow cylinder, and as a result, the minimum thermal stress distribution in the FGM cylinder was obtained. A corresponding numerical procedure regarding to a ceramic-metal FGM cylinder was perforrned. and the comnutational results were discussed.展开更多
Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health.However,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as ...Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health.However,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as they tend to be laborious,time-consuming,or technically difficult.Disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection treatment.Since DBP precursors have various origins(e.g.,natural,domestic,industrial,and agricultural sources),and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive,we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution origins.After providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors,as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors,this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources.In practice,the DBPs(i.e.,their concentration and speciation)originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential tests—in which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditions—can be considered as alternative metrics.When jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g.,dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,fluorescence,and molecular weight distribution)and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g.,certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products),DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.展开更多
Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants...Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.展开更多
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) remains a leading cause of viral disease worldwide and is spread by direct contact with infected lesions. There is no vaccine against HSV-1 infections and there remains a need to identif...Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) remains a leading cause of viral disease worldwide and is spread by direct contact with infected lesions. There is no vaccine against HSV-1 infections and there remains a need to identify therapeutics that could reduce the spread. In this study various hispolon compounds were analyzed to determine their antiviral potential against HSV-1 infections in cultured Vero cells. To determine the effects on infectivity and possible mechanisms of inhibition, the following assays were conducted. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were conducted to determine the effect of the compounds on cell viability and the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations. Antiviral assays measured cell viability, percent inhibition of infection following treatment with the compounds, and the effect on the viral infection cycle. These effects were visualized using inverted light and fluorescent microscopy. Of the 24 hispolons tested, only hispolon pyrazole-1 (HISP-1) demonstrated antiviral effects. HISP-1 was demonstrated to effect early stages in HSV-1 infection in cultured Vero cells (attachment, penetration, and post-penetration). In silico modeling analyses were conducted to analyze the interactions between HISP-1 and viral glycoprotein D (gD). HISP-1 is safe at concentrations tested and is effective in inhibiting infection of HSV-1 in cultured cells. HISP-1 has potential for therapeutic use as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection, could work in synergy with other antivirals that work be a different modality, and could be developed as a component of a topical agent to reduce the spread of HSV-1 infections.展开更多
ChatGPT,launched on November 30,2022,has been adopted by the industries and academia alike.Students have started using ChatGPT for classroom assignments.In the search for the use of this tool for constructive purposes...ChatGPT,launched on November 30,2022,has been adopted by the industries and academia alike.Students have started using ChatGPT for classroom assignments.In the search for the use of this tool for constructive purposes,the professor of a graduate class(MBA)on Supply Chain and Operations Management decided to require students to use ChatGPT to first generate some material for their term papers.Typically,ChatGPT generates one to two pages of original material for the student who is not well trained in using it,which was the case for the students in this class.Then,the students were asked to use the ChatGPT-generated material as a guide to writing a 10-page long paper with new references and citations added.A comparative study is conducted to determine the usefulness of ChatGPT on this project.The preliminary results indicate that students found ChatGPT useful in generating their own papers.Meanwhile,our analysis shows beginners of ChatGPT have limited capacity to generate high-quality content based on ChatGPT.Also,text mining is conducted to compare the readability and information density of ChatGPT-generated content and student-generated content.展开更多
This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.1...This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw （grams dry weight） in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents （average 2.18 mg/g dw）, which comprises a significant fraction （27%-41%） of the total organic carbon （TOC） preserved in the sediments. In comparison, BC in the surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay, East China Sea and the South China Sea is less abundant and accounted for an average of 6%, 8%, 14% and 5%, respectively, of the sedimentary organic carbon pool. The concentration of EPAH in the surface sediments ranges from 41 to 3 667 ng/g dw and showed large spatial variations among the sampling sites of different costal regions. The Bohai Bay has the highest ZPAH values, ranging from 79 to 3 667 ng/g dw. This reflects the high anthropogenically contaminated nature of the sediments in the bay. BC is positively correlated to TOC but a strong correlation is not found between BC and ZPAH in the surface sediments studied, suggesting that BC and PAHs preserved in the sediments are derived from different sources and controlled by different biogeochemical processes. Our study suggests that the abundance of BC preserved in the sediments could represent a significant sink pool of carbon cycling in China＇s marginal seas.展开更多
Synthesis and use of the iron compounds supported on granular activated carbon （ICs/GAC） have shown significant environmental implications for perchlorate （ClO4^- ） removal. ICs/GAC was synthesized via hydrolyzing...Synthesis and use of the iron compounds supported on granular activated carbon （ICs/GAC） have shown significant environmental implications for perchlorate （ClO4^- ） removal. ICs/GAC was synthesized via hydrolyzing FeSO 4 ·7H2O on GAC, reduced by NaBH 4 solution in polyethylene glycol 6000 and ethanol solution, dried in vacuum condition and exposed to air. Synthesized ICs/GAC was characterized using transmission electron micrograph （TEM）, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. ICs/GAC was determined to be containing a large amount of FeOHSO 4 , Fe2O3 and a small amount of zero-valent iron （ZVI） nanoparticles according to TEM and XPS measurements. Batch static kinetic tests showed that 97% of ClO4^- was removed within 10 hr at 90°C and 86% of ClO4^- was removed within 12 hr at 25°C, at ICs/GAC dosage of 20 g/L. The experimental results also showed that FeOHSO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles have the function of perchlorate adsorption and play important roles in ClO4^- removal. The activation energy （E a ） was determined to be 9.56 kJ/mol.展开更多
In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT...In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model. The model was tested at the Juntanghu watershed on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,China. We compared the performances of temperature-index method and energy balanced method in SWAT model by taking Juntanghu river basin as an application example(as the simulation experiment was conducted in Juntanghu River, we call the energy balanced method as SWAT-JTH). The results suggest that the SWAT snowmelt model had overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 while the physical based approach had NSE coefficients ranging from 0.58 to0.69. Overall, on monthly scale, the SWAT model provides better results than that from the SWAT-JTH model. However, results generated from both methods seem to be fairly close at a daily scale. Thestructure of the temperature-index method is simple and produces reasonable simulation results if the parameters are well within empirical ranges. Although the data requirement for the energy balance method in current observation is difficult to meet and the existence of uncertainty is associated with the experimental approaches of physical processes, the SWAT-JTH model still produced a reasonably high NSE. We conclude that using temperature-index methods to simulate the snowmelt process is sufficient, but the energy balance-based model is still a good choice to simulate extreme weather conditions especially when the required data input for the model is acquired.展开更多
This study investigated the degradation of bisphenol-A （BPA） by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of different additives （H2O2, air bubbles and humic acid） under various operating conditions, i.e., ultrasonic...This study investigated the degradation of bisphenol-A （BPA） by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of different additives （H2O2, air bubbles and humic acid） under various operating conditions, i.e., ultrasonic frequency, power intensity and power density. The results demonstrated that the BPA degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics under different experimental conditions. The optimum power intensities were 0.9, 1.8, and 3.0 W/cm2 at the frequencies of 400, 670, and 800 kHz, respectively. At the fixed frequency （800 kHz）, the degradation rate of BPA was shown proportional to the increase of power density applied. With this manner, the BPA sonolysis could be facilitated at H202 dosage being lower than 0.1 mmol/L; while BPA degradation was hindered at H202 concentration in excess of 1 mmol/L. Additionally, BPA removal was shown to be inhibited by the presence of aeration and humic acid during ultrasonic irradiation. The present study suggested that the degradation rate of BPA assisted by ultrasonic irradiation was influenced by a variety of factors, and high BPA removal rate could be achieved under appropriate conditions.展开更多
This study focuses on the comparison of the Uniform Building Code （UBC） 1997 and International Building Code （IBC） 2003 in relation to the seismic design and analysis of special steel moment resisting frame buildi...This study focuses on the comparison of the Uniform Building Code （UBC） 1997 and International Building Code （IBC） 2003 in relation to the seismic design and analysis of special steel moment resisting frame buildings （SMRF）. This paper formulates a numerical study of a steel SMRF building, studied in four different situations, namely： as an office building in San Francisco; as an office building in Sacramento; as an essential facility in San Francisco, and as an essential facility in Sacramento. The analytical results of the model buildings are then compared and analyzed taking note of any significant differences. This case study explores variations in the results obtained using the two codes, particularly the design base shear and drift ratios as they relate to different locations and occupancy use. This study also proves that IBC 2003 is more stringent for the redundancy factor under design category E for the SMRF building, and drift limits for essential facilities.展开更多
This study shows that there are two regions with high trace metal concentrations in the Bohai Bay, China. The numerical hydrodynamic model coupled with geochemical analysis was applied to understand the mass transport...This study shows that there are two regions with high trace metal concentrations in the Bohai Bay, China. The numerical hydrodynamic model coupled with geochemical analysis was applied to understand the mass transport and sedimentation in the bay. The modeling results show that the two regions are located within the residual current vortexes. Results from the particle-tracking model indicate that the trace metals released from the land sources enter the regions and take a relatively long residence time in the vortexes. The sediment radionuclide data indicates that the two regions experienced continuous and high sedimentation, and trace metals are prone to deposit in the regions. The correlations among trace metals, residual currents and radionuclides data suggest that the tides are the governing factor controlling the distributions of the trace metals in the bay. The consistence among these results also supports the reliabilities of the numerical simulation results of water and trace metal transport in this study.展开更多
Green tea leaves contain many polyphenolic compounds such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). These polyphenol compounds have...Green tea leaves contain many polyphenolic compounds such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). These polyphenol compounds have been implicated to have distinct properties that combat the harmful effects of cell proliferation. They contain certain anti-viral and antibacterial properties that inhibit growth. In this study, 1% green tea and modified lipophilic green tea polyphenols (GTP and LTP) were used in combination with the most commonly prescribed antibiotics to study their effects on gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria. The results indicated that 1% GTP and 1% LTP provided different synergistic effects on several antibiotics in various bacteria. It was found that 1% GTP works the best synergistically against Enterobacter aerogenes, making the resistant strain susceptible to 8 out of 12 antibiotics used. 1% LTP worked the best on Escherichia coli and was able to convert 7 antibiotic resistant categories to susceptible. In addition, 1% LTP was also able to inhibit the growth of Serratia marcescens synergistically with 3 antibiotics. These results suggest that 1% GTP and 1% LTP provide beneficial effects on selected antibiotics against microbial growth and are able to reverse the antibiotic resistance to susceptible. Green tea polyphenols could serve as natural alternatives to combat against antibiotic resistance pathogens.展开更多
Given the tremendous need for effective weight loss treatments, we read with interest the paper by Yan et al. and were intrigued by the reported finding that a form of massage produced weight loss in a randomized con...Given the tremendous need for effective weight loss treatments, we read with interest the paper by Yan et al. and were intrigued by the reported finding that a form of massage produced weight loss in a randomized controlled trial.展开更多
基金sponsored by the U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development(Grant No.NJLTS0027-22)The opinions expressed in this study are the authors alone,and do not represent the U.S.Depart-ment of HUD’s opinions.
文摘This paper addresses urban sustainability challenges amid global urbanization, emphasizing the need for innova tive approaches aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. While traditional tools and linear models offer insights, they fall short in presenting a holistic view of complex urban challenges. System dynamics (SD) models that are often utilized to provide holistic, systematic understanding of a research subject, like the urban system, emerge as valuable tools, but data scarcity and theoretical inadequacy pose challenges. The research reviews relevant papers on recent SD model applications in urban sustainability since 2018, categorizing them based on nine key indicators. Among the reviewed papers, data limitations and model assumptions were identified as ma jor challenges in applying SD models to urban sustainability. This led to exploring the transformative potential of big data analytics, a rare approach in this field as identified by this study, to enhance SD models’ empirical foundation. Integrating big data could provide data-driven calibration, potentially improving predictive accuracy and reducing reliance on simplified assumptions. The paper concludes by advocating for new approaches that reduce assumptions and promote real-time applicable models, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of urban sustainability through the synergy of big data and SD models.
基金funded by The Third Comprehensive Scientific Investigation in Xinjiang(Grant No.2021xjkk1001)Program of National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22BJL061)+1 种基金Major Project of Xinjiang Social Science Foundation(Grant No.21AZD008)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41461035).
文摘Assessing regional economic development is key for advancing towards the Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring sustainable societal progress.Traditional evaluation methods focus on basic economic metrics like population and capital,which may not fully reflect the complexities of economic activities.Nighttime light(NTL)has been validated as an alternative indicator for regional economic development,yet limitations persist in its evaluation.This study integrates OpenStreetMap(OSM)data and NTL data,providing a novel data integration approach for evaluating economic development.The study uses mainland of China as a case,applying ordinary least squares(OLS)and geographically weighted regression(GWR)to evaluate OSM and NTL data across provincial,municipal,and county levels.It compares OSM,NTL,and their combined use,providing key empirical insights for enhancing data fusion models.The study results reveal:(1)NTL data is more accurate for provincial-level economic activity,while OSM data excels at the county level.(2)GWR demonstrates superior capability over OLS in revealing the spatial dynamics of economic development across scales.(3)Through the integration of both datasets,it is observed that,compared to single-data modeling,the performance is enhanced at the city scale and county scale.The study demonstrates that combining OSM and NTL data effectively assesses economic development in both developed and underdeveloped areas at provincial,municipal,and county levels.The study offers a straightforward and efficient approach to data integration.The findings offer new research perspectives and scientific support for sustainable regional economic growth,particularly valuable in data-scarce,underdeveloped areas.
文摘A numerical procedure for analyzing the temperature distribution in a hollow axisymmetric cylinder, made of functionally gradient material （FGM）, was investigated. Based on the thermal elasticity theory and the arbitrary difference precise integration （ADPI） method, temperature distribution through the FGM cylinder in the ring section under a transient-state temperature field was developed and presented. A genetic algorithm （GA） was applied to the thermal stress optimal design of an FGM hollow cylinder, and as a result, the minimum thermal stress distribution in the FGM cylinder was obtained. A corresponding numerical procedure regarding to a ceramic-metal FGM cylinder was perforrned. and the comnutational results were discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52325001,52170009,and 52091542)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3200700)+3 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China(21XD1424000)the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(20230714100)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B1111350001)Tongji University Youth 100 Program.
文摘Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health.However,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as they tend to be laborious,time-consuming,or technically difficult.Disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection treatment.Since DBP precursors have various origins(e.g.,natural,domestic,industrial,and agricultural sources),and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive,we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution origins.After providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors,as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors,this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources.In practice,the DBPs(i.e.,their concentration and speciation)originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential tests—in which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditions—can be considered as alternative metrics.When jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g.,dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,fluorescence,and molecular weight distribution)and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g.,certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products),DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.
文摘Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.
文摘Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) remains a leading cause of viral disease worldwide and is spread by direct contact with infected lesions. There is no vaccine against HSV-1 infections and there remains a need to identify therapeutics that could reduce the spread. In this study various hispolon compounds were analyzed to determine their antiviral potential against HSV-1 infections in cultured Vero cells. To determine the effects on infectivity and possible mechanisms of inhibition, the following assays were conducted. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were conducted to determine the effect of the compounds on cell viability and the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations. Antiviral assays measured cell viability, percent inhibition of infection following treatment with the compounds, and the effect on the viral infection cycle. These effects were visualized using inverted light and fluorescent microscopy. Of the 24 hispolons tested, only hispolon pyrazole-1 (HISP-1) demonstrated antiviral effects. HISP-1 was demonstrated to effect early stages in HSV-1 infection in cultured Vero cells (attachment, penetration, and post-penetration). In silico modeling analyses were conducted to analyze the interactions between HISP-1 and viral glycoprotein D (gD). HISP-1 is safe at concentrations tested and is effective in inhibiting infection of HSV-1 in cultured cells. HISP-1 has potential for therapeutic use as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection, could work in synergy with other antivirals that work be a different modality, and could be developed as a component of a topical agent to reduce the spread of HSV-1 infections.
文摘ChatGPT,launched on November 30,2022,has been adopted by the industries and academia alike.Students have started using ChatGPT for classroom assignments.In the search for the use of this tool for constructive purposes,the professor of a graduate class(MBA)on Supply Chain and Operations Management decided to require students to use ChatGPT to first generate some material for their term papers.Typically,ChatGPT generates one to two pages of original material for the student who is not well trained in using it,which was the case for the students in this class.Then,the students were asked to use the ChatGPT-generated material as a guide to writing a 10-page long paper with new references and citations added.A comparative study is conducted to determine the usefulness of ChatGPT on this project.The preliminary results indicate that students found ChatGPT useful in generating their own papers.Meanwhile,our analysis shows beginners of ChatGPT have limited capacity to generate high-quality content based on ChatGPT.Also,text mining is conducted to compare the readability and information density of ChatGPT-generated content and student-generated content.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40476038 and 40576039)
文摘This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw （grams dry weight） in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents （average 2.18 mg/g dw）, which comprises a significant fraction （27%-41%） of the total organic carbon （TOC） preserved in the sediments. In comparison, BC in the surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay, East China Sea and the South China Sea is less abundant and accounted for an average of 6%, 8%, 14% and 5%, respectively, of the sedimentary organic carbon pool. The concentration of EPAH in the surface sediments ranges from 41 to 3 667 ng/g dw and showed large spatial variations among the sampling sites of different costal regions. The Bohai Bay has the highest ZPAH values, ranging from 79 to 3 667 ng/g dw. This reflects the high anthropogenically contaminated nature of the sediments in the bay. BC is positively correlated to TOC but a strong correlation is not found between BC and ZPAH in the surface sediments studied, suggesting that BC and PAHs preserved in the sediments are derived from different sources and controlled by different biogeochemical processes. Our study suggests that the abundance of BC preserved in the sediments could represent a significant sink pool of carbon cycling in China＇s marginal seas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5087816350708067)+1 种基金the National Major Project of Science&Technology Ministry of China(No.2008ZX07421-002)the Research and Development Project of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development(No.2009K7-4)
文摘Synthesis and use of the iron compounds supported on granular activated carbon （ICs/GAC） have shown significant environmental implications for perchlorate （ClO4^- ） removal. ICs/GAC was synthesized via hydrolyzing FeSO 4 ·7H2O on GAC, reduced by NaBH 4 solution in polyethylene glycol 6000 and ethanol solution, dried in vacuum condition and exposed to air. Synthesized ICs/GAC was characterized using transmission electron micrograph （TEM）, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. ICs/GAC was determined to be containing a large amount of FeOHSO 4 , Fe2O3 and a small amount of zero-valent iron （ZVI） nanoparticles according to TEM and XPS measurements. Batch static kinetic tests showed that 97% of ClO4^- was removed within 10 hr at 90°C and 86% of ClO4^- was removed within 12 hr at 25°C, at ICs/GAC dosage of 20 g/L. The experimental results also showed that FeOHSO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles have the function of perchlorate adsorption and play important roles in ClO4^- removal. The activation energy （E a ） was determined to be 9.56 kJ/mol.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) public sector research and special funds-the most stringent in arid zone water resources management key technologies (201301103)National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 41130641, 41201025+1 种基金Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-Oasis Open Topic-Moisture change in Central Asia and its influence on precipitation in Xinjang Province (XJDX0201-2013-07)the Tianshan Scholar Start-up Fund provided by Xinjiang University
文摘In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model. The model was tested at the Juntanghu watershed on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,China. We compared the performances of temperature-index method and energy balanced method in SWAT model by taking Juntanghu river basin as an application example(as the simulation experiment was conducted in Juntanghu River, we call the energy balanced method as SWAT-JTH). The results suggest that the SWAT snowmelt model had overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 while the physical based approach had NSE coefficients ranging from 0.58 to0.69. Overall, on monthly scale, the SWAT model provides better results than that from the SWAT-JTH model. However, results generated from both methods seem to be fairly close at a daily scale. Thestructure of the temperature-index method is simple and produces reasonable simulation results if the parameters are well within empirical ranges. Although the data requirement for the energy balance method in current observation is difficult to meet and the existence of uncertainty is associated with the experimental approaches of physical processes, the SWAT-JTH model still produced a reasonably high NSE. We conclude that using temperature-index methods to simulate the snowmelt process is sufficient, but the energy balance-based model is still a good choice to simulate extreme weather conditions especially when the required data input for the model is acquired.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50878163,50708067)the National Major Project of Science & Technology Ministry of China (No.2008ZX07421-002)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No.2008AA06A412)the Research and Development Project of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (No. 2009-K7-4)
文摘This study investigated the degradation of bisphenol-A （BPA） by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of different additives （H2O2, air bubbles and humic acid） under various operating conditions, i.e., ultrasonic frequency, power intensity and power density. The results demonstrated that the BPA degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics under different experimental conditions. The optimum power intensities were 0.9, 1.8, and 3.0 W/cm2 at the frequencies of 400, 670, and 800 kHz, respectively. At the fixed frequency （800 kHz）, the degradation rate of BPA was shown proportional to the increase of power density applied. With this manner, the BPA sonolysis could be facilitated at H202 dosage being lower than 0.1 mmol/L; while BPA degradation was hindered at H202 concentration in excess of 1 mmol/L. Additionally, BPA removal was shown to be inhibited by the presence of aeration and humic acid during ultrasonic irradiation. The present study suggested that the degradation rate of BPA assisted by ultrasonic irradiation was influenced by a variety of factors, and high BPA removal rate could be achieved under appropriate conditions.
基金Rearch Grant from the School of Engineering,San Francisco State University
文摘This study focuses on the comparison of the Uniform Building Code （UBC） 1997 and International Building Code （IBC） 2003 in relation to the seismic design and analysis of special steel moment resisting frame buildings （SMRF）. This paper formulates a numerical study of a steel SMRF building, studied in four different situations, namely： as an office building in San Francisco; as an office building in Sacramento; as an essential facility in San Francisco, and as an essential facility in Sacramento. The analytical results of the model buildings are then compared and analyzed taking note of any significant differences. This case study explores variations in the results obtained using the two codes, particularly the design base shear and drift ratios as they relate to different locations and occupancy use. This study also proves that IBC 2003 is more stringent for the redundancy factor under design category E for the SMRF building, and drift limits for essential facilities.
基金financially supported in part by the Key Program of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.16JCZDJC39400)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0502204)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21501042)China Scholarship Council
文摘This study shows that there are two regions with high trace metal concentrations in the Bohai Bay, China. The numerical hydrodynamic model coupled with geochemical analysis was applied to understand the mass transport and sedimentation in the bay. The modeling results show that the two regions are located within the residual current vortexes. Results from the particle-tracking model indicate that the trace metals released from the land sources enter the regions and take a relatively long residence time in the vortexes. The sediment radionuclide data indicates that the two regions experienced continuous and high sedimentation, and trace metals are prone to deposit in the regions. The correlations among trace metals, residual currents and radionuclides data suggest that the tides are the governing factor controlling the distributions of the trace metals in the bay. The consistence among these results also supports the reliabilities of the numerical simulation results of water and trace metal transport in this study.
文摘Green tea leaves contain many polyphenolic compounds such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). These polyphenol compounds have been implicated to have distinct properties that combat the harmful effects of cell proliferation. They contain certain anti-viral and antibacterial properties that inhibit growth. In this study, 1% green tea and modified lipophilic green tea polyphenols (GTP and LTP) were used in combination with the most commonly prescribed antibiotics to study their effects on gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria. The results indicated that 1% GTP and 1% LTP provided different synergistic effects on several antibiotics in various bacteria. It was found that 1% GTP works the best synergistically against Enterobacter aerogenes, making the resistant strain susceptible to 8 out of 12 antibiotics used. 1% LTP worked the best on Escherichia coli and was able to convert 7 antibiotic resistant categories to susceptible. In addition, 1% LTP was also able to inhibit the growth of Serratia marcescens synergistically with 3 antibiotics. These results suggest that 1% GTP and 1% LTP provide beneficial effects on selected antibiotics against microbial growth and are able to reverse the antibiotic resistance to susceptible. Green tea polyphenols could serve as natural alternatives to combat against antibiotic resistance pathogens.
文摘Given the tremendous need for effective weight loss treatments, we read with interest the paper by Yan et al. and were intrigued by the reported finding that a form of massage produced weight loss in a randomized controlled trial.
