The multifaceted switches are part of our everyday life from the macroscopic to the molecular world.A molecular switch operating in the solution and in the crystalline state is very different.In this review,we summari...The multifaceted switches are part of our everyday life from the macroscopic to the molecular world.A molecular switch operating in the solution and in the crystalline state is very different.In this review,we summarize the state-of-the-art of smart molecular crystal switches based on molecular martensites.These crystal switches respond to external stimuli and reversibly change between states,retaining their macroscopic integrity.The operation of the switches predominantly relies on temperature alterations or mechanical stress,with emerging methods based on photothermal effects,photoisomerization,and host-vip chemistry.The capability of changing the molecular orientation and interaction in smart molecular crystal switches offers opportunities in several applications,including actuators,reversibly shaping structural materials,optoelectronic and magnetic materials,as well as switchable porous materials.Smart molecular crystal switches have vast potential in modern scientific and technological progress.The ongoing research shapes a rich landscape for innovation and future scientific exploration across diverse disciplines.展开更多
Over the past decade,perovskite photovoltaics have approached other currently available technologies and proven to be the most prospective type of solar cells.Although the many-sided research in this very active field...Over the past decade,perovskite photovoltaics have approached other currently available technologies and proven to be the most prospective type of solar cells.Although the many-sided research in this very active field has generated consistent results with regard to their undisputed consistently increasing power conversion efficiency,it also produced several rather contradictory opinions.Among other important details,debate surrounding their proneness to surface degradation and poor mechanical robustness,as well as the environmental footprint of this materials class,remains a moot point.The application of ionic liquids appears as one of the potential remedies to some of these challenges due to their high conductivity,the opportunities for chemical"tuning"of the structure,and relatively lower environmental footprint.This article provides an overview,classification,and applications of ionic liquids in perovskite solar cells.We summarize the use and role of ionic liquids as versatile additives,solvents,and modifiers in perovskite precursor solution,in charge transport layer,and in interfacial and stability engineering.Finally,challenges and the future prospects for the design and/or selection of ionic liquids with a specific profile that meets the requirements for next-generation highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells are proposed.展开更多
A calculation method for heats of formation (HOF, referred to as △Hf) based on the density functional theory (DFT) is presented in this work. Similar to Gaussian-3 theory, the atomic scheme is applied to calculate th...A calculation method for heats of formation (HOF, referred to as △Hf) based on the density functional theory (DFT) is presented in this work. Similar to Gaussian-3 theory, the atomic scheme is applied to calculate the heats of formation of the molecules. In this method, we have modified the formula for calculation of Gaussian-3 theory in several ways, including the correction for diffuse functions and the correction for higher polarization functions. These corrections are found to be significant. The average absolute deviation from experiment for the 164 calculated heats of formation is about 1.9 kcal·mol?1, while average absolute deviation from G3MP2 for the 149 (among the 164 molecules, 15 large-sized molecules can not be calculated at the G3MP2 level) calculated heats of formation is only about 1.9 kcal·mol?1. It indicates that the present method can be applied to predict the heats of formation of medium-sized and large-sized molecules, while the heats of formation of these molecules using Gaussian-3 theory are much difficult, even impossible, to calculate. That is, this method provides a choice in the calculation of △Hf for medium-sized and large-sized molecules.展开更多
Optically transmissive materials are indispensable for the transmission of light or light-encoded signals in telecommunications and optobiomedical techniques.Here,we propose that slender crystals of small organic mole...Optically transmissive materials are indispensable for the transmission of light or light-encoded signals in telecommunications and optobiomedical techniques.Here,we propose that slender crystals of small organic molecules can be used as optically transparent,flexible,lightweight,and emissive media to deliver photons into or through biological tissues as an alternative to silica-or polymer-based light waveguides.We demonstrate that organic crystals remain transmissive in various tissues,and their efficiency in light transduction depends on the intrinsic optical properties of the crystal,optical path,geometry of excitation,and the type of tissue.Moreover,elastically or plastically deformable organic crystals remain mechanically compliant and can be bent after they have been embedded in the tissue,opening prospects for designing a new class of biocompatible light waveguiding elements based on crystalline organic materials.In vivo implantation and toxicity assays capitalize on mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility in animal models.Within a broader context,the high transparency,anisotropy,and biocompatibility of some organic crystals turn this emerging class of materials into a prospective platform for delivering photons for specific interaction with target cells in tissues for applications such as photodynamic therapy and optogenetics.展开更多
Epigenetic mechanisms are integral to plant growth,development,and adaptation to environmental stimuli.Over the past two decades,our comprehension of these complex regulatory processes has expanded remarkably,producin...Epigenetic mechanisms are integral to plant growth,development,and adaptation to environmental stimuli.Over the past two decades,our comprehension of these complex regulatory processes has expanded remarkably,producing a substantial body of knowledge on both locus-specific mechanisms and genome-wide regulatory patterns.Studies initially grounded in the model plant Arabidopsis have been broadened to encompass a diverse array of crop species,revealing the multifaceted roles of epigenetics in physiological and agronomic traits.With recent technological advancements,epigenetic regulations at the single-cell level and at the large-scale population level are emerging as new focuses.This review offers an in-depth synthesis of the diverse epigenetic regulations,detailing the catalytic machinery and regulatory functions.It delves into the intricate interplay among various epigenetic elements and their collective influence on the modulation of crop traits.Furthermore,it examines recent breakthroughs in technologies for epigenetic modifications and their integration into strategies for crop improvement.The review underscores the transformative potential of epigenetic strategies in bolstering crop performance,advocating for the development of efficient tools to fully exploit the agricultural benefits of epigenetic insights.展开更多
Wolfiporia cocos(F. A. Wolf) has been praised as a food delicacy and medicine for centuries in China. Here, we present the genome and transcriptome of the Chinese strain CGMCC5.78 of W. cocos. High-confidence function...Wolfiporia cocos(F. A. Wolf) has been praised as a food delicacy and medicine for centuries in China. Here, we present the genome and transcriptome of the Chinese strain CGMCC5.78 of W. cocos. High-confidence functional prediction was made for 9277 genes among the 10,908 total predicted gene models in the W. cocos genome. Up to 2838 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified to be related to sclerotial development by comparing the transcriptomes of mycelial and sclerotial tissues. These DEGs are involved in mating processes, differentiation of fruiting body tissues, and metabolic pathways. A number of genes encoding enzymes and regulatory factors related to polysaccharide and triterpenoid production were strikingly regulated. A potential triterpenoid gene cluster including the signature lanosterol synthase(LSS) gene and its modified components were annotated. In addition, five nonribosomal peptide synthase(NRPS)-like gene clusters,eight polyketide synthase(PKS) gene clusters, and 15 terpene gene clusters were discovered in the genome. The differential expression of the velevt family proteins, transcription factors,carbohydrate-active enzymes, and signaling components indicated their essential roles in the regulation of fungal development and secondary metabolism in W. cocos. These genomic and transcriptomic resources will be valuable for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms controlling sclerotial formation and for its improved medicinal applications.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:For the past decade,the field of colloidal science has expanded the collection of colloidal particles to include an entire library of subunits that can be isotropic or anisotropic in terms of structural mor...CONSPECTUS:For the past decade,the field of colloidal science has expanded the collection of colloidal particles to include an entire library of subunits that can be isotropic or anisotropic in terms of structural morphology or chemical composition.Using anisotropic subunits,the field has assembled a variety of static and dynamic structures.For this Account,we use the umbrella term“dynamic colloids”to describe subunits capable of movement,shape-shifting,or any other type of action in response to a stimulus and“static colloids”to describe those that are unresponsive to such stimuli.We view dynamic colloids as an access point to colloidal machines,a unique and emerging subfield of machines,and colloidal science.The assembly of dynamic subunits into colloidal machines differs from traditional self-assembly only in the final structures assembled,not the methods used.Dynamic assemblies have the capacity to interact with their environment in ways that traditional anisotropic self-assemblies do not.Here,we present the current state of the field of colloidal science toward the introduction of the next wave of colloidal machines.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51773077 and 52173164 H.Z)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(20230101038JC,H.Z)+1 种基金a fund from New York University Abu Dhabi(P.N)This material is based upon works supported by Tamkeen under NYUAD RRC Grant No.CG011.
文摘The multifaceted switches are part of our everyday life from the macroscopic to the molecular world.A molecular switch operating in the solution and in the crystalline state is very different.In this review,we summarize the state-of-the-art of smart molecular crystal switches based on molecular martensites.These crystal switches respond to external stimuli and reversibly change between states,retaining their macroscopic integrity.The operation of the switches predominantly relies on temperature alterations or mechanical stress,with emerging methods based on photothermal effects,photoisomerization,and host-vip chemistry.The capability of changing the molecular orientation and interaction in smart molecular crystal switches offers opportunities in several applications,including actuators,reversibly shaping structural materials,optoelectronic and magnetic materials,as well as switchable porous materials.Smart molecular crystal switches have vast potential in modern scientific and technological progress.The ongoing research shapes a rich landscape for innovation and future scientific exploration across diverse disciplines.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62004129,22005202)is gratefully acknowledgedNew York University Abu Dhabi for financial support.
文摘Over the past decade,perovskite photovoltaics have approached other currently available technologies and proven to be the most prospective type of solar cells.Although the many-sided research in this very active field has generated consistent results with regard to their undisputed consistently increasing power conversion efficiency,it also produced several rather contradictory opinions.Among other important details,debate surrounding their proneness to surface degradation and poor mechanical robustness,as well as the environmental footprint of this materials class,remains a moot point.The application of ionic liquids appears as one of the potential remedies to some of these challenges due to their high conductivity,the opportunities for chemical"tuning"of the structure,and relatively lower environmental footprint.This article provides an overview,classification,and applications of ionic liquids in perovskite solar cells.We summarize the use and role of ionic liquids as versatile additives,solvents,and modifiers in perovskite precursor solution,in charge transport layer,and in interfacial and stability engineering.Finally,challenges and the future prospects for the design and/or selection of ionic liquids with a specific profile that meets the requirements for next-generation highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells are proposed.
文摘A calculation method for heats of formation (HOF, referred to as △Hf) based on the density functional theory (DFT) is presented in this work. Similar to Gaussian-3 theory, the atomic scheme is applied to calculate the heats of formation of the molecules. In this method, we have modified the formula for calculation of Gaussian-3 theory in several ways, including the correction for diffuse functions and the correction for higher polarization functions. These corrections are found to be significant. The average absolute deviation from experiment for the 164 calculated heats of formation is about 1.9 kcal·mol?1, while average absolute deviation from G3MP2 for the 149 (among the 164 molecules, 15 large-sized molecules can not be calculated at the G3MP2 level) calculated heats of formation is only about 1.9 kcal·mol?1. It indicates that the present method can be applied to predict the heats of formation of medium-sized and large-sized molecules, while the heats of formation of these molecules using Gaussian-3 theory are much difficult, even impossible, to calculate. That is, this method provides a choice in the calculation of △Hf for medium-sized and large-sized molecules.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.52173164 and 52373181)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(grant no.20230101038JC)+1 种基金a fund from New York University Abu Dhabisupported by Tamkeen under New York University Abu Dhabi Research Review Council grant no.CG011.
文摘Optically transmissive materials are indispensable for the transmission of light or light-encoded signals in telecommunications and optobiomedical techniques.Here,we propose that slender crystals of small organic molecules can be used as optically transparent,flexible,lightweight,and emissive media to deliver photons into or through biological tissues as an alternative to silica-or polymer-based light waveguides.We demonstrate that organic crystals remain transmissive in various tissues,and their efficiency in light transduction depends on the intrinsic optical properties of the crystal,optical path,geometry of excitation,and the type of tissue.Moreover,elastically or plastically deformable organic crystals remain mechanically compliant and can be bent after they have been embedded in the tissue,opening prospects for designing a new class of biocompatible light waveguiding elements based on crystalline organic materials.In vivo implantation and toxicity assays capitalize on mechanical flexibility and biocompatibility in animal models.Within a broader context,the high transparency,anisotropy,and biocompatibility of some organic crystals turn this emerging class of materials into a prospective platform for delivering photons for specific interaction with target cells in tissues for applications such as photodynamic therapy and optogenetics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330019 to Cao X.,31701060 to Zhu B.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF1000304 to Duan C.G.)+1 种基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22XD1420200,22TQ014 to Ren G.)Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(tsqn202211301 to Luo X.)。
文摘Epigenetic mechanisms are integral to plant growth,development,and adaptation to environmental stimuli.Over the past two decades,our comprehension of these complex regulatory processes has expanded remarkably,producing a substantial body of knowledge on both locus-specific mechanisms and genome-wide regulatory patterns.Studies initially grounded in the model plant Arabidopsis have been broadened to encompass a diverse array of crop species,revealing the multifaceted roles of epigenetics in physiological and agronomic traits.With recent technological advancements,epigenetic regulations at the single-cell level and at the large-scale population level are emerging as new focuses.This review offers an in-depth synthesis of the diverse epigenetic regulations,detailing the catalytic machinery and regulatory functions.It delves into the intricate interplay among various epigenetic elements and their collective influence on the modulation of crop traits.Furthermore,it examines recent breakthroughs in technologies for epigenetic modifications and their integration into strategies for crop improvement.The review underscores the transformative potential of epigenetic strategies in bolstering crop performance,advocating for the development of efficient tools to fully exploit the agricultural benefits of epigenetic insights.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (Grant No. 2016-I2M-3-016)the National TCM Standardization Project (Grant No. ZY13ZH-C-JL-24)+2 种基金funded by the French National Research Agency through the Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (Grant No. ANR-11-LABX 0002 01)Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing Forestry University
文摘Wolfiporia cocos(F. A. Wolf) has been praised as a food delicacy and medicine for centuries in China. Here, we present the genome and transcriptome of the Chinese strain CGMCC5.78 of W. cocos. High-confidence functional prediction was made for 9277 genes among the 10,908 total predicted gene models in the W. cocos genome. Up to 2838 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified to be related to sclerotial development by comparing the transcriptomes of mycelial and sclerotial tissues. These DEGs are involved in mating processes, differentiation of fruiting body tissues, and metabolic pathways. A number of genes encoding enzymes and regulatory factors related to polysaccharide and triterpenoid production were strikingly regulated. A potential triterpenoid gene cluster including the signature lanosterol synthase(LSS) gene and its modified components were annotated. In addition, five nonribosomal peptide synthase(NRPS)-like gene clusters,eight polyketide synthase(PKS) gene clusters, and 15 terpene gene clusters were discovered in the genome. The differential expression of the velevt family proteins, transcription factors,carbohydrate-active enzymes, and signaling components indicated their essential roles in the regulation of fungal development and secondary metabolism in W. cocos. These genomic and transcriptomic resources will be valuable for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms controlling sclerotial formation and for its improved medicinal applications.
基金supported by the Department of Energy under Grant Award No.DE-SC0007991.
文摘CONSPECTUS:For the past decade,the field of colloidal science has expanded the collection of colloidal particles to include an entire library of subunits that can be isotropic or anisotropic in terms of structural morphology or chemical composition.Using anisotropic subunits,the field has assembled a variety of static and dynamic structures.For this Account,we use the umbrella term“dynamic colloids”to describe subunits capable of movement,shape-shifting,or any other type of action in response to a stimulus and“static colloids”to describe those that are unresponsive to such stimuli.We view dynamic colloids as an access point to colloidal machines,a unique and emerging subfield of machines,and colloidal science.The assembly of dynamic subunits into colloidal machines differs from traditional self-assembly only in the final structures assembled,not the methods used.Dynamic assemblies have the capacity to interact with their environment in ways that traditional anisotropic self-assemblies do not.Here,we present the current state of the field of colloidal science toward the introduction of the next wave of colloidal machines.
