The Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Ministry of Natural Resources, established in 2012 belongs to Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey. Prof. Neng-you Wu is the Director of Laboratory and Prof. ...The Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Ministry of Natural Resources, established in 2012 belongs to Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey. Prof. Neng-you Wu is the Director of Laboratory and Prof. Yu-guang Ye is the Director of Academic Committee (Fig. 1). Now, the laboratory has been recognized as one of the leading laboratories in the world in terms of gas hydrate experimental technology.展开更多
Competent commercial departments of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Cheng...Competent commercial departments of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Chengdu,Xi'an and Xinjiang Construction Corp., For the purpose of fully carrying out the outlook on scientific development and the spirits of the 2nd Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee,further deepening the reform of administrative system and changing the functions of govern-展开更多
Competent commercial authorities of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Cheng...Competent commercial authorities of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Chengdu,Xi'an and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,national economic and technological development zones,and national border economic展开更多
Since the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, the coronavirus has upended communities and dramatically changed people’s daily endeavors across the globe [<a hre...Since the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, the coronavirus has upended communities and dramatically changed people’s daily endeavors across the globe [<a href="#ref1">1]. The current Covid-19 circumstances are occasioned by social realities such as the proliferation of misinformation, social inequalities, and nations’ inability to prepare for unprecedented crises such as the coronavirus. While Covid-19 has managed to elicit anxiety, cause illnesses and deaths, different sectors, individuals, and health dockets utilize technology to combat the pandemic. As we advance, there will be a need for a critical social understanding of how technology can be used to apprehend global crises such as coronavirus. To comprehend how technology is being used to address the coronavirus crises, the current paper assesses, evaluates, and rates the Covid-19 website developed by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia [<a href="#ref2">2].展开更多
Introduction: The problem of excess weight is pandemic and affects the majority of nations, regardless of their level of development. However, the prevalence of overweight among workers in Benin is very poorly documen...Introduction: The problem of excess weight is pandemic and affects the majority of nations, regardless of their level of development. However, the prevalence of overweight among workers in Benin is very poorly documented. To fill this gap, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight among workers of the Ministry of Labor and Public Service (MTFP) in 2023 in Benin. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical purposes carried out from August 16 to December 17, 2023, among MINISTRY OF LABOR AND PUBLIC SERVICE staff. The variables studied were overweight, sociodemographic, occupational and dietary characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometric factors and family history of obesity. An exhaustive recruitment of workers meeting our inclusion criteria and a questionnaire survey was carried out. Data were analyzed using R 4.0.4 software. A bivariate analysis followed by a multivariable analysis made it possible to identify the factors associated with overweight at the p Results: In total, 379 workers were included in our study. The average age of the surveyed workers was 44.86 years ± 7.67 years, with 202 (53.30%) workers at least 45 years old. Men predominated with a number of 228 (60.16%). The prevalence of overweight was 63.32% (95% CI: [58.23 - 68.15]) and the associated factors after multivariate analysis were: female sex (ORa = 4.00;95% CI [2.11 - 7.76];p Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight is high among ministry of labor and public service workers. Education and awareness in the professional environment on the prevention and management of risk factors are essential for a long-term impact on a notable regression of this public health phenomenon.展开更多
Stroke,particularly ischemic stroke,is the leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide.It occurs due to the occlusion of the cerebral arteries,which significantly reduces the delivery of blood,oxygen...Stroke,particularly ischemic stroke,is the leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide.It occurs due to the occlusion of the cerebral arteries,which significantly reduces the delivery of blood,oxygen,and essential nutrients to brain tissues.This deprivation triggers a cascade of cellular events that ultimately leads to neuronal death.Recent studies have clarified the multifactorial pathogenesis of ischemic stroke,highlighting the roles of energy failure,excitotoxicity,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and apoptosis.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive insight into the fundamental mechanisms driving neuronal death triggered by ischemia and to examine the progress of neuroprotective therapeutic approaches designed to mitigate neuronal loss and promote neurological recovery after a stroke.Additionally,we explored widely accepted findings regarding the potential pathways implicated in neuronal death during ischemic stroke,including the interplay of apoptosis,autophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necrosis,which collectively influence neuronal fate.We also discussed advancements in neuroprotective therapeutics,encompassing a range of interventions from pharmacological modulation to stem cell-based therapies,aimed at reducing neuronal injury and enhancing functional recovery following ischemic stroke.Despite these advancements,challenges remain in translating mechanistic insights into effective clinical therapies.Although neuroprotective strategies have shown promise in preclinical models,their efficacy in human trials has been inconsistent,often due to the complex pathology of ischemic stroke and the timing of interventions.In conclusion,this review synthesizes mechanistic insights into the intricate interplay of molecular and cellular pathways driving neuronal death post-ischemia.It sheds light on cutting-edge advancements in potential neuroprotective therapeutics,underscores the promise of regenerative medicine,and offers a forward-looking perspective on potential clinical breakthroughs.The ongoing evolution of precision-targeted interventions is expected to significantly enhance preventative strategies and improve clinical outcomes.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have rev...Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have revealed that gut microbiota can communicate bidirectionally with the brain through the gut microbiota–brain axis.This axis indicates that gut microbiota is closely related to the development and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and its associated secondary white matter injury.The NACHT,LRR,and pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome plays a crucial role in this context.This review summarizes the dysbiosis of gut microbiota following intracerebral hemorrhage and explores the mechanisms by which this imbalance may promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.These mechanisms include metabolic pathways(involving short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharides,lactic acid,bile acids,trimethylamine-N-oxide,and tryptophan),neural pathways(such as the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve),and immune pathways(involving microglia and T cells).We then discuss the relationship between the activated NLRP3 inflammasome and secondary white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can exacerbate secondary white matter injury by disrupting the blood–brain barrier,inducing neuroinflammation,and interfering with nerve regeneration.Finally,we outline potential treatment strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage and its secondary white matter injury.Our review highlights the critical role of the gut microbiota–brain axis and the NLRP3 inflammasome in white matter injury following intracerebral hemorrhage,paving the way for exploring potential therapeutic approaches.展开更多
After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the tim...After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.展开更多
Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mecha...Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.展开更多
Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion...Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.展开更多
Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing addit...Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.展开更多
Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynam...Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynamic size and slower degradation.It is key to develop facile methods to large-scale synthesis of polymer rings with tunable compositions and microstructures.Recent progresses in large-scale synthesis of polymer rings against single-chain dynamic nanoparticles,and the example applications in synchronous enhancing toughness and strength of polymer nanocomposites are summarized.Once there is the breakthrough in rational design and effective large-scale synthesis of polymer rings and their functional derivatives,a family of cyclic functional hybrids would be available,thus providing a new paradigm in developing polymer science and engineering.展开更多
Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological mechanism in retinal degeneration.PANoptosis is a newly defined integral form of regulated cell death that combines the key features of pyroptosis,apoptosis,...Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological mechanism in retinal degeneration.PANoptosis is a newly defined integral form of regulated cell death that combines the key features of pyroptosis,apoptosis,and necroptosis.Oligomerization of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is an important pathological event in regulating cell death in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury.However,its role in PANoptosis remains largely unknown.In this study,we demonstrated that voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with PANoptosis in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury.Inhibition of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction and PANoptosis in retinal cells subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury.Mechanistically,mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species played a central role in the voltagedependent anion channel 1-mediated regulation of PANoptosis by promoting PANoptosome assembly.Moreover,inhibiting voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization protected against PANoptosis in the retinas of rats subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury.Overall,our findings reveal the critical role of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization in regulating PANoptosis in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury,highlighting voltage-dependent anion channel 1 as a promising therapeutic target.展开更多
Owing to the emergence of drug resistance and high morbidity,the need for novel antiviral drugs with novel targets is highly sought after.Marine-derived compounds mostly possess potent antiviral activity and serve as ...Owing to the emergence of drug resistance and high morbidity,the need for novel antiviral drugs with novel targets is highly sought after.Marine-derived compounds mostly possess potent antiviral activity and serve as a primary source for developing novel antiviral drugs,making the rapid discovery and evaluation of marine antiviral agents particularly crucial.Thus,future research should place greater emphasis on the identification of novel antiviral targets through the combination of artificial intelligence(AI)and structural pharmacology,as well as expanding the marine resource and target databases.展开更多
BACKGROUND Organ transplantation has emerged as a globally prevalent therapeutic modality for end-stage organ failure,yet the post-transplantation trajectory is increasingly complicated by a spectrum of metabolic sequ...BACKGROUND Organ transplantation has emerged as a globally prevalent therapeutic modality for end-stage organ failure,yet the post-transplantation trajectory is increasingly complicated by a spectrum of metabolic sequelae,with obesity emerging as a critical clinical challenge.AIM To systematically review the multifactorial mechanisms underlying obesity following organ transplantation and to integrate evidence from pharmacological,behavioral,and molecular perspectives,thereby providing a foundation for targeted interventions.METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science for literature published from 2020 to 15 July 2025.The search strategy incorporated terms including“obesity”,“overweight”and“post organ transplantation”.Only randomized controlled trials,meta-analyses,and systematic reviews were included.Non-empirical publications and irrelevant studies were excluded.Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers,with disagreements resolved by a third researcher.RESULTS A total of 1457 articles were initially identified,of which 146 met the inclusion criteria.These studies encompassed liver,kidney,heart,and lung transplant recipients.Key findings indicate that immunosuppressive drugs-especially corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors-promote hyperphagia,insulin resistance,and dyslipidemia.Post-transplant sedentary behavior and hypercaloric diets further contribute to positive energy balance.At the molecular level,immunosuppressants disrupt adipokine signaling(e.g.,leptin and adiponectin),induce inflammatory and oxidative stress responses,and activate adipogenic pathways leading to lipid accumulation.CONCLUSION Post-transplant obesity arises from a complex interplay of pharmacological,behavioral,and molecular factors.A multidisciplinary approach-incorporating pharmacological modification,nutritional management,physical activity,and molecular-targeted therapies-is essential to mitigate obesity and improve transplant outcomes.Further large-scale and mechanistic studies are warranted to establish evidence-based preventive and treatment strategies.展开更多
Abiotic oxygen formation predates photosynthesis,sustaining early chemical evolution,yet its elementary mechanisms remain contested.Here,we show the production pathways for molecular oxygen from doubly ionized carbon ...Abiotic oxygen formation predates photosynthesis,sustaining early chemical evolution,yet its elementary mechanisms remain contested.Here,we show the production pathways for molecular oxygen from doubly ionized carbon dioxide upon electron-impact.Through fragment ions and electron coincidence momentum imaging,we unambiguously determine the ionization mechanism by measuring the projectile energy loss in association with the C^(+) +O_(2)^(+) channel.Further potential energy and trajectory calculations enable us to elucidate the dynamical details of this fragmentation process,in which a bond rearrangement pathway is found to proceed via the structural deformation to a triangular intermediate.Moreover,we demonstrate a further roaming pathway for the formation of O_(2)^(+) from CO_(2)^(+) 2,in which a frustrated C-O bond cleavage leaves the O atom without sufficient energy to escape.The O atom then wanders around varied configuration spaces of the flat potential energy regions and forms a C-O-O_(2)^(+) intermediate prior to the final products C^(+) +O_(2)^(+).Considering the large quantities of free electrons in interstellar space,the processes revealed here are expected to be significant and should be incorporated into atmospheric evolution models.展开更多
Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in...Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in the maritime environment.This paper proposes a novel method for estimating target time delay using multi-bright spot echoes,assuming the target’s size and depth are known.Aiming to effectively enhance the extraction of geometric features from the target echoes and mitigate the impact of reverberation and noise,the proposed approach employs the fractional order Fourier transform-frequency sliced wavelet transform to extract multi-bright spot echoes.Using the highlighting model theory and the target size information,an observation matrix is constructed to represent multi-angle incident signals and obtain the theoretical scattered echo signals from different angles.Aiming to accurately estimate the target’s time delay,waveform similarity coefficients and mean square error values between the theoretical return signals and received signals are computed across various incident angles and time delays.Simulation results show that,compared to the conventional matched filter,the proposed algorithm reduces the relative error by 65.9%-91.5%at a signal-to noise ratio of-25 dB,and by 66.7%-88.9%at a signal-to-reverberation ratio of−10 dB.This algorithm provides a new approach for the precise localization of submerged targets in shallow water environments.展开更多
Formate bioconversion plays a crucial role in achieving renewable resource utilization and green and sustainable development,as it helps convert formate to biofuels and biochemicals.However,to tap the full potential o...Formate bioconversion plays a crucial role in achieving renewable resource utilization and green and sustainable development,as it helps convert formate to biofuels and biochemicals.However,to tap the full potential of formate bioconversion,it is important to identify the most appropriate microbial hosts,design the most promising formate assimilation pathways,and develop the most efficient formate assimilation cell factories.Here,we summarize the formatotrophic microorganisms capable of assimilating formate into building blocks of cell growth and analyze the characteristics of formate assimilation pathways for transmitting formate into central carbon metabolism.Furthermore,we discuss microbial engineering strategies to improve the efficiency of formate utilization for producing high-value bioproducts.Finally,we highlight the key challenges of formate bioconversion and their possible solutions to advance the formate bioeconomy and biomanufacturing.展开更多
Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Althoug...Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Although adversarial examples can strategically undermine the accuracy of BCSD models and protect critical code,existing techniques predominantly depend on inserting artificial instructions,which incur high computational costs and offer limited diversity of perturbations.To address these limitations,we propose AIMA,a novel gradient-guided assembly instruction relocation method.Our method decouples the detection model into tokenization,embedding,and encoding layers to enable efficient gradient computation.Since token IDs of instructions are discrete and nondifferentiable,we compute gradients in the continuous embedding space to evaluate the influence of each token.The most critical tokens are identified by calculating the L2 norm of their embedding gradients.We then establish a mapping between instructions and their corresponding tokens to aggregate token-level importance into instructionlevel significance.To maximize adversarial impact,a sliding window algorithm selects the most influential contiguous segments for relocation,ensuring optimal perturbation with minimal length.This approach efficiently locates critical code regions without expensive search operations.The selected segments are relocated outside their original function boundaries via a jump mechanism,which preserves runtime control flow and functionality while introducing“deletion”effects in the static instruction sequence.Extensive experiments show that AIMA reduces similarity scores by up to 35.8%in state-of-the-art BCSD models.When incorporated into training data,it also enhances model robustness,achieving a 5.9%improvement in AUROC.展开更多
文摘The Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Ministry of Natural Resources, established in 2012 belongs to Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey. Prof. Neng-you Wu is the Director of Laboratory and Prof. Yu-guang Ye is the Director of Academic Committee (Fig. 1). Now, the laboratory has been recognized as one of the leading laboratories in the world in terms of gas hydrate experimental technology.
文摘Competent commercial departments of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Chengdu,Xi'an and Xinjiang Construction Corp., For the purpose of fully carrying out the outlook on scientific development and the spirits of the 2nd Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee,further deepening the reform of administrative system and changing the functions of govern-
文摘Competent commercial authorities of provinces,autonomous regions,municipalities directly under the Central Government,separately planning cities,Harbin, Changchun,Shenyang,Jinan,Nanjing,Hangzhou, Guangzhou,Wuhan,Chengdu,Xi'an and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,national economic and technological development zones,and national border economic
文摘Since the declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, the coronavirus has upended communities and dramatically changed people’s daily endeavors across the globe [<a href="#ref1">1]. The current Covid-19 circumstances are occasioned by social realities such as the proliferation of misinformation, social inequalities, and nations’ inability to prepare for unprecedented crises such as the coronavirus. While Covid-19 has managed to elicit anxiety, cause illnesses and deaths, different sectors, individuals, and health dockets utilize technology to combat the pandemic. As we advance, there will be a need for a critical social understanding of how technology can be used to apprehend global crises such as coronavirus. To comprehend how technology is being used to address the coronavirus crises, the current paper assesses, evaluates, and rates the Covid-19 website developed by the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia [<a href="#ref2">2].
文摘Introduction: The problem of excess weight is pandemic and affects the majority of nations, regardless of their level of development. However, the prevalence of overweight among workers in Benin is very poorly documented. To fill this gap, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with overweight among workers of the Ministry of Labor and Public Service (MTFP) in 2023 in Benin. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical purposes carried out from August 16 to December 17, 2023, among MINISTRY OF LABOR AND PUBLIC SERVICE staff. The variables studied were overweight, sociodemographic, occupational and dietary characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometric factors and family history of obesity. An exhaustive recruitment of workers meeting our inclusion criteria and a questionnaire survey was carried out. Data were analyzed using R 4.0.4 software. A bivariate analysis followed by a multivariable analysis made it possible to identify the factors associated with overweight at the p Results: In total, 379 workers were included in our study. The average age of the surveyed workers was 44.86 years ± 7.67 years, with 202 (53.30%) workers at least 45 years old. Men predominated with a number of 228 (60.16%). The prevalence of overweight was 63.32% (95% CI: [58.23 - 68.15]) and the associated factors after multivariate analysis were: female sex (ORa = 4.00;95% CI [2.11 - 7.76];p Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight is high among ministry of labor and public service workers. Education and awareness in the professional environment on the prevention and management of risk factors are essential for a long-term impact on a notable regression of this public health phenomenon.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171387 and 31830111(both to SL).
文摘Stroke,particularly ischemic stroke,is the leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide.It occurs due to the occlusion of the cerebral arteries,which significantly reduces the delivery of blood,oxygen,and essential nutrients to brain tissues.This deprivation triggers a cascade of cellular events that ultimately leads to neuronal death.Recent studies have clarified the multifactorial pathogenesis of ischemic stroke,highlighting the roles of energy failure,excitotoxicity,oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and apoptosis.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive insight into the fundamental mechanisms driving neuronal death triggered by ischemia and to examine the progress of neuroprotective therapeutic approaches designed to mitigate neuronal loss and promote neurological recovery after a stroke.Additionally,we explored widely accepted findings regarding the potential pathways implicated in neuronal death during ischemic stroke,including the interplay of apoptosis,autophagy,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and necrosis,which collectively influence neuronal fate.We also discussed advancements in neuroprotective therapeutics,encompassing a range of interventions from pharmacological modulation to stem cell-based therapies,aimed at reducing neuronal injury and enhancing functional recovery following ischemic stroke.Despite these advancements,challenges remain in translating mechanistic insights into effective clinical therapies.Although neuroprotective strategies have shown promise in preclinical models,their efficacy in human trials has been inconsistent,often due to the complex pathology of ischemic stroke and the timing of interventions.In conclusion,this review synthesizes mechanistic insights into the intricate interplay of molecular and cellular pathways driving neuronal death post-ischemia.It sheds light on cutting-edge advancements in potential neuroprotective therapeutics,underscores the promise of regenerative medicine,and offers a forward-looking perspective on potential clinical breakthroughs.The ongoing evolution of precision-targeted interventions is expected to significantly enhance preventative strategies and improve clinical outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2023A1515030045(to HS)Presidential Foundation of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University,No.yzjj2022ms4(to HS)。
文摘Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have revealed that gut microbiota can communicate bidirectionally with the brain through the gut microbiota–brain axis.This axis indicates that gut microbiota is closely related to the development and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and its associated secondary white matter injury.The NACHT,LRR,and pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome plays a crucial role in this context.This review summarizes the dysbiosis of gut microbiota following intracerebral hemorrhage and explores the mechanisms by which this imbalance may promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.These mechanisms include metabolic pathways(involving short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharides,lactic acid,bile acids,trimethylamine-N-oxide,and tryptophan),neural pathways(such as the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve),and immune pathways(involving microglia and T cells).We then discuss the relationship between the activated NLRP3 inflammasome and secondary white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can exacerbate secondary white matter injury by disrupting the blood–brain barrier,inducing neuroinflammation,and interfering with nerve regeneration.Finally,we outline potential treatment strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage and its secondary white matter injury.Our review highlights the critical role of the gut microbiota–brain axis and the NLRP3 inflammasome in white matter injury following intracerebral hemorrhage,paving the way for exploring potential therapeutic approaches.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFC3603705(to DX)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82302866(to YZ).
文摘After spinal cord injury,impairment of the sensorimotor circuit can lead to dysfunction in the motor,sensory,proprioceptive,and autonomic nervous systems.Functional recovery is often hindered by constraints on the timing of interventions,combined with the limitations of current methods.To address these challenges,various techniques have been developed to aid in the repair and reconstruction of neural circuits at different stages of injury.Notably,neuromodulation has garnered considerable attention for its potential to enhance nerve regeneration,provide neuroprotection,restore neurons,and regulate the neural reorganization of circuits within the cerebral cortex and corticospinal tract.To improve the effectiveness of these interventions,the implementation of multitarget early interventional neuromodulation strategies,such as electrical and magnetic stimulation,is recommended to enhance functional recovery across different phases of nerve injury.This review concisely outlines the challenges encountered following spinal cord injury,synthesizes existing neurostimulation techniques while emphasizing neuroprotection,repair,and regeneration of impaired connections,and advocates for multi-targeted,task-oriented,and timely interventions.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China,Nos.82325031(to FX),82030059(to YC),82102290(to YG),U23A20485(to YC)Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project,No.2023ZD0505504(to FX),2023ZD0505500(to YC)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,No.2022ZLGX03(to YC).
文摘Global brain ischemia and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest that lead to high mortality.Despite advancements in resuscitation science,our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying post-cardiac arrest brain injury have hindered the development of effective neuroprotective strategies.Previous studies primarily focused on neuronal death,potentially overlooking the contributions of non-neuronal cells and intercellular communication to the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest-induced brain injury.To address these gaps,we hypothesized that single-cell transcriptomic analysis could uncover previously unidentified cellular subpopulations,altered cell communication networks,and novel molecular mechanisms involved in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.In this study,we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the hippocampus from pigs with ventricular fibrillation-induced cardiac arrest at 6 and 24 hours following the return of spontaneous circulation,and from sham control pigs.Sequencing results revealed changes in the proportions of different cell types,suggesting post-arrest disruption in the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of neutrophils.These results were validated through western blotting,quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and immunofluorescence staining.We also identified and validated a unique subcluster of activated microglia with high expression of S100A8,which increased over time following cardiac arrest.This subcluster simultaneously exhibited significant M1/M2 polarization and expressed key functional genes related to chemokines and interleukins.Additionally,we revealed the post-cardiac arrest dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes.Cell communication analysis identified enhanced post-cardiac arrest communication between neutrophils and microglia that was mediated by neutrophil-derived resistin,driving pro-inflammatory microglial polarization.Our findings provide a comprehensive single-cell map of the post-cardiac arrest hippocampus,offering potential novel targets for neuroprotection and repair following cardiac arrest.
文摘Aiming to solve the steering instability and hysteresis of agricultural robots in the process of movement,a fusion PID control method of particle swarm optimization(PSO)and genetic algorithm(GA)was proposed.The fusion algorithm took advantage of the fast optimization ability of PSO to optimize the population screening link of GA.The Simulink simulation results showed that the convergence of the fitness function of the fusion algorithm was accelerated,the system response adjustment time was reduced,and the overshoot was almost zero.Then the algorithm was applied to the steering test of agricultural robot in various scenes.After modeling the steering system of agricultural robot,the steering test results in the unloaded suspended state showed that the PID control based on fusion algorithm reduced the rise time,response adjustment time and overshoot of the system,and improved the response speed and stability of the system,compared with the artificial trial and error PID control and the PID control based on GA.The actual road steering test results showed that the PID control response rise time based on the fusion algorithm was the shortest,about 4.43 s.When the target pulse number was set to 100,the actual mean value in the steady-state regulation stage was about 102.9,which was the closest to the target value among the three control methods,and the overshoot was reduced at the same time.The steering test results under various scene states showed that the PID control based on the proposed fusion algorithm had good anti-interference ability,it can adapt to the changes of environment and load and improve the performance of the control system.It was effective in the steering control of agricultural robot.This method can provide a reference for the precise steering control of other robots.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4600902)Shandong Provincial Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars(ZR2024YQ020)。
文摘Wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating large-scale components.However,conventional WAAM still faces challenges in optimizing microstructural evolution,minimizing additive-induced defects,and alleviating residual stress and deformation,all of which are critical for enhancing the mechanical performance of the manufactured parts.Integrating interlayer friction stir processing(FSP)into WAAM significantly enhances the quality of deposited materials.However,numerical simulation research focusing on elucidating the associated thermomechanical coupling mechanisms remains insufficient.A comprehensive numerical model was developed to simulate the thermomechanical coupling behavior in friction stir-assisted WAAM.The influence of post-deposition FSP on the coupled thermomechanical response of the WAAM process was analyzed quantitatively.Moreover,the residual stress distribution and deformation behavior under both single-layer and multilayer deposition conditions were investigated.Thermal analysis of different deposition layers in WAAM and friction stir-assisted WAAM was conducted.Results show that subsequent layer deposition induces partial remelting of the previously solidified layer,whereas FSP does not cause such remelting.Furthermore,thermal stress and deformation analysis confirm that interlayer FSP effectively mitigates residual stresses and distortion in WAAM components,thereby improving their structural integrity and mechanical properties.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52293472,22473096 and 22471164)。
文摘Among various architectures of polymers,end-group-free rings have attracted growing interests due to their distinct physicochemical performances over the linear counterparts which are exemplified by reduced hydrodynamic size and slower degradation.It is key to develop facile methods to large-scale synthesis of polymer rings with tunable compositions and microstructures.Recent progresses in large-scale synthesis of polymer rings against single-chain dynamic nanoparticles,and the example applications in synchronous enhancing toughness and strength of polymer nanocomposites are summarized.Once there is the breakthrough in rational design and effective large-scale synthesis of polymer rings and their functional derivatives,a family of cyclic functional hybrids would be available,thus providing a new paradigm in developing polymer science and engineering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82172196(to KX),82372507(to KX)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China,No.2023JJ40804(to QZ)the Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma(Hainan Medical University)of the Ministry of Education,China,No.KLET-202210(to QZ)。
文摘Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological mechanism in retinal degeneration.PANoptosis is a newly defined integral form of regulated cell death that combines the key features of pyroptosis,apoptosis,and necroptosis.Oligomerization of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is an important pathological event in regulating cell death in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury.However,its role in PANoptosis remains largely unknown.In this study,we demonstrated that voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with PANoptosis in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury.Inhibition of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction and PANoptosis in retinal cells subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury.Mechanistically,mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species played a central role in the voltagedependent anion channel 1-mediated regulation of PANoptosis by promoting PANoptosome assembly.Moreover,inhibiting voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization protected against PANoptosis in the retinas of rats subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury.Overall,our findings reveal the critical role of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 oligomerization in regulating PANoptosis in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury,highlighting voltage-dependent anion channel 1 as a promising therapeutic target.
文摘Owing to the emergence of drug resistance and high morbidity,the need for novel antiviral drugs with novel targets is highly sought after.Marine-derived compounds mostly possess potent antiviral activity and serve as a primary source for developing novel antiviral drugs,making the rapid discovery and evaluation of marine antiviral agents particularly crucial.Thus,future research should place greater emphasis on the identification of novel antiviral targets through the combination of artificial intelligence(AI)and structural pharmacology,as well as expanding the marine resource and target databases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82305376the Youth Talent Support Project of the China Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association,No.2024-2026ZGZJXH-QNRC005+2 种基金the 2024 Jiangsu Province Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Project,No.JSTJ-2024-3802025 Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Think Tank Program Project,No.JSKX0125035and 2025 College Student Innovation Training Program Project,No.X202510315373。
文摘BACKGROUND Organ transplantation has emerged as a globally prevalent therapeutic modality for end-stage organ failure,yet the post-transplantation trajectory is increasingly complicated by a spectrum of metabolic sequelae,with obesity emerging as a critical clinical challenge.AIM To systematically review the multifactorial mechanisms underlying obesity following organ transplantation and to integrate evidence from pharmacological,behavioral,and molecular perspectives,thereby providing a foundation for targeted interventions.METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science for literature published from 2020 to 15 July 2025.The search strategy incorporated terms including“obesity”,“overweight”and“post organ transplantation”.Only randomized controlled trials,meta-analyses,and systematic reviews were included.Non-empirical publications and irrelevant studies were excluded.Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers,with disagreements resolved by a third researcher.RESULTS A total of 1457 articles were initially identified,of which 146 met the inclusion criteria.These studies encompassed liver,kidney,heart,and lung transplant recipients.Key findings indicate that immunosuppressive drugs-especially corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors-promote hyperphagia,insulin resistance,and dyslipidemia.Post-transplant sedentary behavior and hypercaloric diets further contribute to positive energy balance.At the molecular level,immunosuppressants disrupt adipokine signaling(e.g.,leptin and adiponectin),induce inflammatory and oxidative stress responses,and activate adipogenic pathways leading to lipid accumulation.CONCLUSION Post-transplant obesity arises from a complex interplay of pharmacological,behavioral,and molecular factors.A multidisciplinary approach-incorporating pharmacological modification,nutritional management,physical activity,and molecular-targeted therapies-is essential to mitigate obesity and improve transplant outcomes.Further large-scale and mechanistic studies are warranted to establish evidence-based preventive and treatment strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12325406,92261201,12404305,and W2512072)the Shaanxi Province Natural Science Fundamental Research Project (Grant Nos.2023JC-XJ-03 and23JSQ013)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos.BX20240286 and 2024M7625)。
文摘Abiotic oxygen formation predates photosynthesis,sustaining early chemical evolution,yet its elementary mechanisms remain contested.Here,we show the production pathways for molecular oxygen from doubly ionized carbon dioxide upon electron-impact.Through fragment ions and electron coincidence momentum imaging,we unambiguously determine the ionization mechanism by measuring the projectile energy loss in association with the C^(+) +O_(2)^(+) channel.Further potential energy and trajectory calculations enable us to elucidate the dynamical details of this fragmentation process,in which a bond rearrangement pathway is found to proceed via the structural deformation to a triangular intermediate.Moreover,we demonstrate a further roaming pathway for the formation of O_(2)^(+) from CO_(2)^(+) 2,in which a frustrated C-O bond cleavage leaves the O atom without sufficient energy to escape.The O atom then wanders around varied configuration spaces of the flat potential energy regions and forms a C-O-O_(2)^(+) intermediate prior to the final products C^(+) +O_(2)^(+).Considering the large quantities of free electrons in interstellar space,the processes revealed here are expected to be significant and should be incorporated into atmospheric evolution models.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Acoustics and Marine Information Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKL A202507).
文摘Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in the maritime environment.This paper proposes a novel method for estimating target time delay using multi-bright spot echoes,assuming the target’s size and depth are known.Aiming to effectively enhance the extraction of geometric features from the target echoes and mitigate the impact of reverberation and noise,the proposed approach employs the fractional order Fourier transform-frequency sliced wavelet transform to extract multi-bright spot echoes.Using the highlighting model theory and the target size information,an observation matrix is constructed to represent multi-angle incident signals and obtain the theoretical scattered echo signals from different angles.Aiming to accurately estimate the target’s time delay,waveform similarity coefficients and mean square error values between the theoretical return signals and received signals are computed across various incident angles and time delays.Simulation results show that,compared to the conventional matched filter,the proposed algorithm reduces the relative error by 65.9%-91.5%at a signal-to noise ratio of-25 dB,and by 66.7%-88.9%at a signal-to-reverberation ratio of−10 dB.This algorithm provides a new approach for the precise localization of submerged targets in shallow water environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378166)the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu and Jiangsu Basic Research Center for Synthetic Biology(BK20233003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP622001)the Open Funding Project of Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education(KLIB-KF202403).
文摘Formate bioconversion plays a crucial role in achieving renewable resource utilization and green and sustainable development,as it helps convert formate to biofuels and biochemicals.However,to tap the full potential of formate bioconversion,it is important to identify the most appropriate microbial hosts,design the most promising formate assimilation pathways,and develop the most efficient formate assimilation cell factories.Here,we summarize the formatotrophic microorganisms capable of assimilating formate into building blocks of cell growth and analyze the characteristics of formate assimilation pathways for transmitting formate into central carbon metabolism.Furthermore,we discuss microbial engineering strategies to improve the efficiency of formate utilization for producing high-value bioproducts.Finally,we highlight the key challenges of formate bioconversion and their possible solutions to advance the formate bioeconomy and biomanufacturing.
基金supported by Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education,China。
文摘Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Although adversarial examples can strategically undermine the accuracy of BCSD models and protect critical code,existing techniques predominantly depend on inserting artificial instructions,which incur high computational costs and offer limited diversity of perturbations.To address these limitations,we propose AIMA,a novel gradient-guided assembly instruction relocation method.Our method decouples the detection model into tokenization,embedding,and encoding layers to enable efficient gradient computation.Since token IDs of instructions are discrete and nondifferentiable,we compute gradients in the continuous embedding space to evaluate the influence of each token.The most critical tokens are identified by calculating the L2 norm of their embedding gradients.We then establish a mapping between instructions and their corresponding tokens to aggregate token-level importance into instructionlevel significance.To maximize adversarial impact,a sliding window algorithm selects the most influential contiguous segments for relocation,ensuring optimal perturbation with minimal length.This approach efficiently locates critical code regions without expensive search operations.The selected segments are relocated outside their original function boundaries via a jump mechanism,which preserves runtime control flow and functionality while introducing“deletion”effects in the static instruction sequence.Extensive experiments show that AIMA reduces similarity scores by up to 35.8%in state-of-the-art BCSD models.When incorporated into training data,it also enhances model robustness,achieving a 5.9%improvement in AUROC.
