目的通过应用深度学习CTBViT(Classification Transformer Block for TB)模型对耐多药肺结核和药物敏感性肺结核CT影像进行分类,探讨CTBViT模型分类效能。方法提出CTBViT模型,引入新的补丁缩减块(PRB),通过删除不重要的标记来提高效率,...目的通过应用深度学习CTBViT(Classification Transformer Block for TB)模型对耐多药肺结核和药物敏感性肺结核CT影像进行分类,探讨CTBViT模型分类效能。方法提出CTBViT模型,引入新的补丁缩减块(PRB),通过删除不重要的标记来提高效率,建立一种随机分类器,以避免将大型预训练模型应用于结核病数据集时遇到的过拟合问题,在数据集上评估模型性能,并与初级、中级、高级职称影像医生诊断效能比较。结果深度学习CTBViT模型的准确率为98.3%,分别高于初级、中级、高级职称的65.3%、68.1%、72.5%,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=32.55、28.33、23.00,P均<0.001);测试时间为(0.50±0.01)分钟,分别快于初级、中级、高级职称影像医生测试时间(48.66±6.81)分钟、(46.00±6.24)分钟、(43.66±5.86)分钟,差异均有统计学意义(t=-67.462、-69.558、-70.259,P均<0.001)。结论CTBViT模型适用于耐多药肺结核病和药物敏感性肺结核的分类,它能尽早分类耐多药肺结核,有助于及时调整治疗方案,提高治疗效果。展开更多
Wave energy is a promising form of marine renewable energy that offers a sustainable pathway for electricity generation in coastal regions.Despite Malaysia’s extensive coastline,the exploration of wave energy in Sara...Wave energy is a promising form of marine renewable energy that offers a sustainable pathway for electricity generation in coastal regions.Despite Malaysia’s extensive coastline,the exploration of wave energy in Sarawak remains limited due to economic,technical,and environmental challenges that hinder its implementation.Compared to other renewable energy sources,wave energy is underutilized largely because of cost uncertainties and the lack of local performance data.This research aims to identify themost suitable coastal zone in Sarawak that achieves an optimal balance between energy potential,cost-effectiveness,and environmental impact,particularly in relation to infrastructure and regional development.The findings indicate that wave energy generation in Sarawak is technically feasible based on MOGA analysis.Among the studied sites,Bintulu emerged as the most balanced option,with a levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of 0.778–0.864 USD/kWh and a CO_(2) emission factor as low as 0.019–0.020 CO_(2)/k Wh.Miri,while producing lower emissions than Sematan,recorded a higher LCOE of 1.045 USD/kWh with moderate emissions at 0.029 CO_(2)/kWh.Sematan,characterized by weaker wave conditions and higher installation penalties,resulted in the least favorable outcome,with an LCOE of 3.735 USD/kWh.Bintulu’s strategic location reduces CAPEX requirements,making it the most suitable site for large-scale wave energy deployment in Sarawak.展开更多
BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints...BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.展开更多
Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continu...Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continuous bout.Methods:PA was assessed using accelerometery in UK Biobank participants.The intensity of the most active continuous(MXCONT)and accumulated(MX)X min of the day,and their ratio(MXRATIO=MXCONT/MX),were determined.MXRATIO indicates how the most active minutes of the day are accumulated,ranging from a single continuous bout through to sporadic accumulation spread across the day.Durations(X)considered ranged from 1 to 20 min.The outcome was mortality.Results:In total,94,541 participants(56.5% female)were included.Over a median(interquartile range)follow-up of 6.9(6.3,7.4)years,2649(2.8%)deaths occurred.Intensity moderated the association between how the most active minutes of the day were accumulated and mortality risk,expressed relative to sporadically accumulated moderate PA.If the most active minutes were of moderate intensity,the risk of mortality was halved for continuous compared to sporadic accumulation,irrespective of duration;if the most active minutes were of vigorous intensity,a continuous bout was associated with the lowest risk for durations under 5 min(e.g.,3 min:hazard ratio(HR)=0.27,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.21-0.34),while sporadic accumulation was associated with the lowest risk for durations beyond 5 min(HR=0.11,95%CI:0.08-0.15 for the most active 20 min).Conclusion:Optimal PA patterns for reducing mortality differ by intensity and duration.For moderate-intensity PA,a lower mortality risk may be optimized by prioritizing continuous PA for up to 20 min.However,for vigorous-intensity PA,multiple short bouts(<5 min)may be optimal.This suggests tailored PA recommendations may enhance longevity benefits.展开更多
A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about com...A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.展开更多
Carbon fiber-reinforced composites(CFRCs)have a wide range of applications in the aerospace,automotive,and energy sectors.A higher specific strength-to-weight ratio is desired in high-performance applications.The fail...Carbon fiber-reinforced composites(CFRCs)have a wide range of applications in the aerospace,automotive,and energy sectors.A higher specific strength-to-weight ratio is desired in high-performance applications.The failure mechanism of CFRCs involves multiscale phenomena,such as failure that can occur at the matrix,fibers,interface,layers,lamina,and laminates.When an impactor hits the CFRCs,the design involves analyzing each of these stages to prevent failure and optimize the properties of CFRCs under various loading conditions.A numerical model was employed to predict the fracture toughness of CFRCs with varying weight fractions and orientations.Finite Element Analysis(FEA)was conducted at the fiber level on a micrometer scale for the CFRCs against an impact loading.Epoxy composite samples at the coupon level were prepared using the hand layup technique with carbon fibers laid at three different angles,i.e.,longitudinal,transverse,and angular orientations.Samples with five different weight percentages of carbon fibers were prepared and investigated.An Izod impact tester was used to fracture the samples and characterize the energy absorption.The fractured surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The numerical and experimental results show that crack propagation is inhibited at higher loading fractions at an angular orientation by creating obstacles for the crack to propagate and arresting the dislocation motion.The fractography analysis through a scanning electron microscope exhibits how the angular orientations of the fibers are reoriented after fracture to prevent further crack propagation.展开更多
Since the appointment of new appellate judges by the World Trade Organization(WTO)was banned in 2019,the paralysis of the appellate body has seriously damaged the Dispute Settlement Mechanism(DSM),leaving a gap in res...Since the appointment of new appellate judges by the World Trade Organization(WTO)was banned in 2019,the paralysis of the appellate body has seriously damaged the Dispute Settlement Mechanism(DSM),leaving a gap in resolving the escalating digital services trade disputes involving complex issues such as data flow and algorithm governance,and the existing WTO rules have failed to fully address these problems.Although MPIA offers a temporary alternative,its limited membership,uncertain executability,and untested applicability to new types of digital disputes make it inadequate.Meanwhile,the rising technological nationalism and fragmented regulations(such as the GDPR and the CLOUD Act)have exacerbated the global digital governance divide,marginalizing China and the countries in the Global South.This article analyzes the decline of DSM,highlighting the eroded rule predictability and legal fragmentation,and critically assesses the limitations of MPIA and the deficiencies of the traditional WTO framework in disputes such as data localization.A series of cases has revealed the trends of“pre-dispute governance”and unilateralism.In the face of this dual crisis,this article holds that China and the Global South must embark on a path of transformation from“system participants”to“system shapers,”rather than merely conforming.The strategies it explores include leveraging domestic regulations(such as data outbound security assessment),promoting regional cooperation(such as the mediation mechanism of RCEP),and advancing initiatives like the Global Data Security Initiative.This dual approach of maintaining“policy sovereignty”and establishing“compliance sovereignty”aims to ensure institutional autonomy,enhance rule-making capabilities,and establish a fairer,rule-based digital trade order in the context of DSM paralysis and regulatory fragmentation.展开更多
Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact t...Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.展开更多
In this article,a hybrid energy storage system powered by renewable energy sources is suggested,which is connected to a grid-tied electric vehicle charging bay(EVCB)in Sarawak and is examined for its techno-economic e...In this article,a hybrid energy storage system powered by renewable energy sources is suggested,which is connected to a grid-tied electric vehicle charging bay(EVCB)in Sarawak and is examined for its techno-economic effects.With a focus on three renewable energy sources,namely hydrokinetic power,solar power,and hydrogen fuel cells,the study seeks to minimize reliance on the electrical grid while meeting the growing demand from the growing electric vehicle(EV)infrastructure.A hybrid renewable energy storage system that combines solar power,hydrogen fuel cells,hydrokinetic power,and the grid was simulated and analyzed.The system design leverages Kuching,Sarawak's unique geographical and renewable source profile,including abundant hydro and solar potential as well as supportive regional energy policies,to optimize economic and environmental performance.The findings showed that the technoeconomic evaluation of the hydrogen storage-integrated EVCB system in Kuching,Sarawak,demonstrates promising performance under current market conditions.The system successfully meets charging demand while generating an annual profit of approximately$5l,104.30 through excess energy sales to the grid.Hydrokinetic power dominates generation,contributing 81.4%of the total output,with the hydrogen fuel cell adding a modest 2.84%.The system achieves a cost of electricity of$0.0617/kWh and a Levelized Cost of Hydrogen of approximately$7.33/kg,confirming its economic feasibility.With a total investment of approximately$2.43 million,the hydrogen storage subsystem represents the largest cost share at 55.2%($1.34 million).A high renewable fraction of 97.2%enhances the system's sustainability,which is further supported by significant annual emissions reductions of approximately 102,209 kg of carbon dioxide,8.48 kg of sulfur dioxide,and 43.1 kg of nitrogen oxides.These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid EVCB exhibits excellent economic and environmental sustainability,making it a viable option for Sarawak's sustainable electric vehicle charging infrastructure.展开更多
Traditionally,liver retraction for laparoscopic gastrectomy is done via manual methods,such as the placement of retractors through the accessory ports and using a Nathanson retractor.However,these techniques often pos...Traditionally,liver retraction for laparoscopic gastrectomy is done via manual methods,such as the placement of retractors through the accessory ports and using a Nathanson retractor.However,these techniques often posed issues including extra abdominal incisions,risk of liver injury or ischaemia,and the potential for compromised visualization.Over the years,the development of innovative liver retraction techniques has significantly improved the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic gastrectomy and similar other hiatal procedures.This editorial will comment on the article by Lin et al,and compare this to the other liver retractor techniques available for surgeons and highlight the pros and cons of each technique of liver retraction.展开更多
BACKGROUND There is widespread debate about the impact of metabolically healthy obesity(MHO)on cardiovascular outcomes.However,studies have not exclusively examined the impact of MHO on cardiovascular outcomes in the ...BACKGROUND There is widespread debate about the impact of metabolically healthy obesity(MHO)on cardiovascular outcomes.However,studies have not exclusively examined the impact of MHO on cardiovascular outcomes in the postmeno-pausal population.AIM To explore the prevalence of MHO and its relationship with hospitalization outcomes,including major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events(MACCE),in postmenopausal women.METHODS We extracted data from the National Inpatient Sample 2020 database using International Classification of Disease,Tenth Revision,Clinical Modification codes for all admissions of postmenopausal women.We excluded patients with diabetes,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia to obtain metabolically healthy patients and then identified patients with obesity to create obese and non-obese cohorts.We used a 1:1 propensity score matching method to match patients with and without MHO based on age,and then we did a multivariable regression analysis for in-hospital MACCE.RESULTS In 2020,1304185 metabolically healthy postmenopausal women were admitted;148250(11.4%)had MHO.After propensity score matching for age,a statistically significant difference was observed in overall MACCE[odds ratio(OR):1.08,95%confidence interval(CI):1.01-1.16,P=0.028]among MHO and non-MHO cohorts,especially in patients of African-American ethnicity(OR:1.23,95%CI:1.01-1.49,P=0.035)and the lowermost income quartile(OR:1.24,95%CI:1.06-1.44,P=0.007).CONCLUSION Postmenopausal patients with MHO are at risk of MACCE,especially black patients and those with lower incomes.Larger prospective studies can demystify MHO’s impact on cardiovascular outcomes among postmenopausal women.展开更多
Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between...Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between objectively measured PA volume and intensity profiles with modeled life expectancy in women and men within the UK Biobank cohort study and interpret findings in relation to brisk walking.Methods Individuals from UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.The average acceleration and intensity gradient were extracted to describe the physical activity volume and intensity profile.Mortality data were obtained from national registries.Adjusted life expectancies were estimated using parametric flexible survival models.Results 40,953(57.1%)women(median age=61.9 years)and 30,820(42.9%)men(63.1 years)were included.Over a median follow-up of 6.9 years,there were 1719(2.4%)deaths(733 in women;986 in men).At 60 years,life expectancy was progressively longer for higher physical activity volume and intensity profiles,reaching 95.6 years in women and 94.5 years in men at the 90th centile for both volume and intensity,corresponding to 3.4 additional years(95%confidence interval(95%CI):2.4-4.4)in women and 4.6 additional years(95%CI:3.6-5.6)in men compared to those at the 10th centiles.An additional 10-min or 30-min daily brisk walk was associated with 0.9(95%CI:0.5-1.3)and 1.4 years(95%CI:0.9-1.9)longer life expectancy,respectively,in inactive women;and 1.4 years(95%CI:1.0-1.8)and 2.5(95%CI:1.9-3.1)in inactive men.Conclusion Higher physical activity volumes were associated with longer life expectancy,with a higher physical activity intensity profile further adding to a longer life.Adding as little as a 10-min brisk walk to daily activity patterns may result in a meaningful benefit to life expectancy.展开更多
文摘目的通过应用深度学习CTBViT(Classification Transformer Block for TB)模型对耐多药肺结核和药物敏感性肺结核CT影像进行分类,探讨CTBViT模型分类效能。方法提出CTBViT模型,引入新的补丁缩减块(PRB),通过删除不重要的标记来提高效率,建立一种随机分类器,以避免将大型预训练模型应用于结核病数据集时遇到的过拟合问题,在数据集上评估模型性能,并与初级、中级、高级职称影像医生诊断效能比较。结果深度学习CTBViT模型的准确率为98.3%,分别高于初级、中级、高级职称的65.3%、68.1%、72.5%,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=32.55、28.33、23.00,P均<0.001);测试时间为(0.50±0.01)分钟,分别快于初级、中级、高级职称影像医生测试时间(48.66±6.81)分钟、(46.00±6.24)分钟、(43.66±5.86)分钟,差异均有统计学意义(t=-67.462、-69.558、-70.259,P均<0.001)。结论CTBViT模型适用于耐多药肺结核病和药物敏感性肺结核的分类,它能尽早分类耐多药肺结核,有助于及时调整治疗方案,提高治疗效果。
基金supported by Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and Birmingham City University.
文摘Wave energy is a promising form of marine renewable energy that offers a sustainable pathway for electricity generation in coastal regions.Despite Malaysia’s extensive coastline,the exploration of wave energy in Sarawak remains limited due to economic,technical,and environmental challenges that hinder its implementation.Compared to other renewable energy sources,wave energy is underutilized largely because of cost uncertainties and the lack of local performance data.This research aims to identify themost suitable coastal zone in Sarawak that achieves an optimal balance between energy potential,cost-effectiveness,and environmental impact,particularly in relation to infrastructure and regional development.The findings indicate that wave energy generation in Sarawak is technically feasible based on MOGA analysis.Among the studied sites,Bintulu emerged as the most balanced option,with a levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of 0.778–0.864 USD/kWh and a CO_(2) emission factor as low as 0.019–0.020 CO_(2)/k Wh.Miri,while producing lower emissions than Sematan,recorded a higher LCOE of 1.045 USD/kWh with moderate emissions at 0.029 CO_(2)/kWh.Sematan,characterized by weaker wave conditions and higher installation penalties,resulted in the least favorable outcome,with an LCOE of 3.735 USD/kWh.Bintulu’s strategic location reduces CAPEX requirements,making it the most suitable site for large-scale wave energy deployment in Sarawak.
文摘BACKGROUND Orthopaedic surgical education has traditionally depended on the apprenticeship model of“see one,do one,teach one”.However,reduced operative exposure,stricter work-hour regulations,medicolegal constraints,and patient safety concerns have constrained its practicality.Simulation-based training has become a reliable,safe,and cost-efficient alternative.Dry lab techniques,especially virtual and augmented reality,make up 78%of current dry lab research,whereas wet labs still set the standard for anatomical realism.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness,limitations,and future directions of wet and dry lab simulation in orthopaedic training.METHODS A scoping review was carried out across four databases-PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and EBSCOhost-up to 2025.Medical Subject Headings included:"Orthopaedic Education","Wet Lab","Dry Lab","Simulation Training","Virtual Reality",and"Surgical Procedure".Eligible studies focused on orthopaedic or spinal surgical education,employed wet or dry lab techniques,and assessed training effectiveness.Exclusion criteria consisted of non-English publications,abstracts only,non-orthopaedic research,and studies unrelated to simulation.Two reviewers independently screened titles,abstracts,and full texts,resolving discrepancies with a third reviewer.RESULTS From 1851 records,101 studies met inclusion:78 on dry labs,7 on wet labs,4 on both.Virtual reality(VR)simulations were most common,with AI increasingly used for feedback and assessment.Cadaveric training remains the gold standard for accuracy and tactile feedback,while dry labs-especially VR-offer scalability,lower cost(40%-60%savings in five studies),and accessibility for novices.Senior residents prefer wet labs for complex tasks;juniors favour dry labs for basics.Challenges include limited transferability data,lack of standard outcome metrics,and ethical concerns about cadaver use and AI assessment.CONCLUSION Wet and dry labs each have unique strengths in orthopaedic training.A hybrid approach combining both,supported by standardised assessments and outcome studies,is most effective.Future efforts should aim for uniform reporting,integrating new technologies,and policy support for hybrid curricula to enhance skills and patient care.
基金funded by UK Research and Innovation(research which commenced between October 1,2020-March 31,2021,Grant ref MC_PC_20029April 1,2021-September 31,2022,Grant ref MC_PC_20058)supported by the National Institute for Health Research(NIHR)Leicester Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Applied Research CollaborationEast Midlands(ARC-EM)。
文摘Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continuous bout.Methods:PA was assessed using accelerometery in UK Biobank participants.The intensity of the most active continuous(MXCONT)and accumulated(MX)X min of the day,and their ratio(MXRATIO=MXCONT/MX),were determined.MXRATIO indicates how the most active minutes of the day are accumulated,ranging from a single continuous bout through to sporadic accumulation spread across the day.Durations(X)considered ranged from 1 to 20 min.The outcome was mortality.Results:In total,94,541 participants(56.5% female)were included.Over a median(interquartile range)follow-up of 6.9(6.3,7.4)years,2649(2.8%)deaths occurred.Intensity moderated the association between how the most active minutes of the day were accumulated and mortality risk,expressed relative to sporadically accumulated moderate PA.If the most active minutes were of moderate intensity,the risk of mortality was halved for continuous compared to sporadic accumulation,irrespective of duration;if the most active minutes were of vigorous intensity,a continuous bout was associated with the lowest risk for durations under 5 min(e.g.,3 min:hazard ratio(HR)=0.27,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.21-0.34),while sporadic accumulation was associated with the lowest risk for durations beyond 5 min(HR=0.11,95%CI:0.08-0.15 for the most active 20 min).Conclusion:Optimal PA patterns for reducing mortality differ by intensity and duration.For moderate-intensity PA,a lower mortality risk may be optimized by prioritizing continuous PA for up to 20 min.However,for vigorous-intensity PA,multiple short bouts(<5 min)may be optimal.This suggests tailored PA recommendations may enhance longevity benefits.
文摘A hydrogen energy storage system(HESS)is one of the many risingmodern green innovations,using excess energy to generate hydrogen and storing it for various purposes.With that,there have been many discussions about commercializing HESS and improving it further.However,the design and sizing process can be overwhelming to comprehend with various sources to examine,and understanding optimal design methodologies is crucial to optimize a HESS design.With that,this review aims to collect and analyse a wide range of HESS studies to summarise recent studies.Two different collections of studies are studied,one was sourced by the main author for preliminary readings,and another was obtained via VOSViewer.The findings from the Web of Science platform were also examined for amore comprehensive understanding.Major findings include the People’sRepublic of China has been active in HESS research,as most works and active organizations originate from this country.HESS has been mainly researched to support power generation and balance load demands,with financial analysis being the common scope of analysis.MATLAB is a common tool used for HESS design,modelling,and optimization as it can handle complex calculations.Artificial neural network(ANN)has the potential to be used to model the HESS,but additional review is required as a formof future work.From a commercialization perspective,pressurized hydrogen tanks are ideal for hydrogen storage in a HESS,but other methods can be considered after additional research and development.From this review,it can be implied that modelling works will be the way forward for HESS research,but extensive collaborations and additional review are needed.Overall,this review summarized various takeaways that future research works on HESS can use.
基金supported by the University of Texas(UT)system STARs grant,Semester Undergraduate Research Experience(SURE)program at the College of Engineering at the University of Texas Permian Basin(UTPB)EM-STEP(Engineering Minority Student Engagement Project)at UTPB College of Engineering,funded by Department of Education.
文摘Carbon fiber-reinforced composites(CFRCs)have a wide range of applications in the aerospace,automotive,and energy sectors.A higher specific strength-to-weight ratio is desired in high-performance applications.The failure mechanism of CFRCs involves multiscale phenomena,such as failure that can occur at the matrix,fibers,interface,layers,lamina,and laminates.When an impactor hits the CFRCs,the design involves analyzing each of these stages to prevent failure and optimize the properties of CFRCs under various loading conditions.A numerical model was employed to predict the fracture toughness of CFRCs with varying weight fractions and orientations.Finite Element Analysis(FEA)was conducted at the fiber level on a micrometer scale for the CFRCs against an impact loading.Epoxy composite samples at the coupon level were prepared using the hand layup technique with carbon fibers laid at three different angles,i.e.,longitudinal,transverse,and angular orientations.Samples with five different weight percentages of carbon fibers were prepared and investigated.An Izod impact tester was used to fracture the samples and characterize the energy absorption.The fractured surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The numerical and experimental results show that crack propagation is inhibited at higher loading fractions at an angular orientation by creating obstacles for the crack to propagate and arresting the dislocation motion.The fractography analysis through a scanning electron microscope exhibits how the angular orientations of the fibers are reoriented after fracture to prevent further crack propagation.
文摘Since the appointment of new appellate judges by the World Trade Organization(WTO)was banned in 2019,the paralysis of the appellate body has seriously damaged the Dispute Settlement Mechanism(DSM),leaving a gap in resolving the escalating digital services trade disputes involving complex issues such as data flow and algorithm governance,and the existing WTO rules have failed to fully address these problems.Although MPIA offers a temporary alternative,its limited membership,uncertain executability,and untested applicability to new types of digital disputes make it inadequate.Meanwhile,the rising technological nationalism and fragmented regulations(such as the GDPR and the CLOUD Act)have exacerbated the global digital governance divide,marginalizing China and the countries in the Global South.This article analyzes the decline of DSM,highlighting the eroded rule predictability and legal fragmentation,and critically assesses the limitations of MPIA and the deficiencies of the traditional WTO framework in disputes such as data localization.A series of cases has revealed the trends of“pre-dispute governance”and unilateralism.In the face of this dual crisis,this article holds that China and the Global South must embark on a path of transformation from“system participants”to“system shapers,”rather than merely conforming.The strategies it explores include leveraging domestic regulations(such as data outbound security assessment),promoting regional cooperation(such as the mediation mechanism of RCEP),and advancing initiatives like the Global Data Security Initiative.This dual approach of maintaining“policy sovereignty”and establishing“compliance sovereignty”aims to ensure institutional autonomy,enhance rule-making capabilities,and establish a fairer,rule-based digital trade order in the context of DSM paralysis and regulatory fragmentation.
文摘Given the unique challenges facing the railway industry, cybersecurity is a crucial issue that must be addressed proactively. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of cybersecurity threats that could impact the safety and operations of rolling stock, the privacy and security of passengers and employees, and the public in general. The systematic literature review revealed that cyber threats to the railway industry can take many forms, including attacks on operational technology systems, data breaches, theft of sensitive information, and disruptions to train services. The consequences of these threats can be severe, leading to operational disruptions, financial losses, and loss of public trust in the railway system. To address these threats, railway organizations must adopt a proactive approach to security and implement robust cybersecurity measures tailored to the industry’s specific needs and challenges. This includes regular testing of systems for vulnerabilities, incident response plans, and employee training to identify and respond to cyber threats. Ensuring the system remains available, reliable, and maintainable is fundamental given the importance of railways as critical infrastructure and the potential harm that can be caused by cyber threats.
基金Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and Birmingham City University.
文摘In this article,a hybrid energy storage system powered by renewable energy sources is suggested,which is connected to a grid-tied electric vehicle charging bay(EVCB)in Sarawak and is examined for its techno-economic effects.With a focus on three renewable energy sources,namely hydrokinetic power,solar power,and hydrogen fuel cells,the study seeks to minimize reliance on the electrical grid while meeting the growing demand from the growing electric vehicle(EV)infrastructure.A hybrid renewable energy storage system that combines solar power,hydrogen fuel cells,hydrokinetic power,and the grid was simulated and analyzed.The system design leverages Kuching,Sarawak's unique geographical and renewable source profile,including abundant hydro and solar potential as well as supportive regional energy policies,to optimize economic and environmental performance.The findings showed that the technoeconomic evaluation of the hydrogen storage-integrated EVCB system in Kuching,Sarawak,demonstrates promising performance under current market conditions.The system successfully meets charging demand while generating an annual profit of approximately$5l,104.30 through excess energy sales to the grid.Hydrokinetic power dominates generation,contributing 81.4%of the total output,with the hydrogen fuel cell adding a modest 2.84%.The system achieves a cost of electricity of$0.0617/kWh and a Levelized Cost of Hydrogen of approximately$7.33/kg,confirming its economic feasibility.With a total investment of approximately$2.43 million,the hydrogen storage subsystem represents the largest cost share at 55.2%($1.34 million).A high renewable fraction of 97.2%enhances the system's sustainability,which is further supported by significant annual emissions reductions of approximately 102,209 kg of carbon dioxide,8.48 kg of sulfur dioxide,and 43.1 kg of nitrogen oxides.These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid EVCB exhibits excellent economic and environmental sustainability,making it a viable option for Sarawak's sustainable electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
文摘Traditionally,liver retraction for laparoscopic gastrectomy is done via manual methods,such as the placement of retractors through the accessory ports and using a Nathanson retractor.However,these techniques often posed issues including extra abdominal incisions,risk of liver injury or ischaemia,and the potential for compromised visualization.Over the years,the development of innovative liver retraction techniques has significantly improved the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic gastrectomy and similar other hiatal procedures.This editorial will comment on the article by Lin et al,and compare this to the other liver retractor techniques available for surgeons and highlight the pros and cons of each technique of liver retraction.
文摘BACKGROUND There is widespread debate about the impact of metabolically healthy obesity(MHO)on cardiovascular outcomes.However,studies have not exclusively examined the impact of MHO on cardiovascular outcomes in the postmeno-pausal population.AIM To explore the prevalence of MHO and its relationship with hospitalization outcomes,including major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events(MACCE),in postmenopausal women.METHODS We extracted data from the National Inpatient Sample 2020 database using International Classification of Disease,Tenth Revision,Clinical Modification codes for all admissions of postmenopausal women.We excluded patients with diabetes,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia to obtain metabolically healthy patients and then identified patients with obesity to create obese and non-obese cohorts.We used a 1:1 propensity score matching method to match patients with and without MHO based on age,and then we did a multivariable regression analysis for in-hospital MACCE.RESULTS In 2020,1304185 metabolically healthy postmenopausal women were admitted;148250(11.4%)had MHO.After propensity score matching for age,a statistically significant difference was observed in overall MACCE[odds ratio(OR):1.08,95%confidence interval(CI):1.01-1.16,P=0.028]among MHO and non-MHO cohorts,especially in patients of African-American ethnicity(OR:1.23,95%CI:1.01-1.49,P=0.035)and the lowermost income quartile(OR:1.24,95%CI:1.06-1.44,P=0.007).CONCLUSION Postmenopausal patients with MHO are at risk of MACCE,especially black patients and those with lower incomes.Larger prospective studies can demystify MHO’s impact on cardiovascular outcomes among postmenopausal women.
基金funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)the Applied Research Collaborations East Midlands (ARC-EM)supported by a UKRI project grant (MR/T031816/1)。
文摘Background There is a lack of research examining the interplay between objectively measured physical activity volume and intensity with life expectancy.The purpose of the study was to investigate the interplay between objectively measured PA volume and intensity profiles with modeled life expectancy in women and men within the UK Biobank cohort study and interpret findings in relation to brisk walking.Methods Individuals from UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.The average acceleration and intensity gradient were extracted to describe the physical activity volume and intensity profile.Mortality data were obtained from national registries.Adjusted life expectancies were estimated using parametric flexible survival models.Results 40,953(57.1%)women(median age=61.9 years)and 30,820(42.9%)men(63.1 years)were included.Over a median follow-up of 6.9 years,there were 1719(2.4%)deaths(733 in women;986 in men).At 60 years,life expectancy was progressively longer for higher physical activity volume and intensity profiles,reaching 95.6 years in women and 94.5 years in men at the 90th centile for both volume and intensity,corresponding to 3.4 additional years(95%confidence interval(95%CI):2.4-4.4)in women and 4.6 additional years(95%CI:3.6-5.6)in men compared to those at the 10th centiles.An additional 10-min or 30-min daily brisk walk was associated with 0.9(95%CI:0.5-1.3)and 1.4 years(95%CI:0.9-1.9)longer life expectancy,respectively,in inactive women;and 1.4 years(95%CI:1.0-1.8)and 2.5(95%CI:1.9-3.1)in inactive men.Conclusion Higher physical activity volumes were associated with longer life expectancy,with a higher physical activity intensity profile further adding to a longer life.Adding as little as a 10-min brisk walk to daily activity patterns may result in a meaningful benefit to life expectancy.
