BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threatening inflammatory condition in which the invading pathogen avoids the host's defense mechanisms and continuously stimulates and damages host cells. Consequently, many immune res...BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threatening inflammatory condition in which the invading pathogen avoids the host's defense mechanisms and continuously stimulates and damages host cells. Consequently, many immune responses initially triggered for protection become harmful because of the failure to restore homeostasis, resulting in ongoing hyperinflammation and immunosuppression. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to address bacterial sepsis, describe advances in understanding complex immunological reactions, critically assess diagnostic approaches, and emphasize the importance of studying bacterial bottlenecks in the detection and treatment of sepsis.RESULTS: Diagnosing sepsis via a single laboratory test is not feasible;therefore, multiple key biomarkers are typically monitored, with a focus on trends rather than absolute values. The immediate interpretation of sepsis-associated clinical signs and symptoms, along with the use of specific and sensitive laboratory tests, is crucial for the survival of patients in the early stages. However, long-term mortality associated with sepsis is now recognized, and alongside the progression of this condition, there is an in vivo selection of adapted pathogens.CONCLUSION: Bacterial sepsis remains a significant cause of mortality across all ages and societies. While substantial progress has been made in understanding the immunological mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response, there is growing recognition that the ongoing host-pathogen interactions, including the emergence of adapted virulent strains, shape both the acute and long-term outcomes in sepsis. This underscores the urgent need for novel high-throughput diagnostic methods and a shift toward more pre-emptive, rather than reactive, treatment strategies in sepsis care.展开更多
Climate change significantly affects environment,ecosystems,communities,and economies.These impacts often result in quick and gradual changes in water resources,environmental conditions,and weather patterns.A geograph...Climate change significantly affects environment,ecosystems,communities,and economies.These impacts often result in quick and gradual changes in water resources,environmental conditions,and weather patterns.A geographical study was conducted in Arizona State,USA,to examine monthly precipi-tation concentration rates over time.This analysis used a high-resolution 0.50×0.50 grid for monthly precip-itation data from 1961 to 2022,Provided by the Climatic Research Unit.The study aimed to analyze climatic changes affected the first and last five years of each decade,as well as the entire decade,during the specified period.GIS was used to meet the objectives of this study.Arizona experienced 51–568 mm,67–560 mm,63–622 mm,and 52–590 mm of rainfall in the sixth,seventh,eighth,and ninth decades of the second millennium,respectively.Both the first and second five year periods of each decade showed accept-able rainfall amounts despite fluctuations.However,rainfall decreased in the first and second decades of the third millennium.and in the first two years of the third decade.Rainfall amounts dropped to 42–472 mm,55–469 mm,and 74–498 mm,respectively,indicating a downward trend in precipitation.The central part of the state received the highest rainfall,while the eastern and western regions(spanning north to south)had significantly less.Over the decades of the third millennium,the average annual rainfall every five years was relatively low,showing a declining trend due to severe climate changes,generally ranging between 35 mm and 498 mm.The central regions consistently received more rainfall than the eastern and western outskirts.Arizona is currently experiencing a decrease in rainfall due to climate change,a situation that could deterio-rate further.This highlights the need to optimize the use of existing rainfall and explore alternative water sources.展开更多
A process for purifying aqueous solutions containing heavy and toxic metals such as chromium(Cr) has been investigated.One of the extremely harmful pollutants in rivers and seawater is the heavy metal ions due to thei...A process for purifying aqueous solutions containing heavy and toxic metals such as chromium(Cr) has been investigated.One of the extremely harmful pollutants in rivers and seawater is the heavy metal ions due to their direct impacts on human,animals and plants are hexavalent Cr(Ⅵ).Consequently,highly sensitive sensor to detect Cr is essential.Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) technique has attracted huge research interest in detecting heavy metals specifically.In this study,three types of prism-based SPR sensor,gold(Au)/silver(Ag),Au/polyaniline(PANI) and Au/titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)) nanostructured films,are investigated as potential sensing material to detect the presence of Cr(Ⅵ) ions in water.The base Au layer with thickness of 48.3 nm is deposited on a glass slide for all sensors.For Au/Ag,Au/PANI nanofibers and Au/TiO_(2) sensor films,the Cr(Ⅵ) concentration is varied from 1 ppm to 15 ppm with sensitivity of 0.270 °ppm^(-1),0.082 °ppm^(-1) and 0.039 °ppm^(-1),respectively.Based on these results,the Au/PANI nanofibers are the most sensitive to Cr(Ⅵ) among the tested sensing materials.展开更多
Background: The irrational use of medicines remains a key health problem in many developing countries. The overuse of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study surveyed antibiotic use a...Background: The irrational use of medicines remains a key health problem in many developing countries. The overuse of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study surveyed antibiotic use and adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators at the Request Muntanga Hospital in the Kalomo District of Southern Province, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to September 2023 at Request Muntanga Hospital in Zambia and reviewed 600 medical record prescriptions which were issued from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023 using the WHO prescribing indicators. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. Results: From the 600 prescriptions sampled, 1246 medicines were prescribed, with antibiotics making up 86.7% of the encounters. Additionally, the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.1 and the prevalence of polypharmacy was 61.3%. Further, 17.8% of medicines were prescribed as injectables. Furthermore, 76.7% of the drugs were prescribed from the Zambia Essential Medicines List and 38.9% by generic names. Conclusions: This study found a high use of antibiotics and deviations from the WHO/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) core prescribing indicators at the Request Muntanga Hospital indicating non-adherence to the prescribing indicators. There is a need to promote adherence to the WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators to promote the rational use of antibiotics and prevent the emergence and spread of AMR.展开更多
Sediment properties have a crucial effect on the growth and recovery of aquatic plants in lakes.Addition of various chemical substances has been proposed to reinforce the recovery of plants after a nutrient loading re...Sediment properties have a crucial effect on the growth and recovery of aquatic plants in lakes.Addition of various chemical substances has been proposed to reinforce the recovery of plants after a nutrient loading reduction.However,the effects of such sediment amendments on plant growth,especially those from rhizosphere microorganisms,is limited.We added Kaolin clay to sediments in different concentrations to explore its impact on the growth of Vallisneria natans and Ottelia acuminate and the concurrent shift in rhizosphere microorganisms using high-throughput sequencing technology.We found that the addition of low doses(10%and 20%in mass ratio)of Kaolin significantly modified sediment conditions(oxidation reduction potential and pH),with implications also for the composition,diversity,and stability of rhizosphere microorganisms.LEfSe analysis revealed that low-dose addition of Kaolin increased the abundances of functional microbial groups that benefit plant nutrient absorption and enhance plant stress resistance,such as Spirillaceae,Rhodocyclaceae,and Burkholderiales.Moreover,low doses of Kaolin significantly promoted the photosynthesis and nutrient absorption of submerged macrophytes,thereby facilitating plant growth.A structural equation model(SEM)indicated that the direct impact of Kaolin on the growth of submerged plants was relatively minor,while the indirect effect through modulation of rhizosphere microorganisms was important.Our study suggests that low doses of Kaolin may be used to promote the growth of submerged macrophytes when lakes with a high organic content in the sediment are recovering after nutrient loading reduction.展开更多
Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,...Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.展开更多
Forex(foreign exchange)is a special financial market that entails both high risks and high profit opportunities for traders.It is also a very simple market since traders can profit by just predicting the direction of ...Forex(foreign exchange)is a special financial market that entails both high risks and high profit opportunities for traders.It is also a very simple market since traders can profit by just predicting the direction of the exchange rate between two currencies.However,incorrect predictions in Forex may cause much higher losses than in other typical financial markets.The direction prediction requirement makes the problem quite different from other typical time-series forecasting problems.In this work,we used a popular deep learning tool called“long short-term memory”(LSTM),which has been shown to be very effective in many time-series forecasting problems,to make direction predictions in Forex.We utilized two different data sets—namely,macroeconomic data and technical indicator data—since in the financial world,fundamental and technical analysis are two main techniques,and they use those two data sets,respectively.Our proposed hybrid model,which combines two separate LSTMs corresponding to these two data sets,was found to be quite successful in experiments using real data.展开更多
The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network(ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy.The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array ...The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network(ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy.The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method.A proposed numerical model for predicting the correlation of mechanical properties was supplemented with experimental data.The quenching process was conducted using a cooling medium called “nanofluids”.Nanoparticles were dissolved in a liquid phase at various concentrations(0.5%,1%,2.5%,and 5% vf) to prepare the nanofluids.Experimental investigations were done to assess the impact of temperature,base fluid,volume fraction,and soaking time on the mechanical properties.The outcomes showed that all conditions led to a noticeable improvement in the alloy's hardness which reached 100%,the grain size was refined about 80%,and unwanted residual stresses were removed from 50 to 150 MPa.Adding 5% of CuO nanoparticles to oil led to the best grain size refinement,while adding 2.5% of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles to engine oil resulted in the greatest compressive residual stress.The experimental variables were used as the input data for the established numerical ANN model,and the mechanical properties were the output.Upwards of 99% of the training network's correlations seemed to be positive.The estimated result,nevertheless,matched the experimental dataset exactly.Thus,the ANN model is an effective tool for reflecting the effects of quenching conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI 1035.展开更多
Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the ...Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the escape tectonics.Global Positioning System(GPS)motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards(from east to west).Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anatolian fault systems,rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aegean,with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional interpretations.However,which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics,extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still unclear.To assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia,we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets,and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components,revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones,while southward components increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia,where a slab tear is suggested.This phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving mechanisms.The ArabiaEurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressively more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear,which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the apparent curve of the whole modern velocity field.The 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also confirm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west,and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in extension.We propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as one plate with an additional component of extension in its west caused by the local driving mechanism,slab rollback(with the boundary above the slab tear around Isparta),rather than separate microplates or a near-pole spin of the entire Anatolian Plate,and the collisionrelated extrusion is the dominant mechanism of tectonic escape.展开更多
A heat exchanger’s performance depends heavily on the operating fluid’s transfer of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.Adding nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity materials is a significant way to enhance ...A heat exchanger’s performance depends heavily on the operating fluid’s transfer of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.Adding nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity materials is a significant way to enhance the heat transfer fluid’s thermal conductivity.This research used engine oil containing alumina(Al_(2)O_(3))nanoparticles and copper oxide(CuO)to test whether or not the heat exchanger’s efficiency could be improved.To establish the most effective elements for heat transfer enhancement,the heat exchangers thermal performance was tested at 0.05%and 0.1%concentrations for Al_(2)O_(3)and CuO nanoparticles.The simulation results showed that the percentage increase in Nusselt number(Nu)for nanofluid at 0.05%particle concentration compared to pure oil was 9.71%for CuO nanofluids and 6.7%for Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluids.At 0.1%concentration,the enhancement percentage in Nu was approximately 23%for CuO and 18.67%for Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluids,respectively.At a concentration of 0.1%,CuO nanofluid increased the LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient(U)by 7.24 and 5.91%respectively.Both the overall heat transfer coefficient(U)and the heat transfer coefficient(hn)for CuO nanofluid at a concentration of 0.1%increased by 5.91%and 10.68%,respectively.The effectiveness(εn)of a heat exchanger was increased by roughly 4.09%with the use of CuO nanofluid in comparison to Al_(2)O_(3)at a concentration of 0.1%.The amount of exergy destruction in DTHX goes down as Re and volume fractions go up.Moreover,at 0.05%and 0.1%nanoparticle concentrations,the percentage increase in dimensionless exergy is 10.55%and 13.08%,respectively.Finally,adding the CuO and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles improved the thermal conductivity of the main fluid(oil),resulting in a considerable increase in the thermal performance and rate of heat transfer of a heat exchanger.展开更多
Paddy fields play an important role in global carbon(C) cycling and are an important source of methane(CH_(4)) emissions. Insights into the processes influencing the dynamics of soil organic C(SOC) in paddy fields are...Paddy fields play an important role in global carbon(C) cycling and are an important source of methane(CH_(4)) emissions. Insights into the processes influencing the dynamics of soil organic C(SOC) in paddy fields are essential for maintaining global soil C stocks and mitigating climate change. Periphytic biofilms composed of microalgae, bacteria, and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in paddy fields, where they directly mediate the transfer of elements at the soil-water interface. However, their contributions to C turnover and exchange have been largely neglected. Periphytic biofilms affect and participate in soil C dynamics by altering both abiotic(e.g., pH and redox potential) and biotic conditions(e.g., microbial community composition and metabolism). This review summarizes the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C cycling processes, including carbon dioxide fixation, SOC mineralization, and CH_(4) emissions. Future research should be focused on: i) the mechanisms underlying periphytic biofilm-induced C fixation and turnover and ii) quantifying the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C uptake, stabilization, and sequestration in paddy fields.展开更多
The cavity with lid-driven is greatly used in mixing,coating,and drying applications and is a substantial issue in the study of thermal performance rate and fluid field.A numerical approach is presented to study the t...The cavity with lid-driven is greatly used in mixing,coating,and drying applications and is a substantial issue in the study of thermal performance rate and fluid field.A numerical approach is presented to study the thermal distribution and passage of fluid in a lid-driven cavity with an upper oscillating surface and an attached baffle.The walls of a cavity at the left and right were maintained at 350 and 293 K,respectively.The upper oscillating surface was equipped with a variable height to baffle to increase the convection of the three kinds of TiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),andCuO nanofluids with various of 0.4,0.8,and 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 vol.%in volume fractions.It was found that using a baffle attached to the oscillating upper surface of the cavity will lead to improving the distribution of vorticity in the cavity and increase the stream in the cavity.Also,increasing the baffle height,oscillating velocity,and volume fraction of nanoparticles contributes to enhancing the Nusselt number values by 50%for increasing baffle height from h∗=0.1 to 0.1.Also,the Nu improved by 20%for increasing oscillating velocity from w=05 to 20 rad/s and by 12%for using Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid instead of TiO3 atϕ=0.8 vol.%.展开更多
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity ...Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.展开更多
Dissolved organicmatter(DOM)is a heterogeneous pool of compounds and exhibits diverse adsorption characteristics with or without phosphorous(P)competition.The impacts of these factors on the burial and mobilization of...Dissolved organicmatter(DOM)is a heterogeneous pool of compounds and exhibits diverse adsorption characteristics with or without phosphorous(P)competition.The impacts of these factors on the burial and mobilization of organic carbon and P in aquatic ecosystems remain uncertain.In this study,an algae-derived DOM(ADOM)and a commercially available humic acid(HA)with distinct compositions were assessed for their adsorption behaviors onto iron(oxy)hydroxides(FeOx),both in the absence and presence of phosphate.ADOM contained less aromatics but more protein-like and highly unsaturated structures with oxygen compounds(HUSO)than HA.The adsorption capacity of FeOx was significantly greater for ADOM than for HA.Protein-like and HUSO compounds in ADOM and humic-like compounds and macromolecular aromatics in HA were preferentially adsorbed by FeOx.Moreover,ADOM demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect on phosphate adsorption than HA.This observation suggests that the substantial release of autochthonous ADOM by algae could elevate internal P loading and pose challenges for the restoration of restore eutrophic lakes.The presence of phosphate suppressed the adsorption of protein-like compounds in ADOM onto FeOx,resulting in an increase in the relative abundance of protein-like compounds and a decrease in the relative abundance of humic-like compounds in post-adsorption ADOM.In contrast,phosphate exhibited no discernible impact on the compositional fractionation of HA.Collectively,our results show the source-composition characters of DOM influence the immobilization of both DOM and P in aquatic ecosystems through adsorption processes.The preferential adsorption of proteinaceous compounds within ADOM and aromatics within HA highlights the potential for the attachment with FeOx to diminish the original source-specific signatures of DOM,thereby contributing to the shared DOM characteristics observed across diverse aquatic environments.展开更多
The Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes,one of the tectonostratigraphic units of the Taurides,are thought to be originated from the Izmir-Ankara Ocean(northern branch of Neotethys).In this study,Late Paleozoic rock units from the ...The Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes,one of the tectonostratigraphic units of the Taurides,are thought to be originated from the Izmir-Ankara Ocean(northern branch of Neotethys).In this study,Late Paleozoic rock units from the blocks of Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes were studied in detail using foraminiferal assemblages in two different locations from the southwest of Karaman City(southern Turkey).In both places,blocks/slices and pebbles of various origins are embedded within a highly sheared matrix of Late Cretaceous Age,and the whole unit can be regarded as a sedimentary mélange.The ages of the blocks from the southwest of Karaman City range from the Late Serpukhovian(Late Mississippian)to Late Capitanian(Middle Permian)with some depositional breaks(e.g.,Bashkirian,Kasimovian).Combined with the previous data from the Mersin Mélange,which also include the remnants of the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes,our new findings suggest that a shallowing-upward sequence,characterized by a shallow water environment with foraminifera-bearing limestones,was deposited over the Tournaisian pelagic sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes till the Early Moscovian(Early Middle Pennsylvanian).This shallowing-upward sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes could be related to the Late Paleozoic Glaciation on the Gondwana supercontinent(Glacial Ⅱ),which resulted in a sea-level drop and deposition of platform carbonates during the Viséan–Early Moscovian(Middle Mississippian to Early Middle Pennsylvanian)time interval.The absence of the main part of the Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian deposits(continental phase during the Middle Moscovian–Middle Gzhelian)in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes can be mainly attributed to the occurrence of a mantle plume and partially to the effect of Late Paleozoic Gondwanan Glaciation(Glacial Ⅲ).Progressive uplifting by the buoyant mantle plume material has resulted in rifting at the center of the basin where the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes have deposited.The rifting process led to tectonic destabilization of the platform in the basin,causing accumulation of the Upper Gzhelian(uppermost Pennsylvanian)detrital limestone with broken and abraded foraminiferal shells.Following this,deep basinal conditions prevailed during the Late Asselian–Kungurian(Early Permian),as revealed in the Mersin Mélange,where radiolarian cherts are associated with continental within-plate lavas of extreme incompatible trace element enrichment.Similar processes were responsible for the continual deposition of detrital limestones in the same basin until the end of Late Capitanian(Middle Permian).Based on all these,the uplifting process followed by rift-related volcanic rocks and detrital limestones can be interpreted as the opening of the Izmir-Ankara Ocean(northern Neotethys).展开更多
In this review, excerpts from the literature of thermobaric(TBX) and enhanced blast explosives(EBX) that are concentrated on studies that include their compositions, properties, reactive metal components, modeling and...In this review, excerpts from the literature of thermobaric(TBX) and enhanced blast explosives(EBX) that are concentrated on studies that include their compositions, properties, reactive metal components, modeling and computations are presented.展开更多
In biomedical applications,the conventionally used metallic materials,including stainless steel,Co-based alloys and Ti alloys,often times exhibit unsatisfactory results such as stress shielding and metal ion releases....In biomedical applications,the conventionally used metallic materials,including stainless steel,Co-based alloys and Ti alloys,often times exhibit unsatisfactory results such as stress shielding and metal ion releases.Secondary surgical operation(s)usually become inevitable to prevent long term exposure of body with the toxic implant contents.The metallic biomaterials are being revolutionized with the development of biodegradable materials including several metals,alloys,and metallic glasses.As such,the nature of metallic biomaterials are transformed from the bioinert to bioactive and multi-biofunctional(anti-bacterial,anti-proliferation,anti-cancer,etc.).Magnesium-based biomaterials are candidates to be used as new generation biodegradable metals.Magnesium(Mg)can dissolve in body fluid that means the implanted Mg can degrade during healing process,and if the degradation is controlled it would leave no debris after the completion of healing.Hence,the need for secondary surgical operation(s)for the implant removal could be eliminated.Besides its biocompatibility,the inherent mechanical properties of Mg are very similar to those of human bone.Researchers have been working on synthesis and characterization of Mg-based biomaterials with a variety of composition in order to control the degradation rate of Mg since uncontrolled degradation could result in loss of mechanical integrity,metal contamination in the body and intolerable hydrogen evolution by tissue.It was observed that the applied methods of synthesis and the choice of components affect the characteristics and performance of the Mg-based biomaterials.Researchers have synthesized many Mg-based materials through several synthesis routes and investigated their mechanical properties,biocompatibility and degradation behavior through in vitro,in vivo and in silico studies.This paper is a comprehensive review that compiles,analyses and critically discusses the recent literature on the important aspects of Mg-based biomaterials.展开更多
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah+1 种基金Saudi Arabiaunder grant number G-150-248-1443。
文摘BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threatening inflammatory condition in which the invading pathogen avoids the host's defense mechanisms and continuously stimulates and damages host cells. Consequently, many immune responses initially triggered for protection become harmful because of the failure to restore homeostasis, resulting in ongoing hyperinflammation and immunosuppression. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to address bacterial sepsis, describe advances in understanding complex immunological reactions, critically assess diagnostic approaches, and emphasize the importance of studying bacterial bottlenecks in the detection and treatment of sepsis.RESULTS: Diagnosing sepsis via a single laboratory test is not feasible;therefore, multiple key biomarkers are typically monitored, with a focus on trends rather than absolute values. The immediate interpretation of sepsis-associated clinical signs and symptoms, along with the use of specific and sensitive laboratory tests, is crucial for the survival of patients in the early stages. However, long-term mortality associated with sepsis is now recognized, and alongside the progression of this condition, there is an in vivo selection of adapted pathogens.CONCLUSION: Bacterial sepsis remains a significant cause of mortality across all ages and societies. While substantial progress has been made in understanding the immunological mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response, there is growing recognition that the ongoing host-pathogen interactions, including the emergence of adapted virulent strains, shape both the acute and long-term outcomes in sepsis. This underscores the urgent need for novel high-throughput diagnostic methods and a shift toward more pre-emptive, rather than reactive, treatment strategies in sepsis care.
文摘Climate change significantly affects environment,ecosystems,communities,and economies.These impacts often result in quick and gradual changes in water resources,environmental conditions,and weather patterns.A geographical study was conducted in Arizona State,USA,to examine monthly precipi-tation concentration rates over time.This analysis used a high-resolution 0.50×0.50 grid for monthly precip-itation data from 1961 to 2022,Provided by the Climatic Research Unit.The study aimed to analyze climatic changes affected the first and last five years of each decade,as well as the entire decade,during the specified period.GIS was used to meet the objectives of this study.Arizona experienced 51–568 mm,67–560 mm,63–622 mm,and 52–590 mm of rainfall in the sixth,seventh,eighth,and ninth decades of the second millennium,respectively.Both the first and second five year periods of each decade showed accept-able rainfall amounts despite fluctuations.However,rainfall decreased in the first and second decades of the third millennium.and in the first two years of the third decade.Rainfall amounts dropped to 42–472 mm,55–469 mm,and 74–498 mm,respectively,indicating a downward trend in precipitation.The central part of the state received the highest rainfall,while the eastern and western regions(spanning north to south)had significantly less.Over the decades of the third millennium,the average annual rainfall every five years was relatively low,showing a declining trend due to severe climate changes,generally ranging between 35 mm and 498 mm.The central regions consistently received more rainfall than the eastern and western outskirts.Arizona is currently experiencing a decrease in rainfall due to climate change,a situation that could deterio-rate further.This highlights the need to optimize the use of existing rainfall and explore alternative water sources.
文摘A process for purifying aqueous solutions containing heavy and toxic metals such as chromium(Cr) has been investigated.One of the extremely harmful pollutants in rivers and seawater is the heavy metal ions due to their direct impacts on human,animals and plants are hexavalent Cr(Ⅵ).Consequently,highly sensitive sensor to detect Cr is essential.Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) technique has attracted huge research interest in detecting heavy metals specifically.In this study,three types of prism-based SPR sensor,gold(Au)/silver(Ag),Au/polyaniline(PANI) and Au/titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)) nanostructured films,are investigated as potential sensing material to detect the presence of Cr(Ⅵ) ions in water.The base Au layer with thickness of 48.3 nm is deposited on a glass slide for all sensors.For Au/Ag,Au/PANI nanofibers and Au/TiO_(2) sensor films,the Cr(Ⅵ) concentration is varied from 1 ppm to 15 ppm with sensitivity of 0.270 °ppm^(-1),0.082 °ppm^(-1) and 0.039 °ppm^(-1),respectively.Based on these results,the Au/PANI nanofibers are the most sensitive to Cr(Ⅵ) among the tested sensing materials.
文摘Background: The irrational use of medicines remains a key health problem in many developing countries. The overuse of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study surveyed antibiotic use and adherence to the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators at the Request Muntanga Hospital in the Kalomo District of Southern Province, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to September 2023 at Request Muntanga Hospital in Zambia and reviewed 600 medical record prescriptions which were issued from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023 using the WHO prescribing indicators. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. Results: From the 600 prescriptions sampled, 1246 medicines were prescribed, with antibiotics making up 86.7% of the encounters. Additionally, the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.1 and the prevalence of polypharmacy was 61.3%. Further, 17.8% of medicines were prescribed as injectables. Furthermore, 76.7% of the drugs were prescribed from the Zambia Essential Medicines List and 38.9% by generic names. Conclusions: This study found a high use of antibiotics and deviations from the WHO/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) core prescribing indicators at the Request Muntanga Hospital indicating non-adherence to the prescribing indicators. There is a need to promote adherence to the WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators to promote the rational use of antibiotics and prevent the emergence and spread of AMR.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20153,and 32101319).
文摘Sediment properties have a crucial effect on the growth and recovery of aquatic plants in lakes.Addition of various chemical substances has been proposed to reinforce the recovery of plants after a nutrient loading reduction.However,the effects of such sediment amendments on plant growth,especially those from rhizosphere microorganisms,is limited.We added Kaolin clay to sediments in different concentrations to explore its impact on the growth of Vallisneria natans and Ottelia acuminate and the concurrent shift in rhizosphere microorganisms using high-throughput sequencing technology.We found that the addition of low doses(10%and 20%in mass ratio)of Kaolin significantly modified sediment conditions(oxidation reduction potential and pH),with implications also for the composition,diversity,and stability of rhizosphere microorganisms.LEfSe analysis revealed that low-dose addition of Kaolin increased the abundances of functional microbial groups that benefit plant nutrient absorption and enhance plant stress resistance,such as Spirillaceae,Rhodocyclaceae,and Burkholderiales.Moreover,low doses of Kaolin significantly promoted the photosynthesis and nutrient absorption of submerged macrophytes,thereby facilitating plant growth.A structural equation model(SEM)indicated that the direct impact of Kaolin on the growth of submerged plants was relatively minor,while the indirect effect through modulation of rhizosphere microorganisms was important.Our study suggests that low doses of Kaolin may be used to promote the growth of submerged macrophytes when lakes with a high organic content in the sediment are recovering after nutrient loading reduction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,52130601)the Joint Research Center for Multi-energy Complementation and Conversion of USTC.
文摘Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.
文摘Forex(foreign exchange)is a special financial market that entails both high risks and high profit opportunities for traders.It is also a very simple market since traders can profit by just predicting the direction of the exchange rate between two currencies.However,incorrect predictions in Forex may cause much higher losses than in other typical financial markets.The direction prediction requirement makes the problem quite different from other typical time-series forecasting problems.In this work,we used a popular deep learning tool called“long short-term memory”(LSTM),which has been shown to be very effective in many time-series forecasting problems,to make direction predictions in Forex.We utilized two different data sets—namely,macroeconomic data and technical indicator data—since in the financial world,fundamental and technical analysis are two main techniques,and they use those two data sets,respectively.Our proposed hybrid model,which combines two separate LSTMs corresponding to these two data sets,was found to be quite successful in experiments using real data.
基金Kut Technical Institute for their funding supports。
文摘The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network(ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy.The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method.A proposed numerical model for predicting the correlation of mechanical properties was supplemented with experimental data.The quenching process was conducted using a cooling medium called “nanofluids”.Nanoparticles were dissolved in a liquid phase at various concentrations(0.5%,1%,2.5%,and 5% vf) to prepare the nanofluids.Experimental investigations were done to assess the impact of temperature,base fluid,volume fraction,and soaking time on the mechanical properties.The outcomes showed that all conditions led to a noticeable improvement in the alloy's hardness which reached 100%,the grain size was refined about 80%,and unwanted residual stresses were removed from 50 to 150 MPa.Adding 5% of CuO nanoparticles to oil led to the best grain size refinement,while adding 2.5% of Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles to engine oil resulted in the greatest compressive residual stress.The experimental variables were used as the input data for the established numerical ANN model,and the mechanical properties were the output.Upwards of 99% of the training network's correlations seemed to be positive.The estimated result,nevertheless,matched the experimental dataset exactly.Thus,the ANN model is an effective tool for reflecting the effects of quenching conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI 1035.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91755213 and 41888101)the Chinese Scholarship Council
文摘Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the escape tectonics.Global Positioning System(GPS)motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards(from east to west).Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anatolian fault systems,rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aegean,with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional interpretations.However,which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics,extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still unclear.To assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia,we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets,and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components,revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones,while southward components increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia,where a slab tear is suggested.This phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving mechanisms.The ArabiaEurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressively more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear,which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the apparent curve of the whole modern velocity field.The 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also confirm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west,and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in extension.We propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as one plate with an additional component of extension in its west caused by the local driving mechanism,slab rollback(with the boundary above the slab tear around Isparta),rather than separate microplates or a near-pole spin of the entire Anatolian Plate,and the collisionrelated extrusion is the dominant mechanism of tectonic escape.
文摘A heat exchanger’s performance depends heavily on the operating fluid’s transfer of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.Adding nanoparticles of high thermal conductivity materials is a significant way to enhance the heat transfer fluid’s thermal conductivity.This research used engine oil containing alumina(Al_(2)O_(3))nanoparticles and copper oxide(CuO)to test whether or not the heat exchanger’s efficiency could be improved.To establish the most effective elements for heat transfer enhancement,the heat exchangers thermal performance was tested at 0.05%and 0.1%concentrations for Al_(2)O_(3)and CuO nanoparticles.The simulation results showed that the percentage increase in Nusselt number(Nu)for nanofluid at 0.05%particle concentration compared to pure oil was 9.71%for CuO nanofluids and 6.7%for Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluids.At 0.1%concentration,the enhancement percentage in Nu was approximately 23%for CuO and 18.67%for Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluids,respectively.At a concentration of 0.1%,CuO nanofluid increased the LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient(U)by 7.24 and 5.91%respectively.Both the overall heat transfer coefficient(U)and the heat transfer coefficient(hn)for CuO nanofluid at a concentration of 0.1%increased by 5.91%and 10.68%,respectively.The effectiveness(εn)of a heat exchanger was increased by roughly 4.09%with the use of CuO nanofluid in comparison to Al_(2)O_(3)at a concentration of 0.1%.The amount of exergy destruction in DTHX goes down as Re and volume fractions go up.Moreover,at 0.05%and 0.1%nanoparticle concentrations,the percentage increase in dimensionless exergy is 10.55%and 13.08%,respectively.Finally,adding the CuO and Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles improved the thermal conductivity of the main fluid(oil),resulting in a considerable increase in the thermal performance and rate of heat transfer of a heat exchanger.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41825021 and 42207447)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD17008)+3 种基金the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu,China(No.BK20220004)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Nos.BX2021325 and 2022M723242)the State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Foundation,China(No.2022SKL008)EJ was supported by the TüBITAK program BIDEB2232 of Türkiye(No.118C250)。
文摘Paddy fields play an important role in global carbon(C) cycling and are an important source of methane(CH_(4)) emissions. Insights into the processes influencing the dynamics of soil organic C(SOC) in paddy fields are essential for maintaining global soil C stocks and mitigating climate change. Periphytic biofilms composed of microalgae, bacteria, and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in paddy fields, where they directly mediate the transfer of elements at the soil-water interface. However, their contributions to C turnover and exchange have been largely neglected. Periphytic biofilms affect and participate in soil C dynamics by altering both abiotic(e.g., pH and redox potential) and biotic conditions(e.g., microbial community composition and metabolism). This review summarizes the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C cycling processes, including carbon dioxide fixation, SOC mineralization, and CH_(4) emissions. Future research should be focused on: i) the mechanisms underlying periphytic biofilm-induced C fixation and turnover and ii) quantifying the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C uptake, stabilization, and sequestration in paddy fields.
文摘The cavity with lid-driven is greatly used in mixing,coating,and drying applications and is a substantial issue in the study of thermal performance rate and fluid field.A numerical approach is presented to study the thermal distribution and passage of fluid in a lid-driven cavity with an upper oscillating surface and an attached baffle.The walls of a cavity at the left and right were maintained at 350 and 293 K,respectively.The upper oscillating surface was equipped with a variable height to baffle to increase the convection of the three kinds of TiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),andCuO nanofluids with various of 0.4,0.8,and 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 vol.%in volume fractions.It was found that using a baffle attached to the oscillating upper surface of the cavity will lead to improving the distribution of vorticity in the cavity and increase the stream in the cavity.Also,increasing the baffle height,oscillating velocity,and volume fraction of nanoparticles contributes to enhancing the Nusselt number values by 50%for increasing baffle height from h∗=0.1 to 0.1.Also,the Nu improved by 20%for increasing oscillating velocity from w=05 to 20 rad/s and by 12%for using Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid instead of TiO3 atϕ=0.8 vol.%.
文摘Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since its emergence, there have been increased rates of transmission and spread, morbidity and mortality which led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines to address the pandemic. This study assessed acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and perceived risks regarding COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women attending antenatal care at two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 241 pregnant women using a questionnaire from August 2023 to October 2023 in two First-Level Hospitals in Lusaka district, Zambia. The collected data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test. The statistical significance was set at a 95% confidence level. Results: Of the 241 participants, 107 (42.7%) were aged between 24 and 34 years. Overall, 64.3% accepted the COVID-19 vaccines, of which 122 (50.6%) were already vaccinated. Further, 203 (84.6%) of the pregnant women had good knowledge, and 199 (82.6%) had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. However, 58.5% thought COVID-19 vaccines were not safe and could cause infertility. Alongside this, 70.1% thought that COVID-19 vaccines were harmful during pregnancy. Having good knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was associated with age (p = 0.049), education status (p = 0.001), and employment status (p = 0.001). Having a positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines was associated with education status (p = 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: This study found that most pregnant women had good knowledge, and positive attitudes, and the majority accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Encouragingly, most of the pregnant women who accepted the COVID-19 vaccines were already vaccinated. Most pregnant women thought that COVID-19 vaccines had side effects, were not safe, and could be harmful during pregnancy. Consequently, this could have contributed to the hesitancy to receive a vaccine among some participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the need to provide pregnant women with continuous educational programs on the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their children.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32330068,41971139,42271117,and 41930760)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220015)the Science and Technology Planning Project of NIGLAS(No.NIGLAS2022GS09).
文摘Dissolved organicmatter(DOM)is a heterogeneous pool of compounds and exhibits diverse adsorption characteristics with or without phosphorous(P)competition.The impacts of these factors on the burial and mobilization of organic carbon and P in aquatic ecosystems remain uncertain.In this study,an algae-derived DOM(ADOM)and a commercially available humic acid(HA)with distinct compositions were assessed for their adsorption behaviors onto iron(oxy)hydroxides(FeOx),both in the absence and presence of phosphate.ADOM contained less aromatics but more protein-like and highly unsaturated structures with oxygen compounds(HUSO)than HA.The adsorption capacity of FeOx was significantly greater for ADOM than for HA.Protein-like and HUSO compounds in ADOM and humic-like compounds and macromolecular aromatics in HA were preferentially adsorbed by FeOx.Moreover,ADOM demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect on phosphate adsorption than HA.This observation suggests that the substantial release of autochthonous ADOM by algae could elevate internal P loading and pose challenges for the restoration of restore eutrophic lakes.The presence of phosphate suppressed the adsorption of protein-like compounds in ADOM onto FeOx,resulting in an increase in the relative abundance of protein-like compounds and a decrease in the relative abundance of humic-like compounds in post-adsorption ADOM.In contrast,phosphate exhibited no discernible impact on the compositional fractionation of HA.Collectively,our results show the source-composition characters of DOM influence the immobilization of both DOM and P in aquatic ecosystems through adsorption processes.The preferential adsorption of proteinaceous compounds within ADOM and aromatics within HA highlights the potential for the attachment with FeOx to diminish the original source-specific signatures of DOM,thereby contributing to the shared DOM characteristics observed across diverse aquatic environments.
基金grateful to Hacettepe University,Scientific Research Project Department(No.FBA-2018-16915)for providing financial support to this research.
文摘The Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes,one of the tectonostratigraphic units of the Taurides,are thought to be originated from the Izmir-Ankara Ocean(northern branch of Neotethys).In this study,Late Paleozoic rock units from the blocks of Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes were studied in detail using foraminiferal assemblages in two different locations from the southwest of Karaman City(southern Turkey).In both places,blocks/slices and pebbles of various origins are embedded within a highly sheared matrix of Late Cretaceous Age,and the whole unit can be regarded as a sedimentary mélange.The ages of the blocks from the southwest of Karaman City range from the Late Serpukhovian(Late Mississippian)to Late Capitanian(Middle Permian)with some depositional breaks(e.g.,Bashkirian,Kasimovian).Combined with the previous data from the Mersin Mélange,which also include the remnants of the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes,our new findings suggest that a shallowing-upward sequence,characterized by a shallow water environment with foraminifera-bearing limestones,was deposited over the Tournaisian pelagic sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes till the Early Moscovian(Early Middle Pennsylvanian).This shallowing-upward sequence in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes could be related to the Late Paleozoic Glaciation on the Gondwana supercontinent(Glacial Ⅱ),which resulted in a sea-level drop and deposition of platform carbonates during the Viséan–Early Moscovian(Middle Mississippian to Early Middle Pennsylvanian)time interval.The absence of the main part of the Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian deposits(continental phase during the Middle Moscovian–Middle Gzhelian)in the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes can be mainly attributed to the occurrence of a mantle plume and partially to the effect of Late Paleozoic Gondwanan Glaciation(Glacial Ⅲ).Progressive uplifting by the buoyant mantle plume material has resulted in rifting at the center of the basin where the Beyşehir-Hoyran Nappes have deposited.The rifting process led to tectonic destabilization of the platform in the basin,causing accumulation of the Upper Gzhelian(uppermost Pennsylvanian)detrital limestone with broken and abraded foraminiferal shells.Following this,deep basinal conditions prevailed during the Late Asselian–Kungurian(Early Permian),as revealed in the Mersin Mélange,where radiolarian cherts are associated with continental within-plate lavas of extreme incompatible trace element enrichment.Similar processes were responsible for the continual deposition of detrital limestones in the same basin until the end of Late Capitanian(Middle Permian).Based on all these,the uplifting process followed by rift-related volcanic rocks and detrital limestones can be interpreted as the opening of the Izmir-Ankara Ocean(northern Neotethys).
文摘In this review, excerpts from the literature of thermobaric(TBX) and enhanced blast explosives(EBX) that are concentrated on studies that include their compositions, properties, reactive metal components, modeling and computations are presented.
文摘In biomedical applications,the conventionally used metallic materials,including stainless steel,Co-based alloys and Ti alloys,often times exhibit unsatisfactory results such as stress shielding and metal ion releases.Secondary surgical operation(s)usually become inevitable to prevent long term exposure of body with the toxic implant contents.The metallic biomaterials are being revolutionized with the development of biodegradable materials including several metals,alloys,and metallic glasses.As such,the nature of metallic biomaterials are transformed from the bioinert to bioactive and multi-biofunctional(anti-bacterial,anti-proliferation,anti-cancer,etc.).Magnesium-based biomaterials are candidates to be used as new generation biodegradable metals.Magnesium(Mg)can dissolve in body fluid that means the implanted Mg can degrade during healing process,and if the degradation is controlled it would leave no debris after the completion of healing.Hence,the need for secondary surgical operation(s)for the implant removal could be eliminated.Besides its biocompatibility,the inherent mechanical properties of Mg are very similar to those of human bone.Researchers have been working on synthesis and characterization of Mg-based biomaterials with a variety of composition in order to control the degradation rate of Mg since uncontrolled degradation could result in loss of mechanical integrity,metal contamination in the body and intolerable hydrogen evolution by tissue.It was observed that the applied methods of synthesis and the choice of components affect the characteristics and performance of the Mg-based biomaterials.Researchers have synthesized many Mg-based materials through several synthesis routes and investigated their mechanical properties,biocompatibility and degradation behavior through in vitro,in vivo and in silico studies.This paper is a comprehensive review that compiles,analyses and critically discusses the recent literature on the important aspects of Mg-based biomaterials.
