This article presents a distributed periodic eventtriggered(PET)optimal control scheme to achieve generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation in DC microgrids.In order to accommodate the generation...This article presents a distributed periodic eventtriggered(PET)optimal control scheme to achieve generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation in DC microgrids.In order to accommodate the generation constraints of the distributed generators(DGs),a virtual incremental cost is firstly designed,based on which an optimality condition is derived to facilitate the control design.To meet the discrete-time(DT)nature of modern control systems,the optimal controller is directly developed in the DT domain.Afterward,to reduce the communication requirement among the controllers,a distributed event-triggered mechanism is introduced for the DT optimal controller.The event-triggered condition is detected periodically and therefore naturally avoids the Zeno phenomenon.The closed-loop system stability is proved by the Lyapunov synthesis for switched systems.The generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation are obtained at the equilibrium point.Finally,switch-level microgrid simulations validate the performance of the proposed optimal controller.展开更多
A single-bus DC microgrid can represent a wide range of applications.Control objectives of such systems include high-performance bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing among multiple distributed generators(DGs...A single-bus DC microgrid can represent a wide range of applications.Control objectives of such systems include high-performance bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing among multiple distributed generators(DGs)under various operating conditions.This paper presents a novel decentralized control algorithm that can guarantee both the transient voltage control performance and realize the predefined load sharing percentages.First,the output-constrained control problem is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained one.Second,a two-step backstepping control algorithm is designed based on the transformed model for bus-voltage regulation.Since the overall control effort can be split proportionally and calculated with locally-measurable signals,decentralized load sharing can be realized.The control design requires neither accurate parameters of the output filters nor load measurement.The stability of the transformed systems under the proposed control algorithm can indirectly guarantee the transient bus voltage performance of the original system.Additionally,the high-performance control design is robust,flexible,and reliable.Switch-level simulations under both normal and fault operating conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
Since the high penetration of distributed energy sources complicates the dynamics of electrical power systems,accurate dynamic models are indispensable for study on the transient behavior of the microgrid(MG).In some ...Since the high penetration of distributed energy sources complicates the dynamics of electrical power systems,accurate dynamic models are indispensable for study on the transient behavior of the microgrid(MG).In some practices,the lack of full detailed information results in failure of dif-ferential equation based dynamic modeling,which leads to a demand for a black-box MG modeling method.It is a critical challenge to maintain the effectiveness of the black-box model under a wide operating range and various fault conditions.In this paper,inspired by the mathematical equivalence between the recurrent neural network(RNN)and differential-algebraic equations(DAEs),a dynamic equivalent modeling method,using long short-term memory(LSTM),is presented to tackle this challenge.At first,the modeling equivalence and advantages of our basic idea are explained.Then,modeling procedures,including data preparation and design guidelines,are presented.Finally,the proposed method is applied to a multi-microgrid testing system for performance evaluation.The results,under various scenarios,reveal that the proposed modeling method has an adequate capability for representing the dynamic behaviors of a black-box MG under grid fault and operating point changing conditions.Index Terms-Deep learning,dynamic behavior,dynamic equivalent model,microgrid,neural network.展开更多
With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Elec...With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Electrochemical energy storage,as the most popular and promising energy storage method,has received extensive attention.Currently,the most widely used energy storage method is metal-ion secondary batteries,whose performance mainly depends on the cathode material.Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)have a unique open framework structures that allow quick and reversible insertion/extraction of metal ions such as Na^(+),K^(+),Zn^(2+),Li^(+)etc.,thus attracting widespread attention.The advantages of simple synthesis process,abundant resources,and low cost also distinguish it from its counterparts.Unfortunately,the crystal water and structural defects in the PBAs lattice that is generated during the synthesis process,as well as the low Na content,significantly affect their electrochemical performance.This paper focuses on PBAs’synthesis methods,crystal structure,modification strategies,and their potential applications as cathode materials for various metal ion secondary batteries and looks forward to their future development direction.展开更多
Black phosphorus(BP)is recognized as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high safety and theoretical capacity.However,traditional ball milling methodologies for fabricating BP composite anodes h...Black phosphorus(BP)is recognized as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high safety and theoretical capacity.However,traditional ball milling methodologies for fabricating BP composite anodes have not satisfactorily addressed the challenges of poor rate performance and short cycle life.To fill this scientific gap,we herein pioneer incorporating the sodium fast ionic conductorβ"-Al_(2)O_(3)into ball-milled BP with carbon,which facilitates the formation of three-dimensional mass transfer channels in the resulting composite.To stabilize these channels,we develop a novel and environmentally friendly functional binder that outperforms traditional binders in thermal stability,wettability,and mechanical properties.The newly established binder is capable of remarkably mitigating volume expansion and interfacial side reactions in the BP/β"-Al_(2)O_(3)/C composite anode.Additionally,we identify synergistic effects of the binder interacting with the BP/β"-Al_(2)O_(3)/C composite during cycling,characterized by the in-situ formation of P-O-C bonds,which is the first instance of a strong,durable chemical bond between the binder and the active material to the best of our knowledge.These advancements allow the composite electrode to exhibit exceptional sodium storage,including high initial Coulombic efficiency and long-term cycling stability,which surpasses most previous phosphorus-based anodes fabricated via traditional approaches.Notably,when paired with a Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)P_(2)O_7(NFPP)cathode,the full cell exhibits unexpectedly high energy and power densities,highlighting the BP potential in SIBs.The findings presented in the present work contribute to the promotion of economical and efficient applications of phosphorus-based anode materials.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interpl...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interplay between zincophilic-hydrophilic and zincophobic-hydrophobic interactions at the anode-electrolyte interface.Herein,a conceptual framework that decouples these competing effects was proposed,enabling the rational design of a dual-layer architecture with an inner zincophilic layer for Zn^(2+)flux homogenization and an outer hydrophobic layer for water shielding.Through in situ and ex situ analyses,the synergistic mechanism was elucidated.During the cycling process,the zincophilic interface guides uniform Zn deposition,while the hydrophobic coating suppresses H_(2)O-induced side reactions.This dual modification achieves a Zn||Cu cell with an unprecedented 99.89%Coulombic efficiency and 975-cycle stability.This work resolves the long-standing controversy over interfacial affinity design,offering a scalable and industrially viable strategy to enhance AZIBs’durability without sacrificing energy density.展开更多
Solid electrolyte Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP)has attracted significant attention due to its high ionic conductivity,good air stability,and low cost.However,the practical application of LATP is limited b...Solid electrolyte Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP)has attracted significant attention due to its high ionic conductivity,good air stability,and low cost.However,the practical application of LATP is limited by its instability with Li metal,poor interfacial contact,and sluggish ion transport.Herein,a multifunctional layer composed of LiN_(x)O_(y)and LiGa is designed via an in situ conversion reaction between Li metal and Ga(NO_(3))_(3).LiN_(x)O_(y)(LiNO_(3)phase)with low interface energy and high affinity can improve interfacial contact,while LiN_(x)O_(y)(Li_(3)N phase)can provide rapid Li^(+)transport with its low migration barrier.The insulating LiN_(x)O_(y)prevents side reactions,and the conductive LiGa alloy homogenizes electric fields,enabling uniform Li deposition.Therefore,the preference layer ensures stable and tight contact at the interface throughout the cycle.The initial interfacial resistance of the symmetric battery is reduced from1677.2 to 152.2 X cm^(-2),and the critical current density is increased to 1.6 mA cm^(-2).Long-term stable cycling at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)/0.1 m A h cm^(-2)for 3000 h and 0.2 mA cm^(-2)/0.2 mA h cm^(-2)for 2500 h can be achieved.Full cells with LiFePO_(4)retain 89.3% capacity after 300 cycles at 0.5C,while Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2)-based cells also exhibit high capacity and cycling stability.展开更多
To address the problem of high lifespan loss and poor state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)participating in grid peak shaving,an improved golden eagle optimizer(IGEO)algorithm for EV grouping control s...To address the problem of high lifespan loss and poor state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)participating in grid peak shaving,an improved golden eagle optimizer(IGEO)algorithm for EV grouping control strategy is proposed for peak shaving sce-narios.First,considering the difference between peak and valley loads and the operating costs of EVs,a peak shaving model for EVs is constructed.Second,the design of IGEO has improved the global exploration and local development capabilities of the golden eagle optimizer(GEO)algorithm.Subsequently,IGEO is used to solve the peak shaving model and obtain the overall EV grid connected charging and discharging instructions.Next,using the k-means algorithm,EVs are dynamically divided into priority charging groups,backup groups,and priority discharging groups based on SOC differences.Finally,a dual layer power distribution scheme for EVs is designed.The upper layer determines the charging and discharging sequences and instructions for the three groups of EVs,whereas the lower layer allocates the charging and discharging instructions for each group to each EV.The proposed strategy was simulated and verified,and the results showed that the designed IGEO had faster optimization speed and higher optimization accuracy.The pro-posed EV grouping control strategy effectively reduces the peak-valley difference in the power grid,reduces the operational life loss of EVs,and maintains a better SOC balance for EVs.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel fully distributed economic power dispatch(EPD)strategy for distribution networks,integrating dynamic tariffs.A two-layer model is proposed:the first layer comprises the physical power dis...This paper introduces a novel fully distributed economic power dispatch(EPD)strategy for distribution networks,integrating dynamic tariffs.A two-layer model is proposed:the first layer comprises the physical power distribution network,including photovoltaic(PV)sources,wind turbine(WT)generators,energy storage systems(ESS),flexible loads(FLs),and other inflexible loads.The upper layer consists of agents dedicated to communication,calculation,and control tasks.Unlike previous EPD strategies,this approach incorporates dynamic tariffs derived from voltage constraints to ensure compliance with nodal voltage constraints.Addi-tionally,a fast distributed optimization algorithm with an event-triggered communication protocol has been developed to address the EPD problem effectively.Through mathematical and simulation analyses,the proposed algorithm's efficiency and rapid conver-gence capability are demonstrated.展开更多
Willow branch-shaped MoS2/CdS heterojunctions are successfully synthesized for the first time by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectr...Willow branch-shaped MoS2/CdS heterojunctions are successfully synthesized for the first time by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence spectroscopy tests. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities of the samples were evaluated under visible light irradiation. The resulting MoS2/CdS heterojunctions exhibit a much improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than that obtained with CdS and MoS2. In particular, the optimized MC-5 (5 at.% MoS2/CdS) photocatalyst achieved the highest hydrogen production rate of 250.8 μmol h–1, which is 28 times higher than that of pristine CdS. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) at 420 nm was 3.66%. Further detailed characterizations revealed that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the MoS2/CdS heterojunctions could be attributed to the efficient transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers resulting from the core-shell structure and the close contact between MoS2 nanosheets and CdS single-crystal nanorods, as well as to increased visible light absorption. A tentative mechanism for photocatalytic H2 evolution by MoS2/CdS heterojunctions was proposed. This work will open up new opportunities for developing more efficient photocatalysts for water splitting.展开更多
The practical applications of carbon anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are largely obstructed by their moderate rate capability and cyclic stability.Herein,we report a N,S-codoped porous carbon nanosheet(NSC)decora...The practical applications of carbon anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are largely obstructed by their moderate rate capability and cyclic stability.Herein,we report a N,S-codoped porous carbon nanosheet(NSC)decorated with Fe_(3)C nanoparticles(Fe_(3)C/NSC)by a one-pot pyrolysis process.The high surface area and abundant defects of NSC can not only promote electrons and ions transfer,but also induce high pseudocapacitive contribution.More importantly,the synergistic catalysis effect of Fe-Nx and Fe_(3)C can catalyze the reversible conversion of some solid electrolyte interface(SEI)components to offer excess capacity during cycling.As expected,the Fe_(3)C-NSC anode delivers a discharge capacity of750 mAh·g^(-1)under a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1)through 500 cycles and retains a dis-charge capacity of 366 mAh·g^(-1)at 4 A·g^(-1)after 1600 cycles,respectively.Most importantly,the lithium-ion capacitors based on Fe_(3)C/NSC anode demonstrate a high energy density of 249.5 Wh·kg^(-1)at 560 W·kg^(-1).展开更多
A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level...A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level, communication-economic control scheme is presented for multiple-bus microgrids with each bus having multiple distributed generators(DGs) connected in parallel. The control objective of the upper level is to calculate the voltage references for one-bus subsystems. The objectives of the lower control level are to make the subsystems' bus voltages track the voltage references and to enhance load current sharing accuracy among the local DGs. Firstly, a distributed consensusbased power sharing algorithm is introduced to determine the power generations of the subsystems. Secondly, a discrete-time droop equation is used to adjust subsystem frequencies for voltage reference calculations. Finally, a Lyapunov-based decentralized control algorithm is designed for bus voltage regulation and proportional load current sharing. Extensive simulation studies with microgrid models of different levels of detail are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control scheme.展开更多
To address the significant lifecycle degradation and inadequate state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)when mitigating wind power fluctuations,a dynamic grouping control strategy is proposed for EVs base...To address the significant lifecycle degradation and inadequate state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)when mitigating wind power fluctuations,a dynamic grouping control strategy is proposed for EVs based on an improved k-means algorithm.First,a swing door trending(SDT)algorithm based on compression result feedback was designed to extract the feature data points of wind power.The gating coefficient of the SDT was adjusted based on the compression ratio and deviation,enabling the acquisition of grid-connected wind power signals through linear interpolation.Second,a novel algorithm called IDOA-KM is proposed,which utilizes the Improved Dingo Optimization Algorithm(IDOA)to optimize the clustering centers of the k-means algorithm,aiming to address its dependence and sensitivity on the initial centers.The EVs were categorized into priority charging,standby,and priority discharging groups using the IDOA-KM.Finally,an two-layer power distribution scheme for EVs was devised.The upper layer determines the charging/discharging sequences of the three EV groups and their corresponding power signals.The lower layer allocates power signals to each EV based on the maximum charging/discharging power or SOC equalization principles.The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in accurately tracking grid power signals,smoothing wind power fluctuations,mitigating EV degradation,and enhancing the SOC balance.展开更多
Effective source-load prediction and reasonable dispatching are crucial to realize the economic and reliable operations of integrated energy systems(IESs).They can overcome the challenges introduced by the uncertainti...Effective source-load prediction and reasonable dispatching are crucial to realize the economic and reliable operations of integrated energy systems(IESs).They can overcome the challenges introduced by the uncertainties of new energies and various types of loads in the IES.Accordingly,a robust optimal dispatching method for the IES based on a robust economic model predictive control(REMPC)strategy considering source-load power interval prediction is proposed.First,an operation model of the IES is established,and an interval prediction model based on the bidirectional long short-term memory network optimized by beetle antenna search and bootstrap is formulated and applied to predict the photovoltaic power and the cooling,heating,and electrical loads.Then,an optimal dispatching scheme based on REMPC is devised for the IES.The source-load interval prediction results are used to improve the robustness of the REPMC and reduce the influence of source-load uncertainties on dispatching.An actual IES case is selected to conduct simulations;the results show that compared with other prediction techniques,the proposed method has higher prediction interval coverage probability and prediction interval normalized averaged width.Moreover,the operational cost of the IES is decreased by the REMPC strategy.With the devised dispatching scheme,the ability of the IES to handle the dispatching risk caused by prediction errors is enhanced.Improved dispatching robustness and operational economy are also achieved.展开更多
A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hyd...A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hydrothermal assembly of a pentacaboxylate ligand, a N-donor ligand and Ag（I） ions, which possesses a pcu topology and exhibits excellent catalytic properties in aqueous solution for the degradation of onitrophenol（2-NP）, m-nitrophenol（3-NP） and p-nitrophenol（4-NP）. Related kinetics of such catalytic reactions, photoluminescent and thermal stability of compound 1 were also investigated.展开更多
Prussian blue analogue Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6](Ni-PB)has been widely studied as a cathode material for sodium-ion battery due to its excellent cycling performance.However,Ni-PB has a low theoretical capacity of 85 mAh g^(−1) b...Prussian blue analogue Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6](Ni-PB)has been widely studied as a cathode material for sodium-ion battery due to its excellent cycling performance.However,Ni-PB has a low theoretical capacity of 85 mAh g^(−1) because of the electrochemical inertness of Ni.Herein,ternary Ni-PB is successfully synthesized by double doping with Co and Fe at Ni-site,and the effect of doping with Co and Fe on the electrochemical performance of Ni-PB is systematically investigated through theoretical calculations and electrochemical tests.The first principles calculations confirm that double doping with Co and Fe can significantly reduce the energy barrier and bandgap of Ni-PB.X-ray diffraction and composition analysis results indicate that ternary NiCoFe-PB composite not only has good crystallinity and high Na content but also has low defects and crystal water.Electrochemical tests reveal that,besides the capacity contribution of high-spin Co/Fe and low-spin Fe,Co-doping enhances the electrochemical activity of low-spin Fe and Fe-doping improves the activity of high-spin Co;moreover,double doping can decrease the diffusion resistance of Na+ions through solid electrolyte interface film,accelerate the kinetics for both ion diffusion process and Faradic reaction,and increase active sites.Under the synergistic effect of Co and Fe,this ternary NiCoFe-PB exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance with a high initial discharge capacity of 120.4 mAh g^(−1) at 20mA g^(−1) and an extremely low capacity fading rate of 0.0044%per cycle at a high current density of 2 A g^(−1) even after 10,000 cycles,showing great application potential of ternary NiCoFe-PB in the field of large-scale energy storage.展开更多
In this paper,a fault-tolerance wide voltage conversion gain DC/DC converter for More Electric Aircraft(MEA)is proposed.The proposed converter consists of a basic Cuk converter module and n expandable units.By adjusti...In this paper,a fault-tolerance wide voltage conversion gain DC/DC converter for More Electric Aircraft(MEA)is proposed.The proposed converter consists of a basic Cuk converter module and n expandable units.By adjusting the operation state of the expandable units,the voltage conversion gain of the proposed converter could be regulated,which makes it available for wide voltage conversion applications.Especially,since mutual redundancy can be realized between the basic Cuk converter module and the expandable units,the converter can continuously work when an unpredictable fault occurs to the fault-tolerant parts of the proposed converter,which reflects the fault tolerance of the converter and significantly improves the reliability of the system.Moreover,the advantages of small input current ripple,automatic current sharing and low voltage stress are also integrated in this converter.The working principle and features of the proposed converter are mainly introduced,and an experimental prototype with 800 W output power has been manufactured to verify the practicability and availability of the proposed converter.展开更多
Lithium metal anode of lithium batteries,including lithium-ion batteries,has been considered the anode for next-generation batteries with desired high energy densities due to its high theoretical specific capacity(386...Lithium metal anode of lithium batteries,including lithium-ion batteries,has been considered the anode for next-generation batteries with desired high energy densities due to its high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mA h g^(-1))and low standards electrode potential(-3.04 V vs.SHE).However,the highly reactive nature of metallic lithium and its direct contact with the electrolyte could lead to severe chemical reactions,leading to the continuous consumption of the electrolyte and a reduction in the cycle life and Coulombic efficiency.In addition,the solid electrolyte interface formed during battery cycling is mainly inorganic,which is too fragile to withstand the extreme volume change during the plating and stripping of lithium.The uneven flux of lithium ions could lead to excessive lithium deposition at local points,resulting in needle-like lithium dendrites,which could pierce the separator and cause short circuits,battery failure,and safety issues.In the last five years,tremendous efforts have been dedicated to addressing these issues,and the most successful improvements have been related to lithiophilicity optimizations.Thus,this paper comprehensively reviewed the lithiophilicity regulation in lithium metal anode modifications and highlighted the vital effect of lithiophilicity.The remaining challenges faced by the lithiophilicity optimization for lithium metal anodes are discussed with the proposed research directions for overcoming the technical challenges in this subject.展开更多
In the process of large-scale,grid-connected wind power operations,it is important to establish an accurate probability distribution model for wind farm fluctuations.In this study,a wind power fluctuation modeling met...In the process of large-scale,grid-connected wind power operations,it is important to establish an accurate probability distribution model for wind farm fluctuations.In this study,a wind power fluctuation modeling method is proposed based on the method of moving average and adaptive nonparametric kernel density estimation(NPKDE)method.Firstly,the method of moving average is used to reduce the fluctuation of the sampling wind power component,and the probability characteristics of the modeling are then determined based on the NPKDE.Secondly,the model is improved adaptively,and is then solved by using constraint-order optimization.The simulation results show that this method has a better accuracy and applicability compared with the modeling method based on traditional parameter estimation,and solves the local adaptation problem of traditional NPKDE.展开更多
By using ＂pillaring＂ strategy, a new Co（Ⅱ）-MOF, [Co_2（abtc）（bimb）_2]·2H_2O（1, H_4abtc = 3,3？,5,5？-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid, bimb = 4,4？-bis（imidazole-1-ylmethyl）biphenyl）, has been solvother...By using ＂pillaring＂ strategy, a new Co（Ⅱ）-MOF, [Co_2（abtc）（bimb）_2]·2H_2O（1, H_4abtc = 3,3？,5,5？-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid, bimb = 4,4？-bis（imidazole-1-ylmethyl）biphenyl）, has been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. The structural determination revealed that 1 features a 3D pillar-layered framework with（4,8）-connected {4^4.6^2}{4^8.6^（20）} topology based on dinuclear Co（Ⅱ）-SBUs. The magnetic investigation shows that the dominant antiferromagnetic coupling is observed in compound 1.展开更多
基金supported by the U.S.Office of Naval Research(N00014-21-1-2175)。
文摘This article presents a distributed periodic eventtriggered(PET)optimal control scheme to achieve generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation in DC microgrids.In order to accommodate the generation constraints of the distributed generators(DGs),a virtual incremental cost is firstly designed,based on which an optimality condition is derived to facilitate the control design.To meet the discrete-time(DT)nature of modern control systems,the optimal controller is directly developed in the DT domain.Afterward,to reduce the communication requirement among the controllers,a distributed event-triggered mechanism is introduced for the DT optimal controller.The event-triggered condition is detected periodically and therefore naturally avoids the Zeno phenomenon.The closed-loop system stability is proved by the Lyapunov synthesis for switched systems.The generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation are obtained at the equilibrium point.Finally,switch-level microgrid simulations validate the performance of the proposed optimal controller.
基金supported in part by the U.S.Office of Naval Research(N00014-16-1-3121,N00014-18-1-2185)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61673347,U1609214,61751205)
文摘A single-bus DC microgrid can represent a wide range of applications.Control objectives of such systems include high-performance bus voltage regulation and proper load sharing among multiple distributed generators(DGs)under various operating conditions.This paper presents a novel decentralized control algorithm that can guarantee both the transient voltage control performance and realize the predefined load sharing percentages.First,the output-constrained control problem is transformed into an equivalent unconstrained one.Second,a two-step backstepping control algorithm is designed based on the transformed model for bus-voltage regulation.Since the overall control effort can be split proportionally and calculated with locally-measurable signals,decentralized load sharing can be realized.The control design requires neither accurate parameters of the output filters nor load measurement.The stability of the transformed systems under the proposed control algorithm can indirectly guarantee the transient bus voltage performance of the original system.Additionally,the high-performance control design is robust,flexible,and reliable.Switch-level simulations under both normal and fault operating conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
基金supported in part by the Science Search Foundation of Liaoning Educational Department(No.LQGD2020002).
文摘Since the high penetration of distributed energy sources complicates the dynamics of electrical power systems,accurate dynamic models are indispensable for study on the transient behavior of the microgrid(MG).In some practices,the lack of full detailed information results in failure of dif-ferential equation based dynamic modeling,which leads to a demand for a black-box MG modeling method.It is a critical challenge to maintain the effectiveness of the black-box model under a wide operating range and various fault conditions.In this paper,inspired by the mathematical equivalence between the recurrent neural network(RNN)and differential-algebraic equations(DAEs),a dynamic equivalent modeling method,using long short-term memory(LSTM),is presented to tackle this challenge.At first,the modeling equivalence and advantages of our basic idea are explained.Then,modeling procedures,including data preparation and design guidelines,are presented.Finally,the proposed method is applied to a multi-microgrid testing system for performance evaluation.The results,under various scenarios,reveal that the proposed modeling method has an adequate capability for representing the dynamic behaviors of a black-box MG under grid fault and operating point changing conditions.Index Terms-Deep learning,dynamic behavior,dynamic equivalent model,microgrid,neural network.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072217)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3807700)+2 种基金the Joint Funds of the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development(No.2022CFD034)Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project(No.2022CFA020)the Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department(No.2019AAA164).
文摘With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Electrochemical energy storage,as the most popular and promising energy storage method,has received extensive attention.Currently,the most widely used energy storage method is metal-ion secondary batteries,whose performance mainly depends on the cathode material.Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)have a unique open framework structures that allow quick and reversible insertion/extraction of metal ions such as Na^(+),K^(+),Zn^(2+),Li^(+)etc.,thus attracting widespread attention.The advantages of simple synthesis process,abundant resources,and low cost also distinguish it from its counterparts.Unfortunately,the crystal water and structural defects in the PBAs lattice that is generated during the synthesis process,as well as the low Na content,significantly affect their electrochemical performance.This paper focuses on PBAs’synthesis methods,crystal structure,modification strategies,and their potential applications as cathode materials for various metal ion secondary batteries and looks forward to their future development direction.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3807700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072217,22179071,51772169,and 52104313)+3 种基金the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2023AFB618 and 2024AFB993)the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project(2022CFA020)the Joint Funds of the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development(2022CFD034)the Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department(2019AAA164)。
文摘Black phosphorus(BP)is recognized as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high safety and theoretical capacity.However,traditional ball milling methodologies for fabricating BP composite anodes have not satisfactorily addressed the challenges of poor rate performance and short cycle life.To fill this scientific gap,we herein pioneer incorporating the sodium fast ionic conductorβ"-Al_(2)O_(3)into ball-milled BP with carbon,which facilitates the formation of three-dimensional mass transfer channels in the resulting composite.To stabilize these channels,we develop a novel and environmentally friendly functional binder that outperforms traditional binders in thermal stability,wettability,and mechanical properties.The newly established binder is capable of remarkably mitigating volume expansion and interfacial side reactions in the BP/β"-Al_(2)O_(3)/C composite anode.Additionally,we identify synergistic effects of the binder interacting with the BP/β"-Al_(2)O_(3)/C composite during cycling,characterized by the in-situ formation of P-O-C bonds,which is the first instance of a strong,durable chemical bond between the binder and the active material to the best of our knowledge.These advancements allow the composite electrode to exhibit exceptional sodium storage,including high initial Coulombic efficiency and long-term cycling stability,which surpasses most previous phosphorus-based anodes fabricated via traditional approaches.Notably,when paired with a Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)P_(2)O_7(NFPP)cathode,the full cell exhibits unexpectedly high energy and power densities,highlighting the BP potential in SIBs.The findings presented in the present work contribute to the promotion of economical and efficient applications of phosphorus-based anode materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2130204)the Joint Funds of the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2502102)+1 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20200364)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Program(BJJWZYJH01201910007023)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interplay between zincophilic-hydrophilic and zincophobic-hydrophobic interactions at the anode-electrolyte interface.Herein,a conceptual framework that decouples these competing effects was proposed,enabling the rational design of a dual-layer architecture with an inner zincophilic layer for Zn^(2+)flux homogenization and an outer hydrophobic layer for water shielding.Through in situ and ex situ analyses,the synergistic mechanism was elucidated.During the cycling process,the zincophilic interface guides uniform Zn deposition,while the hydrophobic coating suppresses H_(2)O-induced side reactions.This dual modification achieves a Zn||Cu cell with an unprecedented 99.89%Coulombic efficiency and 975-cycle stability.This work resolves the long-standing controversy over interfacial affinity design,offering a scalable and industrially viable strategy to enhance AZIBs’durability without sacrificing energy density.
基金the support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3807700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179071)+3 种基金the Hubei Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(2023AFA089)the Hubei Natural Science Foundation,Hubei(2024AFB993)the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project(2022CFA020)the Joint Funds of the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development(2022CFD034)。
文摘Solid electrolyte Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP)has attracted significant attention due to its high ionic conductivity,good air stability,and low cost.However,the practical application of LATP is limited by its instability with Li metal,poor interfacial contact,and sluggish ion transport.Herein,a multifunctional layer composed of LiN_(x)O_(y)and LiGa is designed via an in situ conversion reaction between Li metal and Ga(NO_(3))_(3).LiN_(x)O_(y)(LiNO_(3)phase)with low interface energy and high affinity can improve interfacial contact,while LiN_(x)O_(y)(Li_(3)N phase)can provide rapid Li^(+)transport with its low migration barrier.The insulating LiN_(x)O_(y)prevents side reactions,and the conductive LiGa alloy homogenizes electric fields,enabling uniform Li deposition.Therefore,the preference layer ensures stable and tight contact at the interface throughout the cycle.The initial interfacial resistance of the symmetric battery is reduced from1677.2 to 152.2 X cm^(-2),and the critical current density is increased to 1.6 mA cm^(-2).Long-term stable cycling at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)/0.1 m A h cm^(-2)for 3000 h and 0.2 mA cm^(-2)/0.2 mA h cm^(-2)for 2500 h can be achieved.Full cells with LiFePO_(4)retain 89.3% capacity after 300 cycles at 0.5C,while Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.6)Ni_(0.2)O_(2)-based cells also exhibit high capacity and cycling stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52077078)China Southern Power Grid Company Limited 036000KK52220004(GDKJXM20220147).
文摘To address the problem of high lifespan loss and poor state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)participating in grid peak shaving,an improved golden eagle optimizer(IGEO)algorithm for EV grouping control strategy is proposed for peak shaving sce-narios.First,considering the difference between peak and valley loads and the operating costs of EVs,a peak shaving model for EVs is constructed.Second,the design of IGEO has improved the global exploration and local development capabilities of the golden eagle optimizer(GEO)algorithm.Subsequently,IGEO is used to solve the peak shaving model and obtain the overall EV grid connected charging and discharging instructions.Next,using the k-means algorithm,EVs are dynamically divided into priority charging groups,backup groups,and priority discharging groups based on SOC differences.Finally,a dual layer power distribution scheme for EVs is designed.The upper layer determines the charging and discharging sequences and instructions for the three groups of EVs,whereas the lower layer allocates the charging and discharging instructions for each group to each EV.The proposed strategy was simulated and verified,and the results showed that the designed IGEO had faster optimization speed and higher optimization accuracy.The pro-posed EV grouping control strategy effectively reduces the peak-valley difference in the power grid,reduces the operational life loss of EVs,and maintains a better SOC balance for EVs.
文摘This paper introduces a novel fully distributed economic power dispatch(EPD)strategy for distribution networks,integrating dynamic tariffs.A two-layer model is proposed:the first layer comprises the physical power distribution network,including photovoltaic(PV)sources,wind turbine(WT)generators,energy storage systems(ESS),flexible loads(FLs),and other inflexible loads.The upper layer consists of agents dedicated to communication,calculation,and control tasks.Unlike previous EPD strategies,this approach incorporates dynamic tariffs derived from voltage constraints to ensure compliance with nodal voltage constraints.Addi-tionally,a fast distributed optimization algorithm with an event-triggered communication protocol has been developed to address the EPD problem effectively.Through mathematical and simulation analyses,the proposed algorithm's efficiency and rapid conver-gence capability are demonstrated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51502155,51572152,21673127,21671119)the Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(D20151203)the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry,Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,Chinese Academy of Sciences(20170020)~~
文摘Willow branch-shaped MoS2/CdS heterojunctions are successfully synthesized for the first time by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence spectroscopy tests. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities of the samples were evaluated under visible light irradiation. The resulting MoS2/CdS heterojunctions exhibit a much improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity than that obtained with CdS and MoS2. In particular, the optimized MC-5 (5 at.% MoS2/CdS) photocatalyst achieved the highest hydrogen production rate of 250.8 μmol h–1, which is 28 times higher than that of pristine CdS. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) at 420 nm was 3.66%. Further detailed characterizations revealed that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the MoS2/CdS heterojunctions could be attributed to the efficient transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers resulting from the core-shell structure and the close contact between MoS2 nanosheets and CdS single-crystal nanorods, as well as to increased visible light absorption. A tentative mechanism for photocatalytic H2 evolution by MoS2/CdS heterojunctions was proposed. This work will open up new opportunities for developing more efficient photocatalysts for water splitting.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51772169, 52072217 and 51802261)the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB0905400)+2 种基金the Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department (No. 2019AAA164)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (No. 2019CFB337)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. Q20191204)
文摘The practical applications of carbon anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are largely obstructed by their moderate rate capability and cyclic stability.Herein,we report a N,S-codoped porous carbon nanosheet(NSC)decorated with Fe_(3)C nanoparticles(Fe_(3)C/NSC)by a one-pot pyrolysis process.The high surface area and abundant defects of NSC can not only promote electrons and ions transfer,but also induce high pseudocapacitive contribution.More importantly,the synergistic catalysis effect of Fe-Nx and Fe_(3)C can catalyze the reversible conversion of some solid electrolyte interface(SEI)components to offer excess capacity during cycling.As expected,the Fe_(3)C-NSC anode delivers a discharge capacity of750 mAh·g^(-1)under a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1)through 500 cycles and retains a dis-charge capacity of 366 mAh·g^(-1)at 4 A·g^(-1)after 1600 cycles,respectively.Most importantly,the lithium-ion capacitors based on Fe_(3)C/NSC anode demonstrate a high energy density of 249.5 Wh·kg^(-1)at 560 W·kg^(-1).
基金supported in part by the US Office of Naval Research(N00014-16-1-312,N00014-18-1-2185)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61673347,U1609214,61751205)
文摘A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level, communication-economic control scheme is presented for multiple-bus microgrids with each bus having multiple distributed generators(DGs) connected in parallel. The control objective of the upper level is to calculate the voltage references for one-bus subsystems. The objectives of the lower control level are to make the subsystems' bus voltages track the voltage references and to enhance load current sharing accuracy among the local DGs. Firstly, a distributed consensusbased power sharing algorithm is introduced to determine the power generations of the subsystems. Secondly, a discrete-time droop equation is used to adjust subsystem frequencies for voltage reference calculations. Finally, a Lyapunov-based decentralized control algorithm is designed for bus voltage regulation and proportional load current sharing. Extensive simulation studies with microgrid models of different levels of detail are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control scheme.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0122200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077078)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2020MS090).
文摘To address the significant lifecycle degradation and inadequate state of charge(SOC)balance of electric vehicles(EVs)when mitigating wind power fluctuations,a dynamic grouping control strategy is proposed for EVs based on an improved k-means algorithm.First,a swing door trending(SDT)algorithm based on compression result feedback was designed to extract the feature data points of wind power.The gating coefficient of the SDT was adjusted based on the compression ratio and deviation,enabling the acquisition of grid-connected wind power signals through linear interpolation.Second,a novel algorithm called IDOA-KM is proposed,which utilizes the Improved Dingo Optimization Algorithm(IDOA)to optimize the clustering centers of the k-means algorithm,aiming to address its dependence and sensitivity on the initial centers.The EVs were categorized into priority charging,standby,and priority discharging groups using the IDOA-KM.Finally,an two-layer power distribution scheme for EVs was devised.The upper layer determines the charging/discharging sequences of the three EV groups and their corresponding power signals.The lower layer allocates power signals to each EV based on the maximum charging/discharging power or SOC equalization principles.The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in accurately tracking grid power signals,smoothing wind power fluctuations,mitigating EV degradation,and enhancing the SOC balance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2018YFE0122200).
文摘Effective source-load prediction and reasonable dispatching are crucial to realize the economic and reliable operations of integrated energy systems(IESs).They can overcome the challenges introduced by the uncertainties of new energies and various types of loads in the IES.Accordingly,a robust optimal dispatching method for the IES based on a robust economic model predictive control(REMPC)strategy considering source-load power interval prediction is proposed.First,an operation model of the IES is established,and an interval prediction model based on the bidirectional long short-term memory network optimized by beetle antenna search and bootstrap is formulated and applied to predict the photovoltaic power and the cooling,heating,and electrical loads.Then,an optimal dispatching scheme based on REMPC is devised for the IES.The source-load interval prediction results are used to improve the robustness of the REPMC and reduce the influence of source-load uncertainties on dispatching.An actual IES case is selected to conduct simulations;the results show that compared with other prediction techniques,the proposed method has higher prediction interval coverage probability and prediction interval normalized averaged width.Moreover,the operational cost of the IES is decreased by the REMPC strategy.With the devised dispatching scheme,the ability of the IES to handle the dispatching risk caused by prediction errors is enhanced.Improved dispatching robustness and operational economy are also achieved.
基金financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 216731272, 2137312, 21671119, 51572152 and 51502155)
文摘A silver-based metal-organic framework（Ag-MOFs）, [Ag2（H3 ddcba）（dpp）2]（1）（H5 ddcba = 3,5-（di（2’,5’-dicarboxylphenyl）benozoic acid, dpp = 1,3-di（4-pyridyl）propane）, was successfully constructed via hydrothermal assembly of a pentacaboxylate ligand, a N-donor ligand and Ag（I） ions, which possesses a pcu topology and exhibits excellent catalytic properties in aqueous solution for the degradation of onitrophenol（2-NP）, m-nitrophenol（3-NP） and p-nitrophenol（4-NP）. Related kinetics of such catalytic reactions, photoluminescent and thermal stability of compound 1 were also investigated.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52072217,51802261,51772169National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2018YFB0905400Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department,Grant/Award Number:2019AAA164。
文摘Prussian blue analogue Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6](Ni-PB)has been widely studied as a cathode material for sodium-ion battery due to its excellent cycling performance.However,Ni-PB has a low theoretical capacity of 85 mAh g^(−1) because of the electrochemical inertness of Ni.Herein,ternary Ni-PB is successfully synthesized by double doping with Co and Fe at Ni-site,and the effect of doping with Co and Fe on the electrochemical performance of Ni-PB is systematically investigated through theoretical calculations and electrochemical tests.The first principles calculations confirm that double doping with Co and Fe can significantly reduce the energy barrier and bandgap of Ni-PB.X-ray diffraction and composition analysis results indicate that ternary NiCoFe-PB composite not only has good crystallinity and high Na content but also has low defects and crystal water.Electrochemical tests reveal that,besides the capacity contribution of high-spin Co/Fe and low-spin Fe,Co-doping enhances the electrochemical activity of low-spin Fe and Fe-doping improves the activity of high-spin Co;moreover,double doping can decrease the diffusion resistance of Na+ions through solid electrolyte interface film,accelerate the kinetics for both ion diffusion process and Faradic reaction,and increase active sites.Under the synergistic effect of Co and Fe,this ternary NiCoFe-PB exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance with a high initial discharge capacity of 120.4 mAh g^(−1) at 20mA g^(−1) and an extremely low capacity fading rate of 0.0044%per cycle at a high current density of 2 A g^(−1) even after 10,000 cycles,showing great application potential of ternary NiCoFe-PB in the field of large-scale energy storage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51707103)the Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory on Operation and Control of Cascaded Hydropower Station,China(No.2022KJX08).
文摘In this paper,a fault-tolerance wide voltage conversion gain DC/DC converter for More Electric Aircraft(MEA)is proposed.The proposed converter consists of a basic Cuk converter module and n expandable units.By adjusting the operation state of the expandable units,the voltage conversion gain of the proposed converter could be regulated,which makes it available for wide voltage conversion applications.Especially,since mutual redundancy can be realized between the basic Cuk converter module and the expandable units,the converter can continuously work when an unpredictable fault occurs to the fault-tolerant parts of the proposed converter,which reflects the fault tolerance of the converter and significantly improves the reliability of the system.Moreover,the advantages of small input current ripple,automatic current sharing and low voltage stress are also integrated in this converter.The working principle and features of the proposed converter are mainly introduced,and an experimental prototype with 800 W output power has been manufactured to verify the practicability and availability of the proposed converter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072217,22179071)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20249)the Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department(2019AAA164)。
文摘Lithium metal anode of lithium batteries,including lithium-ion batteries,has been considered the anode for next-generation batteries with desired high energy densities due to its high theoretical specific capacity(3860 mA h g^(-1))and low standards electrode potential(-3.04 V vs.SHE).However,the highly reactive nature of metallic lithium and its direct contact with the electrolyte could lead to severe chemical reactions,leading to the continuous consumption of the electrolyte and a reduction in the cycle life and Coulombic efficiency.In addition,the solid electrolyte interface formed during battery cycling is mainly inorganic,which is too fragile to withstand the extreme volume change during the plating and stripping of lithium.The uneven flux of lithium ions could lead to excessive lithium deposition at local points,resulting in needle-like lithium dendrites,which could pierce the separator and cause short circuits,battery failure,and safety issues.In the last five years,tremendous efforts have been dedicated to addressing these issues,and the most successful improvements have been related to lithiophilicity optimizations.Thus,this paper comprehensively reviewed the lithiophilicity regulation in lithium metal anode modifications and highlighted the vital effect of lithiophilicity.The remaining challenges faced by the lithiophilicity optimization for lithium metal anodes are discussed with the proposed research directions for overcoming the technical challenges in this subject.
基金supported by Science and Technology project of the State Grid Corporation of China“Research on Active Development Planning Technology and Comprehensive Benefit Analysis Method for Regional Smart Grid Comprehensive Demonstration Zone”National Natural Science Foundation of China(51607104)
文摘In the process of large-scale,grid-connected wind power operations,it is important to establish an accurate probability distribution model for wind farm fluctuations.In this study,a wind power fluctuation modeling method is proposed based on the method of moving average and adaptive nonparametric kernel density estimation(NPKDE)method.Firstly,the method of moving average is used to reduce the fluctuation of the sampling wind power component,and the probability characteristics of the modeling are then determined based on the NPKDE.Secondly,the model is improved adaptively,and is then solved by using constraint-order optimization.The simulation results show that this method has a better accuracy and applicability compared with the modeling method based on traditional parameter estimation,and solves the local adaptation problem of traditional NPKDE.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21201109,21373122 and 21301106)
文摘By using ＂pillaring＂ strategy, a new Co（Ⅱ）-MOF, [Co_2（abtc）（bimb）_2]·2H_2O（1, H_4abtc = 3,3？,5,5？-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid, bimb = 4,4？-bis（imidazole-1-ylmethyl）biphenyl）, has been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. The structural determination revealed that 1 features a 3D pillar-layered framework with（4,8）-connected {4^4.6^2}{4^8.6^（20）} topology based on dinuclear Co（Ⅱ）-SBUs. The magnetic investigation shows that the dominant antiferromagnetic coupling is observed in compound 1.
