Quantitative precipitation estimation and rainfall monitoring based on meteorological data, potentially provides continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data, are of high practical use: Think of hydrogeological...Quantitative precipitation estimation and rainfall monitoring based on meteorological data, potentially provides continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data, are of high practical use: Think of hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power, road and tourism. Both conventional long-range radars and rain-gauges suffer from measurement errors and difficulties in precipitation estimation. For efficient monitoring operation of localized rain events of limited extension and of small basins of interest, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. Alternatively C-band or S-band meteorological long range radars are able to monitor rain fields over wide areas, however with not enough space and time resolution, and with high purchase and maintenance costs. Short-range X-band radars for rain monitoring can be a valid compromise solution between the two more common rain measurement and observation instruments. Lots of scientific efforts have already focused on radar-gauge adjustment and quantitative precipitation estimation in order to improve the radar measurement techniques. After some considerations about long range radars and gauge network, this paper presents instead some examples of how X-band mini radars can be very useful for the observation of rainfall events and how they can integrate and supplement long range radars and rain gauge networks. Three case studies are presented: A very localized and intense event, a rainfall event with high temporal and spatial variability and the employ of X-band mini radar in a mountainous region with narrow valleys. The adaptability of such radar devoted to monitor rain is demonstrated.展开更多
To tackle the planetary environmental and climate crisis and meet the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),we must fully leverage the potential of Earth observations(EO).This involves integrating global...To tackle the planetary environmental and climate crisis and meet the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),we must fully leverage the potential of Earth observations(EO).This involves integrating globally sourced data on the atmosphere,hydrosphere,cryosphere,lithosphere,along with ecological and socio-economic information.By harmonizing and integrating these diverse data sources,we can more effectively incorporate observational data into multi-scale modeling and artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.This paper is based on discussions from the“Towards Global Earth Observatory”workshop held from May 8-10,2023,organized by the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)and the Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center(ACCC),in collaboration with the Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research(INAR)at the University of Helsinki.The current state of EO and data repositories is fragmented,highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to establish a new global Ground-Based Earth Observatory(GGBEO).Here,we summarize the current status of selected in-situ and ground-based remote sensing observation systems and outline future actions and recommendations to meet scientific,societal,and economic needs.In addition,we identify key steps to create a coordinated and comprehensive GGBEO system that leverages existing investments,networks,and infrastructures.This system would integrate regional and global ground-based in situ and remote sensing systems,marine,and airborne observational data.An integrated approach should aim for seamless coordination,interoperable and harmonized data repositories,easily searchable and accessible data,and sustainable long-term funding.展开更多
文摘Quantitative precipitation estimation and rainfall monitoring based on meteorological data, potentially provides continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data, are of high practical use: Think of hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power, road and tourism. Both conventional long-range radars and rain-gauges suffer from measurement errors and difficulties in precipitation estimation. For efficient monitoring operation of localized rain events of limited extension and of small basins of interest, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. Alternatively C-band or S-band meteorological long range radars are able to monitor rain fields over wide areas, however with not enough space and time resolution, and with high purchase and maintenance costs. Short-range X-band radars for rain monitoring can be a valid compromise solution between the two more common rain measurement and observation instruments. Lots of scientific efforts have already focused on radar-gauge adjustment and quantitative precipitation estimation in order to improve the radar measurement techniques. After some considerations about long range radars and gauge network, this paper presents instead some examples of how X-band mini radars can be very useful for the observation of rainfall events and how they can integrate and supplement long range radars and rain gauge networks. Three case studies are presented: A very localized and intense event, a rainfall event with high temporal and spatial variability and the employ of X-band mini radar in a mountainous region with narrow valleys. The adaptability of such radar devoted to monitor rain is demonstrated.
基金supported by the Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center(ACCC)Flagship,funded by the Research Council of Finland(Contract No(s).337549,357902,359340).
文摘To tackle the planetary environmental and climate crisis and meet the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),we must fully leverage the potential of Earth observations(EO).This involves integrating globally sourced data on the atmosphere,hydrosphere,cryosphere,lithosphere,along with ecological and socio-economic information.By harmonizing and integrating these diverse data sources,we can more effectively incorporate observational data into multi-scale modeling and artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.This paper is based on discussions from the“Towards Global Earth Observatory”workshop held from May 8-10,2023,organized by the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)and the Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center(ACCC),in collaboration with the Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research(INAR)at the University of Helsinki.The current state of EO and data repositories is fragmented,highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to establish a new global Ground-Based Earth Observatory(GGBEO).Here,we summarize the current status of selected in-situ and ground-based remote sensing observation systems and outline future actions and recommendations to meet scientific,societal,and economic needs.In addition,we identify key steps to create a coordinated and comprehensive GGBEO system that leverages existing investments,networks,and infrastructures.This system would integrate regional and global ground-based in situ and remote sensing systems,marine,and airborne observational data.An integrated approach should aim for seamless coordination,interoperable and harmonized data repositories,easily searchable and accessible data,and sustainable long-term funding.
