In the continually evolving landscape of data-driven methodologies addressing car crash patterns,a holistic analysis remains critical to decode the complex nuances of this phenomenon.This study bridges this knowledge ...In the continually evolving landscape of data-driven methodologies addressing car crash patterns,a holistic analysis remains critical to decode the complex nuances of this phenomenon.This study bridges this knowledge gap with a robust examination of car crash occurrence dynamics and the influencing variables in the Greater Melbourne area,Australia.We employed a comprehensive multi-model machine learning and geospatial analytics approach,unveiling the complicated interactions intrinsic to vehicular incidents.By harnessing Random Forest with SHAP(Shapley Additive Explanations),GLR(Generalized Linear Regression),and GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression),our research not only highlighted pivotal contributing elements but also enriched our findings by capturing often overlooked complexities.Using the Random Forest model,essential factors were emphasized,and with the aid of SHAP,we accessed the interaction of these factors.To complement our methodology,we incorporated hexagonalized geographic units,refining the granularity of crash density evaluations.In our multi-model study of car crash dynamics in Greater Melbourne,road geometry emerged as a key factor,with intersections showing a significant positive correlation with crashes.The average land surface temperature had variable significance across scales.Socio-economically,regions with a higher proportion of childless populations were identified as more prone to accidents.Public transit usage displayed a strong positive association with crashes,especially in densely populated areas.The convergence of insights from both Generalized Linear Regression and Random Forest’s SHAP values offered a comprehensive understanding of underlying patterns,pinpointing high-risk zones and influential determinants.These findings offer pivotal insights for targeted safety interventions in Greater Melbourne,Australia.展开更多
The modern story of Hirschsprung disease(HSCR)begins in 1886 in Berlin,when Harald Hirschsprung,a professor of pediatrics in Copenhagen,presented a case report of two infants with constipation who died and had colonic...The modern story of Hirschsprung disease(HSCR)begins in 1886 in Berlin,when Harald Hirschsprung,a professor of pediatrics in Copenhagen,presented a case report of two infants with constipation who died and had colonic dilatation and hypertrophy.In the first case,the infant suffered from constipation from birth that had only responded to laxatives and enemas.Before his demise at 11 months of age,he spent 2 months in the hospital under active treatment for his constipation before developing diarrhea.The megacolon regressed with treatment,but then recurred after discharge just before he died from sepsis(what we would now recognize as toxic megacolon and enterocolitis).展开更多
背景全科医学作为一种新兴医疗模式,强调以社区为基础的全面医疗服务,旨在提高医疗的可及性和效率。然而,尽管全科医学在提升基本医疗卫生服务能力中扮演关键角色,但全科医学研究仍处于发展滞后的状态,需要通过科学研究和社会支持来改...背景全科医学作为一种新兴医疗模式,强调以社区为基础的全面医疗服务,旨在提高医疗的可及性和效率。然而,尽管全科医学在提升基本医疗卫生服务能力中扮演关键角色,但全科医学研究仍处于发展滞后的状态,需要通过科学研究和社会支持来改善这一状况,并提高其学科地位。目的在研究人员、科研机构和学科整体三个自下而上的层级中,分层次地分析影响全科医学领域科研能力发展的因素。方法于2023年12月—2024年3月,本文采用范围综述方法,对中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Web of Science数据库进行检索,并手动浏览国际全科医学科研和行业学会的信息发布平台,以及谷歌搜索引擎,收集2000—2023年发表的全科医学科研能力发展影响因素的相关文献,并通过手动检索补充灰色文献。通过两阶段的筛选,最终纳入相关文献,使用Excel进行数据整理,归类影响因素,并通过归纳性的主题分析法分析数据,最终以日冕图的形式展示研究结果。结果本研究最终纳入122篇文献,包括原创研究62篇、系统综述2篇、非原创论文54篇、灰色文献4篇,基于文献分析,共归纳出21项影响全科医学科研能力发展的因素。相关因素被分为个体(研究人员)、群体(机构)和整体(学科)三个层级。个体层面的因素涉及研究人员的科研知识和技能、申请资金的能力、对科研的兴趣和积极性、学习科研知识和发展科研合作的机遇、用于科研工作的时间以及科研和临床工作的结合情况;群体层面的因素涉及科研机构的科研人力、科研资源、科研环境、科研管理机制、科研培训能力、外部科研合作资源和机构管理者的重视程度;学科层面的因素则涉及学科的科研特点、核心的科研和协调机构、政府、学协会、学术期刊和国际合作者的外部影响,以及科研经费等方面。结论本研究综述了全球范围内关于全科医学科研能力发展的文献,识别出21个关键的影响因素。在我国的实际环境中,上述因素可能会集中表现为学科组织分散、总体资源有限、学科理论不清、社会认知不足等一系列相互影响的问题。这要求该领域的研究者更加主动地以学科核心理念为导向,对机构的科研绩效导向和管理机制,以及个人的科研领域和路径进行合理的调整和重塑,并增强对全科医生具有全科医学学科特色的科研理论、方法和能力的培养,以增强形成学科合力的基础。展开更多
As one of the main components of Grassland Fire Danger Index,grassland curing degree provides crucial information for determining grassland fire danger.Accurate estimates of grassland curing are critical for determini...As one of the main components of Grassland Fire Danger Index,grassland curing degree provides crucial information for determining grassland fire danger.Accurate estimates of grassland curing are critical for determining grassland fire risk.This research focuses on the use of Landsat 8 to estimate grassland curing.Results demonstrate that Landsat 8 observations can be used to estimate curing percentages as assessed by visual and ground sampling measurements.Grassland interannual variability for the Greater Melbourne region using Landsat 8 imagery from 2013 to 2019 is examined.Slight differences in curing times and degree are observed for sample sites surrounding Greater Melbourne due to climatic differences across the region.Precipitation is regarded as an essential variable affecting curing degree and this relationship is evident for all five sample sites.Landsat 8 curing results are compared to both visual observations and destructive sampling,the most accurate method,for accuracy assessment.At 95%confidence level,Landsat 8 estimations are no different from destructive ground sampling estimations.Overall,this study validates the use of Landsat 8 data as an effective and accurate way for grassland curing monitoring.展开更多
Perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation is highly associated with neural injury,and subsequent impaired cortical growth,disturbances in neuronal connectivity,and impaired neurodevelopment.However,our understandin...Perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation is highly associated with neural injury,and subsequent impaired cortical growth,disturbances in neuronal connectivity,and impaired neurodevelopment.However,our understanding of the pathophysiological substrate underpinning these changes in brain structure and function is limited.The objective of this review is to summarize the growing evidence from animal trials and human cohort studies that suggest exposure to infection/inflammation during the perinatal period promotes regional impairments in neuronal maturation and function,including loss of high-frequency electroencephalographic activity,and reduced growth and arborization of cortical dendrites and dendritic spines resulting in reduced cortical volume.These inflammation-induced disturbances to neuronal structure and function are likely to underpin subsequent disturbances to cortical development and connectivity in fetuses and/or newborns exposed to infection/inflammation during the perinatal period,leading,in the long term,to impaired neurodevelopment.The combined use of early electroencephalography monitoring with neuroimaging techniques that enable detailed evaluation of brain microstructure,and the use of therapeutics that successfully target systemic and central nervous system inflammation could provide an effective strategy for early detection and therapeutic intervention.展开更多
Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated signi...Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated significant interest as a potential biomarker for use in early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.We reviewed the literature surrounding PSMA and its current clinical applications in diagnosing and managing early prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate and local lymph nodes.A search on PubMed,Medline,and Web of Science was performed using the following keywords:“PSMA”,“Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen”,“Prostate cancer”,“Biomarker”,“Diagnosis”.We considered all available articles relevant to the topic of PSMA as a biomarker in early prostate cancer when developing this narrative review.Key articles assessing the biology of PSMA,as well as its use as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in early prostate cancer,were assessed.The role of PSMA PET as a potential diagnostic and risk stratification tool was assessed.The current use of antibody-drug conjugates and radioligand therapy targeting PSMA was assessed,along with any current evidence to support their use in early prostate cancer.PSMA is heavily expressed throughout the early stages of prostate cancer,and this has significant therapeutic implications.There is a growing body of evidence that shows PSMA PET can play a role in the diagnosis,risk stratification,and prognostication of localised prostate cancer.PSMA-targeted therapies such as Lu-177 currently do not have any proven benefit in treating early prostate cancer;however,this remains an area of ongoing research.展开更多
Background Obesity is a risk factor for developing cardiometabolic disease.Exercise training is pivotal in the treatment of obesity and is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality.This study examined the effec...Background Obesity is a risk factor for developing cardiometabolic disease.Exercise training is pivotal in the treatment of obesity and is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality.This study examined the effect of high-fat feeding on cardiac morphology and mitochondrial function,alongside the mitigating effects of voluntary exercise training.Methods Six-week-old male C57Bl/6 J mice commenced a high fat diet(HFD)or chow diet and were randomized to receive locked(sedentary)or unlocked(voluntary exercise training(VET))running wheels at 10 weeks of age.Mice were monitored until 30 weeks of age and euthanized for collection of tissues.Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess body composition,and echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function.Results Compared with chow-fed animals,the HFD increased body weight and adiposity and decreased cardiolipins(CL)in the heart,which are required for maintaining adequate mitochondrial respiration.Importantly,VET reversed these effects and induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.Cardiac mitochondrial respiratory chain analysis revealed decreased complexes II and IV activity following high fat feeding,while VET enhanced complex I activity,emphasizing the cardioprotective effect of exercise training in obesity.Conclusion This study uncovers mechanisms by which obesity and exercise impact cardiac mitochondrial health and suggests the mitochondria is a therapeutic target in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases.展开更多
Examining carbonate dissolution kinetics at mineral-water interface is crucial to understand numerous environmental and geochemical processes,including global carbon cycling,CO_(2)sequestration in deep geological rese...Examining carbonate dissolution kinetics at mineral-water interface is crucial to understand numerous environmental and geochemical processes,including global carbon cycling,CO_(2)sequestration in deep geological reservoirs,and trace elements release in terrestrial and aquatic environments.Here we explored the effect of circumneutral to alkaline pH solutions(pH 6-11)on dissolution kinetics of pure dolomite and Ca and Mg release stoichiometry in flow-through reactor experiments at 25±1℃.Results revealed that the dolomite dissolution rates obtained from effluent Ca and Mg concentrations(R_(Ca)and R_(Mg)in mol/cm^(2)/s)were dependent on input solution pH and HCO_(3)^(-)log activity.The pH dependence of dissolution rates showed two distinct trends,i.e.,at circumneutral pH ranging between 6 and 8,the dissolution rate decreased with increasing pH,with minimum rate at pH 8.While in the highly alkaline pH range(pH 9-11),the dolomite dissolution rate increased with an increasing pH.Irrespective of the input pH,the dolomite dissolution rates indicated a reverse relationship with HCO_(3)^(-)log activity,with the lowest dissolution rate(R Ca=3.80×10^(-12)mol/cm^(2)/s)at pH 8 where HCO_(3)^(-)log activity attained the highest value(-3.957).The lower R Ca and R Mg obtained at pH 8 compared to all the other pH could possibly be attributed to an inhibition caused by high HCO_(3)^(-)log activity in solution at this pH.Dolomite dissolution rates were non-stoichiometric at all the experimental pH values,showing higher preferential Ca over Mg release(R_(Ca)>R_(Mg))whereas an opposite trend was observed at pH 8,with R_(Ca)<R_(Mg)at the steady state.Saturation index values calculated using geochemical speciation modelling were positive for Mg-bearing minerals(brucite,dolomite,artinite)at alkaline pH of 10-11,indicating favourable conditions for their precipitation under studied conditions.This study provides insights on the significance of log ion activities of HCO_(3)^(-)and Me-OH^(+)under varying pH for elucidating the dissolution mechanism of dolomite in circumneutral to alkaline aqueous environments.展开更多
The airflow mechanics in adult nasal airways,whether healthy or abnormal,are extensively studied and investigated,but the flow mechanics in child nasal airways remain underexplored.This study investigates the airflow ...The airflow mechanics in adult nasal airways,whether healthy or abnormal,are extensively studied and investigated,but the flow mechanics in child nasal airways remain underexplored.This study investigates the airflow mechanics in the child’s nasal upper airway with adenoid hypertrophy,with an adenoid nasopharyngeal ratio(AN of 0.9),under cyclic inhalation and exhalation.An inlet respiratory cycle with three different flow rates(3.2 L/min calm breathing,8.6 L/min normal breathing,and 19.3 L/min intensive breathing)was simulated by using the computational fluid dynamics approach.To better capture the interaction between airflow and the flexible airway tissue,fluid-structure interaction analysis was performed at the normal breathing rate.Comparing the airflow dynamics during inhalation and exhalation,the pressure drops,nasal resistance,and wall shear stress show significant differences in the nasopharyngeal region for all different flow rates.This observation suggests that the inertial effect associated with the transient flow is important during exhalation and inhalation.Furthermore,the considerable temporal variation in flow rate distribution across a specific cross-section of the nasal airway highlights the critical role of transient data in virtual surgery planning and data for clinical decisions.展开更多
Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth...Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth and side reactions.Existing Zn interfacial modification strategies based on single-component or homogeneous structure are insufficient to address these issues comprehensively.Herein,we rationally designed an organic-inorganic hybrid interfacial layer with rigid-to-soft graded structure for dendrite-free and stable Zn anodes.A liquid plasma-assisted oxidation technology is developed to rapidly construct a porous ZnO inner framework in situ.This ZnO layer offers high interfacial energy,mechanical robustness,and an open structure that facilitates ion transport while firmly anchoring a subsequently coated soft polymer layer.The resulting architecture presents a structurally graded and functionally complementary interface,enabling effective dendrite suppression,continuous Zn ion transport,and enhanced corrosion resistance.As a result,a long cycling stability of more than 6000 h can be achieved at 1 mA cm^(-2)for 1 mAh cm^(-2)in symmetric cells.When used as anodes for zinc-iodine full battery,the hybrid interlayer can effectively prevent the Zn anodes from the corrosion by polyiodine,enabling stable cycling and negligible capacity decay(~0.02‰per cycle)for over 10,000 cycles at 2.0 A g^(-1).This work demonstrates a promising interfacial design strategy and introduces a novel liquid plasma-assisted oxidation route for fabricating high-performance Zn anodes towards next-generation aqueous batteries.展开更多
Background Heat shock proteins(HSPs)are key molecular chaperones that help maintain protein homeostasis by stabilizing or removing damaged proteins during cellular stress.Aging weakens these stress–response systems,d...Background Heat shock proteins(HSPs)are key molecular chaperones that help maintain protein homeostasis by stabilizing or removing damaged proteins during cellular stress.Aging weakens these stress–response systems,disrupting proteostasis and increasing vulnerability to sarcopenia.High-intensity training(HIT)can counteract these declines by activating protective pathways such as the HSP response.HSPs are highly responsive to stress,examining their regulation during aging is important,as altered HSP activity is linked to the progressive loss of muscle mass.Methods This study investigated the abundance and phosphorylation of HSPs in skeletal muscle from healthy,active young and older adults(n=7 per group),assessed at baseline and again in the older group following 12 weeks of HIT.Using calibrated Western blotting on both whole-muscle homogenates and pooled single muscle fibres,we quantified HSP content and phosphorylation to determine how aging and exercise influence stress–responsive protein regulation at both the tissue and cellular levels.Results In whole muscle homogenates,HSPs(HSP72,HSP27,andαB-crystallin)did not differ between young and older adults,while higher phosphorylation of small HSPs(sHSPs):phospho-HSP27 at Serine15(pHSP27 Ser15)and phospho-αB-crystallin at Serine59(pαB-crystallin Ser59)(∼1.8-fold and∼2.9-fold,respectively)were found in muscle from older adults,indicating higher cellular stress associated with aging.A 12-week HIT intervention in older adults reduced homogenate pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 abundances to similar levels found in young adults.Total HSPs typically displayed a distinct fiber-type profile in both age groups,with more in type I compared to type II fibers,distinguished by the presence of myosin heavy chain I(MHCI)or MHCII.Phosphorylation at pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 was not different between type I and type II fibers.The HIT in older adults decreased total and phosphorylated sHSPs in both type I and type II fibers but increased HSP72 in type I fibers.Conclusion HIT has the potential to mitigate age-related cellular stress and modulate protein expression patterns in aging skeletal muscle and,perhaps,has the potential to delay age-related muscle decline,thereby improving muscle health in older adults.展开更多
Addressing the widespread issues of internal fragmentation within protected areas and the neglect of surrounding critical habitat networks,this study aims to develop an assessment framework for the precise identificat...Addressing the widespread issues of internal fragmentation within protected areas and the neglect of surrounding critical habitat networks,this study aims to develop an assessment framework for the precise identification and remediation of regional conservation gaps.To this end,we introduce the Framework for Conservation Priority Identification(FCPI).The framework integrates Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis(MSPA),the Remote Sensing Ecological Index(RSEI),Circuit Theory,and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance(MCR)model to formulate a multidimensional conservation priority index.This index facilitates the identification of critical ecological network components and enables the dynamic prioritization of conservation efforts.A case study of Fuzhou City from 2014 to 2020 reveals that despite an overall improvement in regional environmental quality,the functionality of core ecological sources has markedly declined.Between 2014 and 2020,the number of ecological sources grew by 76.9%,yet their total area shrank by 13.9%.Concurrently,the number of ecological corridors rose from 27 to 53,extending their total length by 380.23 km,which indicates an intensifying trend of habitat fragmentation.Furthermore,a significant number of crucial ecological network nodes,particularly within Minhou County,lie explicitly outside the existing protected area system.This confirms the presence of conservation gaps and unveils the spatiotemporal dynamics of shifting conservation priorities.The research validates that the proposed FCPI can effectively diagnose the dynamic deficiencies within conservation systems.It offers scientific decisionsupport for local governments,facilitating a transition from isolated conservation efforts towards systematic and comprehensive ecological network governance.展开更多
Shrublands and grasslands,which constitute approximately 70%of Australia’s vegetation,play a critical role in global wildfire-prone regions.To advance the understanding of grass fire spread,a three-dimensional,physic...Shrublands and grasslands,which constitute approximately 70%of Australia’s vegetation,play a critical role in global wildfire-prone regions.To advance the understanding of grass fire spread,a three-dimensional,physicsbased fire model provides valuable insights into fire dynamics.However,such models are computationally intensive and time-consuming.To address these challenges,we constructed an extensive numerical database comprising 64,000 high-fidelity wildfire simulation cases and implemented a Long Short-Term Memory neural network architecture.The model demonstrates strong predictive performance,achieving a coefficient of determination(R2)of 0.96 on training data,indicating excellent agreement with the physics-based simulation outputs.By utilizing coordinates from five reference points to predict fire front movement,this approach offers a novel method for analysing fire dynamics in homogeneous fuel beds with an average deviation of less than 2.5%.Combining the strengths of physics-based modelling and deep learning,our research enhances fire spread prediction accuracy of over 95%while significantly reducing computational demands.Future efforts will focus on refining the model,expanding the dataset,and incorporating additional variables to improve predictive capabilities and operational applicability.展开更多
Mobile communications are reaching out to every aspect of our daily life,necessitating highefficiency data transmission and support for diverse data types and communication scenarios.Polar codes have emerged as a prom...Mobile communications are reaching out to every aspect of our daily life,necessitating highefficiency data transmission and support for diverse data types and communication scenarios.Polar codes have emerged as a promising solution due to their outstanding error-correction performance and low complexity.Unequal error protection(UEP)involves nonuniform error safeguarding for distinct data segments,achieving a fine balance between error resilience and resource allocation,which ultimately enhancing system performance and efficiency.In this paper,we propose a novel class of UEP rateless polar codes.The codes are designed based on matrix extension of polar codes,and elegant mapping and duplication operations are designed to achieve UEP property while preserving the overall performance of conventional polar codes.Superior UEP performance is attained without significant modifications to conventional polar codes,making it straightforward for compatibility with existing polar codes.A theoretical analysis is conducted on the block error rate and throughput efficiency performance.To the best of our knowledge,this work provides the first theoretical performance analysis of UEP rateless polar codes.Simulation results show that the proposed codes significantly outperform existing polar coding schemes in both block error rate and throughput efficiency.展开更多
The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we condu...The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we conducted a series of triaxial tests on calcareous sand with varying Dri and stress paths,examining particle breakage and critical state behavior.Key findingsinclude:(1)At a constant stress ratio(η),B follows a hyperbolic relationship with mean effective stress(p'),and for a given p',B increases proportionally withη;(2)The critical state line(CSL)moves downward with increasing Dri,whereas the critical state friction angle(φcs)decreases with increasing B.Based on these findings,we propose a unifiedbreakage evolution model to quantify particle breakage in calcareous sand under various loading conditions.Integrating this model with the Normal Consolidation Line(NCL)and CSL equations,we successfully simulate the steepening of NCL and CSL slopes as B increases with the onset of particle breakage.Furthermore,we quantitatively evaluate the effect of B onφcs.Finally,within the framework of Critical State Soil Mechanics and Hypoplasticity theory,we develop a hypoplastic model incorporating B and Dri.The model is validated through strong agreement with experimental results across various initial relative densities,stress paths and drainage conditions.展开更多
Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising ...Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged sitting and promote physical activity,ultimately promoting overall health.However,previous ambiguity in defining this concept has resulted in a fragmented and inconsistent evidence base,impeding practical applications,the development of guidelines,and policymaking.The purpose of this study is to establish an operational definition of SBAE by synthesizing systematic reviews and research trials alongside an expert consensus.Additionally,it seeks to evaluate acute and long-term efficacy and feasibility,providing evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research directions.Methods:A literature search was performed across PubMed and Web of Science,followed by systematic screening and summarization of eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria encompassed various modes/types of SBAE(bouts lasting≤10 min,performed multiple times daily with≥30 min intervals);both aerobic and resistance exercise were considered.Relevant systematic reviews and research trials were included.Methodological quality,risk of bias,and evidence certainty were assessed.Expert consensus was obtained through a survey to evaluate recommendations and agreement levels on findings.Results:After analyzing 27 systematic reviews,135 research studies,and an expert consensus involving 48 researchers from 11 countries,SBAE is defined as any exercise mode of activity,regardless of intensity,that is accumulated in either continuous or intermittent bouts lasting≤10 min per session(including multiple intermittent sets)that are performed multiple times(≥2 sessions/day)per day,with intervals of≥30 min between bouts or otherwise sufficient time for recovery.When used to interrupt prolonged periods of sedentary time,SBAE mitigates the acute adverse effects of sedentary behavior on more than 10 clinical biomarkers of endocrine,cardiovascular,and brain health/function among adults of diverse ages and conditions.Moreover,SBAE was superior for improving acute glycemic control compared to a single continuous exercise session.As a long-term intervention(average of 11 weeks),SBAE can improve over 20 health outcomes,including peak oxygen uptake,resting blood pressure,and metabolic health.Additionally,SBAE might be more effective than continuous exercise for improving longer-term glycemic control and body composition.Long-term completion rates for SBAE interventions are generally high(95%),with low dropout rates(12%)and high adherence rates even without supervision(85%),and its safety has been preliminarily validated.Conclusion:An operational definition of SBAE is provided along with its classification and acute and long-term efficacy.Practical exercise prescription recommendations and evidence-based strategies for various populations and contexts are provided.Future research should focus on generating high-quality evidence for SBAE in 5 key areas:quantification and monitoring,population-specific responses,optimization of exercise prescriptions,intervention efficacy,and practical implementation.Additionally,addressing policy,environmental,and promotional barriers is crucial for transitioning from expert consensus to public consensus,and for facilitating the application of this strategy in real-world environments.展开更多
Microscopy imaging is fundamental in analyzing bacterial morphology and dynamics,offering critical insights into bacterial physiology and pathogenicity.Image segmentation techniques enable quantitative analysis of bac...Microscopy imaging is fundamental in analyzing bacterial morphology and dynamics,offering critical insights into bacterial physiology and pathogenicity.Image segmentation techniques enable quantitative analysis of bacterial structures,facilitating precise measurement of morphological variations and population behaviors at single-cell resolution.This paper reviews advancements in bacterial image segmentation,emphasizing the shift from traditional thresholding and watershed methods to deep learning-driven approaches.Convolutional neural networks(CNNs),U-Net architectures,and three-dimensional(3D)frameworks excel at segmenting dense biofilms and resolving antibiotic-induced morphological changes.These methods combine automated feature extraction with physics-informed postprocessing.Despite progress,challenges persist in computational efficiency,cross-species generalizability,and integration with multimodal experimental workflows.Future progress will depend on improving model robustness across species and imaging modalities,integrating multimodal data for phenotype-function mapping,and developing standard pipelines that link computational tools with clinical diagnostics.These innovations will expand microbial phenotyping beyond structural analysis,enabling deeper insights into bacterial physiology and ecological interactions.展开更多
Many researchers found high potential of adopting building photovoltaic(PV)systems in urban areas,especially on building rooftop,to improve the sustainability of urban environment.However,the optimal energy output per...Many researchers found high potential of adopting building photovoltaic(PV)systems in urban areas,especially on building rooftop,to improve the sustainability of urban environment.However,the optimal energy output performance and economic benefit of the PV system are affected by the usable roof area,PV array layout,and shading effect considering high city density.This study aims to understand the effects of these design parameters in the urban environment of rooftop PV's economic performance.This study carries out a case study in the urban area of Melbourne with 90 PV designs under three shading conditions to generate 270 scenarios.Through a lifecycle cost-benefit analysis,including net present value(NPV),NPV per kW,internal return rate(IRR),and payback year,the results can help in developing a comprehensive understanding of the economic performance of rooftop PV designs that cover most of the urban areas of Melbourne.The optimal PV design scenarios for the urban environment are identified,thereby providing investors and industry professionals with useful information on value-for-money PV design.Meanwhile,the maximum shading loss that makes the PV systems financially unfeasible is investigated,and design scenarios with greatest ability to sustain the shading effect are identified.This research can also support the policy makers'decision on the development and deployment of the roof PV systems in urban planning.展开更多
基金Linking Health,Place and Urban Planning through the Australian Urban Observatory by Ian Potter Foundation,Australia.
文摘In the continually evolving landscape of data-driven methodologies addressing car crash patterns,a holistic analysis remains critical to decode the complex nuances of this phenomenon.This study bridges this knowledge gap with a robust examination of car crash occurrence dynamics and the influencing variables in the Greater Melbourne area,Australia.We employed a comprehensive multi-model machine learning and geospatial analytics approach,unveiling the complicated interactions intrinsic to vehicular incidents.By harnessing Random Forest with SHAP(Shapley Additive Explanations),GLR(Generalized Linear Regression),and GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression),our research not only highlighted pivotal contributing elements but also enriched our findings by capturing often overlooked complexities.Using the Random Forest model,essential factors were emphasized,and with the aid of SHAP,we accessed the interaction of these factors.To complement our methodology,we incorporated hexagonalized geographic units,refining the granularity of crash density evaluations.In our multi-model study of car crash dynamics in Greater Melbourne,road geometry emerged as a key factor,with intersections showing a significant positive correlation with crashes.The average land surface temperature had variable significance across scales.Socio-economically,regions with a higher proportion of childless populations were identified as more prone to accidents.Public transit usage displayed a strong positive association with crashes,especially in densely populated areas.The convergence of insights from both Generalized Linear Regression and Random Forest’s SHAP values offered a comprehensive understanding of underlying patterns,pinpointing high-risk zones and influential determinants.These findings offer pivotal insights for targeted safety interventions in Greater Melbourne,Australia.
文摘The modern story of Hirschsprung disease(HSCR)begins in 1886 in Berlin,when Harald Hirschsprung,a professor of pediatrics in Copenhagen,presented a case report of two infants with constipation who died and had colonic dilatation and hypertrophy.In the first case,the infant suffered from constipation from birth that had only responded to laxatives and enemas.Before his demise at 11 months of age,he spent 2 months in the hospital under active treatment for his constipation before developing diarrhea.The megacolon regressed with treatment,but then recurred after discharge just before he died from sepsis(what we would now recognize as toxic megacolon and enterocolitis).
文摘背景全科医学作为一种新兴医疗模式,强调以社区为基础的全面医疗服务,旨在提高医疗的可及性和效率。然而,尽管全科医学在提升基本医疗卫生服务能力中扮演关键角色,但全科医学研究仍处于发展滞后的状态,需要通过科学研究和社会支持来改善这一状况,并提高其学科地位。目的在研究人员、科研机构和学科整体三个自下而上的层级中,分层次地分析影响全科医学领域科研能力发展的因素。方法于2023年12月—2024年3月,本文采用范围综述方法,对中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Web of Science数据库进行检索,并手动浏览国际全科医学科研和行业学会的信息发布平台,以及谷歌搜索引擎,收集2000—2023年发表的全科医学科研能力发展影响因素的相关文献,并通过手动检索补充灰色文献。通过两阶段的筛选,最终纳入相关文献,使用Excel进行数据整理,归类影响因素,并通过归纳性的主题分析法分析数据,最终以日冕图的形式展示研究结果。结果本研究最终纳入122篇文献,包括原创研究62篇、系统综述2篇、非原创论文54篇、灰色文献4篇,基于文献分析,共归纳出21项影响全科医学科研能力发展的因素。相关因素被分为个体(研究人员)、群体(机构)和整体(学科)三个层级。个体层面的因素涉及研究人员的科研知识和技能、申请资金的能力、对科研的兴趣和积极性、学习科研知识和发展科研合作的机遇、用于科研工作的时间以及科研和临床工作的结合情况;群体层面的因素涉及科研机构的科研人力、科研资源、科研环境、科研管理机制、科研培训能力、外部科研合作资源和机构管理者的重视程度;学科层面的因素则涉及学科的科研特点、核心的科研和协调机构、政府、学协会、学术期刊和国际合作者的外部影响,以及科研经费等方面。结论本研究综述了全球范围内关于全科医学科研能力发展的文献,识别出21个关键的影响因素。在我国的实际环境中,上述因素可能会集中表现为学科组织分散、总体资源有限、学科理论不清、社会认知不足等一系列相互影响的问题。这要求该领域的研究者更加主动地以学科核心理念为导向,对机构的科研绩效导向和管理机制,以及个人的科研领域和路径进行合理的调整和重塑,并增强对全科医生具有全科医学学科特色的科研理论、方法和能力的培养,以增强形成学科合力的基础。
文摘As one of the main components of Grassland Fire Danger Index,grassland curing degree provides crucial information for determining grassland fire danger.Accurate estimates of grassland curing are critical for determining grassland fire risk.This research focuses on the use of Landsat 8 to estimate grassland curing.Results demonstrate that Landsat 8 observations can be used to estimate curing percentages as assessed by visual and ground sampling measurements.Grassland interannual variability for the Greater Melbourne region using Landsat 8 imagery from 2013 to 2019 is examined.Slight differences in curing times and degree are observed for sample sites surrounding Greater Melbourne due to climatic differences across the region.Precipitation is regarded as an essential variable affecting curing degree and this relationship is evident for all five sample sites.Landsat 8 curing results are compared to both visual observations and destructive sampling,the most accurate method,for accuracy assessment.At 95%confidence level,Landsat 8 estimations are no different from destructive ground sampling estimations.Overall,this study validates the use of Landsat 8 data as an effective and accurate way for grassland curing monitoring.
基金supported by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia(APP1090890 and APP1164954)Cerebral Palsy Alliance(ERG02123)the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program。
文摘Perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation is highly associated with neural injury,and subsequent impaired cortical growth,disturbances in neuronal connectivity,and impaired neurodevelopment.However,our understanding of the pathophysiological substrate underpinning these changes in brain structure and function is limited.The objective of this review is to summarize the growing evidence from animal trials and human cohort studies that suggest exposure to infection/inflammation during the perinatal period promotes regional impairments in neuronal maturation and function,including loss of high-frequency electroencephalographic activity,and reduced growth and arborization of cortical dendrites and dendritic spines resulting in reduced cortical volume.These inflammation-induced disturbances to neuronal structure and function are likely to underpin subsequent disturbances to cortical development and connectivity in fetuses and/or newborns exposed to infection/inflammation during the perinatal period,leading,in the long term,to impaired neurodevelopment.The combined use of early electroencephalography monitoring with neuroimaging techniques that enable detailed evaluation of brain microstructure,and the use of therapeutics that successfully target systemic and central nervous system inflammation could provide an effective strategy for early detection and therapeutic intervention.
文摘Prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA)is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer,with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease.This has generated significant interest as a potential biomarker for use in early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.We reviewed the literature surrounding PSMA and its current clinical applications in diagnosing and managing early prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate and local lymph nodes.A search on PubMed,Medline,and Web of Science was performed using the following keywords:“PSMA”,“Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen”,“Prostate cancer”,“Biomarker”,“Diagnosis”.We considered all available articles relevant to the topic of PSMA as a biomarker in early prostate cancer when developing this narrative review.Key articles assessing the biology of PSMA,as well as its use as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in early prostate cancer,were assessed.The role of PSMA PET as a potential diagnostic and risk stratification tool was assessed.The current use of antibody-drug conjugates and radioligand therapy targeting PSMA was assessed,along with any current evidence to support their use in early prostate cancer.PSMA is heavily expressed throughout the early stages of prostate cancer,and this has significant therapeutic implications.There is a growing body of evidence that shows PSMA PET can play a role in the diagnosis,risk stratification,and prognostication of localised prostate cancer.PSMA-targeted therapies such as Lu-177 currently do not have any proven benefit in treating early prostate cancer;however,this remains an area of ongoing research.
基金MAF is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant(APP1194141)Research in his laboratory was supported by project grants from the NHMRC(APP1042465,APP1041760,and APP1156511).
文摘Background Obesity is a risk factor for developing cardiometabolic disease.Exercise training is pivotal in the treatment of obesity and is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality.This study examined the effect of high-fat feeding on cardiac morphology and mitochondrial function,alongside the mitigating effects of voluntary exercise training.Methods Six-week-old male C57Bl/6 J mice commenced a high fat diet(HFD)or chow diet and were randomized to receive locked(sedentary)or unlocked(voluntary exercise training(VET))running wheels at 10 weeks of age.Mice were monitored until 30 weeks of age and euthanized for collection of tissues.Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess body composition,and echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function.Results Compared with chow-fed animals,the HFD increased body weight and adiposity and decreased cardiolipins(CL)in the heart,which are required for maintaining adequate mitochondrial respiration.Importantly,VET reversed these effects and induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.Cardiac mitochondrial respiratory chain analysis revealed decreased complexes II and IV activity following high fat feeding,while VET enhanced complex I activity,emphasizing the cardioprotective effect of exercise training in obesity.Conclusion This study uncovers mechanisms by which obesity and exercise impact cardiac mitochondrial health and suggests the mitochondria is a therapeutic target in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases.
基金funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutionsby COMSTEQ-TWAS research grant 2018(18-268 RG/EAS/AS_C)。
文摘Examining carbonate dissolution kinetics at mineral-water interface is crucial to understand numerous environmental and geochemical processes,including global carbon cycling,CO_(2)sequestration in deep geological reservoirs,and trace elements release in terrestrial and aquatic environments.Here we explored the effect of circumneutral to alkaline pH solutions(pH 6-11)on dissolution kinetics of pure dolomite and Ca and Mg release stoichiometry in flow-through reactor experiments at 25±1℃.Results revealed that the dolomite dissolution rates obtained from effluent Ca and Mg concentrations(R_(Ca)and R_(Mg)in mol/cm^(2)/s)were dependent on input solution pH and HCO_(3)^(-)log activity.The pH dependence of dissolution rates showed two distinct trends,i.e.,at circumneutral pH ranging between 6 and 8,the dissolution rate decreased with increasing pH,with minimum rate at pH 8.While in the highly alkaline pH range(pH 9-11),the dolomite dissolution rate increased with an increasing pH.Irrespective of the input pH,the dolomite dissolution rates indicated a reverse relationship with HCO_(3)^(-)log activity,with the lowest dissolution rate(R Ca=3.80×10^(-12)mol/cm^(2)/s)at pH 8 where HCO_(3)^(-)log activity attained the highest value(-3.957).The lower R Ca and R Mg obtained at pH 8 compared to all the other pH could possibly be attributed to an inhibition caused by high HCO_(3)^(-)log activity in solution at this pH.Dolomite dissolution rates were non-stoichiometric at all the experimental pH values,showing higher preferential Ca over Mg release(R_(Ca)>R_(Mg))whereas an opposite trend was observed at pH 8,with R_(Ca)<R_(Mg)at the steady state.Saturation index values calculated using geochemical speciation modelling were positive for Mg-bearing minerals(brucite,dolomite,artinite)at alkaline pH of 10-11,indicating favourable conditions for their precipitation under studied conditions.This study provides insights on the significance of log ion activities of HCO_(3)^(-)and Me-OH^(+)under varying pH for elucidating the dissolution mechanism of dolomite in circumneutral to alkaline aqueous environments.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0707601).
文摘The airflow mechanics in adult nasal airways,whether healthy or abnormal,are extensively studied and investigated,but the flow mechanics in child nasal airways remain underexplored.This study investigates the airflow mechanics in the child’s nasal upper airway with adenoid hypertrophy,with an adenoid nasopharyngeal ratio(AN of 0.9),under cyclic inhalation and exhalation.An inlet respiratory cycle with three different flow rates(3.2 L/min calm breathing,8.6 L/min normal breathing,and 19.3 L/min intensive breathing)was simulated by using the computational fluid dynamics approach.To better capture the interaction between airflow and the flexible airway tissue,fluid-structure interaction analysis was performed at the normal breathing rate.Comparing the airflow dynamics during inhalation and exhalation,the pressure drops,nasal resistance,and wall shear stress show significant differences in the nasopharyngeal region for all different flow rates.This observation suggests that the inertial effect associated with the transient flow is important during exhalation and inhalation.Furthermore,the considerable temporal variation in flow rate distribution across a specific cross-section of the nasal airway highlights the critical role of transient data in virtual surgery planning and data for clinical decisions.
基金support from the Australian Research Council Discovery Program(DP220103416,DP240102177)Australian Research Council Future Fellowships(FT200100730,FT210100804).
文摘Aqueous zinc(Zn)-ion batteries hold great promise as renewable energy storage system for carbon-neutral energy transition.However,Zn anodes suffer from poor Zn plating/stripping reversibility due to Zn dendrite growth and side reactions.Existing Zn interfacial modification strategies based on single-component or homogeneous structure are insufficient to address these issues comprehensively.Herein,we rationally designed an organic-inorganic hybrid interfacial layer with rigid-to-soft graded structure for dendrite-free and stable Zn anodes.A liquid plasma-assisted oxidation technology is developed to rapidly construct a porous ZnO inner framework in situ.This ZnO layer offers high interfacial energy,mechanical robustness,and an open structure that facilitates ion transport while firmly anchoring a subsequently coated soft polymer layer.The resulting architecture presents a structurally graded and functionally complementary interface,enabling effective dendrite suppression,continuous Zn ion transport,and enhanced corrosion resistance.As a result,a long cycling stability of more than 6000 h can be achieved at 1 mA cm^(-2)for 1 mAh cm^(-2)in symmetric cells.When used as anodes for zinc-iodine full battery,the hybrid interlayer can effectively prevent the Zn anodes from the corrosion by polyiodine,enabling stable cycling and negligible capacity decay(~0.02‰per cycle)for over 10,000 cycles at 2.0 A g^(-1).This work demonstrates a promising interfacial design strategy and introduces a novel liquid plasma-assisted oxidation route for fabricating high-performance Zn anodes towards next-generation aqueous batteries.
文摘Background Heat shock proteins(HSPs)are key molecular chaperones that help maintain protein homeostasis by stabilizing or removing damaged proteins during cellular stress.Aging weakens these stress–response systems,disrupting proteostasis and increasing vulnerability to sarcopenia.High-intensity training(HIT)can counteract these declines by activating protective pathways such as the HSP response.HSPs are highly responsive to stress,examining their regulation during aging is important,as altered HSP activity is linked to the progressive loss of muscle mass.Methods This study investigated the abundance and phosphorylation of HSPs in skeletal muscle from healthy,active young and older adults(n=7 per group),assessed at baseline and again in the older group following 12 weeks of HIT.Using calibrated Western blotting on both whole-muscle homogenates and pooled single muscle fibres,we quantified HSP content and phosphorylation to determine how aging and exercise influence stress–responsive protein regulation at both the tissue and cellular levels.Results In whole muscle homogenates,HSPs(HSP72,HSP27,andαB-crystallin)did not differ between young and older adults,while higher phosphorylation of small HSPs(sHSPs):phospho-HSP27 at Serine15(pHSP27 Ser15)and phospho-αB-crystallin at Serine59(pαB-crystallin Ser59)(∼1.8-fold and∼2.9-fold,respectively)were found in muscle from older adults,indicating higher cellular stress associated with aging.A 12-week HIT intervention in older adults reduced homogenate pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 abundances to similar levels found in young adults.Total HSPs typically displayed a distinct fiber-type profile in both age groups,with more in type I compared to type II fibers,distinguished by the presence of myosin heavy chain I(MHCI)or MHCII.Phosphorylation at pHSP27 Ser15 and pαB-crystallin Ser59 was not different between type I and type II fibers.The HIT in older adults decreased total and phosphorylated sHSPs in both type I and type II fibers but increased HSP72 in type I fibers.Conclusion HIT has the potential to mitigate age-related cellular stress and modulate protein expression patterns in aging skeletal muscle and,perhaps,has the potential to delay age-related muscle decline,thereby improving muscle health in older adults.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J01434)the Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFb22028XA)。
文摘Addressing the widespread issues of internal fragmentation within protected areas and the neglect of surrounding critical habitat networks,this study aims to develop an assessment framework for the precise identification and remediation of regional conservation gaps.To this end,we introduce the Framework for Conservation Priority Identification(FCPI).The framework integrates Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis(MSPA),the Remote Sensing Ecological Index(RSEI),Circuit Theory,and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance(MCR)model to formulate a multidimensional conservation priority index.This index facilitates the identification of critical ecological network components and enables the dynamic prioritization of conservation efforts.A case study of Fuzhou City from 2014 to 2020 reveals that despite an overall improvement in regional environmental quality,the functionality of core ecological sources has markedly declined.Between 2014 and 2020,the number of ecological sources grew by 76.9%,yet their total area shrank by 13.9%.Concurrently,the number of ecological corridors rose from 27 to 53,extending their total length by 380.23 km,which indicates an intensifying trend of habitat fragmentation.Furthermore,a significant number of crucial ecological network nodes,particularly within Minhou County,lie explicitly outside the existing protected area system.This confirms the presence of conservation gaps and unveils the spatiotemporal dynamics of shifting conservation priorities.The research validates that the proposed FCPI can effectively diagnose the dynamic deficiencies within conservation systems.It offers scientific decisionsupport for local governments,facilitating a transition from isolated conservation efforts towards systematic and comprehensive ecological network governance.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.52322610)Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme(T22-505/19-N)Furthermore,this research was undertaken with the assistance of computational resources from the National Computational Infrastructure(NCI Australia),an NCRISenabled capability supported by the Australian Government.
文摘Shrublands and grasslands,which constitute approximately 70%of Australia’s vegetation,play a critical role in global wildfire-prone regions.To advance the understanding of grass fire spread,a three-dimensional,physicsbased fire model provides valuable insights into fire dynamics.However,such models are computationally intensive and time-consuming.To address these challenges,we constructed an extensive numerical database comprising 64,000 high-fidelity wildfire simulation cases and implemented a Long Short-Term Memory neural network architecture.The model demonstrates strong predictive performance,achieving a coefficient of determination(R2)of 0.96 on training data,indicating excellent agreement with the physics-based simulation outputs.By utilizing coordinates from five reference points to predict fire front movement,this approach offers a novel method for analysing fire dynamics in homogeneous fuel beds with an average deviation of less than 2.5%.Combining the strengths of physics-based modelling and deep learning,our research enhances fire spread prediction accuracy of over 95%while significantly reducing computational demands.Future efforts will focus on refining the model,expanding the dataset,and incorporating additional variables to improve predictive capabilities and operational applicability.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62301008)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M720272)New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE。
文摘Mobile communications are reaching out to every aspect of our daily life,necessitating highefficiency data transmission and support for diverse data types and communication scenarios.Polar codes have emerged as a promising solution due to their outstanding error-correction performance and low complexity.Unequal error protection(UEP)involves nonuniform error safeguarding for distinct data segments,achieving a fine balance between error resilience and resource allocation,which ultimately enhancing system performance and efficiency.In this paper,we propose a novel class of UEP rateless polar codes.The codes are designed based on matrix extension of polar codes,and elegant mapping and duplication operations are designed to achieve UEP property while preserving the overall performance of conventional polar codes.Superior UEP performance is attained without significant modifications to conventional polar codes,making it straightforward for compatibility with existing polar codes.A theoretical analysis is conducted on the block error rate and throughput efficiency performance.To the best of our knowledge,this work provides the first theoretical performance analysis of UEP rateless polar codes.Simulation results show that the proposed codes significantly outperform existing polar coding schemes in both block error rate and throughput efficiency.
基金support to this study from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,NSFC(Grant No.52278367)The Belt and Road Special Foundation of the National Key Laboratory ofWater Disaster Prevention(Grant No.2024nkms08).
文摘The stress-strain behavior of calcareous sand is significantly influencedby particle breakage(B)and initial relative density(Dri),but few constitutive models consider their combined effects.To bridge this gap,we conducted a series of triaxial tests on calcareous sand with varying Dri and stress paths,examining particle breakage and critical state behavior.Key findingsinclude:(1)At a constant stress ratio(η),B follows a hyperbolic relationship with mean effective stress(p'),and for a given p',B increases proportionally withη;(2)The critical state line(CSL)moves downward with increasing Dri,whereas the critical state friction angle(φcs)decreases with increasing B.Based on these findings,we propose a unifiedbreakage evolution model to quantify particle breakage in calcareous sand under various loading conditions.Integrating this model with the Normal Consolidation Line(NCL)and CSL equations,we successfully simulate the steepening of NCL and CSL slopes as B increases with the onset of particle breakage.Furthermore,we quantitatively evaluate the effect of B onφcs.Finally,within the framework of Critical State Soil Mechanics and Hypoplasticity theory,we develop a hypoplastic model incorporating B and Dri.The model is validated through strong agreement with experimental results across various initial relative densities,stress paths and drainage conditions.
文摘Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged sitting and promote physical activity,ultimately promoting overall health.However,previous ambiguity in defining this concept has resulted in a fragmented and inconsistent evidence base,impeding practical applications,the development of guidelines,and policymaking.The purpose of this study is to establish an operational definition of SBAE by synthesizing systematic reviews and research trials alongside an expert consensus.Additionally,it seeks to evaluate acute and long-term efficacy and feasibility,providing evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research directions.Methods:A literature search was performed across PubMed and Web of Science,followed by systematic screening and summarization of eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria encompassed various modes/types of SBAE(bouts lasting≤10 min,performed multiple times daily with≥30 min intervals);both aerobic and resistance exercise were considered.Relevant systematic reviews and research trials were included.Methodological quality,risk of bias,and evidence certainty were assessed.Expert consensus was obtained through a survey to evaluate recommendations and agreement levels on findings.Results:After analyzing 27 systematic reviews,135 research studies,and an expert consensus involving 48 researchers from 11 countries,SBAE is defined as any exercise mode of activity,regardless of intensity,that is accumulated in either continuous or intermittent bouts lasting≤10 min per session(including multiple intermittent sets)that are performed multiple times(≥2 sessions/day)per day,with intervals of≥30 min between bouts or otherwise sufficient time for recovery.When used to interrupt prolonged periods of sedentary time,SBAE mitigates the acute adverse effects of sedentary behavior on more than 10 clinical biomarkers of endocrine,cardiovascular,and brain health/function among adults of diverse ages and conditions.Moreover,SBAE was superior for improving acute glycemic control compared to a single continuous exercise session.As a long-term intervention(average of 11 weeks),SBAE can improve over 20 health outcomes,including peak oxygen uptake,resting blood pressure,and metabolic health.Additionally,SBAE might be more effective than continuous exercise for improving longer-term glycemic control and body composition.Long-term completion rates for SBAE interventions are generally high(95%),with low dropout rates(12%)and high adherence rates even without supervision(85%),and its safety has been preliminarily validated.Conclusion:An operational definition of SBAE is provided along with its classification and acute and long-term efficacy.Practical exercise prescription recommendations and evidence-based strategies for various populations and contexts are provided.Future research should focus on generating high-quality evidence for SBAE in 5 key areas:quantification and monitoring,population-specific responses,optimization of exercise prescriptions,intervention efficacy,and practical implementation.Additionally,addressing policy,environmental,and promotional barriers is crucial for transitioning from expert consensus to public consensus,and for facilitating the application of this strategy in real-world environments.
基金financially supported by the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(No.2022WNLOKF009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62475216)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2024GH-ZDXM-37)the Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2024J01060)the Startup Program of XMU,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Microscopy imaging is fundamental in analyzing bacterial morphology and dynamics,offering critical insights into bacterial physiology and pathogenicity.Image segmentation techniques enable quantitative analysis of bacterial structures,facilitating precise measurement of morphological variations and population behaviors at single-cell resolution.This paper reviews advancements in bacterial image segmentation,emphasizing the shift from traditional thresholding and watershed methods to deep learning-driven approaches.Convolutional neural networks(CNNs),U-Net architectures,and three-dimensional(3D)frameworks excel at segmenting dense biofilms and resolving antibiotic-induced morphological changes.These methods combine automated feature extraction with physics-informed postprocessing.Despite progress,challenges persist in computational efficiency,cross-species generalizability,and integration with multimodal experimental workflows.Future progress will depend on improving model robustness across species and imaging modalities,integrating multimodal data for phenotype-function mapping,and developing standard pipelines that link computational tools with clinical diagnostics.These innovations will expand microbial phenotyping beyond structural analysis,enabling deeper insights into bacterial physiology and ecological interactions.
文摘Many researchers found high potential of adopting building photovoltaic(PV)systems in urban areas,especially on building rooftop,to improve the sustainability of urban environment.However,the optimal energy output performance and economic benefit of the PV system are affected by the usable roof area,PV array layout,and shading effect considering high city density.This study aims to understand the effects of these design parameters in the urban environment of rooftop PV's economic performance.This study carries out a case study in the urban area of Melbourne with 90 PV designs under three shading conditions to generate 270 scenarios.Through a lifecycle cost-benefit analysis,including net present value(NPV),NPV per kW,internal return rate(IRR),and payback year,the results can help in developing a comprehensive understanding of the economic performance of rooftop PV designs that cover most of the urban areas of Melbourne.The optimal PV design scenarios for the urban environment are identified,thereby providing investors and industry professionals with useful information on value-for-money PV design.Meanwhile,the maximum shading loss that makes the PV systems financially unfeasible is investigated,and design scenarios with greatest ability to sustain the shading effect are identified.This research can also support the policy makers'decision on the development and deployment of the roof PV systems in urban planning.
