A near eutectic Al−12.6Si alloy was developed with 0.0wt%,2.0wt%,4.0wt%,and 6.0wt%Al−5Ti−1B master alloy.The micro-structural morphology,hardness,tensile strength,elongation,and fracture behaviour of the alloys were s...A near eutectic Al−12.6Si alloy was developed with 0.0wt%,2.0wt%,4.0wt%,and 6.0wt%Al−5Ti−1B master alloy.The micro-structural morphology,hardness,tensile strength,elongation,and fracture behaviour of the alloys were studied.The unmodified Al−12.6Si al-loy has an irregular needle and plate-like eutectic silicon(ESi)and coarse polygonal primary silicon(PSi)particles in the matrix-likeα-Al phase.The P_(Si),E_(Si),andα-Al morphology and volume fraction were changed due to the addition of the Al−5Ti−1B master alloy.The hardness,UTS,and elongation improved due to the microstructural modification.Nano-sized in-situ Al3Ti particles and ex-situ TiB_(2)particles caused the mi-crostructural modification.The fracture images of the developed alloys exhibit a ductile and brittle mode of fracture at the same time.The Al−5Ti−1B modified alloys have a more ductile mode of fracture and more dimples compared to the unmodified alloy.展开更多
In this paper,nano-Cu particles with an average size of smaller than 20 nm were dispersed under ultrasonic agitation in emulsions for cold rolling of steel strips.The tribological properties of the cold rolling emulsi...In this paper,nano-Cu particles with an average size of smaller than 20 nm were dispersed under ultrasonic agitation in emulsions for cold rolling of steel strips.The tribological properties of the cold rolling emulsion doped with nano-Cu particles were evaluated by using a four-ball machine,and the worn surfaces of the steel balls were checked by an optical microscope.A JC2000C1 wetting angle tester was also applied to study the variation in the emulsion's wetting performance when nano-Cu particles were incorporated.Furthermore,the lubricity of the emulsion doped with nano-Cu for steel strip cold rolling was evaluated on a four-high rolling mill for comparison with the emulsion without using nano-Cu particles.Test results indicated that nano-Cu particles as the additive used in cold rolling emulsion were able to improve the wetting property,friction-reducing,anti-wear,and extreme pressure performance of the base stock significantly.At the same time,nano-Cu particles also showed good lubricity to the cold-rolled steel strips.Namely,the cold-rolled steel strips under the lubrication of the cold rolling emulsion containing nano-Cu particles had considerably decreased the after-rolling thickness and achieved excellent surface quality as well.Finally,the lubrication mechanism of nano-Cu particles in the emulsion for cold rolling of steel strips was discussed.展开更多
This research paper introduces a soft VR glove that enhances how users interact with virtual objects. It seamlessly integrates discrete modules for sensing and providing haptic feedback, encompassing tactile and kinae...This research paper introduces a soft VR glove that enhances how users interact with virtual objects. It seamlessly integrates discrete modules for sensing and providing haptic feedback, encompassing tactile and kinaesthetic aspects while prioritizing wearability and natural finger movements. The glove employs custom-designed flexible bend sensors with carbon-impregnated film for in-situ joint angle tracking, simplifying the sensing system and enhancing portability. A multi-modal haptic feedback approach includes an innovative pneumatically actuated tactile feedback technique and a motor-tendon-driven kinaesthetic feedback system, providing exceptional realism in virtual object manipulation. The glove’s kinaesthetic feedback lets users perceive virtual objects’ size, shape, and stiffness characteristics. Psychophysical investigations demonstrate how readily the users acclimate to this hardware and prove each module’s effectiveness and synergistic operation. This soft VR glove represents a minimalist, lightweight, and comprehensive solution for authentic haptic interaction in virtual environments, opening new possibilities for applications in various fields.展开更多
Interstitial alloying has emerged as a powerful strategy to tune microstructure and microproperties of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) due to the strong interaction of interstitials with constituent elements and crystal def...Interstitial alloying has emerged as a powerful strategy to tune microstructure and microproperties of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) due to the strong interaction of interstitials with constituent elements and crystal defects,which enables the development of advanced alloys with superior mechanical and functional properties. The paper reviews the latest progress in the atomic-scale understanding of the effects of various interstitials, including carbon, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, on the microstructure, stability, mechanical properties, and deformation behavior of HEAs. Emphases are placed on the in-depth insights on the interaction of interstitials with constituent elements and crystal defects, such as vacancies,stacking faults, and grain boundaries. Key parameters for rapid prediction of intrinsic properties of HEAs are also discussed. Finally, we highlight some unsolved issues and provide perspectives for future research directions.展开更多
Developing advanced polymer electrolytes in lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has gained significant attention because of their inherent safety advantages over liquid electrolytes,while still encountering great challenges ...Developing advanced polymer electrolytes in lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has gained significant attention because of their inherent safety advantages over liquid electrolytes,while still encountering great challenges in mitigating uneven lithium plating/stripping and dendrite growth.Previous efforts primarily focused on passive approaches to mechanically constrain lithium dendrite growth.Recent studies have revealed the significance and effectiveness of regulating supramolecular interactions between polymer chains and other electrolyte components for homogenizing lithium deposition and enhancing the interfacial stability.This report provides a timely critical review to cover recent inspiring advancements in this direction.We first summarize the origins of supramolecular interaction origins,strength-determining factors,and structure–property relationships to establish quantitative correlations between polymer composition and supramolecular interaction properties.Then the recent advances in regulating supramolecular interaction chemistry are comprehensively discussed,focusing on those towards accelerated mass transport and stabilized anode-electrolyte interface.Finally,the remaining challenges are highlighted,and potential future directions in supramolecular interaction regulation of polymer electrolytes are prospected for the practical application of LMBs.展开更多
The intrinsic properties of theγ′phase are well known to be of critical importance for the targeted control of the mechanical performance ofγ/γ′high entropy alloys(HEAs).In the present work,a composition tuning s...The intrinsic properties of theγ′phase are well known to be of critical importance for the targeted control of the mechanical performance ofγ/γ′high entropy alloys(HEAs).In the present work,a composition tuning strategy is employed to modulate the thermal stability,elastic properties,and deformation mechanisms of theγ′phase in(FeCoNi)86Ti7Al7 HEAs using ab initio methods.Prior to tailoring the alloying elements,the temperature-dependent stability of theγ′phase is meticulously investigated by considering both enthalpic and entropic contributions.The findings reveal that the primary vibrational entropy can be effectively substituted by an empirical parameter(δ)to expedite the design of stable HEAs.Subsequently,based on the individual effects of elements on the order-disorder transformation temperatures(Tod)and practical considerations for high-temperature applications,eight substituting elements(Nb,Mo,Ta,W,V,Cr,Mn and Cu)are judiciously selected from the 3d,4d and 5d transition metal series.The results indicate that Nb and Ta are the most ideal substituting elements for theγ′phase,as they concurrently enhance the Tod,shear modulus,hardness,ductility,and antiphase boundary energy.These insights open a promising avenue for the innovative design of strong-yet-ductileγ/γ′HEAs.展开更多
Thermal runaway(TR)in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)poses significant safety risks due to its potential to trigger fires and explosions.Early warning of battery TR through gas sensing has emerged as a promising strategy ...Thermal runaway(TR)in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)poses significant safety risks due to its potential to trigger fires and explosions.Early warning of battery TR through gas sensing has emerged as a promising strategy for hazard mitigation.However,comprehensive reviews critically summarizing recent progress in advanced gas sensing technologies remain scarce.To fill this void,we present a critical review consolidating state-of-the-art advancements in gas sensing for TR early warning.This review first overviews the fundamentals of gas sensing for TR monitoring,encompassing thermodynamics and kinetic principles of gas evolution alongside current gas sensing technologies.We then comprehensively explored multi-scale engineering methods,spanning material innovations,device configurations,and system-level integration,with an emphasis on cutting-edge techniques like additive manufacturing and data-driven design frameworks.Future research priorities are identified,including the enhancement of gas selectivity and environmental robustness,the development of machine learning-driven intelligent gas sensing networks,and the establishment of standardized protocols for practical deployment.By integrating interdisciplinary insights derived from materials science,electrochemistry,and embedded systems engineering,this review is positioned to offer actionable guidelines for advancing scalable and reliable gas-sensing solutions toward boosted LIB safety.展开更多
Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has bee...Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.展开更多
The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hy...The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions)are sluggish in nature and therefore the employment of electrocatalysts is highly essential.Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts(Pt,Ru O_(2),Ir O_(2),etc.)have shown superior activity towards these reactions.However,their lower natural abundance and inferior stability make the cost to performance ratio of water electrolysis too high.Thus,huge amount of research efforts are being carried out to develop electrocatalysts consisting of earth abundant elements(transition metals,carbon etc.)as the replacement of these noble-metal-based materials.Transition metal compounds,carbonaceous and hybrid materials have shown promise as efficient electrocatalysts but there is still huge gap between the activities of these materials and the noble-metal-based electrocatalysts.Several strategies like morphology modulation,elemental doping,defect engineering etc.are being deployed to enhance the activity of these noble-metal-free electrocatalysts.This review summarizes these strategies and thoroughly discusses the reason behind the changes in activity of the electrocatalysts owing to these modifications.Finally,the remaining research gaps and future prospects in this field are also discussed in detail.展开更多
Present trend of semi-solid processing is directed towards rheocasting route which allows manufacturing of near-net-shape cast components directly from the prepared semi-solid slurry. Generation of globular equi-axed ...Present trend of semi-solid processing is directed towards rheocasting route which allows manufacturing of near-net-shape cast components directly from the prepared semi-solid slurry. Generation of globular equi-axed grains during solidification of rheocast components, compared to the columnar dendritic structure of conventional casting routes, facilitates the manufacturing of components with improved mechanical properties and structural integrity. In the present investigation, a cooling slope has been designed and indigenously fabricated to produce semi solid slurry of A1-Si-Mg （A356） alloy and successively cast in a metallic mould. The scope of the present work discusses about development of a numerical model to simulate the liquid metal flow through cooling slope using Eulerian two-phase flow approach and to investigate the effect of pouring temperature on cooling slope semi-solid slurry generation process. The two phases considered in the present model are liquid metal and air. Solid fraction evolution of the solidifying melt is tracked at different locations of the cooling slope, following Schiel＇s equation. The continuity equation, momentum equation and energy equation are solved considering thin wall boundary condition approach. During solidification of the liquid metal, a modified temperature recovery scheme has been employed taking care of the latent heat release and change of fraction of liquid. The results obtained from simulations are compared with experimental findings and good agreement has been found.展开更多
The lubricating characteristics of CVTF(continuously variable transmission fluid) mixed with a multi-functional complex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type...The lubricating characteristics of CVTF(continuously variable transmission fluid) mixed with a multi-functional complex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type of friction improver comprising phosphorus element and poly-methylmethacrylate(PMMA), and a viscosity index improver. The viscosity-pressure characteristics were evaluated by a high-pressure quartz viscometer, and the anti-wear property was investigated by a four-ball friction tester. The mechanism of lubrication by the CVTF was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results showed that CVTF T10, which contained a multi-functional complex additive, exhibited excellent properties, featuring greater solidification pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient, improved oil film strength, and low wear value. These attributes meet the special CVTF requirements for "high friction and low wear" that make it possible to provide both traction and lubrication. The lubricating mechanism was varied using different functional elements, such as inert and active elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are active extreme pressure elements that can react on the metal friction surface and produce an extreme pressure lubrication film. Boron is an inert functional element and does not react upon the metal surface; boron is only adsorbed onto the metal surface to act as a lubricant for adsorption film and fillers.展开更多
Appropriate base oils and homologous additives such as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents,oiliness agents and antioxidants were selected,and experiments testing the compatibility performance between additive,base o...Appropriate base oils and homologous additives such as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents,oiliness agents and antioxidants were selected,and experiments testing the compatibility performance between additive,base oil and other components were carried out to develop the SK and SD series of rolling oils for cold rolling of stainless steel.The developed oils were used in the stainless steel cold rolling lubrication experiments,and were successfully applied in the actual cold rolling operation of stainless steel.Compared with a foreign product,the tribological properties,the thermal oxidation stability,and the rolling lubrication performance of the developed stainless steel cold rolling oils were studied.Test results showed that the tribological properties of the thereby developed rolling oils and the reference one were almost at the same level,and to some extent the performance of rolling was even better than the foreign product,at the same time the stainless steel sheet could retain its well annealed performance.Meanwhile,within a certain range,the lubrication of the rolling oil became better as its viscosity increased at the same level of saponification value,which could provide a lower friction coefficient,so that a higher maximum reduction ratio of the rolled piece through a constant roll gap and a minimum thickness could be secured.Also,similar phenomena appeared as the saponification value increased at a same viscosity level of the rolling oils.展开更多
Rock mass classification(RMC) is of critical importance in support design and applications to mining,tunneling and other underground excavations. Although a number of techniques are available, there exists an uncertai...Rock mass classification(RMC) is of critical importance in support design and applications to mining,tunneling and other underground excavations. Although a number of techniques are available, there exists an uncertainty in application to complex underground works. In the present work, a generic rock mass rating(GRMR) system is developed. The proposed GRMR system refers to as most commonly used techniques, and two rock load equations are suggested in terms of GRMR, which are based on the fact that whether all the rock parameters considered by the system have an influence or only few of them are influencing. The GRMR method has been validated with the data obtained from three underground coal mines in India. Then, a semi-empirical model is developed for the GRMR method using artificial neural network(ANN), and it is validated by a comparative analysis of ANN model results with that by analytical GRMR method.展开更多
Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt&qu...Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt"(WiS) electrolytes has received significant interest for the development of advanced high performance ESDs.The WiS electrolyte exhibits wide electrochemical stability window(ESW),highsafety,non-flammability and superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional "salt-in-water" electrolytes.This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on WiS electrolyte based on theoretical,electrochemical and physicochemical characteristics.A strategic way for the usage of WiS electrolyte in rechargeable metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors with potentially improved electrochemical performance has been reviewed systematically.This review also discussed the unique advantages of WiS electrolytes as well as the future scope and challenges.展开更多
The strength-ductility trade-offhas been a longstanding dilemma in metallic materials.Here we report an innovative approach to achieve a high strength-ductility synergy via dual precipitation of sheared and bypassed p...The strength-ductility trade-offhas been a longstanding dilemma in metallic materials.Here we report an innovative approach to achieve a high strength-ductility synergy via dual precipitation of sheared and bypassed precipitates.(Ni_(2) Co_(2) FeCr)_(96-x) Al_(4) Nb_(x)(at.%)alloys strengthened by nanoscale L12 particles and Laves precipitates were selected as a model for this study,and their precipitate microstructures and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated.The dual-precipitation-strengthened alloys exhibit a yield strength of more than 1400 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of over 1800 MPa,and a uniform elon-gation of 18%,thus achieving a high strength-ductility synergy.Our analysis reveals that the nanoscale L1_(2) precipitates contribute to the strength via the particle shearing mechanism,whereas the Laves phase provides the strengthening through the Orowan bypass mechanism.The study of deformation microstruc-tures shows that the L1_(2) precipitates are sheared by stacking faults,which facilitates long-range disloca-tion gliding through the matrix.As a result,deformation induces the formation of hierarchical stacking fault networks and immobile Lomer-Cottrell locks,which effectively enhance the work hardening ca-pability and plastic stability,thereby resulting in a high ductility at high strength levels.Dislocations are piled-up against the interface between the Laves precipitates and matrix,which increases the work hardening capability at the early stages of plastic deformation but causes stress concentrations.The dual precipitation strategy may be useful for many other alloys for achieving superior mechanical properties for technological applications.展开更多
The present research work deals wilh the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and kinetic analysis of three typical Indian low rank coals selected from Indian coal mines at various temperature ranges. Experiments were per...The present research work deals wilh the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and kinetic analysis of three typical Indian low rank coals selected from Indian coal mines at various temperature ranges. Experiments were performed at four differerH heating rate (50, 100,150, 200 K/min) for three typical Indian low rank coal samples in a nitrogen atmosphere from temperature range 30-950 °C. The peak of temperature and mass loss for Indian low rank coal were evaluated. Current study also deals for the utilization and the behaviour of Indian low rank coal during the pyrolysis by using TGA. The activation energy for Indian low rank coal were calculated based on TGA data by using Friedman Method. Corresponding calculated mean value of activation energy for Indian low rank coal is found 49.132 kJ/mol. These experimental results help to explain and predict the behaviour of Indian low rank coal in practical applications.展开更多
Aqueous zinc energy storage devices,holding various merits such as high specific capacity and low costs,have attracted extensive attention in recent years.Nevertheless,Zn metal anodes still suffer from a short lifespa...Aqueous zinc energy storage devices,holding various merits such as high specific capacity and low costs,have attracted extensive attention in recent years.Nevertheless,Zn metal anodes still suffer from a short lifespan and low Coulombic efficiency due to corrosion and side reactions in aqueous electrolytes.In this paper,we construct an artificial Sn inorganic layer on Zn metal anode through a facile strategy of atom exchange.The Sn layer suppresses Zn dendrite growth by facilitating homogeneous Zn plating and stripping during charge and discharge processes.Meanwhile,the Sn protective layer also serves as a physical barrier to decrease Zn corrosion and hydrogen generation.As a result,The Sn-coated anode(Sn|Zn)exhibits a low polarization voltage(~34 mV at 0.5 mAh/cm^(2))after 800 testing hours and displays a smooth and an even surface without corrosion.Moreover,the zinc ion capacitor(Sn|Zn‖activated carbon)is assembled with an enhanced capacity of 42 mAh/g and a capacity retention of 95%after 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g.This work demonstrates a feasible approach for the commercialization of aqueous Zn-based energy storage devices.展开更多
Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environm...Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environmental impact.This review article provides an overview of additive manufacturing(AM)technolo-gies for producing aluminum-based cellular materials,focusing on laser AM techniques including laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.The article explores the classification of cellular mate-rials into stochastic foams and nonstochastic lattice structures and discusses conventional manufacturing methods and their limitations.It then examines the emergence of AM as a solution to these limitations,offering advantages such as design customization and optimization,shorter lead times,and the ability to manufacture complex architectures.The article highlights the current research status on AM of cellular materials including lattice shapes,design methods,and AM techniques.It further addresses the current status of AM of aluminum alloys,emphasizing the challenges and advances in producing aluminum-based cellular materials using AM.展开更多
The parasitic polysulfides shuttle effect greatly hinders the practical application of lithium sulfur batteries,and this issue can be addressed by promoting polysulfides conversion with catalytic materials such as Mo ...The parasitic polysulfides shuttle effect greatly hinders the practical application of lithium sulfur batteries,and this issue can be addressed by promoting polysulfides conversion with catalytic materials such as Mo S_(2).However,the catalytic activity of Mo S_(2)mainly relies on edge sites,but is limited by inert basal planes.We herein report a novel,facile,ethylene glycol enabled competing reduction strategy to dope Mo S_(2)homogeneously with oxygen atoms so that its inert basal planes can be unlocked.Ethylene glycol works as a reducing agent and competes with thiourea to react with ammonium molybdate,leading to insufficient sulfuration of Mo,and consequent formation of O-Mo S_(2).Our theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that the homogeneously distributed O dopants can create abundant adsorption/-catalytic sites in the Mo S_(2)basal planes,enlarge the inter-plane distance to promote ion transport,and thus enhance the catalytic conversion of polysulfides.The oxygen doped Mo S_(2)(O-Mo S_(2))is supported on carbon nanosheets(CNS)and the composite(O-Mo S_(2)/CNS)is employed to modify the separator of Li-S battery.It gives the battery an initial discharge capacity of 1537 m Ah g-1at 0.2 C,and the battery retains a discharge capacity of 545 m Ah g-1after ultra-long 2000 cycles at 1 C,corresponding to a very small cyclic decay rate of 0.0237%.Even under a raising sulfur loading of 8.2 mg cm^(-2),the Li-S battery also delivers a high discharge capacity(554 m Ah g^(-1))with outstanding cycle stability(84.6%capacity retention)after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.Our work provides a novel,facile approach to fabricate highly catalytically active oxygen-doped Mo S_(2)for advanced Li-S batteries.展开更多
Development of suitable materials that acts as an interface between the implant and tissues in body system structurally, mechanically and bio functionally is important for the success of tissue engineering. This motiv...Development of suitable materials that acts as an interface between the implant and tissues in body system structurally, mechanically and bio functionally is important for the success of tissue engineering. This motivated materials scientists and biologists to find out suitable bioactive materials for the aforementioned purpose. There has been growing interest in developing bioactive synthetic ceramics that could closely mimic natural apatite characteristics. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been widely used as a biocompatible ceramic but mainly for contact with bone tissue, due to its resemblance to mineral bone. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of HAp materials from different sources like bovine bone and fish scales and their application in tissue engineering. The phase purity and crystallinity of different calcined HAp powder was determined by XRD and FTIR analysis. The Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis were carried out to show the thermal stability of the HAp powder. The morphology of the powder was observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity evaluation of the developed powder was carried out in RAW macrophage like cell line media for an incubation period of 72 hours. These results proved the biocompatibility of HAp powders obtained from different biosources for tissue engineering applications.展开更多
基金The authors would also like to thank NIT,Durgapur RIG#2 project for financial support and the Director of National In-stitute of Technology Durgapur,India,for his continuous en-couragement.
文摘A near eutectic Al−12.6Si alloy was developed with 0.0wt%,2.0wt%,4.0wt%,and 6.0wt%Al−5Ti−1B master alloy.The micro-structural morphology,hardness,tensile strength,elongation,and fracture behaviour of the alloys were studied.The unmodified Al−12.6Si al-loy has an irregular needle and plate-like eutectic silicon(ESi)and coarse polygonal primary silicon(PSi)particles in the matrix-likeα-Al phase.The P_(Si),E_(Si),andα-Al morphology and volume fraction were changed due to the addition of the Al−5Ti−1B master alloy.The hardness,UTS,and elongation improved due to the microstructural modification.Nano-sized in-situ Al3Ti particles and ex-situ TiB_(2)particles caused the mi-crostructural modification.The fracture images of the developed alloys exhibit a ductile and brittle mode of fracture at the same time.The Al−5Ti−1B modified alloys have a more ductile mode of fracture and more dimples compared to the unmodified alloy.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program("863"Program) of China (No.2009AA03Z339)Important and Large Sci-Tech of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Co.,Ltd. (No. 12300022)
文摘In this paper,nano-Cu particles with an average size of smaller than 20 nm were dispersed under ultrasonic agitation in emulsions for cold rolling of steel strips.The tribological properties of the cold rolling emulsion doped with nano-Cu particles were evaluated by using a four-ball machine,and the worn surfaces of the steel balls were checked by an optical microscope.A JC2000C1 wetting angle tester was also applied to study the variation in the emulsion's wetting performance when nano-Cu particles were incorporated.Furthermore,the lubricity of the emulsion doped with nano-Cu for steel strip cold rolling was evaluated on a four-high rolling mill for comparison with the emulsion without using nano-Cu particles.Test results indicated that nano-Cu particles as the additive used in cold rolling emulsion were able to improve the wetting property,friction-reducing,anti-wear,and extreme pressure performance of the base stock significantly.At the same time,nano-Cu particles also showed good lubricity to the cold-rolled steel strips.Namely,the cold-rolled steel strips under the lubrication of the cold rolling emulsion containing nano-Cu particles had considerably decreased the after-rolling thickness and achieved excellent surface quality as well.Finally,the lubrication mechanism of nano-Cu particles in the emulsion for cold rolling of steel strips was discussed.
基金CSIR research grant HCP-26 supported the work reported in this article.
文摘This research paper introduces a soft VR glove that enhances how users interact with virtual objects. It seamlessly integrates discrete modules for sensing and providing haptic feedback, encompassing tactile and kinaesthetic aspects while prioritizing wearability and natural finger movements. The glove employs custom-designed flexible bend sensors with carbon-impregnated film for in-situ joint angle tracking, simplifying the sensing system and enhancing portability. A multi-modal haptic feedback approach includes an innovative pneumatically actuated tactile feedback technique and a motor-tendon-driven kinaesthetic feedback system, providing exceptional realism in virtual object manipulation. The glove’s kinaesthetic feedback lets users perceive virtual objects’ size, shape, and stiffness characteristics. Psychophysical investigations demonstrate how readily the users acclimate to this hardware and prove each module’s effectiveness and synergistic operation. This soft VR glove represents a minimalist, lightweight, and comprehensive solution for authentic haptic interaction in virtual environments, opening new possibilities for applications in various fields.
基金the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171162)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Nos.15202824,15227121,C5002-24Y,C1017D21GF,and C1020D21GF)+4 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20210324142203009)the Research Institute for Advanced Manufacturing Fund(No.P0046108)PolyU Fund(Nos.P0044243 and P0043467)Guangdong Science and Technology Innovation Foundation(No.2023A1515240061)Open access funding provided by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
文摘Interstitial alloying has emerged as a powerful strategy to tune microstructure and microproperties of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) due to the strong interaction of interstitials with constituent elements and crystal defects,which enables the development of advanced alloys with superior mechanical and functional properties. The paper reviews the latest progress in the atomic-scale understanding of the effects of various interstitials, including carbon, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, on the microstructure, stability, mechanical properties, and deformation behavior of HEAs. Emphases are placed on the in-depth insights on the interaction of interstitials with constituent elements and crystal defects, such as vacancies,stacking faults, and grain boundaries. Key parameters for rapid prediction of intrinsic properties of HEAs are also discussed. Finally, we highlight some unsolved issues and provide perspectives for future research directions.
基金support from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(U-CDCA)and Innovation and Technology Fund(ITS-322-23FP)。
文摘Developing advanced polymer electrolytes in lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has gained significant attention because of their inherent safety advantages over liquid electrolytes,while still encountering great challenges in mitigating uneven lithium plating/stripping and dendrite growth.Previous efforts primarily focused on passive approaches to mechanically constrain lithium dendrite growth.Recent studies have revealed the significance and effectiveness of regulating supramolecular interactions between polymer chains and other electrolyte components for homogenizing lithium deposition and enhancing the interfacial stability.This report provides a timely critical review to cover recent inspiring advancements in this direction.We first summarize the origins of supramolecular interaction origins,strength-determining factors,and structure–property relationships to establish quantitative correlations between polymer composition and supramolecular interaction properties.Then the recent advances in regulating supramolecular interaction chemistry are comprehensively discussed,focusing on those towards accelerated mass transport and stabilized anode-electrolyte interface.Finally,the remaining challenges are highlighted,and potential future directions in supramolecular interaction regulation of polymer electrolytes are prospected for the practical application of LMBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52371014 and U22B20132)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20230807091401004)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.20720230036)Guided Subject of Dean’s Fund(No.YZJJ-YDL-0004).
文摘The intrinsic properties of theγ′phase are well known to be of critical importance for the targeted control of the mechanical performance ofγ/γ′high entropy alloys(HEAs).In the present work,a composition tuning strategy is employed to modulate the thermal stability,elastic properties,and deformation mechanisms of theγ′phase in(FeCoNi)86Ti7Al7 HEAs using ab initio methods.Prior to tailoring the alloying elements,the temperature-dependent stability of theγ′phase is meticulously investigated by considering both enthalpic and entropic contributions.The findings reveal that the primary vibrational entropy can be effectively substituted by an empirical parameter(δ)to expedite the design of stable HEAs.Subsequently,based on the individual effects of elements on the order-disorder transformation temperatures(Tod)and practical considerations for high-temperature applications,eight substituting elements(Nb,Mo,Ta,W,V,Cr,Mn and Cu)are judiciously selected from the 3d,4d and 5d transition metal series.The results indicate that Nb and Ta are the most ideal substituting elements for theγ′phase,as they concurrently enhance the Tod,shear modulus,hardness,ductility,and antiphase boundary energy.These insights open a promising avenue for the innovative design of strong-yet-ductileγ/γ′HEAs.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52325801,52402052)。
文摘Thermal runaway(TR)in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)poses significant safety risks due to its potential to trigger fires and explosions.Early warning of battery TR through gas sensing has emerged as a promising strategy for hazard mitigation.However,comprehensive reviews critically summarizing recent progress in advanced gas sensing technologies remain scarce.To fill this void,we present a critical review consolidating state-of-the-art advancements in gas sensing for TR early warning.This review first overviews the fundamentals of gas sensing for TR monitoring,encompassing thermodynamics and kinetic principles of gas evolution alongside current gas sensing technologies.We then comprehensively explored multi-scale engineering methods,spanning material innovations,device configurations,and system-level integration,with an emphasis on cutting-edge techniques like additive manufacturing and data-driven design frameworks.Future research priorities are identified,including the enhancement of gas selectivity and environmental robustness,the development of machine learning-driven intelligent gas sensing networks,and the establishment of standardized protocols for practical deployment.By integrating interdisciplinary insights derived from materials science,electrochemistry,and embedded systems engineering,this review is positioned to offer actionable guidelines for advancing scalable and reliable gas-sensing solutions toward boosted LIB safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 32271914 and 32301660]the Quality Engineering Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education[grant number 2023zygzts007].
文摘Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.
文摘The electrolysis of water for hydrogen generation has shown immense promise as an energy conversion technology for the green energy economy.Two concurrently occurring electrochemical reactions in water electrolysis(hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions)are sluggish in nature and therefore the employment of electrocatalysts is highly essential.Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts(Pt,Ru O_(2),Ir O_(2),etc.)have shown superior activity towards these reactions.However,their lower natural abundance and inferior stability make the cost to performance ratio of water electrolysis too high.Thus,huge amount of research efforts are being carried out to develop electrocatalysts consisting of earth abundant elements(transition metals,carbon etc.)as the replacement of these noble-metal-based materials.Transition metal compounds,carbonaceous and hybrid materials have shown promise as efficient electrocatalysts but there is still huge gap between the activities of these materials and the noble-metal-based electrocatalysts.Several strategies like morphology modulation,elemental doping,defect engineering etc.are being deployed to enhance the activity of these noble-metal-free electrocatalysts.This review summarizes these strategies and thoroughly discusses the reason behind the changes in activity of the electrocatalysts owing to these modifications.Finally,the remaining research gaps and future prospects in this field are also discussed in detail.
基金DST, New Delhi for their financial support to this work
文摘Present trend of semi-solid processing is directed towards rheocasting route which allows manufacturing of near-net-shape cast components directly from the prepared semi-solid slurry. Generation of globular equi-axed grains during solidification of rheocast components, compared to the columnar dendritic structure of conventional casting routes, facilitates the manufacturing of components with improved mechanical properties and structural integrity. In the present investigation, a cooling slope has been designed and indigenously fabricated to produce semi solid slurry of A1-Si-Mg （A356） alloy and successively cast in a metallic mould. The scope of the present work discusses about development of a numerical model to simulate the liquid metal flow through cooling slope using Eulerian two-phase flow approach and to investigate the effect of pouring temperature on cooling slope semi-solid slurry generation process. The two phases considered in the present model are liquid metal and air. Solid fraction evolution of the solidifying melt is tracked at different locations of the cooling slope, following Schiel＇s equation. The continuity equation, momentum equation and energy equation are solved considering thin wall boundary condition approach. During solidification of the liquid metal, a modified temperature recovery scheme has been employed taking care of the latent heat release and change of fraction of liquid. The results obtained from simulations are compared with experimental findings and good agreement has been found.
基金financially supported by the China National Machinery Industry Corporation Science & Technology Development Fund (SINOMACH12 No.180)
文摘The lubricating characteristics of CVTF(continuously variable transmission fluid) mixed with a multi-functional complex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type of friction improver comprising phosphorus element and poly-methylmethacrylate(PMMA), and a viscosity index improver. The viscosity-pressure characteristics were evaluated by a high-pressure quartz viscometer, and the anti-wear property was investigated by a four-ball friction tester. The mechanism of lubrication by the CVTF was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results showed that CVTF T10, which contained a multi-functional complex additive, exhibited excellent properties, featuring greater solidification pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient, improved oil film strength, and low wear value. These attributes meet the special CVTF requirements for "high friction and low wear" that make it possible to provide both traction and lubrication. The lubricating mechanism was varied using different functional elements, such as inert and active elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are active extreme pressure elements that can react on the metal friction surface and produce an extreme pressure lubrication film. Boron is an inert functional element and does not react upon the metal surface; boron is only adsorbed onto the metal surface to act as a lubricant for adsorption film and fillers.
文摘Appropriate base oils and homologous additives such as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents,oiliness agents and antioxidants were selected,and experiments testing the compatibility performance between additive,base oil and other components were carried out to develop the SK and SD series of rolling oils for cold rolling of stainless steel.The developed oils were used in the stainless steel cold rolling lubrication experiments,and were successfully applied in the actual cold rolling operation of stainless steel.Compared with a foreign product,the tribological properties,the thermal oxidation stability,and the rolling lubrication performance of the developed stainless steel cold rolling oils were studied.Test results showed that the tribological properties of the thereby developed rolling oils and the reference one were almost at the same level,and to some extent the performance of rolling was even better than the foreign product,at the same time the stainless steel sheet could retain its well annealed performance.Meanwhile,within a certain range,the lubrication of the rolling oil became better as its viscosity increased at the same level of saponification value,which could provide a lower friction coefficient,so that a higher maximum reduction ratio of the rolled piece through a constant roll gap and a minimum thickness could be secured.Also,similar phenomena appeared as the saponification value increased at a same viscosity level of the rolling oils.
基金an outcome of the Network project(Project No.ESC0303)of CSIR,New Delhi,India
文摘Rock mass classification(RMC) is of critical importance in support design and applications to mining,tunneling and other underground excavations. Although a number of techniques are available, there exists an uncertainty in application to complex underground works. In the present work, a generic rock mass rating(GRMR) system is developed. The proposed GRMR system refers to as most commonly used techniques, and two rock load equations are suggested in terms of GRMR, which are based on the fact that whether all the rock parameters considered by the system have an influence or only few of them are influencing. The GRMR method has been validated with the data obtained from three underground coal mines in India. Then, a semi-empirical model is developed for the GRMR method using artificial neural network(ANN), and it is validated by a comparative analysis of ANN model results with that by analytical GRMR method.
基金the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research(CSIR) for the financial support through the HCP-44/02/1 projectthe DST-INSPIRE Faculty Scheme,Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi,Govt.of India(IFA20-MS-168) for the financial supports。
文摘Development of cost-effective and environmental friendly energy storage devices(ESDs) has attracted widespread attention in recent scenario of energy research.Recently,the environmentally viable "water-in-salt"(WiS) electrolytes has received significant interest for the development of advanced high performance ESDs.The WiS electrolyte exhibits wide electrochemical stability window(ESW),highsafety,non-flammability and superior electrochemical performance compared to the conventional "salt-in-water" electrolytes.This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on WiS electrolyte based on theoretical,electrochemical and physicochemical characteristics.A strategic way for the usage of WiS electrolyte in rechargeable metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors with potentially improved electrochemical performance has been reviewed systematically.This review also discussed the unique advantages of WiS electrolytes as well as the future scope and challenges.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52171162 and 51801169)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Nos.ECS 25202719,GRF 15227121,C1017-21GF,and C1020-21GF)+3 种基金State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials Open Fund(2021-ZD04)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.JCYJ20210324142203009)Re-search Institute for Advanced Manufacturing Fund(No.P0041364 and P0046108)PolyU Fund(Nos.P0038814,P0039624,P0042933,and P0043467).
文摘The strength-ductility trade-offhas been a longstanding dilemma in metallic materials.Here we report an innovative approach to achieve a high strength-ductility synergy via dual precipitation of sheared and bypassed precipitates.(Ni_(2) Co_(2) FeCr)_(96-x) Al_(4) Nb_(x)(at.%)alloys strengthened by nanoscale L12 particles and Laves precipitates were selected as a model for this study,and their precipitate microstructures and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated.The dual-precipitation-strengthened alloys exhibit a yield strength of more than 1400 MPa,an ultimate tensile strength of over 1800 MPa,and a uniform elon-gation of 18%,thus achieving a high strength-ductility synergy.Our analysis reveals that the nanoscale L1_(2) precipitates contribute to the strength via the particle shearing mechanism,whereas the Laves phase provides the strengthening through the Orowan bypass mechanism.The study of deformation microstruc-tures shows that the L1_(2) precipitates are sheared by stacking faults,which facilitates long-range disloca-tion gliding through the matrix.As a result,deformation induces the formation of hierarchical stacking fault networks and immobile Lomer-Cottrell locks,which effectively enhance the work hardening ca-pability and plastic stability,thereby resulting in a high ductility at high strength levels.Dislocations are piled-up against the interface between the Laves precipitates and matrix,which increases the work hardening capability at the early stages of plastic deformation but causes stress concentrations.The dual precipitation strategy may be useful for many other alloys for achieving superior mechanical properties for technological applications.
文摘The present research work deals wilh the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and kinetic analysis of three typical Indian low rank coals selected from Indian coal mines at various temperature ranges. Experiments were performed at four differerH heating rate (50, 100,150, 200 K/min) for three typical Indian low rank coal samples in a nitrogen atmosphere from temperature range 30-950 °C. The peak of temperature and mass loss for Indian low rank coal were evaluated. Current study also deals for the utilization and the behaviour of Indian low rank coal during the pyrolysis by using TGA. The activation energy for Indian low rank coal were calculated based on TGA data by using Friedman Method. Corresponding calculated mean value of activation energy for Indian low rank coal is found 49.132 kJ/mol. These experimental results help to explain and predict the behaviour of Indian low rank coal in practical applications.
基金partially supported by Hong Kong Scholars Programs(No.XJ2019024)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2018M630340,2019T120254)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22075171)。
文摘Aqueous zinc energy storage devices,holding various merits such as high specific capacity and low costs,have attracted extensive attention in recent years.Nevertheless,Zn metal anodes still suffer from a short lifespan and low Coulombic efficiency due to corrosion and side reactions in aqueous electrolytes.In this paper,we construct an artificial Sn inorganic layer on Zn metal anode through a facile strategy of atom exchange.The Sn layer suppresses Zn dendrite growth by facilitating homogeneous Zn plating and stripping during charge and discharge processes.Meanwhile,the Sn protective layer also serves as a physical barrier to decrease Zn corrosion and hydrogen generation.As a result,The Sn-coated anode(Sn|Zn)exhibits a low polarization voltage(~34 mV at 0.5 mAh/cm^(2))after 800 testing hours and displays a smooth and an even surface without corrosion.Moreover,the zinc ion capacitor(Sn|Zn‖activated carbon)is assembled with an enhanced capacity of 42 mAh/g and a capacity retention of 95%after 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g.This work demonstrates a feasible approach for the commercialization of aqueous Zn-based energy storage devices.
基金the financial support for this research by the Australian Research Council(ARC)through the Discovery Project DP210101862.
文摘Cellular materials are gaining significant attention in product development due to their unique characteristics,offering superior mechanical performance and functionalities while minimizing material usage and environmental impact.This review article provides an overview of additive manufacturing(AM)technolo-gies for producing aluminum-based cellular materials,focusing on laser AM techniques including laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition.The article explores the classification of cellular mate-rials into stochastic foams and nonstochastic lattice structures and discusses conventional manufacturing methods and their limitations.It then examines the emergence of AM as a solution to these limitations,offering advantages such as design customization and optimization,shorter lead times,and the ability to manufacture complex architectures.The article highlights the current research status on AM of cellular materials including lattice shapes,design methods,and AM techniques.It further addresses the current status of AM of aluminum alloys,emphasizing the challenges and advances in producing aluminum-based cellular materials using AM.
基金financial support from the fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22021005)the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Dalian(2018J12GX052)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776042,22108027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(DUT19ZD214)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(201908163000519)the GDSTC-Key R&D Project(GDSTC No.2019B090908001)。
文摘The parasitic polysulfides shuttle effect greatly hinders the practical application of lithium sulfur batteries,and this issue can be addressed by promoting polysulfides conversion with catalytic materials such as Mo S_(2).However,the catalytic activity of Mo S_(2)mainly relies on edge sites,but is limited by inert basal planes.We herein report a novel,facile,ethylene glycol enabled competing reduction strategy to dope Mo S_(2)homogeneously with oxygen atoms so that its inert basal planes can be unlocked.Ethylene glycol works as a reducing agent and competes with thiourea to react with ammonium molybdate,leading to insufficient sulfuration of Mo,and consequent formation of O-Mo S_(2).Our theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that the homogeneously distributed O dopants can create abundant adsorption/-catalytic sites in the Mo S_(2)basal planes,enlarge the inter-plane distance to promote ion transport,and thus enhance the catalytic conversion of polysulfides.The oxygen doped Mo S_(2)(O-Mo S_(2))is supported on carbon nanosheets(CNS)and the composite(O-Mo S_(2)/CNS)is employed to modify the separator of Li-S battery.It gives the battery an initial discharge capacity of 1537 m Ah g-1at 0.2 C,and the battery retains a discharge capacity of 545 m Ah g-1after ultra-long 2000 cycles at 1 C,corresponding to a very small cyclic decay rate of 0.0237%.Even under a raising sulfur loading of 8.2 mg cm^(-2),the Li-S battery also delivers a high discharge capacity(554 m Ah g^(-1))with outstanding cycle stability(84.6%capacity retention)after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.Our work provides a novel,facile approach to fabricate highly catalytically active oxygen-doped Mo S_(2)for advanced Li-S batteries.
文摘Development of suitable materials that acts as an interface between the implant and tissues in body system structurally, mechanically and bio functionally is important for the success of tissue engineering. This motivated materials scientists and biologists to find out suitable bioactive materials for the aforementioned purpose. There has been growing interest in developing bioactive synthetic ceramics that could closely mimic natural apatite characteristics. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been widely used as a biocompatible ceramic but mainly for contact with bone tissue, due to its resemblance to mineral bone. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of HAp materials from different sources like bovine bone and fish scales and their application in tissue engineering. The phase purity and crystallinity of different calcined HAp powder was determined by XRD and FTIR analysis. The Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis were carried out to show the thermal stability of the HAp powder. The morphology of the powder was observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Cytotoxicity evaluation of the developed powder was carried out in RAW macrophage like cell line media for an incubation period of 72 hours. These results proved the biocompatibility of HAp powders obtained from different biosources for tissue engineering applications.
