Although coal-fired power plants continue to dominate Indonesia’s electricity generation,the country aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.According to the 2024-2060 National Energy General Plan,ammonia is expect...Although coal-fired power plants continue to dominate Indonesia’s electricity generation,the country aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.According to the 2024-2060 National Energy General Plan,ammonia is expected to contribute 3.1%to electricity production.Global research on ammonia co-firing has yielded positive results,demonstrating that higher co-firing ratios lead to greater carbon emission reductions.Studies also indicate that a co-firing ratio of 20%-25%has minimal impact on furnace temperature.Additionally,efficiency assessments of 20%ammonia co-firing with bituminous and sub-bituminous coal types have shown promising outcomes.Existing research primarily focuses on in-boiler combustion effects,emissions,and plant performance.This study proposes a supporting system for ammonia co-firing at a 20%ratio,encompassing storage and supply infrastructure.The mass basis approach is adopted due to the comparable lower heating values of ammonia(18.6 MJ/kg)and low-range coal(16.3 MJ/kg).The system is designed to support ammonia co-firing at the Suralaya Coal-Fired Power Plant units 5,6,and 7 over a 10-day operational period,requiring a total of 47520 tons of ammonia.System modeling using Aspen HYSYS software was conducted to determine the specifications of key equipment.The economic analysis estimates that implementing an ammonia storage and supply system at the Suralaya Coal-Fired Power Plant would increase annual expenditures by USD 4293363.12.展开更多
Hydrogen is an emerging renewable energy source that plays a crucial role in the transition toward reducing carbon emissions.Despite growing global demand,green hydrogen,produced via water electrolysis using renewable...Hydrogen is an emerging renewable energy source that plays a crucial role in the transition toward reducing carbon emissions.Despite growing global demand,green hydrogen,produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy,accounts for only 0.1%of total hydrogen output.This study investigates green hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane(PEM)electrolysis using both energy and feedwater sourced from the Musi Hydropower Plant in Indonesia.A 2 MW PEM electrolyzer system was modeled in Aspen Plus,while a water treatment system combining ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis was simulated using WAVE software to ensure water quality compliance standards for PEM electrolysis.The simulation results show that the PEM system can produce 32.98 kg/h of hydrogen,with an estimated annual production of 480983.6 kg across three electrolyzers.The ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis system effectively reduced water conductivity from 110μS/cm to 0μS/cm,achieving the required purity for electrolysis.The total capital expenditure for the system is$7.16 million,and the annual operational expenditure is$2.18 million.The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated at$7.8/kg,primarily influenced by electricity consumption costs and the initial investment required for the electrolyzer stack and balance of plant.展开更多
文摘Although coal-fired power plants continue to dominate Indonesia’s electricity generation,the country aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.According to the 2024-2060 National Energy General Plan,ammonia is expected to contribute 3.1%to electricity production.Global research on ammonia co-firing has yielded positive results,demonstrating that higher co-firing ratios lead to greater carbon emission reductions.Studies also indicate that a co-firing ratio of 20%-25%has minimal impact on furnace temperature.Additionally,efficiency assessments of 20%ammonia co-firing with bituminous and sub-bituminous coal types have shown promising outcomes.Existing research primarily focuses on in-boiler combustion effects,emissions,and plant performance.This study proposes a supporting system for ammonia co-firing at a 20%ratio,encompassing storage and supply infrastructure.The mass basis approach is adopted due to the comparable lower heating values of ammonia(18.6 MJ/kg)and low-range coal(16.3 MJ/kg).The system is designed to support ammonia co-firing at the Suralaya Coal-Fired Power Plant units 5,6,and 7 over a 10-day operational period,requiring a total of 47520 tons of ammonia.System modeling using Aspen HYSYS software was conducted to determine the specifications of key equipment.The economic analysis estimates that implementing an ammonia storage and supply system at the Suralaya Coal-Fired Power Plant would increase annual expenditures by USD 4293363.12.
文摘Hydrogen is an emerging renewable energy source that plays a crucial role in the transition toward reducing carbon emissions.Despite growing global demand,green hydrogen,produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy,accounts for only 0.1%of total hydrogen output.This study investigates green hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane(PEM)electrolysis using both energy and feedwater sourced from the Musi Hydropower Plant in Indonesia.A 2 MW PEM electrolyzer system was modeled in Aspen Plus,while a water treatment system combining ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis was simulated using WAVE software to ensure water quality compliance standards for PEM electrolysis.The simulation results show that the PEM system can produce 32.98 kg/h of hydrogen,with an estimated annual production of 480983.6 kg across three electrolyzers.The ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis system effectively reduced water conductivity from 110μS/cm to 0μS/cm,achieving the required purity for electrolysis.The total capital expenditure for the system is$7.16 million,and the annual operational expenditure is$2.18 million.The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated at$7.8/kg,primarily influenced by electricity consumption costs and the initial investment required for the electrolyzer stack and balance of plant.
