The development of modern science and technology has promoted the overlapping and mutual penetration among different disciplines, which led to the technological innovations in the field of mechanical engineering. The ...The development of modern science and technology has promoted the overlapping and mutual penetration among different disciplines, which led to the technological innovations in the field of mechanical engineering. The mechatronics technology conforms to the law of development of science and technology in today, and combines the mechanical technology and electronic technology together to integrate the logistics, energy flow and information flow. This paper briefly describes the concept of mechatronics and the elements of mechatronics technology, and elaborates on the application of mechatronics technology in three different areas of the Machinery Industry in the form of living examples, finally introduces the future developing direction of mechatronics technology.展开更多
This study aims to improve the competence of students of the Department of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia in the subject of Chemical Industry, in particular through the model-based teaching materials CAI (Compute...This study aims to improve the competence of students of the Department of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia in the subject of Chemical Industry, in particular through the model-based teaching materials CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) in the form of an interactive CD. In particular, the study was carried out for the purposes of: 1) designing and developing models of devices based learning CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) systematically in prototype form, 2) producing an interactive CD as a model learning devices Chemical Industry based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) to improve the competence of students of the Department of Industrial Engineering in Industrial chemistry courses. The benefits of this research are: 1) for the government, the results of this study can be used as a reference in implementing educational policies, especially to enhance the nation’s competitiveness in the era of informatics;and 2) for the Department of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia, the results of this research can be used to enhance learning that can improve the competence of students in the subject of Chemical Industry, which in turn can be passed with high achievement. Products produced in the first year are a design-based teaching materials CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) in prototype form, with the following steps: 1) pre- production which includes needs analysis, identifying and analyzing the needs based on the content of curriculum and learning model based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction), the development of a concept related to Chemical Industry, the development of multimedia content that includes developing materials, animation, and evaluation related to industrial chemicals, gathering material to make the recording sound, shooting, and editing with regard to the development of teaching materials chemical Industry based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction), as well as developing the storyboard as the layout of the multimedia contents by involving experts multimedia;2) production process that includes design/design and conduct of programming a prototype which means at this stage of the design and development of teaching materials based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction);and 3) post-production which includes the evaluation justification experts, conducted trials on stakeholders, being revised based on input from experts, and doing packing and labeling.展开更多
This study focused on the production of polypropylene(PP)/silver(Ag)composites via additive manufacturing.This study aimed to enhance the quality of medical-grade PP in material extrusion(MEX)three-dimensional printin...This study focused on the production of polypropylene(PP)/silver(Ag)composites via additive manufacturing.This study aimed to enhance the quality of medical-grade PP in material extrusion(MEX)three-dimensional printing(3DP)by improving its mechanical properties while simultaneously adding antibacterial properties.The latter can find extremely important and versatile properties that are applicable in defense and security domains.PP/Ag nanocomposites were prepared using a novel method based on a reaction occurring while mixing appropriate quantities of the starting polymers and additives,namely polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)as the matrix material and silver nitrate(AgNO_(3))as the filler.This process produced three-dimensional(3D)printed filaments,which were then used to create specimens for a series of standardized tests.It was found that the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were enhanced in relation to pristine PP,especially for the PP matrix with various loadings of AgNO_(3)and PVP,such as 5.0 wt%and 2.5 wt%,respectively.The voids,inclusions,and actual-to-nominal dimensions also showed improved results.The 3DP specimens exhibited a more effective biocidal performance against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli,which developed an inhibition zone only in the case of PP with filler loading percentages of AgNO_(3)and PVP at 10.0 wt%and 5.0 wt%,respectively Compounds possessing such properties can be beneficial for various applications requiring increased mechanical properties and biocidal capabilities,such as in the Defence or medical industries.展开更多
This study investigated enhancing the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloys for medical applications by incorporating Ti C nanoreinforcements using advanced spark plasma sintering(SPS). The addition of up to 2.5wt% Ti C s...This study investigated enhancing the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloys for medical applications by incorporating Ti C nanoreinforcements using advanced spark plasma sintering(SPS). The addition of up to 2.5wt% Ti C significantly improved the mechanical properties, including a notable 18.2% increase in hardness(HV 332). Fretting wear tests against 316L stainless steel(SS316L) balls demonstrated a 20wt%–22wt% reduction in wear volume in the Ti6Al4V/Ti C composites compared with the monolithic alloy. Microstructural analysis revealed that Ti C reinforcement controlled the grain orientation and reduced the β-phase content, which contributed to enhanced mechanical properties. The monolithic alloy exhibited a Widmanstätten lamellar microstructure, while increasing the Ti C content modified the wear mechanisms from ploughing and adhesion(0–0.5wt%) to pitting and abrasion(1wt%–2.5wt%). At higher reinforcement levels, the formation of a robust oxide layer through tribo-oxide treatment effectively reduced the wear volume by minimizing the abrasive effects and plastic deformation. This study highlights the potential of SPS-mediated Ti C reinforcement as a transformative approach for improving the performance of Ti6Al4V alloys, paving the way for advanced medical applications.展开更多
Magnesium alloys, having high specific strength, with a density only 2/3 of that of aluminum and 1/4 of carbon steels, have become ideal materials for low mass applications such as automobiles and electronic devices. ...Magnesium alloys, having high specific strength, with a density only 2/3 of that of aluminum and 1/4 of carbon steels, have become ideal materials for low mass applications such as automobiles and electronic devices. It was dealt with the state of the art in developing cost effective, low mass, high ductility and high creep resistance magnesium alloys that are suitable for structures and power train applications.展开更多
In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness...In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness and wear property were investigated. A cold deformation at room temperature with 15% reduction in height was applied on annealed samples. The samples were solution-treated at 920 ℃ for 15 min followed by different cooling rates of water quenching(WQ), air cooling(AC) and furnace cooling(FC) to room temperature. Finally, the samples were aged at 590 ℃ for 4 h. Secondary α-platelets precipitated in residual β-phase in the case of solution-treated samples with AC condition and aged ones. The maximum hardness of HV 470 was obtained for WQ + aging condition due to the presence of high amount of residual β-matrix(69%), while the minimum hardness of HV 328 was reported for FC condition. Aging process after solution treatment can considerably enhance the wear property and this enhancement can reach up to about 122% by applying aging after WQ compared with the annealed samples.展开更多
The effects of thermal treatments on the structure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and in vitro corrosion protection in artificial saliva(AS) were investigated for a newly developed Ti20 Nb13 Zr(TNZ) alloy. X...The effects of thermal treatments on the structure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and in vitro corrosion protection in artificial saliva(AS) were investigated for a newly developed Ti20 Nb13 Zr(TNZ) alloy. XRD and SEM analyses were used for structural and microstructural analysis. The in vitro corrosion properties of the samples were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance techniques up to an immersion time of 168 h. The tribological characteristics were evaluated with a linear reciprocating tribometer. SEM analysis showed that solution treatment and aging influenced the size and distribution of α phase. The air-cooled and aged samples exhibited the highest microhardness and macrohardness, for which the wear resistances were 25% and 30% higher than that of the untreated sample, respectively. The cooling rate significantly influenced the corrosion resistance of the TNZ samples. The treated samples showed a reduced corrosion rate(50%) for long immersion time up to 168 h in AS. The furnace-cooled and aged samples exhibited the highest corrosion resistance after 168 h of immersion in AS. Among the treated samples, the aged sample showed enhanced mechanical properties, wear behavior, and in vitro corrosion resistance in AS.展开更多
This paper describes the synthesis of Al7075 metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC, and the characterization of their microstructure and mechanical behavior. The mechanically milled Al7075 micron-sized powder an...This paper describes the synthesis of Al7075 metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC, and the characterization of their microstructure and mechanical behavior. The mechanically milled Al7075 micron-sized powder and SiC nanoparticles are dynamically compacted using a drop hammer device. This compaction is performed at different temperatures and for various volume fractions of SiC nanoparticles. The relative density is directly related to the compaction temperature rise and indirectly related to the content of SiC nanoparticle reinforcement, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the amount of SiC nanoparticles improves the strength, stiffness, and hardness of the compacted specimens. The increase in hardness and strength may be attributed to the inherent hardness of the nanoparticles, and other phenomena such as thermal mismatch and crack shielding. Nevertheless, clustering of the nanoparticles at aluminum particle boundaries make these regions become a source of concentrated stress, which reduces the load carrying capacity of the compacted nanocomposite.展开更多
Nano-sized silicon carbide(SiC:0wt%,1wt%,2wt%,4wt%,and 8wt%)reinforced copper(Cu)matrix nanocomposites were manufactured,pressed,and sintered at 775 and 875℃in an argon atmosphere.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning e...Nano-sized silicon carbide(SiC:0wt%,1wt%,2wt%,4wt%,and 8wt%)reinforced copper(Cu)matrix nanocomposites were manufactured,pressed,and sintered at 775 and 875℃in an argon atmosphere.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution.The density,thermal expansion,mechanical,and electrical properties were studied.XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content,the microstrain and dislocation density increased,while the crystal size decreased.The coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix.The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure.Moreover,the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures,where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt%SiC and sintered at 875℃were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%^(−1),respectively.The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature.The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity,high thermal stability,and excellent mechanical properties.展开更多
In this work, a third generation AI-Li alloy has been successfully spot welded with probeless friction stir spot welding （P-FSSW）, which is a variant of conventional friction stir welding. The Box-Behnken exper-imen...In this work, a third generation AI-Li alloy has been successfully spot welded with probeless friction stir spot welding （P-FSSW）, which is a variant of conventional friction stir welding. The Box-Behnken exper-imental design in response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to optimize the P-FSSW parameters to attain maximum tensile/shear strength of the spot joints. Results show that an optimal failure load of 7.83 kN was obtained under a dwell time of 7.2 s, rotation speed of 950 rpm and plunge rate of 30 mm/rain. Sufficient dwell time is essential for heat conduction, material flow and expansion of the stir zone to form a sound joint. Two fracture modes were observed, which were significantly affected by hook defect. In addition to mechanical testing, electron backscattering diffraction （EBSD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） were used for microstructure evolution and property analysis. The precipitation of GP zone and AI3Li as well as the ultrafine grains were responsible for the high microhardness in the stir zone.展开更多
The influence of different welding speeds and rotary speeds on the formation and mechanical properties of friction stirweld joints of armor grade aluminum alloy was presented.The developed weld joints were characteriz...The influence of different welding speeds and rotary speeds on the formation and mechanical properties of friction stirweld joints of armor grade aluminum alloy was presented.The developed weld joints were characterized by bend tests,micro-hardness tests,tensile tests,optical and scanning electron microscopies.Mechanical properties(i.e.,micro-hardness,ultimatetensile strength and elongation to fracture)increased with the increase in rotary speed or decrease in welding speed.The effect ofwelding speed on micro-hardness of heat affected zones was more profound than the rotary speeds.The welding speeds and rotaryspeeds influenced the mechanical properties and their effects on various mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints canbe predicted with the help of regression models.展开更多
This work explains the synergistic contribution of graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)and zirconia ceramic nanoparticles(ZrO2)on the microstructure,mechanical performance and ballistic properties of the alumina(Al2O3)ceramic ...This work explains the synergistic contribution of graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)and zirconia ceramic nanoparticles(ZrO2)on the microstructure,mechanical performance and ballistic properties of the alumina(Al2O3)ceramic hybrid nanocomposites.Over the benchmarked monolithic alumina,the hotpressed hybrid nanocomposite microstructure demonstrated 68%lower grain size due to grain pinning phenomenon by the homogenously distributed reinforcing GNP(0.5 wt%)and zirconia(4 wt%)inclusions.Moreover,the hybrid nanocomposite manifested 155%better fracture toughness(KIC)and 17%higher microhardness as well as 88%superior ballistic trait over the monolithic alumina,respectively.The superior mechanical and ballistic performance of the hybrid nanocomposites was attributed to the combined role of zirconia nanoparticles and GNP nanomaterial in refining the microstructure and inducing idiosyncratic strengthening/toughening mechanisms.Extensive combined electron microscopy revealed complicated physical interlocking of the GNP into the microstructure as well as excellent bonding of the GNP with alumina at their interface in the hybrid nanocomposites.We also probed the efficiency of the pull-out and crack-bridging toughening mechanisms through proven quantitative methods.Based on the information extracted from the in-depth SEM/TEM investigation,we outlined schematic models for understating the reinforcing ability as well as toughening mechanisms in the hybrid nanocomposites and meticulously discussed.The hot-pressed hybrid nanocomposites owning high toughness and hardness may have applications in advanced armor technology.展开更多
To investigate the effect of grain refinement on the material properties of recently developed Al-25 Zn-3 Cu based alloys,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-0.01 Ti,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si and Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si-0.01 Ti alloys we...To investigate the effect of grain refinement on the material properties of recently developed Al-25 Zn-3 Cu based alloys,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-0.01 Ti,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si and Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si-0.01 Ti alloys were produced by permanent mold casting method.Microstructures of the alloys were examined by SEM.Hardness and mechanical properties of the alloys were determined by Brinell method and tensile tests,respectively.Tribological characteristics of the alloys were investigated by a ball-on-disc type test machine.Corrosion properties of the alloys were examined by an electrochemical corrosion experimental setup.It was observed that microstructure of the ternary A1-25 Zn-3 Cu alloy consisted ofα,α+ηandθ(Al2Cu)phases.It was also observed that the addition of 3 wt.%Si to A1-25Zn-3Cu alloy resulted in the formation of silicon particles in its microstructure.The addition of 0.01 wt.%Ti to the Al-25Zn-3Cu and Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si alloys caused a decrement in grain size by approximately 20%and 39%and an increment in hardness from HRB 130 to 137 and from HRB 141 to 156,respectively.Yield strengths of these alloys increased from 278 to 297 MPa and from 320 to 336 MPa while their tensile strengths increased from 317 to 340 MPa and from 334 to 352 MPa.Wear resistance of the alloys increased,but corrosion resistance decreased with titanium addition.展开更多
Magnesium has wide application in industry.The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B4C nanoparticles.The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated usin...Magnesium has wide application in industry.The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B4C nanoparticles.The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0,1.5vol%,3vol%,5vol%,and 10vol%of B4C.Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar(SHB),drop hammer(DH),and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates.The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar,respectively.Results revealed that,to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength,the contents of B4C were 1.5vol%,3vol%,and 3vol%for Instron,DH,and SHB,respectively.These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant,although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable.The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples(compared to pure Mg)varied from 9.9%for DH to 24%for SHB.The dynamic strength of the samples was improved(with respect to pure Mg)by 73%,116%,and 141%for the specimens compacted by Instron,DH,and SHB,respectively.The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms,friction,adiabatic heating,and shock waves.展开更多
The elasticity-based Locally Exact Homogenization Theory(LEHT) is extended to study the mechanical-hygrothermal behaviors of unidirectionally-reinforced composites. Based on the framework developed previously, thermal...The elasticity-based Locally Exact Homogenization Theory(LEHT) is extended to study the mechanical-hygrothermal behaviors of unidirectionally-reinforced composites. Based on the framework developed previously, thermal and moisture effects are incorporated into the LEHT to study the homogenized and localized responses of heterogeneous materials, which are validated using available analytical and numerical techniques. The LEHT programs are then encapsulated as subroutines with Input/Output(I/O) interfaces, to be readily applied in different computational scenarios. In order to illustrate the efficiency of the LEHT, the theory is firstly coupled to the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm in order to minimize the axial thermal expansion mismatch in hexagonal and square fiber arrays by tailoring the fiber volume fraction. The LEHT is then implemented into the lamination theory to study fabrication-induced residual stresses arising during the cool-down process which introduces local laminate stresses owing to thermo-mechanical property mismatch between plies. Both of these applications illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the LEHT in generating effective properties and local stress distributions, making the theory a golden standard in validating other analytical or numerical techniques as well as a reliable tool in composite design and practice for professionals and non-professionals alike.展开更多
In order to determine the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical and wear properties of Zn−40Al−2Cu−2Si alloy,different heat treatments including homogenization followed by air-cooling(H1),homogenization followed ...In order to determine the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical and wear properties of Zn−40Al−2Cu−2Si alloy,different heat treatments including homogenization followed by air-cooling(H1),homogenization followed by furnace-cooling(H2),stabilization(T5)and quench−aging(T6 and T7)were applied.The effects of these heat treatments on the mechanical and tribological properties of the alloy were studied by metallography and,mechanical and wear tests in comparison with SAE 65 bronze.The wear tests were performed using a block on cylinder type test apparatus.The hardness,tensile strength and compressive strength of the alloy increase by the application of H1 and T6 heat treatments,and all the heat treatments except T6,increase its elongation to fracture.H1,T5 and T6 heat treatments cause a reduction in friction coefficient and wear volume of the alloy.However,this alloy exhibits the lowest friction coefficient and wear volume after T6 heat treatment.Therefore,T6 heat treatment appears to be the best process for the lubricated tribological applications of this alloy at a pressure of 14 MPa.However,Zn−40Al−2Cu−2Si alloy in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions shows lower wear loss or higher wear resistance than the bronze.展开更多
The present study aims to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg metal matrix composite,reinforced by 0,1.5,3,5 and 10 vol.%B4C microparticles.Mg−B4C samples were fabricated at 450℃ ...The present study aims to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg metal matrix composite,reinforced by 0,1.5,3,5 and 10 vol.%B4C microparticles.Mg−B4C samples were fabricated at 450℃ and under different loading rates by using split Hopkinson bar(SHB),drop hammer(DH)and Instron(QS)at strain rates of 1600,800 and 0.008 s–1,respectively.The mechanical properties including microhardness,quasi-static and dynamic compressive strengths and wear behavior of samples were experimentally investigated.The results show that,the hardness of SHB and DH samples is obtained to be 20.2%and 5.7%higher than that of the QS sample,respectively.The wear rate and wear mass loss of Mg–10.0%B4C samples fabricated by SHB were determined lower than those of the QS sample by nearly 33%and 39%,respectively.The quasi-static compressive strengths of Mg−5.0%B4C are improved by 39%,30%and 29%for the SHB,DH and QS samples,respectively,in comparison with the case of pure Mg.Furthermore,it is discovered that the dynamic compressive strength of samples is 51%−110%higher than their quasi-static value with respect to the B4C content.展开更多
Tissue engineering is promising to meet the increasing need for bone regeneration. Nanostructured calcium phosphate （CAP） biomaterials/scaffolds are of special interest as they share chemical/crystallographic simila...Tissue engineering is promising to meet the increasing need for bone regeneration. Nanostructured calcium phosphate （CAP） biomaterials/scaffolds are of special interest as they share chemical/crystallographic similarities to inorganic components of bone. Three applications of nano-CaP are discussed in this review： nanostructured calcium phosphate cement （CPC）; nano-CaP composites; and nano-CaP coatings. The interactions between stem cells and nano-CaP are highlighted, including cell attachment, orientation/ morphology, differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration. Several trends can be seen： （i） nano-CaP biomaterials support stem cell attachment/proliferation and induce osteogenic differentiation, in some cases even without osteogenic supplements; （ii） the influence of nano-CaP surface patterns on cell alignment is not prominent due to non-uniform distribution of nano-crystals; （iii） nano-CaP can achieve better bone regeneration than conventional CaP biomaterials; （iv） combining stem cells with nano-CaP accelerates bone regeneration, the effect of which can be further enhanced by growth factors; and （v） cell microencapsulation in nano-CaP scaffolds is promising for bone tissue engineering. These understandings would help researchers to further uncover the underlying mechanisms and interactions in nano-CaP stem cell constructs in vitro and in vivo, tailor nano-CaP composite construct design and stem cell type selection to enhance cell function and bone regeneration, and translate laboratory findings to clinical treatments.展开更多
Cu matrix composite materials reinforced with B4C particle at four different contents(1.5 wt%,3.0 wt%,4.5 wt% and 6.0 wt%) and also CuAl matrix composites with 13 wt% Al reinforced with B4C particle at four different ...Cu matrix composite materials reinforced with B4C particle at four different contents(1.5 wt%,3.0 wt%,4.5 wt% and 6.0 wt%) and also CuAl matrix composites with 13 wt% Al reinforced with B4C particle at four different contents(1.5 wt%,3.0 wt%,4.5 wt% and 6.0 wt%)were fabricated by hot pressing(HP) and a powder metallurgy(PM) process.Experimental samples were produced by keeping them at 880℃ at the constant pressure of 2.3×10~8 Pa for 6 min.The density,microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced samples were examined.The microstructure and phase examinations were carried out by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and optical microscope(OM),energy-dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD) analysis.The hardness measurements,three-point bending test and impact test were conducted to determine the mechanical properties.As a result of the examinations,it was observed that the relative density values decreased with the increasing content of B4C and provided a relatively effective bonding.Moreover,it was homogeneously distributed in the produced specimens.Consequently,there was a considerable increase in the hardness and the bending strength of CuAl matrix specimens with Al addition.展开更多
Through the process analysis of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,we find that cold chain logistics of agricultural products contradict the development model of low-carbon economy to some extent.We apply t...Through the process analysis of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,we find that cold chain logistics of agricultural products contradict the development model of low-carbon economy to some extent.We apply the development idea of low-carbon economy,introduce the thirdparty logistics companies,establish distribution center of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,and strengthen information sharing,to reengineer the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.The results show that applying low-carbon economy to process reengineering of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,has advantages of increasing added value of products,promoting scale merit and abating lag,plays a role in promoting emission reduction,high efficiency and environmental protection in the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.展开更多
文摘The development of modern science and technology has promoted the overlapping and mutual penetration among different disciplines, which led to the technological innovations in the field of mechanical engineering. The mechatronics technology conforms to the law of development of science and technology in today, and combines the mechanical technology and electronic technology together to integrate the logistics, energy flow and information flow. This paper briefly describes the concept of mechatronics and the elements of mechatronics technology, and elaborates on the application of mechatronics technology in three different areas of the Machinery Industry in the form of living examples, finally introduces the future developing direction of mechatronics technology.
文摘This study aims to improve the competence of students of the Department of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia in the subject of Chemical Industry, in particular through the model-based teaching materials CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) in the form of an interactive CD. In particular, the study was carried out for the purposes of: 1) designing and developing models of devices based learning CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) systematically in prototype form, 2) producing an interactive CD as a model learning devices Chemical Industry based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) to improve the competence of students of the Department of Industrial Engineering in Industrial chemistry courses. The benefits of this research are: 1) for the government, the results of this study can be used as a reference in implementing educational policies, especially to enhance the nation’s competitiveness in the era of informatics;and 2) for the Department of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia, the results of this research can be used to enhance learning that can improve the competence of students in the subject of Chemical Industry, which in turn can be passed with high achievement. Products produced in the first year are a design-based teaching materials CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) in prototype form, with the following steps: 1) pre- production which includes needs analysis, identifying and analyzing the needs based on the content of curriculum and learning model based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction), the development of a concept related to Chemical Industry, the development of multimedia content that includes developing materials, animation, and evaluation related to industrial chemicals, gathering material to make the recording sound, shooting, and editing with regard to the development of teaching materials chemical Industry based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction), as well as developing the storyboard as the layout of the multimedia contents by involving experts multimedia;2) production process that includes design/design and conduct of programming a prototype which means at this stage of the design and development of teaching materials based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction);and 3) post-production which includes the evaluation justification experts, conducted trials on stakeholders, being revised based on input from experts, and doing packing and labeling.
文摘This study focused on the production of polypropylene(PP)/silver(Ag)composites via additive manufacturing.This study aimed to enhance the quality of medical-grade PP in material extrusion(MEX)three-dimensional printing(3DP)by improving its mechanical properties while simultaneously adding antibacterial properties.The latter can find extremely important and versatile properties that are applicable in defense and security domains.PP/Ag nanocomposites were prepared using a novel method based on a reaction occurring while mixing appropriate quantities of the starting polymers and additives,namely polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)as the matrix material and silver nitrate(AgNO_(3))as the filler.This process produced three-dimensional(3D)printed filaments,which were then used to create specimens for a series of standardized tests.It was found that the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were enhanced in relation to pristine PP,especially for the PP matrix with various loadings of AgNO_(3)and PVP,such as 5.0 wt%and 2.5 wt%,respectively.The voids,inclusions,and actual-to-nominal dimensions also showed improved results.The 3DP specimens exhibited a more effective biocidal performance against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli,which developed an inhibition zone only in the case of PP with filler loading percentages of AgNO_(3)and PVP at 10.0 wt%and 5.0 wt%,respectively Compounds possessing such properties can be beneficial for various applications requiring increased mechanical properties and biocidal capabilities,such as in the Defence or medical industries.
文摘This study investigated enhancing the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloys for medical applications by incorporating Ti C nanoreinforcements using advanced spark plasma sintering(SPS). The addition of up to 2.5wt% Ti C significantly improved the mechanical properties, including a notable 18.2% increase in hardness(HV 332). Fretting wear tests against 316L stainless steel(SS316L) balls demonstrated a 20wt%–22wt% reduction in wear volume in the Ti6Al4V/Ti C composites compared with the monolithic alloy. Microstructural analysis revealed that Ti C reinforcement controlled the grain orientation and reduced the β-phase content, which contributed to enhanced mechanical properties. The monolithic alloy exhibited a Widmanstätten lamellar microstructure, while increasing the Ti C content modified the wear mechanisms from ploughing and adhesion(0–0.5wt%) to pitting and abrasion(1wt%–2.5wt%). At higher reinforcement levels, the formation of a robust oxide layer through tribo-oxide treatment effectively reduced the wear volume by minimizing the abrasive effects and plastic deformation. This study highlights the potential of SPS-mediated Ti C reinforcement as a transformative approach for improving the performance of Ti6Al4V alloys, paving the way for advanced medical applications.
文摘Magnesium alloys, having high specific strength, with a density only 2/3 of that of aluminum and 1/4 of carbon steels, have become ideal materials for low mass applications such as automobiles and electronic devices. It was dealt with the state of the art in developing cost effective, low mass, high ductility and high creep resistance magnesium alloys that are suitable for structures and power train applications.
文摘In the present research work on TC21 titanium alloy(6.5 Al-3 Mo-1.9 Nb-2.2 Sn-2.2 Zr-1.5 Cr), the effects of cold deformation, solution treatment with different cooling rates and then aging on microstructure, hardness and wear property were investigated. A cold deformation at room temperature with 15% reduction in height was applied on annealed samples. The samples were solution-treated at 920 ℃ for 15 min followed by different cooling rates of water quenching(WQ), air cooling(AC) and furnace cooling(FC) to room temperature. Finally, the samples were aged at 590 ℃ for 4 h. Secondary α-platelets precipitated in residual β-phase in the case of solution-treated samples with AC condition and aged ones. The maximum hardness of HV 470 was obtained for WQ + aging condition due to the presence of high amount of residual β-matrix(69%), while the minimum hardness of HV 328 was reported for FC condition. Aging process after solution treatment can considerably enhance the wear property and this enhancement can reach up to about 122% by applying aging after WQ compared with the annealed samples.
基金funding support providing by King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals through Project (SR161015)。
文摘The effects of thermal treatments on the structure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and in vitro corrosion protection in artificial saliva(AS) were investigated for a newly developed Ti20 Nb13 Zr(TNZ) alloy. XRD and SEM analyses were used for structural and microstructural analysis. The in vitro corrosion properties of the samples were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance techniques up to an immersion time of 168 h. The tribological characteristics were evaluated with a linear reciprocating tribometer. SEM analysis showed that solution treatment and aging influenced the size and distribution of α phase. The air-cooled and aged samples exhibited the highest microhardness and macrohardness, for which the wear resistances were 25% and 30% higher than that of the untreated sample, respectively. The cooling rate significantly influenced the corrosion resistance of the TNZ samples. The treated samples showed a reduced corrosion rate(50%) for long immersion time up to 168 h in AS. The furnace-cooled and aged samples exhibited the highest corrosion resistance after 168 h of immersion in AS. Among the treated samples, the aged sample showed enhanced mechanical properties, wear behavior, and in vitro corrosion resistance in AS.
文摘This paper describes the synthesis of Al7075 metal matrix composites reinforced with SiC, and the characterization of their microstructure and mechanical behavior. The mechanically milled Al7075 micron-sized powder and SiC nanoparticles are dynamically compacted using a drop hammer device. This compaction is performed at different temperatures and for various volume fractions of SiC nanoparticles. The relative density is directly related to the compaction temperature rise and indirectly related to the content of SiC nanoparticle reinforcement, respectively. Furthermore, increasing the amount of SiC nanoparticles improves the strength, stiffness, and hardness of the compacted specimens. The increase in hardness and strength may be attributed to the inherent hardness of the nanoparticles, and other phenomena such as thermal mismatch and crack shielding. Nevertheless, clustering of the nanoparticles at aluminum particle boundaries make these regions become a source of concentrated stress, which reduces the load carrying capacity of the compacted nanocomposite.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia under grant No.(G:30-135-1441).The authors therefore acknowledge with thanks DSR for the technical and financial support.
文摘Nano-sized silicon carbide(SiC:0wt%,1wt%,2wt%,4wt%,and 8wt%)reinforced copper(Cu)matrix nanocomposites were manufactured,pressed,and sintered at 775 and 875℃in an argon atmosphere.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution.The density,thermal expansion,mechanical,and electrical properties were studied.XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content,the microstrain and dislocation density increased,while the crystal size decreased.The coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix.The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure.Moreover,the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures,where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt%SiC and sintered at 875℃were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%^(−1),respectively.The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature.The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity,high thermal stability,and excellent mechanical properties.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51574196)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.20161125002)the “111 Project”(No.B08040)
文摘In this work, a third generation AI-Li alloy has been successfully spot welded with probeless friction stir spot welding （P-FSSW）, which is a variant of conventional friction stir welding. The Box-Behnken exper-imental design in response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to optimize the P-FSSW parameters to attain maximum tensile/shear strength of the spot joints. Results show that an optimal failure load of 7.83 kN was obtained under a dwell time of 7.2 s, rotation speed of 950 rpm and plunge rate of 30 mm/rain. Sufficient dwell time is essential for heat conduction, material flow and expansion of the stir zone to form a sound joint. Two fracture modes were observed, which were significantly affected by hook defect. In addition to mechanical testing, electron backscattering diffraction （EBSD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） were used for microstructure evolution and property analysis. The precipitation of GP zone and AI3Li as well as the ultrafine grains were responsible for the high microhardness in the stir zone.
基金DST Govt.of India for providing financial support through grant No.SR3/S3/MERC/005/2009 to carry out this work
文摘The influence of different welding speeds and rotary speeds on the formation and mechanical properties of friction stirweld joints of armor grade aluminum alloy was presented.The developed weld joints were characterized by bend tests,micro-hardness tests,tensile tests,optical and scanning electron microscopies.Mechanical properties(i.e.,micro-hardness,ultimatetensile strength and elongation to fracture)increased with the increase in rotary speed or decrease in welding speed.The effect ofwelding speed on micro-hardness of heat affected zones was more profound than the rotary speeds.The welding speeds and rotaryspeeds influenced the mechanical properties and their effects on various mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints canbe predicted with the help of regression models.
基金extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this research through the Research Group Project No.RGP283.
文摘This work explains the synergistic contribution of graphene nanoplatelets(GNP)and zirconia ceramic nanoparticles(ZrO2)on the microstructure,mechanical performance and ballistic properties of the alumina(Al2O3)ceramic hybrid nanocomposites.Over the benchmarked monolithic alumina,the hotpressed hybrid nanocomposite microstructure demonstrated 68%lower grain size due to grain pinning phenomenon by the homogenously distributed reinforcing GNP(0.5 wt%)and zirconia(4 wt%)inclusions.Moreover,the hybrid nanocomposite manifested 155%better fracture toughness(KIC)and 17%higher microhardness as well as 88%superior ballistic trait over the monolithic alumina,respectively.The superior mechanical and ballistic performance of the hybrid nanocomposites was attributed to the combined role of zirconia nanoparticles and GNP nanomaterial in refining the microstructure and inducing idiosyncratic strengthening/toughening mechanisms.Extensive combined electron microscopy revealed complicated physical interlocking of the GNP into the microstructure as well as excellent bonding of the GNP with alumina at their interface in the hybrid nanocomposites.We also probed the efficiency of the pull-out and crack-bridging toughening mechanisms through proven quantitative methods.Based on the information extracted from the in-depth SEM/TEM investigation,we outlined schematic models for understating the reinforcing ability as well as toughening mechanisms in the hybrid nanocomposites and meticulously discussed.The hot-pressed hybrid nanocomposites owning high toughness and hardness may have applications in advanced armor technology.
文摘To investigate the effect of grain refinement on the material properties of recently developed Al-25 Zn-3 Cu based alloys,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-0.01 Ti,Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si and Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si-0.01 Ti alloys were produced by permanent mold casting method.Microstructures of the alloys were examined by SEM.Hardness and mechanical properties of the alloys were determined by Brinell method and tensile tests,respectively.Tribological characteristics of the alloys were investigated by a ball-on-disc type test machine.Corrosion properties of the alloys were examined by an electrochemical corrosion experimental setup.It was observed that microstructure of the ternary A1-25 Zn-3 Cu alloy consisted ofα,α+ηandθ(Al2Cu)phases.It was also observed that the addition of 3 wt.%Si to A1-25Zn-3Cu alloy resulted in the formation of silicon particles in its microstructure.The addition of 0.01 wt.%Ti to the Al-25Zn-3Cu and Al-25 Zn-3 Cu-3 Si alloys caused a decrement in grain size by approximately 20%and 39%and an increment in hardness from HRB 130 to 137 and from HRB 141 to 156,respectively.Yield strengths of these alloys increased from 278 to 297 MPa and from 320 to 336 MPa while their tensile strengths increased from 317 to 340 MPa and from 334 to 352 MPa.Wear resistance of the alloys increased,but corrosion resistance decreased with titanium addition.
文摘Magnesium has wide application in industry.The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B4C nanoparticles.The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0,1.5vol%,3vol%,5vol%,and 10vol%of B4C.Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar(SHB),drop hammer(DH),and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates.The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar,respectively.Results revealed that,to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength,the contents of B4C were 1.5vol%,3vol%,and 3vol%for Instron,DH,and SHB,respectively.These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant,although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable.The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples(compared to pure Mg)varied from 9.9%for DH to 24%for SHB.The dynamic strength of the samples was improved(with respect to pure Mg)by 73%,116%,and 141%for the specimens compacted by Instron,DH,and SHB,respectively.The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms,friction,adiabatic heating,and shock waves.
文摘The elasticity-based Locally Exact Homogenization Theory(LEHT) is extended to study the mechanical-hygrothermal behaviors of unidirectionally-reinforced composites. Based on the framework developed previously, thermal and moisture effects are incorporated into the LEHT to study the homogenized and localized responses of heterogeneous materials, which are validated using available analytical and numerical techniques. The LEHT programs are then encapsulated as subroutines with Input/Output(I/O) interfaces, to be readily applied in different computational scenarios. In order to illustrate the efficiency of the LEHT, the theory is firstly coupled to the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm in order to minimize the axial thermal expansion mismatch in hexagonal and square fiber arrays by tailoring the fiber volume fraction. The LEHT is then implemented into the lamination theory to study fabrication-induced residual stresses arising during the cool-down process which introduces local laminate stresses owing to thermo-mechanical property mismatch between plies. Both of these applications illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the LEHT in generating effective properties and local stress distributions, making the theory a golden standard in validating other analytical or numerical techniques as well as a reliable tool in composite design and practice for professionals and non-professionals alike.
基金This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Karadeniz Technical University,Turkey(No.2008.112.03.1).
文摘In order to determine the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical and wear properties of Zn−40Al−2Cu−2Si alloy,different heat treatments including homogenization followed by air-cooling(H1),homogenization followed by furnace-cooling(H2),stabilization(T5)and quench−aging(T6 and T7)were applied.The effects of these heat treatments on the mechanical and tribological properties of the alloy were studied by metallography and,mechanical and wear tests in comparison with SAE 65 bronze.The wear tests were performed using a block on cylinder type test apparatus.The hardness,tensile strength and compressive strength of the alloy increase by the application of H1 and T6 heat treatments,and all the heat treatments except T6,increase its elongation to fracture.H1,T5 and T6 heat treatments cause a reduction in friction coefficient and wear volume of the alloy.However,this alloy exhibits the lowest friction coefficient and wear volume after T6 heat treatment.Therefore,T6 heat treatment appears to be the best process for the lubricated tribological applications of this alloy at a pressure of 14 MPa.However,Zn−40Al−2Cu−2Si alloy in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions shows lower wear loss or higher wear resistance than the bronze.
文摘The present study aims to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg metal matrix composite,reinforced by 0,1.5,3,5 and 10 vol.%B4C microparticles.Mg−B4C samples were fabricated at 450℃ and under different loading rates by using split Hopkinson bar(SHB),drop hammer(DH)and Instron(QS)at strain rates of 1600,800 and 0.008 s–1,respectively.The mechanical properties including microhardness,quasi-static and dynamic compressive strengths and wear behavior of samples were experimentally investigated.The results show that,the hardness of SHB and DH samples is obtained to be 20.2%and 5.7%higher than that of the QS sample,respectively.The wear rate and wear mass loss of Mg–10.0%B4C samples fabricated by SHB were determined lower than those of the QS sample by nearly 33%and 39%,respectively.The quasi-static compressive strengths of Mg−5.0%B4C are improved by 39%,30%and 29%for the SHB,DH and QS samples,respectively,in comparison with the case of pure Mg.Furthermore,it is discovered that the dynamic compressive strength of samples is 51%−110%higher than their quasi-static value with respect to the B4C content.
基金supported by NIH R01 DE14190 and R21 DE22625 (HX)National Science Foundation of China 31100695 and 31328008 (LZ), 81401794 (PW)Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund and University of Maryland School of Dentistry
文摘Tissue engineering is promising to meet the increasing need for bone regeneration. Nanostructured calcium phosphate （CAP） biomaterials/scaffolds are of special interest as they share chemical/crystallographic similarities to inorganic components of bone. Three applications of nano-CaP are discussed in this review： nanostructured calcium phosphate cement （CPC）; nano-CaP composites; and nano-CaP coatings. The interactions between stem cells and nano-CaP are highlighted, including cell attachment, orientation/ morphology, differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration. Several trends can be seen： （i） nano-CaP biomaterials support stem cell attachment/proliferation and induce osteogenic differentiation, in some cases even without osteogenic supplements; （ii） the influence of nano-CaP surface patterns on cell alignment is not prominent due to non-uniform distribution of nano-crystals; （iii） nano-CaP can achieve better bone regeneration than conventional CaP biomaterials; （iv） combining stem cells with nano-CaP accelerates bone regeneration, the effect of which can be further enhanced by growth factors; and （v） cell microencapsulation in nano-CaP scaffolds is promising for bone tissue engineering. These understandings would help researchers to further uncover the underlying mechanisms and interactions in nano-CaP stem cell constructs in vitro and in vivo, tailor nano-CaP composite construct design and stem cell type selection to enhance cell function and bone regeneration, and translate laboratory findings to clinical treatments.
基金financially supported by the Bingol University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (No.BAP-SBF.2017.00.001)
文摘Cu matrix composite materials reinforced with B4C particle at four different contents(1.5 wt%,3.0 wt%,4.5 wt% and 6.0 wt%) and also CuAl matrix composites with 13 wt% Al reinforced with B4C particle at four different contents(1.5 wt%,3.0 wt%,4.5 wt% and 6.0 wt%)were fabricated by hot pressing(HP) and a powder metallurgy(PM) process.Experimental samples were produced by keeping them at 880℃ at the constant pressure of 2.3×10~8 Pa for 6 min.The density,microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced samples were examined.The microstructure and phase examinations were carried out by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and optical microscope(OM),energy-dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD) analysis.The hardness measurements,three-point bending test and impact test were conducted to determine the mechanical properties.As a result of the examinations,it was observed that the relative density values decreased with the increasing content of B4C and provided a relatively effective bonding.Moreover,it was homogeneously distributed in the produced specimens.Consequently,there was a considerable increase in the hardness and the bending strength of CuAl matrix specimens with Al addition.
文摘Through the process analysis of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,we find that cold chain logistics of agricultural products contradict the development model of low-carbon economy to some extent.We apply the development idea of low-carbon economy,introduce the thirdparty logistics companies,establish distribution center of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,and strengthen information sharing,to reengineer the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.The results show that applying low-carbon economy to process reengineering of cold chain logistics of agricultural products,has advantages of increasing added value of products,promoting scale merit and abating lag,plays a role in promoting emission reduction,high efficiency and environmental protection in the process of cold chain logistics of agricultural products in China.
