The global climate change and ocean acidification brought about by the anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide gas into the air is considered one of the greatest problems facing marine life.In this research,the intera...The global climate change and ocean acidification brought about by the anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide gas into the air is considered one of the greatest problems facing marine life.In this research,the interactions between two species of fish(the gold mollies and tiger barb)were investigated under two different environmental conditions,an elevated temperature of 28°C and a low pH of 5 and a normal pH of 7 and a normal temperature of 24°C.The mollies at pH 7 and a temperature of 24°C exhibited scary interactions with the tiger barb.They were scared and ran fast away from the tiger barb.At the same time,the mollies at pH 5 and a temperature of 28°C interacted normally as though both species were one species showing behavioral changes due to these two stressors(pH 5 and elevated temperature 28°C).This could be the only research that has addressed how the kinematics and swimming interactions of two species of fish changed in response to elevated temperature and low pH.展开更多
Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation a...Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation and not just real for experience. Given one and two-sided inferences, the conditions of their functional relation will be consistent within a square of opposition; for contraries, contradictions and sub-contraries in a way that probability theory is not. Within this model of inferences, the two-sided concept of inferences will also have a modal value for its relation to the one-sided concept of inferences. Proposing that empirical, formal, speculative, and an Intuitionist Speculative understanding of logic will have a modal identity within a dialectical principle.展开更多
Modification to Newton gravitational interaction is presented. It provides an understanding of a novel universal gravitational field of particle origin that defines alternative attributes to elementary constituents of...Modification to Newton gravitational interaction is presented. It provides an understanding of a novel universal gravitational field of particle origin that defines alternative attributes to elementary constituents of matter particles and the gravitational interactions between them. It investigates gravitational relationship between two types of mass. The model assigns Coulombic gravitational interaction to DM particles and baryons by attributing self-antigravity to both normal matter and dark matter (DM). It defines the interaction as like particles repel while unlike particles attract. Metal-like force is proposed where same type mass (baryons) are gravitationally attracted to each other when a sea of DM particles are attracted to them and glue them together analogous to a metal bond. At close range, other dominant forces take place such as electromagnetic force. In light of this model, intergalactic self-repulsive DM particles are proposed to result in accelerating expansion of the universe. The model produces flat rotational curves for spiral galaxies and provides a physical explanation to MOND theory.展开更多
The research has been conducted to analyze the distribution of underground water physical parameters of the housing around Asahan Indah palm oil factory area Rokan Hulu District with radial method within ±300 met...The research has been conducted to analyze the distribution of underground water physical parameters of the housing around Asahan Indah palm oil factory area Rokan Hulu District with radial method within ±300 meters radius from the factory location. The levels of underground water physical parameters include conductivity, resistivity, and salinity measured based on coordinate points amounted of 50 points. The data obtained from the measurement results were then inputted into “surfer 11” software to be processed in order to obtain the contour map of underground water physical parameters level. The results of this research indicated that the highest conductivity level came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth;it was 0.0964 (1/ohm·m) exceeded the standard threshold of underground water quality standard and the lowest conductivity was 0.00342 (1/ohm·m) which came from a ring well type with 10 meter depth. The lowest resistivity level was 10.37 ohm·m which came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth and the highest was 292.4 ohm·m which came from the ring well with 10 meter depth. The highest salinity level was 448 mg/l which exceeded the baseline threshold of underground water quality which came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth and the lowest was 175 mg/l from the ring well with 10 meter depth. The results of this research found that underground water in wells with 5 meters depth has been polluted with palm oil waste and at the depth of 10 meters, it has not been contaminated.展开更多
Soil degradation is a phenomenon of land subsidence caused by humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative models of soil porosity. The method used in this research was to measure ground resista...Soil degradation is a phenomenon of land subsidence caused by humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative models of soil porosity. The method used in this research was to measure ground resistance, and determine the value of soil resistivity. Soil porosity was determined by determining the value of the soil volume weight, density of particles, subsequently determined porosity value of land. Based on the research, it has been found quantitative models for the relationship between soil porosity and soil resistivity.展开更多
In the current time there is an important problem that is for a received linear or nonlinear binary sequence{z_(n)}how we can find the nonlinear feedback shift register and its linear equivalent which generate this se...In the current time there is an important problem that is for a received linear or nonlinear binary sequence{z_(n)}how we can find the nonlinear feedback shift register and its linear equivalent which generate this sequence.The linear orthogonal sequences,special M-Sequences,play a big role in these methods for solving this problem.In the current research trying give illuminations about the methods which are very useful for solving this problem under short sequences,and study these methods for finding the nonlinear feedback shift register of a multiplication sequence and its linear equivalent feedback shift register of a received multiplication binary sequence{z_(n)}where the multiplication on h degrees of a binary linear sequence{a_(n)},or finding the equivalent linear feedback shift register of{z_(n)},where the sequence{z_(n)}of the form M-sequence,and these methods are very effectively.We can extend these methods for the large sequences using programming and modern computers with large memory.展开更多
Although bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)initially showed effective induction of ectopic bone growth in muscle,it has since been determined that these proteins,as members of the TGF-b superfamily,play a diverse and c...Although bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)initially showed effective induction of ectopic bone growth in muscle,it has since been determined that these proteins,as members of the TGF-b superfamily,play a diverse and critical array of biological roles.These roles include regulating skeletal and bone formation,angiogenesis,and development and homeostasis of multiple organ systems.Disruptions of the members of the TGF-b/BMP superfamily result in severe skeletal and extra-skeletal irregularities,suggesting high therapeutic potential from understanding this family of BMP proteins.Although it was once one of the least characterized BMPs,BMP9 has revealed itself to have the highest osteogenic potential across numerous experiments both in vitro and in vivo,with recent studies suggesting that the exceptional potency of BMP9 may result from unique signaling pathways that differentiate it from other BMPs.The effectiveness of BMP9 in inducing bone formation was recently revealed in promising experiments that demonstrated efficacy in the repair of critical sized cranial defects as well as compatibility with bone-inducing bio-implants,revealing the great translational promise of BMP9.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that,besides its osteogenic activity,BMP9 exerts a broad range of biological functions,including stem cell differentiation,angiogenesis,neurogenesis,tumorigenesis,and metabolism.This review aims to summarize our current understanding of BMP9 across biology and the body.展开更多
We proposed a compact design of an optical biochemical sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI）, which was coupled by a ring resonator （RR） as a sensing tool. The sensor sensitivity has been determine...We proposed a compact design of an optical biochemical sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI）, which was coupled by a ring resonator （RR） as a sensing tool. The sensor sensitivity has been determined by power difference at the output ports. The sensor enhancement has been optimized by numerically evaluating the geometrical parameters of the MZ! and RR. A great sensor sensitivity depicted by Fano resonance characteristic has been demonstrated as a function of the round trip phase in the range of 4×10^-4 - 4×10^-4, which was changed by the presence of the sample solution in the sensing area. This optimum sensitivity has been obtained for the values of two coupling coefficients of the MZI k1 =k2 =0.5/mm and the coupling coefficient between the MZI arm and RR KR = 0.5/ram. Furthermore, a good profile of sensitivity exchange has been exhibited by inducing the direct current voltage to the coupling region of k R. Finally, the output power transmission of the ring-coupled arm was depicted as a function of tunable k R.展开更多
Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions fo...Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant-microbe interactions. Here, we selected Ps Avr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered Ps Avr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin(constitutive expression), Ps XEG1(early expression), and Ps NLP1(later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. Ps Avr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all R the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low Ps Avr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the Ps Avr3b expression level, we conducted RNA-sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes,including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine-tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global society and human life profoundly.Many countries have launched COVID-19 mobile apps with a wide range in how these apps work.While it is hoped that these apps can assist i...The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global society and human life profoundly.Many countries have launched COVID-19 mobile apps with a wide range in how these apps work.While it is hoped that these apps can assist in the fight against COVID-19,many are worried about user privacy.China implemented“health code”systems,which assigned neighborhoods and citizens a specific health code,meant to indicate their risk of having been exposed to COVID-19.The most widely used health code systems were hosted on the popular apps WeChat and Alipay,each with billions of users.Some experts argued that China’s use of mobile applications was essential to its successful combat against COVID-19.Included in this study are a summary of mobile technology usage in China,a review of previous studies of mobile technology in healthcare,and a brief survey of some existing mobile applications for COVID-19 that were imple-mented.Also included are outcomes of interviews with healthcare and public safety experts and a public survey to understand how mobile applications were used in China’s response to COVID-19.The interviews revealed four important themes:personal privacy,community involvement,government involvement,and situational speci-ficity.It was found that a key concern was maintaining a balance between collecting and utilizing personal information,as well as protecting this information.In addition,close collaboration between local communities and the national government was essential.Mobile applications assisted in communication and coordination but did not replace the work of people such as delivery drivers and contact tracers.Our results also showed that there was room for improvement,especially accessibility for the elderly or those unfamiliar with technology.Similar results were obtained from our survey.It was interesting to find that the apps were mostly used for“accessing information on COVID-19.”In addition,respondents overwhelmingly identified“information”as the most valuable feature of COVID-19 apps.Both interview and survey results revealed the importance of providing information as a primary function of COVID-19 apps.Based on our findings we distilled four main lessons:mobile applications should assist in existing COVID-19 responses,inform users,protect users’personal information,and adapt to users’environments.We recommend that public health officials and app developers take these lessons into consideration when de-veloping COVID-19 related mobile applications.In addition,we encourage researchers to utilize this report as a jumping offpoint for further research.展开更多
文摘The global climate change and ocean acidification brought about by the anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide gas into the air is considered one of the greatest problems facing marine life.In this research,the interactions between two species of fish(the gold mollies and tiger barb)were investigated under two different environmental conditions,an elevated temperature of 28°C and a low pH of 5 and a normal pH of 7 and a normal temperature of 24°C.The mollies at pH 7 and a temperature of 24°C exhibited scary interactions with the tiger barb.They were scared and ran fast away from the tiger barb.At the same time,the mollies at pH 5 and a temperature of 28°C interacted normally as though both species were one species showing behavioral changes due to these two stressors(pH 5 and elevated temperature 28°C).This could be the only research that has addressed how the kinematics and swimming interactions of two species of fish changed in response to elevated temperature and low pH.
文摘Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation and not just real for experience. Given one and two-sided inferences, the conditions of their functional relation will be consistent within a square of opposition; for contraries, contradictions and sub-contraries in a way that probability theory is not. Within this model of inferences, the two-sided concept of inferences will also have a modal value for its relation to the one-sided concept of inferences. Proposing that empirical, formal, speculative, and an Intuitionist Speculative understanding of logic will have a modal identity within a dialectical principle.
文摘Modification to Newton gravitational interaction is presented. It provides an understanding of a novel universal gravitational field of particle origin that defines alternative attributes to elementary constituents of matter particles and the gravitational interactions between them. It investigates gravitational relationship between two types of mass. The model assigns Coulombic gravitational interaction to DM particles and baryons by attributing self-antigravity to both normal matter and dark matter (DM). It defines the interaction as like particles repel while unlike particles attract. Metal-like force is proposed where same type mass (baryons) are gravitationally attracted to each other when a sea of DM particles are attracted to them and glue them together analogous to a metal bond. At close range, other dominant forces take place such as electromagnetic force. In light of this model, intergalactic self-repulsive DM particles are proposed to result in accelerating expansion of the universe. The model produces flat rotational curves for spiral galaxies and provides a physical explanation to MOND theory.
文摘The research has been conducted to analyze the distribution of underground water physical parameters of the housing around Asahan Indah palm oil factory area Rokan Hulu District with radial method within ±300 meters radius from the factory location. The levels of underground water physical parameters include conductivity, resistivity, and salinity measured based on coordinate points amounted of 50 points. The data obtained from the measurement results were then inputted into “surfer 11” software to be processed in order to obtain the contour map of underground water physical parameters level. The results of this research indicated that the highest conductivity level came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth;it was 0.0964 (1/ohm·m) exceeded the standard threshold of underground water quality standard and the lowest conductivity was 0.00342 (1/ohm·m) which came from a ring well type with 10 meter depth. The lowest resistivity level was 10.37 ohm·m which came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth and the highest was 292.4 ohm·m which came from the ring well with 10 meter depth. The highest salinity level was 448 mg/l which exceeded the baseline threshold of underground water quality which came from the ring well type with 5 meter depth and the lowest was 175 mg/l from the ring well with 10 meter depth. The results of this research found that underground water in wells with 5 meters depth has been polluted with palm oil waste and at the depth of 10 meters, it has not been contaminated.
文摘Soil degradation is a phenomenon of land subsidence caused by humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative models of soil porosity. The method used in this research was to measure ground resistance, and determine the value of soil resistivity. Soil porosity was determined by determining the value of the soil volume weight, density of particles, subsequently determined porosity value of land. Based on the research, it has been found quantitative models for the relationship between soil porosity and soil resistivity.
文摘In the current time there is an important problem that is for a received linear or nonlinear binary sequence{z_(n)}how we can find the nonlinear feedback shift register and its linear equivalent which generate this sequence.The linear orthogonal sequences,special M-Sequences,play a big role in these methods for solving this problem.In the current research trying give illuminations about the methods which are very useful for solving this problem under short sequences,and study these methods for finding the nonlinear feedback shift register of a multiplication sequence and its linear equivalent feedback shift register of a received multiplication binary sequence{z_(n)}where the multiplication on h degrees of a binary linear sequence{a_(n)},or finding the equivalent linear feedback shift register of{z_(n)},where the sequence{z_(n)}of the form M-sequence,and these methods are very effectively.We can extend these methods for the large sequences using programming and modern computers with large memory.
基金The reported work was supported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health(CA226303,DE020140 to TCH and RRR)the U.S.Department of Defense(OR130096 to JMW)+5 种基金the Scoliosis Research Society(TCH and MJL)the Scoliosis Research Society(TCH and MJL)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1000803 and 2011CB707906).This project was also supported in part by The University of Chicago Cancer Center Support Grant(P30CA014599)and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health through Grant Number UL1 TR000430.SM and MP were supported by the Summer Research Program of The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine.TCH was also supported by the Mabel Green Myers Research Endowment Fund and The University of Chicago Orthopaedic Alumni Fund.Funding sources were not involved in the study designin the collection,analysis and interpretation of datain the writing of the reportand in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
文摘Although bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)initially showed effective induction of ectopic bone growth in muscle,it has since been determined that these proteins,as members of the TGF-b superfamily,play a diverse and critical array of biological roles.These roles include regulating skeletal and bone formation,angiogenesis,and development and homeostasis of multiple organ systems.Disruptions of the members of the TGF-b/BMP superfamily result in severe skeletal and extra-skeletal irregularities,suggesting high therapeutic potential from understanding this family of BMP proteins.Although it was once one of the least characterized BMPs,BMP9 has revealed itself to have the highest osteogenic potential across numerous experiments both in vitro and in vivo,with recent studies suggesting that the exceptional potency of BMP9 may result from unique signaling pathways that differentiate it from other BMPs.The effectiveness of BMP9 in inducing bone formation was recently revealed in promising experiments that demonstrated efficacy in the repair of critical sized cranial defects as well as compatibility with bone-inducing bio-implants,revealing the great translational promise of BMP9.Furthermore,emerging evidence indicates that,besides its osteogenic activity,BMP9 exerts a broad range of biological functions,including stem cell differentiation,angiogenesis,neurogenesis,tumorigenesis,and metabolism.This review aims to summarize our current understanding of BMP9 across biology and the body.
文摘We proposed a compact design of an optical biochemical sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI）, which was coupled by a ring resonator （RR） as a sensing tool. The sensor sensitivity has been determined by power difference at the output ports. The sensor enhancement has been optimized by numerically evaluating the geometrical parameters of the MZ! and RR. A great sensor sensitivity depicted by Fano resonance characteristic has been demonstrated as a function of the round trip phase in the range of 4×10^-4 - 4×10^-4, which was changed by the presence of the sample solution in the sensing area. This optimum sensitivity has been obtained for the values of two coupling coefficients of the MZI k1 =k2 =0.5/mm and the coupling coefficient between the MZI arm and RR KR = 0.5/ram. Furthermore, a good profile of sensitivity exchange has been exhibited by inducing the direct current voltage to the coupling region of k R. Finally, the output power transmission of the ring-coupled arm was depicted as a function of tunable k R.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772144,31721004)。
文摘Pathogen avirulence(Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance(R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant-microbe interactions. Here, we selected Ps Avr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered Ps Avr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin(constitutive expression), Ps XEG1(early expression), and Ps NLP1(later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. Ps Avr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all R the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low Ps Avr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the Ps Avr3b expression level, we conducted RNA-sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes,including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine-tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global society and human life profoundly.Many countries have launched COVID-19 mobile apps with a wide range in how these apps work.While it is hoped that these apps can assist in the fight against COVID-19,many are worried about user privacy.China implemented“health code”systems,which assigned neighborhoods and citizens a specific health code,meant to indicate their risk of having been exposed to COVID-19.The most widely used health code systems were hosted on the popular apps WeChat and Alipay,each with billions of users.Some experts argued that China’s use of mobile applications was essential to its successful combat against COVID-19.Included in this study are a summary of mobile technology usage in China,a review of previous studies of mobile technology in healthcare,and a brief survey of some existing mobile applications for COVID-19 that were imple-mented.Also included are outcomes of interviews with healthcare and public safety experts and a public survey to understand how mobile applications were used in China’s response to COVID-19.The interviews revealed four important themes:personal privacy,community involvement,government involvement,and situational speci-ficity.It was found that a key concern was maintaining a balance between collecting and utilizing personal information,as well as protecting this information.In addition,close collaboration between local communities and the national government was essential.Mobile applications assisted in communication and coordination but did not replace the work of people such as delivery drivers and contact tracers.Our results also showed that there was room for improvement,especially accessibility for the elderly or those unfamiliar with technology.Similar results were obtained from our survey.It was interesting to find that the apps were mostly used for“accessing information on COVID-19.”In addition,respondents overwhelmingly identified“information”as the most valuable feature of COVID-19 apps.Both interview and survey results revealed the importance of providing information as a primary function of COVID-19 apps.Based on our findings we distilled four main lessons:mobile applications should assist in existing COVID-19 responses,inform users,protect users’personal information,and adapt to users’environments.We recommend that public health officials and app developers take these lessons into consideration when de-veloping COVID-19 related mobile applications.In addition,we encourage researchers to utilize this report as a jumping offpoint for further research.
