In the past decades,ion conductive polymers and elastomers have drawn worldwide attention for their advanced functions in batteries,electroactive soft robotics,and sensors.Stretchable ionic elastomers with dispersed s...In the past decades,ion conductive polymers and elastomers have drawn worldwide attention for their advanced functions in batteries,electroactive soft robotics,and sensors.Stretchable ionic elastomers with dispersed soft ionic moieties such as ionic liquids have gained remarkable attention as soft sensors,in applications such as the wearable devices that are often called electric skins.A considerable amount of research has been done on ionic-elastomer-based strain,pressure,and shear sensors;however,to the best of our knowledge,this research has not yet been reviewed.In this review,we summarize the materials and performance properties of engineered ionic elastomer actuators and sensors.First,we review three classes of ionic elastomer actuators—namely,ionic polymer metal composites,ionic conducting polymers,and ionic polymer/carbon nanocomposites—and provide perspectives for future actuators,such as adaptive four-dimensional(4D)printed systems and ionic liquid crystal elastomers(iLCEs).Next,we review the state of the art of ionic elastomeric strain and pressure sensors.We also discuss future wearable strain sensors for biomechanical applications and sports performance tracking.Finally,we present the preliminary results of iLCE sensors based on flexoelectric signals and their amplification by integrating them with organic electrochemical transistors.展开更多
This paper presents a study of the relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of nanocomposite Ni/MnO, Ni/CoO, Co/MnO, Co/CoO. The objective is to understand how the coupling interface FM/AFM （fe...This paper presents a study of the relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of nanocomposite Ni/MnO, Ni/CoO, Co/MnO, Co/CoO. The objective is to understand how the coupling interface FM/AFM （ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic） manifests itself in magnetic response of these materials to an applied field. Sample preparation was performed using mechanochemical synthesis by means of a ball mill planetary type high power at normal atmosphere. The characterization was done by XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and VSM （vibrating sample magnetometry）. Analyzing the XRD peaks of the samples studied, there was a decrease in the average particle diameter with increasing milling time, which is important in the magnetic interactions of the atoms of the surface. In addition, the diffraction pattern showed formation of new phases by oxidation interfering with the magnetic measurements. Analyses by SEM show chipboard multiform nano- and micrometer-sized grains on the surface of the clusters being responsible for the interaction. The magnetic measurements show a strong coupling between the phases present in nanocomposites showing once again that the MS （mechanosynthesis） is a powerful technique for this kind of purpose. The effect of the decrease in crystallite size leads to large variations of magnetic properties of the material which have been specifically observed changes in HC （coercive field） in the RM （remanent magnetization） and SM （saturation magnetization）. The decrease in crystallite size in the course of grinding intensifies the effects that depend on the surface-to-volume ratio of the material. M vs. T measures were taken for different values of applied field and found a jump in the moment of the sample near the N6el temperature of the antiferromagnetic.展开更多
A new concentrated ternary salt ether-based electrolyte enables stable cycling of lithium metal battery(LMB)cells with high-mass-loading(13.8 mg cm^(−2),2.5 mAh cm^(−2))NMC622(LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2))cathodes ...A new concentrated ternary salt ether-based electrolyte enables stable cycling of lithium metal battery(LMB)cells with high-mass-loading(13.8 mg cm^(−2),2.5 mAh cm^(−2))NMC622(LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2))cathodes and 50μm Li anodes.Termed“CETHER-3,”this electrolyte is based on LiTFSI,LiDFOB,and LiBF4 with 5 vol%fluorinated ethylene carbonate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane.Commer-cial carbonate and state-of-the-art binary salt ether electrolytes were also tested as baselines.With CETHER-3,the electrochemical performance of the full-cell battery is among the most favorably reported in terms of high-voltage cycling stability.For example,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(1-x-y)O_(2)(NMC)-Li metal cells retain 80%capacity at 430 cycles with a 4.4 V cut-off and 83%capacity at 100 cycles with a 4.5 V cut-off(charge at C/5,discharge at C/2).According to simulation by density functional theory and molecular dynamics,this favorable performance is an outcome of enhanced coordination between Li^(+)and the solvent/salt molecules.Combining advanced microscopy(high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy)and surface science(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,time-of-fight secondary ion mass spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy),it is demonstrated that a thinner and more stable cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are formed.The CEI is rich in lithium sulfide(Li_(2)SO_(3)),while the SEI is rich in Li_(3)N and LiF.During cycling,the CEI/SEI suppresses both the deleterious transformation of the cathode R-3m layered near-surface structure into disordered rock salt and the growth of lithium metal dendrites.展开更多
Subwavelength manipulation of light waves with high precision can enable new and exciting applications in spectroscopy,sensing,and medical imaging.For these applications,miniaturized spectrometers are desirable to ena...Subwavelength manipulation of light waves with high precision can enable new and exciting applications in spectroscopy,sensing,and medical imaging.For these applications,miniaturized spectrometers are desirable to enable the on-chip analysis of spectral information.In particular,for imaging-based spectroscopic sensing mechanisms,the key challenge is to determine the spatial-shift information accurately(i.e.,the spatial displacement introduced by wavelength shift or biological or chemical surface binding),which is similar to the challenge presented by super-resolution imaging.Here,we report a unique"rainbow"trapping metasurface for on-chip spectrometers and sensors.Combined with super-resolution image processing,the low-setting 4×optical microscope system resolves a displacement of the resonant position within 35 nm on the plasmonic rainbow trapping metasurface with a tiny area as small as0.002 mm2.This unique feature of the spatial manipulation of efficiently coupled rainbow plasmonic resonances reveals a new platform for miniaturized on-chip spectroscopic analysis with a spectral resolution of 0.032 nm in wavelength shift.Using this low-setting 4×microscope imaging system,we demonstrate a biosensing resolution of 1.92×109exosomes per milliliter for A549-derived exosomes and distinguish between patient samples and healthy controls using exosomal epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)expression values,thereby demonstrating a new on-chip sensing system for personalized accurate bio/chemical sensing applications.展开更多
Modulating healing factors could avoid or minimize some possible pathological processes in collagen deposition. The present study was aimed to evaluated the role of active biomolecules such as PDGF-BB and PRP loaded o...Modulating healing factors could avoid or minimize some possible pathological processes in collagen deposition. The present study was aimed to evaluated the role of active biomolecules such as PDGF-BB and PRP loaded or not into polymeric biomaterial to seek potential mediators in types I and III collagen deposition and epithelization. The healing phases were investigated by using an in vivo full-thickness wound rat model. At zero, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> days after the experimental model, the size of the wound areas was photographed. The nanofibrous materials were biocompatible and did not cause any local adverse reaction and/or inflammation. On day 14 the wounds had healed almost 100% with better signs of healing, however there was no obvious difference in the wound contraction rates. At the end of 14 days, samples from the center of the lesion were collected when histological features and immunopositivity for collagen I and III expressions were assessed. There was no significant difference in the epithelization among the groups. Wounds treated with PRP and with PA-6/SOMA plus PDGF-BB had significantly lower amounts of type III collagen. The amounts of type I collagen did not have a statistically different deposition among the experimental groups. The association of PDGF-BB with PA-6/SOMA emerges as an alternative for topical application to unfavorable anatomical sites, suggesting that these associations may have a positive modulation on the process of accelerated healing remodeling.展开更多
Multifunctional yolk/shell-structured hybrid nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest as theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and therapy. However, because of the lack of suitable surface engineering a...Multifunctional yolk/shell-structured hybrid nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest as theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and therapy. However, because of the lack of suitable surface engineering and tumor targeting strategies, previous research has focused mainly on nanostructure design and synthesis with few successful examples showing active tumor targeting after systemic administration. In this study, we report the general synthetic strategy of chelator-free zirconium-89 （89Zr）-radiolabeled, TRC105 antibody-conjugated, silica-based yolk/sheU hybrid nanopartides for in vivo tumor vasculature targeting. Three types of inorganic nanoparticles with varying morphologies and sizes were selected as the internal cores, which were encapsulated into single hollow mesoporous silica nanosheUs to form the yolk/sheU-structured hybrid nanopartides. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated successful surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol, TRC105 antibody （specific for CD105/endoglin）, and ~Zr （a positron-emitting radioisotope）, and enhanced in vivo tumor vasculature-targeted positron emission tomography imaging in 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice. This strategy could be applied to the synthesis of other types of yolk/shell theranostic nanoparticles for tumor- targeted imaging and drug delivery.展开更多
This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intellige...This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.展开更多
As future soft robotic devices necessitate a level of complexity surpassing current standards,a new design approach is needed that integrates multiple systems necessary to synchronize the motions of soft actuators and...As future soft robotic devices necessitate a level of complexity surpassing current standards,a new design approach is needed that integrates multiple systems necessary to synchronize the motions of soft actuators and the response of signals,thereby enhancing the intelligence of flexible devices.Herein,we propose a liquid crystal elastomer unit cell-based platform that organizes the cells in a group to create expandable functions.One unit cell behaves like a flexible module that can expand biaxially into a specific,stable,and controllable pattern.Collaborating the unit cells in different manners results in an adaptable soft grasper,a half-adder for information processing,and a tunable phononic bandgap.This implies a high level of reconfigurability and scalability in both structures and functions by elegantly reassembling the unit cells.This design strategy has the potential to integrate multiple functions that traditional soft actuators cannot accommodate,providing a platform for developing intelligent soft robotics.展开更多
The microenvironment of immunosuppression and low immunogenicity of tumor cells has led to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of the currently developed nanoplatforms.Immunogenic cell death,such as pyroptosis and ferr...The microenvironment of immunosuppression and low immunogenicity of tumor cells has led to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of the currently developed nanoplatforms.Immunogenic cell death,such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis,can efficiently boost antitumor immunity.However,the exploration of nanoplatform for dual function inducers and combined immune activators that simultaneously trigger pyroptosis and ferroptosis remains limited.Herein,a multifunctional pH-responsive theranostic nanoplatform(M@P)is designed and constructed by self-assembly of aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer MTCN-3 and immunoadjuvant Poly(l:C),which are further encapsulated in amphiphilic polymers.This nanoplatform is found to have the characteristics of cancer cell targeting,pH response,near-infrared fluorescence imaging,and lysosome targeting.Therefore,after targeting lysosomes,M@P can cause lysosome dysfunction through the generation of reactive oxygen species and heat under light irradiation,triggering pyroptosis and ferroptosis of tumor cells,achieving immunogenic cell death,and further enhancing immunotherapy through the combined effect with the immunoadjuvant Poly(I:C).The anti-tumor immunotherapy effect of M@P has been further demonstrated in in vivo antitumor experiment of 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model with poor immunogenicity.This research would provide an impetus as well as a novel strategy for dual function inducers and combined immune activators enhanced photoimmunotherapy.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites based on formamidinium(FA),or FA-rich compositions have shown great promise for high-performance photovoltaics.A deeper understanding of the impact of ambient conditions(e.g.,moisture,oxygen,a...Metal halide perovskites based on formamidinium(FA),or FA-rich compositions have shown great promise for high-performance photovoltaics.A deeper understanding of the impact of ambient conditions(e.g.,moisture,oxygen,and illumination)on the possible reactions of FA-based perovskite films and their processing sensitivities has become critical for further advances toward commercialization.Herein,we investigate reactions that take place on the surface of the FA_(0.7)Cs_(0.3),mixed Br/I wide bandgap perovskite thin films in the presence of humid air and ambient illumination.The treatment forms a surface layer containing O,OH,and N-based anions.We propose the latter originates from formamidine trapped at the perovskite/oxide interface reacting further to cyanide and/or formamidinate—an understudied class of pseudohalides that bind to Pb.Optimized treatment conditions improve photoluminescence quantum yield owing to both reduced surface recombination velocity and increased bulk carrier lifetime.The corresponding perovskite solar cells also exhibit improved performance.Identifying these reactions opens possibilities for better utilizing cyanide and amidinate ligands,species that may be expected during vapor processing of FA-based perovskites.Our work also provides new insights into the self-healing or self-passivating of MA-free perovskite compositions where FA and iodide damage could be partially offset by advantageous reaction byproducts.展开更多
In the 1960s,Rouxel in France and Robert Schroeder in Germany explored the chemistry of reversible intercalation of Li^+between MS2(M=transition metal)layers held together by weak Van der Waals bonding[1].In 1967,Kumm...In the 1960s,Rouxel in France and Robert Schroeder in Germany explored the chemistry of reversible intercalation of Li^+between MS2(M=transition metal)layers held together by weak Van der Waals bonding[1].In 1967,Kummer and Webber of the Ford Motor Co.had discovered fast 2D Na+diffusion at 300℃in incompletely occupied Na^+and O layers between spinel blocks of an aluminum oxide and had invented a sodium-sulfur battery operating above 300℃.展开更多
Optical metasurfaces have become versatile platforms for manipulating the phase,amplitude,and polarization of light.A platform for achieving independent control over each of these properties,however,remains elusive du...Optical metasurfaces have become versatile platforms for manipulating the phase,amplitude,and polarization of light.A platform for achieving independent control over each of these properties,however,remains elusive due to the limited engineering space available when using a single-layer metasurface.For instance,multiwavelength metasurfaces suffer from performance limitations due to space filling constraints,while control over phase and amplitude can be achieved,but only for a single polarization.Here,we explore bilayer dielectric metasurfaces to expand the design space for metaoptics.The ability to independently control the geometry and function of each layer enables the development of multifunctional metaoptics in which two or more optical properties are independently designed.As a proof of concept,we demonstrate multiwavelength holograms,multiwavelength waveplates,and polarization-insensitive 3D holograms based on phase and amplitude masks.The proposed architecture opens a new avenue for designing complex flat optics with a wide variety of functionalities.展开更多
We report a light waveguide liquid crystal display(LCD) based on the flexoelectric effect. The display consists of two parallel flat substrates with a layer of flexoelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between them. A l...We report a light waveguide liquid crystal display(LCD) based on the flexoelectric effect. The display consists of two parallel flat substrates with a layer of flexoelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between them. A light-emitting diode(LED) is installed on the edge of the display and the produced light is coupled into the display. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal is uniformly aligned and is transparent. The incident light propagates through the display by total internal reflection at the interface between the substrate and air, and no light comes out of the viewing side of the display. The display appears transparent. When a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal is switched to a micrometer-sized polydomain state due to flexoelectric interaction and becomes scattering. The incident light is deflected from the waveguide mode and comes out of the viewing side of the display. We achieved thin-film-transistor active matrix compatible driving voltage by doping liquid crystal dimers with large flexoelectric coefficients. The light waveguide LCD does not use polarizers as in conventional LCDs. It has an ultrahigh transmittance near 90% in the voltage-off state. It is very suitable for transparent display, which can be used for head-up display and augmented reality display.展开更多
Adsorption of proteins to nanoparticles(NPs),a complex process that results in a protein corona,is controlled by NP surface properties that define NP interactions in vivo.Efforts to control adsorbed protein quantity t...Adsorption of proteins to nanoparticles(NPs),a complex process that results in a protein corona,is controlled by NP surface properties that define NP interactions in vivo.Efforts to control adsorbed protein quantity through surface modification have led to improvements in circulation time or biodistribution.Still,current approaches have yet to be identified to control adsorbed protein identities within the corona.Here,we report the development and characterization of diverse zwitterionic peptides(ZIPs)for NP anti-fouling surface functionalization with specific and controllable affinity for protein adsorption profiles defined by ZIP sequence.Through serum exposure of ZIP-conjugated NPs and proteomics analysis of the resulting corona,we determined that protein adsorption profiles depend not on the exact composition of the ZIPs but on the sequence and order of charges along the sequence(charge motif).These findings pave the way for developing tunable ZIPs to orchestrate specific ZIP-NP protein adsorption profiles as a function of ZIP charge motif to better control cell and tissue specificity and pharmacokinetics and provide new tools for investigating relationships between protein corona and biological function.Furthermore,overall ZIP diversity enabled by the diversity of amino acids may ameliorate adaptive immune responses.展开更多
Polymer-based circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)materials with the advantage of diversified structure,easy fabrication,high thermal stability,and tunable properties have garnered considerable attention.However,ade...Polymer-based circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)materials with the advantage of diversified structure,easy fabrication,high thermal stability,and tunable properties have garnered considerable attention.However,adequate and precise tuning over CPL in polymer-based materials remains challenging due to the difficulty in regulating chiral structures.Herein,visualized full-color CPL is achieved by doping red,green,and blue quantum dots(QDs)into reconfigurable blue phase liquid crystal elastomers(BPLCEs).In contrast to the CPL signal observed in cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers(CLCEs),the chiral 3D cubic superstructure of BPLCEs induces an opposite CPL signal.Notably,this effect is entirely independent of photonic bandgaps(PBGs)and results in a high glum value,even without matching between PBGs and the emission bands of QDs.Meanwhile,the lattice structure of the BPLCEs can be reversibly switched via mechanical stretching force,inducing on-off switching of the CPL signals,and these variations can be further fixed using dynamic disulfide bonds in the BPLCEs.Moreover,the smart polymer-based CPL systems using the BPLCEs for anti-counterfeiting and information encryption have been demonstrated,suggesting the great potential of the BPLCEs-based CPL active materials.展开更多
Over the last decades,the treatment of the large quantities of hypersaline wastewater generated by conventional industries,inland desalination,and fossil-fueled power plants has been an important economic issue and al...Over the last decades,the treatment of the large quantities of hypersaline wastewater generated by conventional industries,inland desalination,and fossil-fueled power plants has been an important economic issue and also an inescapable green issue.Here,we developed a versatile interfacial heating membrane with alternating utilization of electricity or solar energy for hypersaline water treat-ment.This hierarchical membrane functions both as a separation membrane and an interface heater,which can quickly(<0.1 s)convert electricity or solar energy into heat to evaporate the outermost layer of hypersaline water.For 10wt% hyper-saline water,the freshwater production rate can reach 16.8kg/m^(2)⋅h by applying a voltage of 10 V and 1.36 kg/m^(2)⋅h under 1-sun illumination.Moreover,it exhibits high electrochemical resistance to corrosion and therefore remains stable tack-ling hypersaline water(>5 wt%),with a high salt rejection rate of 99.99%.This system shows an efficient desalination strategy that can provide fresh water from brines for agriculture and industry,and even for daily life.展开更多
The high permeability and strong selectivity of nanoporous silicon nitride(NPN)membranes make them attractive in a broad range of applications.Despite their growing use,the strength of NPN membranes needs to be improv...The high permeability and strong selectivity of nanoporous silicon nitride(NPN)membranes make them attractive in a broad range of applications.Despite their growing use,the strength of NPN membranes needs to be improved for further extending their biomedical applications.In this work,we implement a deep learning framework to design NPN membranes with improved or prescribed strength values.We examine the predictions of our framework using physics-based simulations.Our results confirm that the proposed framework is not only able to predict the strength of NPN membranes with a wide range of microstructures,but also can design NPN membranes with prescribed or improved strength.Our simulations further demonstrate that the microstructural heterogeneity that our framework suggests for the optimized design,lowers the stress concentration around the pores and leads to the strength improvement of NPN membranes as compared to conventional membranes with homogenous microstructures.展开更多
In current in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques,data generation surpasses human analytical capabilities,potentially leading to the loss of insights.Automated techniques require human intervention,and lack the perf...In current in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques,data generation surpasses human analytical capabilities,potentially leading to the loss of insights.Automated techniques require human intervention,and lack the performance and adaptability required for material exploration.Given the critical need for high-throughput automated XRD pattern analysis,we present a generalized deep learning model to classify a diverse set of materials’crystal systems and space groups.In our approach,we generate training data with a holistic representation of patterns that emerge from varying experimental conditions and crystal properties.We also employ an expedited learning technique to refine our model’s expertise to experimental conditions.In addition,we optimize model architecture to elicit classification based on Bragg’s Law and use evaluation data to interpret our model’s decision-making.We evaluate our models using experimental data,materials unseen in training,and altered cubic crystals,where we observe state-of-the-art performance and even greater advances in space group classification.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation(DMR-1904167).
文摘In the past decades,ion conductive polymers and elastomers have drawn worldwide attention for their advanced functions in batteries,electroactive soft robotics,and sensors.Stretchable ionic elastomers with dispersed soft ionic moieties such as ionic liquids have gained remarkable attention as soft sensors,in applications such as the wearable devices that are often called electric skins.A considerable amount of research has been done on ionic-elastomer-based strain,pressure,and shear sensors;however,to the best of our knowledge,this research has not yet been reviewed.In this review,we summarize the materials and performance properties of engineered ionic elastomer actuators and sensors.First,we review three classes of ionic elastomer actuators—namely,ionic polymer metal composites,ionic conducting polymers,and ionic polymer/carbon nanocomposites—and provide perspectives for future actuators,such as adaptive four-dimensional(4D)printed systems and ionic liquid crystal elastomers(iLCEs).Next,we review the state of the art of ionic elastomeric strain and pressure sensors.We also discuss future wearable strain sensors for biomechanical applications and sports performance tracking.Finally,we present the preliminary results of iLCE sensors based on flexoelectric signals and their amplification by integrating them with organic electrochemical transistors.
文摘This paper presents a study of the relationship between the magnetic properties and microstructure of nanocomposite Ni/MnO, Ni/CoO, Co/MnO, Co/CoO. The objective is to understand how the coupling interface FM/AFM （ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic） manifests itself in magnetic response of these materials to an applied field. Sample preparation was performed using mechanochemical synthesis by means of a ball mill planetary type high power at normal atmosphere. The characterization was done by XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and VSM （vibrating sample magnetometry）. Analyzing the XRD peaks of the samples studied, there was a decrease in the average particle diameter with increasing milling time, which is important in the magnetic interactions of the atoms of the surface. In addition, the diffraction pattern showed formation of new phases by oxidation interfering with the magnetic measurements. Analyses by SEM show chipboard multiform nano- and micrometer-sized grains on the surface of the clusters being responsible for the interaction. The magnetic measurements show a strong coupling between the phases present in nanocomposites showing once again that the MS （mechanosynthesis） is a powerful technique for this kind of purpose. The effect of the decrease in crystallite size leads to large variations of magnetic properties of the material which have been specifically observed changes in HC （coercive field） in the RM （remanent magnetization） and SM （saturation magnetization）. The decrease in crystallite size in the course of grinding intensifies the effects that depend on the surface-to-volume ratio of the material. M vs. T measures were taken for different values of applied field and found a jump in the moment of the sample near the N6el temperature of the antiferromagnetic.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21905265,52072322,U1930402,61974042National Science Foundation,Civil,Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation,Grant/Award Number:1911905+3 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:WK2060140026Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2019‐GH02‐00052‐HZ,2019YFG0220Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation of Shunde Graduate School,Grant/Award Number:BK19BE024National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2017YFA0303403。
文摘A new concentrated ternary salt ether-based electrolyte enables stable cycling of lithium metal battery(LMB)cells with high-mass-loading(13.8 mg cm^(−2),2.5 mAh cm^(−2))NMC622(LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2))cathodes and 50μm Li anodes.Termed“CETHER-3,”this electrolyte is based on LiTFSI,LiDFOB,and LiBF4 with 5 vol%fluorinated ethylene carbonate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane.Commer-cial carbonate and state-of-the-art binary salt ether electrolytes were also tested as baselines.With CETHER-3,the electrochemical performance of the full-cell battery is among the most favorably reported in terms of high-voltage cycling stability.For example,LiNi_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(1-x-y)O_(2)(NMC)-Li metal cells retain 80%capacity at 430 cycles with a 4.4 V cut-off and 83%capacity at 100 cycles with a 4.5 V cut-off(charge at C/5,discharge at C/2).According to simulation by density functional theory and molecular dynamics,this favorable performance is an outcome of enhanced coordination between Li^(+)and the solvent/salt molecules.Combining advanced microscopy(high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy)and surface science(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,time-of-fight secondary ion mass spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy),it is demonstrated that a thinner and more stable cathode electrolyte interphase(CEI)and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are formed.The CEI is rich in lithium sulfide(Li_(2)SO_(3)),while the SEI is rich in Li_(3)N and LiF.During cycling,the CEI/SEI suppresses both the deleterious transformation of the cathode R-3m layered near-surface structure into disordered rock salt and the growth of lithium metal dendrites.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(ECCS-1807463 and PFI-1718177)UB Blue Sky program+2 种基金funding support from National Cancer Institute(NCI)of the National Institutes of Health(NIH)(R21CA235305)funded by NCI(P30CA16056)the support from National Science Foundation(CBET-1337860),which funds the nanoparticle tracking analysis system(Nano Sight,LM10,Malvern Instruments,Ltd.)。
文摘Subwavelength manipulation of light waves with high precision can enable new and exciting applications in spectroscopy,sensing,and medical imaging.For these applications,miniaturized spectrometers are desirable to enable the on-chip analysis of spectral information.In particular,for imaging-based spectroscopic sensing mechanisms,the key challenge is to determine the spatial-shift information accurately(i.e.,the spatial displacement introduced by wavelength shift or biological or chemical surface binding),which is similar to the challenge presented by super-resolution imaging.Here,we report a unique"rainbow"trapping metasurface for on-chip spectrometers and sensors.Combined with super-resolution image processing,the low-setting 4×optical microscope system resolves a displacement of the resonant position within 35 nm on the plasmonic rainbow trapping metasurface with a tiny area as small as0.002 mm2.This unique feature of the spatial manipulation of efficiently coupled rainbow plasmonic resonances reveals a new platform for miniaturized on-chip spectroscopic analysis with a spectral resolution of 0.032 nm in wavelength shift.Using this low-setting 4×microscope imaging system,we demonstrate a biosensing resolution of 1.92×109exosomes per milliliter for A549-derived exosomes and distinguish between patient samples and healthy controls using exosomal epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)expression values,thereby demonstrating a new on-chip sensing system for personalized accurate bio/chemical sensing applications.
文摘Modulating healing factors could avoid or minimize some possible pathological processes in collagen deposition. The present study was aimed to evaluated the role of active biomolecules such as PDGF-BB and PRP loaded or not into polymeric biomaterial to seek potential mediators in types I and III collagen deposition and epithelization. The healing phases were investigated by using an in vivo full-thickness wound rat model. At zero, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> days after the experimental model, the size of the wound areas was photographed. The nanofibrous materials were biocompatible and did not cause any local adverse reaction and/or inflammation. On day 14 the wounds had healed almost 100% with better signs of healing, however there was no obvious difference in the wound contraction rates. At the end of 14 days, samples from the center of the lesion were collected when histological features and immunopositivity for collagen I and III expressions were assessed. There was no significant difference in the epithelization among the groups. Wounds treated with PRP and with PA-6/SOMA plus PDGF-BB had significantly lower amounts of type III collagen. The amounts of type I collagen did not have a statistically different deposition among the experimental groups. The association of PDGF-BB with PA-6/SOMA emerges as an alternative for topical application to unfavorable anatomical sites, suggesting that these associations may have a positive modulation on the process of accelerated healing remodeling.
文摘Multifunctional yolk/shell-structured hybrid nanomaterials have attracted increasing interest as theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and therapy. However, because of the lack of suitable surface engineering and tumor targeting strategies, previous research has focused mainly on nanostructure design and synthesis with few successful examples showing active tumor targeting after systemic administration. In this study, we report the general synthetic strategy of chelator-free zirconium-89 （89Zr）-radiolabeled, TRC105 antibody-conjugated, silica-based yolk/sheU hybrid nanopartides for in vivo tumor vasculature targeting. Three types of inorganic nanoparticles with varying morphologies and sizes were selected as the internal cores, which were encapsulated into single hollow mesoporous silica nanosheUs to form the yolk/sheU-structured hybrid nanopartides. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated successful surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol, TRC105 antibody （specific for CD105/endoglin）, and ~Zr （a positron-emitting radioisotope）, and enhanced in vivo tumor vasculature-targeted positron emission tomography imaging in 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice. This strategy could be applied to the synthesis of other types of yolk/shell theranostic nanoparticles for tumor- targeted imaging and drug delivery.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2225019,41925007,62372470,U21A2013,42201415,42022054,42241109,42077156,52121006,42090014,and 42325107)the National Key R&D Programme of China(2022YFF0500)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2023112)the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDA23090303)the RECLAIM Network Plus(EP/W034034/1).
文摘This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.
基金financially supported by Jiangsu Innovation Team ProgramFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (52373173and 52003050)the“Zhishan”Scholars Programs of Southeast University。
文摘As future soft robotic devices necessitate a level of complexity surpassing current standards,a new design approach is needed that integrates multiple systems necessary to synchronize the motions of soft actuators and the response of signals,thereby enhancing the intelligence of flexible devices.Herein,we propose a liquid crystal elastomer unit cell-based platform that organizes the cells in a group to create expandable functions.One unit cell behaves like a flexible module that can expand biaxially into a specific,stable,and controllable pattern.Collaborating the unit cells in different manners results in an adaptable soft grasper,a half-adder for information processing,and a tunable phononic bandgap.This implies a high level of reconfigurability and scalability in both structures and functions by elegantly reassembling the unit cells.This design strategy has the potential to integrate multiple functions that traditional soft actuators cannot accommodate,providing a platform for developing intelligent soft robotics.
基金support from the Jiangsu Innovation Team Program and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The microenvironment of immunosuppression and low immunogenicity of tumor cells has led to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of the currently developed nanoplatforms.Immunogenic cell death,such as pyroptosis and ferroptosis,can efficiently boost antitumor immunity.However,the exploration of nanoplatform for dual function inducers and combined immune activators that simultaneously trigger pyroptosis and ferroptosis remains limited.Herein,a multifunctional pH-responsive theranostic nanoplatform(M@P)is designed and constructed by self-assembly of aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer MTCN-3 and immunoadjuvant Poly(l:C),which are further encapsulated in amphiphilic polymers.This nanoplatform is found to have the characteristics of cancer cell targeting,pH response,near-infrared fluorescence imaging,and lysosome targeting.Therefore,after targeting lysosomes,M@P can cause lysosome dysfunction through the generation of reactive oxygen species and heat under light irradiation,triggering pyroptosis and ferroptosis of tumor cells,achieving immunogenic cell death,and further enhancing immunotherapy through the combined effect with the immunoadjuvant Poly(I:C).The anti-tumor immunotherapy effect of M@P has been further demonstrated in in vivo antitumor experiment of 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model with poor immunogenicity.This research would provide an impetus as well as a novel strategy for dual function inducers and combined immune activators enhanced photoimmunotherapy.
基金U.S.Department of Energy,Grant/Award Number:DE-AC36-08GO28308Center for Hybrid Organic Inorganic Semiconductors for Energy(CHOISE)National Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2043205。
文摘Metal halide perovskites based on formamidinium(FA),or FA-rich compositions have shown great promise for high-performance photovoltaics.A deeper understanding of the impact of ambient conditions(e.g.,moisture,oxygen,and illumination)on the possible reactions of FA-based perovskite films and their processing sensitivities has become critical for further advances toward commercialization.Herein,we investigate reactions that take place on the surface of the FA_(0.7)Cs_(0.3),mixed Br/I wide bandgap perovskite thin films in the presence of humid air and ambient illumination.The treatment forms a surface layer containing O,OH,and N-based anions.We propose the latter originates from formamidine trapped at the perovskite/oxide interface reacting further to cyanide and/or formamidinate—an understudied class of pseudohalides that bind to Pb.Optimized treatment conditions improve photoluminescence quantum yield owing to both reduced surface recombination velocity and increased bulk carrier lifetime.The corresponding perovskite solar cells also exhibit improved performance.Identifying these reactions opens possibilities for better utilizing cyanide and amidinate ligands,species that may be expected during vapor processing of FA-based perovskites.Our work also provides new insights into the self-healing or self-passivating of MA-free perovskite compositions where FA and iodide damage could be partially offset by advantageous reaction byproducts.
文摘In the 1960s,Rouxel in France and Robert Schroeder in Germany explored the chemistry of reversible intercalation of Li^+between MS2(M=transition metal)layers held together by weak Van der Waals bonding[1].In 1967,Kummer and Webber of the Ford Motor Co.had discovered fast 2D Na+diffusion at 300℃in incompletely occupied Na^+and O layers between spinel blocks of an aluminum oxide and had invented a sodium-sulfur battery operating above 300℃.
基金support received from the Office of Naval Research under award N00014-18-1-2563the National Science Foundation under award ECCS-1351334support received from the National Science Foundation under award DMR-1410940.
文摘Optical metasurfaces have become versatile platforms for manipulating the phase,amplitude,and polarization of light.A platform for achieving independent control over each of these properties,however,remains elusive due to the limited engineering space available when using a single-layer metasurface.For instance,multiwavelength metasurfaces suffer from performance limitations due to space filling constraints,while control over phase and amplitude can be achieved,but only for a single polarization.Here,we explore bilayer dielectric metasurfaces to expand the design space for metaoptics.The ability to independently control the geometry and function of each layer enables the development of multifunctional metaoptics in which two or more optical properties are independently designed.As a proof of concept,we demonstrate multiwavelength holograms,multiwavelength waveplates,and polarization-insensitive 3D holograms based on phase and amplitude masks.The proposed architecture opens a new avenue for designing complex flat optics with a wide variety of functionalities.
文摘We report a light waveguide liquid crystal display(LCD) based on the flexoelectric effect. The display consists of two parallel flat substrates with a layer of flexoelectric liquid crystal sandwiched between them. A light-emitting diode(LED) is installed on the edge of the display and the produced light is coupled into the display. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal is uniformly aligned and is transparent. The incident light propagates through the display by total internal reflection at the interface between the substrate and air, and no light comes out of the viewing side of the display. The display appears transparent. When a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal is switched to a micrometer-sized polydomain state due to flexoelectric interaction and becomes scattering. The incident light is deflected from the waveguide mode and comes out of the viewing side of the display. We achieved thin-film-transistor active matrix compatible driving voltage by doping liquid crystal dimers with large flexoelectric coefficients. The light waveguide LCD does not use polarizers as in conventional LCDs. It has an ultrahigh transmittance near 90% in the voltage-off state. It is very suitable for transparent display, which can be used for head-up display and augmented reality display.
基金study was provided by the National Institute of Health(NIH)F31AR076874,R01DE018023,R01AR056696,and the National Science Foundation(NSF)CBET-1450897 and DMR-2103553.
文摘Adsorption of proteins to nanoparticles(NPs),a complex process that results in a protein corona,is controlled by NP surface properties that define NP interactions in vivo.Efforts to control adsorbed protein quantity through surface modification have led to improvements in circulation time or biodistribution.Still,current approaches have yet to be identified to control adsorbed protein identities within the corona.Here,we report the development and characterization of diverse zwitterionic peptides(ZIPs)for NP anti-fouling surface functionalization with specific and controllable affinity for protein adsorption profiles defined by ZIP sequence.Through serum exposure of ZIP-conjugated NPs and proteomics analysis of the resulting corona,we determined that protein adsorption profiles depend not on the exact composition of the ZIPs but on the sequence and order of charges along the sequence(charge motif).These findings pave the way for developing tunable ZIPs to orchestrate specific ZIP-NP protein adsorption profiles as a function of ZIP charge motif to better control cell and tissue specificity and pharmacokinetics and provide new tools for investigating relationships between protein corona and biological function.Furthermore,overall ZIP diversity enabled by the diversity of amino acids may ameliorate adaptive immune responses.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52073017 and 51773009)。
文摘Polymer-based circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)materials with the advantage of diversified structure,easy fabrication,high thermal stability,and tunable properties have garnered considerable attention.However,adequate and precise tuning over CPL in polymer-based materials remains challenging due to the difficulty in regulating chiral structures.Herein,visualized full-color CPL is achieved by doping red,green,and blue quantum dots(QDs)into reconfigurable blue phase liquid crystal elastomers(BPLCEs).In contrast to the CPL signal observed in cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers(CLCEs),the chiral 3D cubic superstructure of BPLCEs induces an opposite CPL signal.Notably,this effect is entirely independent of photonic bandgaps(PBGs)and results in a high glum value,even without matching between PBGs and the emission bands of QDs.Meanwhile,the lattice structure of the BPLCEs can be reversibly switched via mechanical stretching force,inducing on-off switching of the CPL signals,and these variations can be further fixed using dynamic disulfide bonds in the BPLCEs.Moreover,the smart polymer-based CPL systems using the BPLCEs for anti-counterfeiting and information encryption have been demonstrated,suggesting the great potential of the BPLCEs-based CPL active materials.
基金National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2018YFA0209500National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:21621091,21975209,52025132。
文摘Over the last decades,the treatment of the large quantities of hypersaline wastewater generated by conventional industries,inland desalination,and fossil-fueled power plants has been an important economic issue and also an inescapable green issue.Here,we developed a versatile interfacial heating membrane with alternating utilization of electricity or solar energy for hypersaline water treat-ment.This hierarchical membrane functions both as a separation membrane and an interface heater,which can quickly(<0.1 s)convert electricity or solar energy into heat to evaporate the outermost layer of hypersaline water.For 10wt% hyper-saline water,the freshwater production rate can reach 16.8kg/m^(2)⋅h by applying a voltage of 10 V and 1.36 kg/m^(2)⋅h under 1-sun illumination.Moreover,it exhibits high electrochemical resistance to corrosion and therefore remains stable tack-ling hypersaline water(>5 wt%),with a high salt rejection rate of 99.99%.This system shows an efficient desalination strategy that can provide fresh water from brines for agriculture and industry,and even for daily life.
文摘The high permeability and strong selectivity of nanoporous silicon nitride(NPN)membranes make them attractive in a broad range of applications.Despite their growing use,the strength of NPN membranes needs to be improved for further extending their biomedical applications.In this work,we implement a deep learning framework to design NPN membranes with improved or prescribed strength values.We examine the predictions of our framework using physics-based simulations.Our results confirm that the proposed framework is not only able to predict the strength of NPN membranes with a wide range of microstructures,but also can design NPN membranes with prescribed or improved strength.Our simulations further demonstrate that the microstructural heterogeneity that our framework suggests for the optimized design,lowers the stress concentration around the pores and leads to the strength improvement of NPN membranes as compared to conventional membranes with homogenous microstructures.
基金J.S.,S.L.,C.X.,and N.A.were supported by the National Nuclear Security Administration via grant NA0004078C.X.and N.A.were also supported by the National Science Foundation via grant NSF 2202124N.A.was also supported by the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE),Office of Science(SC),and Fusion Energy Sciences,under Award Number DE-SC0020340.
文摘In current in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques,data generation surpasses human analytical capabilities,potentially leading to the loss of insights.Automated techniques require human intervention,and lack the performance and adaptability required for material exploration.Given the critical need for high-throughput automated XRD pattern analysis,we present a generalized deep learning model to classify a diverse set of materials’crystal systems and space groups.In our approach,we generate training data with a holistic representation of patterns that emerge from varying experimental conditions and crystal properties.We also employ an expedited learning technique to refine our model’s expertise to experimental conditions.In addition,we optimize model architecture to elicit classification based on Bragg’s Law and use evaluation data to interpret our model’s decision-making.We evaluate our models using experimental data,materials unseen in training,and altered cubic crystals,where we observe state-of-the-art performance and even greater advances in space group classification.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0303100 and 2022YFA1403901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12174428,11888101,11920101005,and 11674278)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB28000000 and XDB33000000)U.S.Department of Energy,Basic Energy Science(DESC0020221)。
