Skin mountable electronic devices are in a high-speed development at the crossroads of materials science,electronics,and computer science.Sophisticated functions,such as sensing,actuating,and computing,are integrated ...Skin mountable electronic devices are in a high-speed development at the crossroads of materials science,electronics,and computer science.Sophisticated functions,such as sensing,actuating,and computing,are integrated into a soft electronic device that can be firmly mounted to any place of human body.These advanced electronic devices are capable of yielding abilities for us whenever they are needed and even expanding our abilities beyond their natural limitations.Despite the great promise of skin mounted electronic devices,they still lack satisfactory power supplies that are safe and continuous.This Perspective discusses the prospects of the development of energy storage devices for the next generation skin mountable electronic devices based on their unique requirements on flexibility and miniaturized size.展开更多
MXenes add dozens of metallic conductors to the family of two-dimensional(2D)materials.A top-down synthesis approach removing A-layer atoms(e.g.,Al,Si,and Ga)in MAX phases to produce 2D flakes attaches various surface...MXenes add dozens of metallic conductors to the family of two-dimensional(2D)materials.A top-down synthesis approach removing A-layer atoms(e.g.,Al,Si,and Ga)in MAX phases to produce 2D flakes attaches various surface terminations to MXenes.With these terminations,MXenes show tunable properties,promising a range of applications from energy storage devices to electronics,including sensors,transistors,and antennas.MXenes are also excellent building blocks to create flexible films used for flexible and wearable devices.This article summarizes the synthesis of MXene flakes and highlights aspects that need attention for flexible devices.Rather than listing the development of energy storage devices in detail,we focus on the main challenges of and solutions for constructing high-performance devices.Moreover,we show the applications of MXene films in electronics to call on designs to construct a complete system based on MXene with good flexibility,which consists of a power source,sensors,transistors,and wireless communications.展开更多
The rapid development of wearable and portable electronics has dramatically increased the application for miniaturized energy storage components.Stamping micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)with planar interdigital configurati...The rapid development of wearable and portable electronics has dramatically increased the application for miniaturized energy storage components.Stamping micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)with planar interdigital configurations are considered as a promising candidate to meet the requirements.In this review,recent progress of the different stamping materials and various stamping technologies are first discussed.The merits of each material,manufacturing process of each stamping method and the properties of stamping MSCs are scrutinized,respectively.Further insights on technical difficulties and scientific challenges are finally demonstrated,including the limited thickness of printed electrodes,poor overlay accuracy and printing resolution.展开更多
Rechargeable microbatteries are important power supplies for microelectronic devices.Two essential targets for rechargeable microbatteries are high output energy and minimal footprint areas.In addition to the developm...Rechargeable microbatteries are important power supplies for microelectronic devices.Two essential targets for rechargeable microbatteries are high output energy and minimal footprint areas.In addition to the development of new high-performance electrode materials,the device configurations of microbatteries also play an important role in enhancing the output energy and miniaturizing the footprint area.To make a clear vision on the design principle of rechargeable microbatteries,we firstly summarize the typical configurations of microbatteries.The advantages of different configurations are thoroughly discussed from the aspects of fabrication technologies and material engineering.Towards the high energy output at a minimal footprint area,a revolutionary design for microbatteries is of great importance.In this perspective,we review the progress of fabricating microbatteries based on the rolled-up nanotechnology,a derivative origami technology.Finally,we discussed the challenges and perspectives in the device design and materials optimization.展开更多
Quasi-two-dimensional(q2 D)conducting polymer thin film synergizes the advantageous features of longrange molecular ordering and high intrinsic conductivity,which are promising for flexible thin film-based micro-super...Quasi-two-dimensional(q2 D)conducting polymer thin film synergizes the advantageous features of longrange molecular ordering and high intrinsic conductivity,which are promising for flexible thin film-based micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Herein,we present the high-performance flexible MSCs based on highly ordered quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline(q2 D-PANI)thin film using surfactant monolayer assisted interfacial synthesis(SMAIS).Owing to high electrical conductivity,rich redox chemistry,and thin-film morphology,the q2 D-PANI MSCs show high volumetric specific capacitance(ca.360 F/cm^(3))and energy density(17.9 m Wh/cm^(3)),which outperform the state-of-art PANI thin-film based MSCs and promise for future flexible electronics.展开更多
In recent years,the attractive concept of smart life has undoub-tedly provided opportunities for the development of micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Among the current energy-storage devices used in integrated microelectron...In recent years,the attractive concept of smart life has undoub-tedly provided opportunities for the development of micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Among the current energy-storage devices used in integrated microelectronics applications,despite micro-batte-ries endow a stable current supply or deliver a high peak current,micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)still hold several intrinsic advantages such as superior power densities,longer operating lifetime(>100000 cycles),faster charge/discharge rates,wide working temperature range as well as desirable safety properties[1-3].Because of the limited area available for integrating components into small scale systems,areal performance properties(capacity,power and energy per footprint area)are more significant indicators than volumetric or gravimetric performance.展开更多
Texture evolution in rolled Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y binary alloys was analyzed by quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)during static recrystallization.Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y alloys exhibited strong b...Texture evolution in rolled Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y binary alloys was analyzed by quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)during static recrystallization.Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y alloys exhibited strong basal texture at the initial recrystallization state.After grain growth annealing,the basal texture component{0001}<1120>was increased in Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy and that of Mg-1 wt%Y alloy was decreased to be a random texture.Zn and Y atoms segregated strongly to the recrystallized grain boundaries in Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy and Mg-1 wt%Y alloy,respectively.Thus,Zn and Y elements facilitated the grain boundary movements along contrary directions during grain growth.In Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy,due to the Zn element segregation on grain boundaries,the grains consisted of a strong texture grew more easily because the grain boundary migration tended to move from the orientation close to normal direction to the orientation near to transverse direction or rolling direction.Therefore,after grain growth,the volume fraction of texture component{0001}<1120>was increased by consuming the neighboring grains,leading to a stronger basal texture.On the contrary,in the Mg-1 wt%Y alloy,the Y element segregation caused the opposite direction of grain boundary migration,resulting in a random texture.展开更多
The challenges of enabling zinc air batteries to operate at ultralow temperatures are twofold.The Prerequisite is preventing the electrolyte from freezing while maintaining high ionic conductivity.Secondly,the catalys...The challenges of enabling zinc air batteries to operate at ultralow temperatures are twofold.The Prerequisite is preventing the electrolyte from freezing while maintaining high ionic conductivity.Secondly,the catalyst has to work efficiently at low temperatures.This highlight presents the latest development to resolve the challenges by tuning the structures of the electrolyte and catalyst,offering a new paradigm to widen the working temperature range of zinc air batteries.展开更多
The development of GaN-based Micro-LED arrays achieving brightnesses exceeding 10^(7)nits and high-density microdisplays with up to 1080×780 pixels marks a true breakthrough in the field.This breakthrough is a re...The development of GaN-based Micro-LED arrays achieving brightnesses exceeding 10^(7)nits and high-density microdisplays with up to 1080×780 pixels marks a true breakthrough in the field.This breakthrough is a result of mastering a combination of long-standing challenges comprising wafer-scale high-quality epitaxial growth,sidewall passivation,efficient photon extraction,and elegant bonding technologies,and promises significant advantages for augmented and virtual reality devices,wearables,and next-generation consumer electronics.展开更多
Graphene oxide shows great promise as a material for biomedical applications, e.g., as a multi-drug delivery platform. With this in view, reports of studies on the interaction between nanosized graphene oxide flakes a...Graphene oxide shows great promise as a material for biomedical applications, e.g., as a multi-drug delivery platform. With this in view, reports of studies on the interaction between nanosized graphene oxide flakes and biological cells are beginning to emerge. However, the number of studies remains limited, and most used labeled graphene oxide samples to track the material upon endocytosis. Unfortunately, the labeling process alters the surface functionality of the graphene oxide, and this additional funcfionalization has been shown to alter the cellular response. Hence, in this work we used label-free graphene oxide. We carefully tracked the uptake of three different nanoscale graphene oxide flake size distributions using scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Uptake was investigated in undifferentiated human monocyte cells （THP-1） and differentiated macrophage cells. The data show clear size dependence for uptake, such that larger graphene oxide flakes （and clusters） are more easily taken up by the cells compared to smaller flakes. Moreover, uptake is shown to occur very rapidly, within two min of incubation with THP-1 cells. The data highlights a crucial need for cellular incubation studies with nanoparticles, to be conducted for short incubation periods as certain dependencies （e.g., size and concentration） are lost with longer incubation periods.展开更多
The extension of 2D ferromagnetic structures into 3D curved geometry enables to tune its magnetic properties such as uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.Tuning the anisotropy with strain and curvature has become a promising ...The extension of 2D ferromagnetic structures into 3D curved geometry enables to tune its magnetic properties such as uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.Tuning the anisotropy with strain and curvature has become a promising ingredient in modern electronics,such as flexible and stretchable magnetoelectronic devices,impedance-based field sensors,and strain gauges,however,has been limited to extended thin films and to only moderate bending.By applying a self-assembly rolling technique using a polymeric platform,we provide a template that allows homogeneous and controlled bending of a functional layer adhered to it,irrespective of its shape and size.This is an intriguing possibility to tailor the sign and magnitude of the surface strain of integrated,micronsized devices.In this article,the impact of strain and curvature on the magnetic ground state and anisotropy is quantified for thinfilm Permalloy micro-scale structures,fabricated on the surface of the tubular architectures,using solely electrical measurements.展开更多
Electrolytes make up a large portion of the volume of energy storage devices,but they often do not contribute to energy storage.The ability of using electrolytes to store charge would promise a significant increase in...Electrolytes make up a large portion of the volume of energy storage devices,but they often do not contribute to energy storage.The ability of using electrolytes to store charge would promise a significant increase in energy density to meet the needs of evolving electronic devices.Redox-flow batteries use electrolytes to store energy and show high energy densities,but the same design cannot be applied to portable or microdevices that require static electrolytes.Therefore,implementing electrolyte energy storage in a non-flow design becomes critical.This review summarizes the requirements for a stable and efficient electrolyte and diverse redox-active species dissolved in aqueous solutions.More importantly,we review the pioneering works using static electrolyte energy storage in the hope that it will pave a new way to design compact and energy-dense batteries.展开更多
基金financial support by the Leibniz Program of the German Research Foundation(SCHM 1298/26–1)。
文摘Skin mountable electronic devices are in a high-speed development at the crossroads of materials science,electronics,and computer science.Sophisticated functions,such as sensing,actuating,and computing,are integrated into a soft electronic device that can be firmly mounted to any place of human body.These advanced electronic devices are capable of yielding abilities for us whenever they are needed and even expanding our abilities beyond their natural limitations.Despite the great promise of skin mounted electronic devices,they still lack satisfactory power supplies that are safe and continuous.This Perspective discusses the prospects of the development of energy storage devices for the next generation skin mountable electronic devices based on their unique requirements on flexibility and miniaturized size.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52002247Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,Grant/Award Number:ZH 989/2-1Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,Grant/Award Number:2019A1515011344。
文摘MXenes add dozens of metallic conductors to the family of two-dimensional(2D)materials.A top-down synthesis approach removing A-layer atoms(e.g.,Al,Si,and Ga)in MAX phases to produce 2D flakes attaches various surface terminations to MXenes.With these terminations,MXenes show tunable properties,promising a range of applications from energy storage devices to electronics,including sensors,transistors,and antennas.MXenes are also excellent building blocks to create flexible films used for flexible and wearable devices.This article summarizes the synthesis of MXene flakes and highlights aspects that need attention for flexible devices.Rather than listing the development of energy storage devices in detail,we focus on the main challenges of and solutions for constructing high-performance devices.Moreover,we show the applications of MXene films in electronics to call on designs to construct a complete system based on MXene with good flexibility,which consists of a power source,sensors,transistors,and wireless communications.
基金the support and funding from China Scholarship Council(CSC)support by the Leibniz Program of the German Research Foundation(SCHM 1298/26-1)。
文摘The rapid development of wearable and portable electronics has dramatically increased the application for miniaturized energy storage components.Stamping micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)with planar interdigital configurations are considered as a promising candidate to meet the requirements.In this review,recent progress of the different stamping materials and various stamping technologies are first discussed.The merits of each material,manufacturing process of each stamping method and the properties of stamping MSCs are scrutinized,respectively.Further insights on technical difficulties and scientific challenges are finally demonstrated,including the limited thickness of printed electrodes,poor overlay accuracy and printing resolution.
基金the support and funding from China Scholarship Council(CSC)financial support by the Leibniz Program of the German Research Foundation(SCHM 1298/26-1)。
文摘Rechargeable microbatteries are important power supplies for microelectronic devices.Two essential targets for rechargeable microbatteries are high output energy and minimal footprint areas.In addition to the development of new high-performance electrode materials,the device configurations of microbatteries also play an important role in enhancing the output energy and miniaturizing the footprint area.To make a clear vision on the design principle of rechargeable microbatteries,we firstly summarize the typical configurations of microbatteries.The advantages of different configurations are thoroughly discussed from the aspects of fabrication technologies and material engineering.Towards the high energy output at a minimal footprint area,a revolutionary design for microbatteries is of great importance.In this perspective,we review the progress of fabricating microbatteries based on the rolled-up nanotechnology,a derivative origami technology.Finally,we discussed the challenges and perspectives in the device design and materials optimization.
基金financially supported by the ERC Grant2DMATERESF Young Researcher Group‘GRAPHD’+1 种基金the EC under the Graphene Flagship(No.CNECTICT-604391)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(No.LR21E030001)。
文摘Quasi-two-dimensional(q2 D)conducting polymer thin film synergizes the advantageous features of longrange molecular ordering and high intrinsic conductivity,which are promising for flexible thin film-based micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Herein,we present the high-performance flexible MSCs based on highly ordered quasi-two-dimensional polyaniline(q2 D-PANI)thin film using surfactant monolayer assisted interfacial synthesis(SMAIS).Owing to high electrical conductivity,rich redox chemistry,and thin-film morphology,the q2 D-PANI MSCs show high volumetric specific capacitance(ca.360 F/cm^(3))and energy density(17.9 m Wh/cm^(3)),which outperform the state-of-art PANI thin-film based MSCs and promise for future flexible electronics.
文摘In recent years,the attractive concept of smart life has undoub-tedly provided opportunities for the development of micro-supercapacitors(MSCs).Among the current energy-storage devices used in integrated microelectronics applications,despite micro-batte-ries endow a stable current supply or deliver a high peak current,micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)still hold several intrinsic advantages such as superior power densities,longer operating lifetime(>100000 cycles),faster charge/discharge rates,wide working temperature range as well as desirable safety properties[1-3].Because of the limited area available for integrating components into small scale systems,areal performance properties(capacity,power and energy per footprint area)are more significant indicators than volumetric or gravimetric performance.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0711104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52174362)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21B6004).
文摘Texture evolution in rolled Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y binary alloys was analyzed by quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)during static recrystallization.Mg-1 wt%Zn and Mg-1 wt%Y alloys exhibited strong basal texture at the initial recrystallization state.After grain growth annealing,the basal texture component{0001}<1120>was increased in Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy and that of Mg-1 wt%Y alloy was decreased to be a random texture.Zn and Y atoms segregated strongly to the recrystallized grain boundaries in Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy and Mg-1 wt%Y alloy,respectively.Thus,Zn and Y elements facilitated the grain boundary movements along contrary directions during grain growth.In Mg-1 wt%Zn alloy,due to the Zn element segregation on grain boundaries,the grains consisted of a strong texture grew more easily because the grain boundary migration tended to move from the orientation close to normal direction to the orientation near to transverse direction or rolling direction.Therefore,after grain growth,the volume fraction of texture component{0001}<1120>was increased by consuming the neighboring grains,leading to a stronger basal texture.On the contrary,in the Mg-1 wt%Y alloy,the Y element segregation caused the opposite direction of grain boundary migration,resulting in a random texture.
文摘The challenges of enabling zinc air batteries to operate at ultralow temperatures are twofold.The Prerequisite is preventing the electrolyte from freezing while maintaining high ionic conductivity.Secondly,the catalyst has to work efficiently at low temperatures.This highlight presents the latest development to resolve the challenges by tuning the structures of the electrolyte and catalyst,offering a new paradigm to widen the working temperature range of zinc air batteries.
文摘The development of GaN-based Micro-LED arrays achieving brightnesses exceeding 10^(7)nits and high-density microdisplays with up to 1080×780 pixels marks a true breakthrough in the field.This breakthrough is a result of mastering a combination of long-standing challenges comprising wafer-scale high-quality epitaxial growth,sidewall passivation,efficient photon extraction,and elegant bonding technologies,and promises significant advantages for augmented and virtual reality devices,wearables,and next-generation consumer electronics.
文摘Graphene oxide shows great promise as a material for biomedical applications, e.g., as a multi-drug delivery platform. With this in view, reports of studies on the interaction between nanosized graphene oxide flakes and biological cells are beginning to emerge. However, the number of studies remains limited, and most used labeled graphene oxide samples to track the material upon endocytosis. Unfortunately, the labeling process alters the surface functionality of the graphene oxide, and this additional funcfionalization has been shown to alter the cellular response. Hence, in this work we used label-free graphene oxide. We carefully tracked the uptake of three different nanoscale graphene oxide flake size distributions using scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Uptake was investigated in undifferentiated human monocyte cells （THP-1） and differentiated macrophage cells. The data show clear size dependence for uptake, such that larger graphene oxide flakes （and clusters） are more easily taken up by the cells compared to smaller flakes. Moreover, uptake is shown to occur very rapidly, within two min of incubation with THP-1 cells. The data highlights a crucial need for cellular incubation studies with nanoparticles, to be conducted for short incubation periods as certain dependencies （e.g., size and concentration） are lost with longer incubation periods.
基金funding by Fondecyt Iniciacion Grant No.11190184funding from the German Research Foundation DFG (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize granted in 2018,SCHM 1298/22-1 and KA5051/1-1 and KA5051/3-1)the Leibniz Association (Leibniz Transfer Program T62/2019).
文摘The extension of 2D ferromagnetic structures into 3D curved geometry enables to tune its magnetic properties such as uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.Tuning the anisotropy with strain and curvature has become a promising ingredient in modern electronics,such as flexible and stretchable magnetoelectronic devices,impedance-based field sensors,and strain gauges,however,has been limited to extended thin films and to only moderate bending.By applying a self-assembly rolling technique using a polymeric platform,we provide a template that allows homogeneous and controlled bending of a functional layer adhered to it,irrespective of its shape and size.This is an intriguing possibility to tailor the sign and magnitude of the surface strain of integrated,micronsized devices.In this article,the impact of strain and curvature on the magnetic ground state and anisotropy is quantified for thinfilm Permalloy micro-scale structures,fabricated on the surface of the tubular architectures,using solely electrical measurements.
基金M Zhu acknowledges the support by the German Research Foundation DFG(ZH 989/2-1)O G Schmidt acknowledges financial support by the Leibniz Program of the German Research Foundation(SCHM 1298/26-1)H Tang,Z Qu,W Zhang and H Zhang acknowledge the support and funding from China Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Electrolytes make up a large portion of the volume of energy storage devices,but they often do not contribute to energy storage.The ability of using electrolytes to store charge would promise a significant increase in energy density to meet the needs of evolving electronic devices.Redox-flow batteries use electrolytes to store energy and show high energy densities,but the same design cannot be applied to portable or microdevices that require static electrolytes.Therefore,implementing electrolyte energy storage in a non-flow design becomes critical.This review summarizes the requirements for a stable and efficient electrolyte and diverse redox-active species dissolved in aqueous solutions.More importantly,we review the pioneering works using static electrolyte energy storage in the hope that it will pave a new way to design compact and energy-dense batteries.
