Peri-implantitis is a bacterial infection that causes soft tissue inflammatory lesions and alveolar bone resorption,ultimately resulting in implant failure.Dental implants for clinical use barely have antibacterial pr...Peri-implantitis is a bacterial infection that causes soft tissue inflammatory lesions and alveolar bone resorption,ultimately resulting in implant failure.Dental implants for clinical use barely have antibacterial properties,and bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the dental implants are major causes of peri-implantitis.Treatment strategies such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy have been used to remove dental plaque.However,it is particularly important to prevent the occurrence of peri-implantitis rather than treatment.Therefore,the current research spot has focused on improving the antibacterial properties of dental implants,such as the construction of specific micro-nano surface texture,the introduction of diverse functional coatings,or the application of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties.The aforementioned antibacterial surfaces can be incorporated with bioactive molecules,metallic nanoparticles,or other functional components to further enhance the osteogenic properties and accelerate the healing process.In this review,we summarize the recent developments in biomaterial science and the modification strategies applied to dental implants to inhibit biofilm formation and facilitate bone-implant integration.Furthermore,we summarized the obstacles existing in the process of laboratory research to reach the clinic products,and propose corresponding directions for future developments and research perspectives,so that to provide insights into the rational design and construction of dental implants with the aim to balance antibacterial efficacy,biological safety,and osteogenic property.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
The rapid advancements in computer vision(CV)technology have transformed the traditional approaches to material microstructure analysis.This review outlines the history of CV and explores the applications of deep-lear...The rapid advancements in computer vision(CV)technology have transformed the traditional approaches to material microstructure analysis.This review outlines the history of CV and explores the applications of deep-learning(DL)-driven CV in four key areas of materials science:microstructure-based performance prediction,microstructure information generation,microstructure defect detection,and crystal structure-based property prediction.The CV has significantly reduced the cost of traditional experimental methods used in material performance prediction.Moreover,recent progress made in generating microstructure images and detecting microstructural defects using CV has led to increased efficiency and reliability in material performance assessments.The DL-driven CV models can accelerate the design of new materials with optimized performance by integrating predictions based on both crystal and microstructural data,thereby allowing for the discovery and innovation of next-generation materials.Finally,the review provides insights into the rapid interdisciplinary developments in the field of materials science and future prospects.展开更多
High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by t...High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the o...The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the originally published article,Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 were adapted from previously published figures in the cited literature.展开更多
In the era of big data,reinforcement learning(RL)has emerged as a powerful data-driven optimization approach in materials science,enabling unprecedented advances in material design and performance improvement.Unlike t...In the era of big data,reinforcement learning(RL)has emerged as a powerful data-driven optimization approach in materials science,enabling unprecedented advances in material design and performance improvement.Unlike traditional trial-and-error and physics-based approaches,RL agents autonomously identify optimal strategies across high-dimensional and dynamic design spaces by iterative interactions with complex environments.This capability makes RL especially effective for target optimization and sequential decision-making in challenging materials science problems.In this review,we present a comprehensive overview of fundamental RL algorithms,including Q-learning,deep Q-networks(DQN),actor-critic methods,and deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG).Then,the core mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and representative applications of RL in materials discovery,property optimization,process control,and manufacturing are discussed systematically.Lastly,key future research directions and opportunities are outlined.The perspectives presented herein aim to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and drive innovation at the frontier of AI‑driven materials science.展开更多
Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductiv...Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.展开更多
Traditional stealth materials do not fulfill the requirements of high absorption for radar waves and low emissivity for infrared waves.Furthermore,they can be detected by various technologies,considerably threatening ...Traditional stealth materials do not fulfill the requirements of high absorption for radar waves and low emissivity for infrared waves.Furthermore,they can be detected by various technologies,considerably threatening weapon safety.Therefore,a stealth material compatible with radar and infrared was designed based on the photonic bandgap characteristics of photonic crystals.The radar stealth lay-er(bottom layer)is a composite of carbonyl iron/silicon dioxide/epoxy resin,and the infrared stealth layer(top layer)is a 1D photonic crystal with alternately and periodically stacked germanium and silicon nitride.Through composition optimization and structural adjust-ment,the effective absorption bandwidth of the compatible stealth material with a reflection loss of less than-10 dB has reached 4.95 GHz.The average infrared emissivity of the proposed design is 0.1063,indicating good stealth performance.The theoretical analysis proves that photonic crystals with this structural design can produce infrared waves within the photonic bandgap,achieving high radar wave transmittance and low infrared emissivity.Infrared stealth is achieved without affecting the absorption performance of the radar stealth layer,and the conflict between radar and infrared stealth performance is resolved.This work aims to promote the application of photonic crystals in compatible stealth materials and the development of stealth technology and to provide a design and theoretical found-ation for related experiments and research.展开更多
To realize the application of electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)devices in humid marine environments,bifunctional EWA materials with better EWA capacities and anticorrosion properties have great exploration signific...To realize the application of electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)devices in humid marine environments,bifunctional EWA materials with better EWA capacities and anticorrosion properties have great exploration significance and systematic research re-quirements.By utilizing the low-cost and excellent magnetic and stable chemical characteristics of barium ferrite(BaFe_(12)O_(19))and using the high dielectric loss and excellent chemical inertia of nanocarbon clusters,a new type of nanocomposites with carbon nanoclusters en-capsulating BaFe_(12)O_(19)was designed and synthesized by combining an impregnation method and a high-temperature calcination strategy.Furthermore,Ce-Mn ions were introduced into the BaFe_(12)O_(19)lattice to improve the dielectric and magnetic properties of BaFe_(12)O_(19)cores significantly,and the energy band structure of the doped lattice and the orders of Ce replacing Fe sites were calculated.Benefiting from Ce-Mn ion doping and carbon nanocluster encapsulation,the composite material exhibited excellent dual functionality of corrosion resist-ance and EWA.When BaCe_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)Fe_(11.5)O_(19)-C(BCM-C)was calcined at 600°C,the minimum reflection loss of-20.1 dB was achieved at 14.43 GHz.The Ku band’s effective absorption bandwidth of 4.25 GHz was achieved at an absorber thickness of only 1.3 mm.The BCM-C/polydimethylsiloxane coating had excellent corrosion resistance in the simulated marine environment(3.5wt%NaCl solution).The|Z|0.01Hz value of BCM-C remained at 106Ω·cm^(2)after 12 soaking days.The successful preparation of the BaFe_(12)O_(19)composite en-capsulated with carbon nanoclusters provides new insights into the preparation of multifunctional absorbent materials and the fabrication of absorbent devices applied in humid marine environments in the future.展开更多
As an indispensable branch of wearable electronics,flexible pressure sensors are gaining tremendous attention due to their extensive applications in health monitoring,human-machine interaction,artificial intelligence,...As an indispensable branch of wearable electronics,flexible pressure sensors are gaining tremendous attention due to their extensive applications in health monitoring,human-machine interaction,artificial intelligence,the internet of things,and other fields.In recent years,highly flexible and wearable pressure sensors have been developed using various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms.Morphological engineering of sensing materials at the nanometer and micrometer scales is crucial to obtaining superior sensor performance.This review focuses on the rapid development of morphological engineering technologies for flexible pressure sensors.We discuss different architectures and morphological designs of sensing materials to achieve high performance,including high sensitivity,broad working range,stable sensing,low hysteresis,high transparency,and directional or selective sensing.Additionally,the general fabrication techniques are summarized,including self-assembly,patterning,and auxiliary synthesis methods.Furthermore,we present the emerging applications of high-performing microengineered pressure sensors in healthcare,smart homes,digital sports,security monitoring,and machine learning-enabled computational sensing platform.Finally,the potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of pressure sensors are discussed comprehensively.展开更多
Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring...Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.展开更多
Composed of natural materials but constructed using artificial structures through ingenious design,metamaterials possess properties beyond nature.Unlike traditional materials studies,metamaterials research requires gr...Composed of natural materials but constructed using artificial structures through ingenious design,metamaterials possess properties beyond nature.Unlike traditional materials studies,metamaterials research requires great human creativity in order to realize the desired properties and thereby the required functionalities through design.Such properties and functionalities are not necessarily available in nature,and their design can break through the existing materials ideology.This paper reviews progress in metamaterials research over the past 20 years in terms of the materials innovations that have achieved the designation of “meta.” In particular,we discuss future trends in metamaterials in the fields of both fundamental science and engineering.展开更多
This article studies the effects of different Sn contents on the melting characteristics,microstructure,and mechanical properties of brazed joints of low-silver BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La brazing material.A differential ther...This article studies the effects of different Sn contents on the melting characteristics,microstructure,and mechanical properties of brazed joints of low-silver BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La brazing material.A differential thermal analyzer(HCR-1)was used to measure the solid-liquidus temperature of BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La-xSn brazing material.The results show that the addition of Sn element effect-ively reduces the solid-liquidus temperature of BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La brazing material.Microstructural characterization was con-ducted using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),etc.Analysis re-veals that progressive aggregation and precipitation of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds occur with increasing Sn content,leading to microstructural coarsening.Notably,severe grain coarsening is observed when the Sn content reaches 4 wt.%.Shear testing of the BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La-xSn brazing joints reveals a non-monotonic trend in joint strength:as Sn content increases,the shear strength initially improves but subsequently deteriorates after reaching an optimal value.展开更多
Titanium(Ti)and its alloys are frequently utilized as critical components in a variety of engineering ap-plications because of their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance.Compared to conven-tional ...Titanium(Ti)and its alloys are frequently utilized as critical components in a variety of engineering ap-plications because of their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance.Compared to conven-tional surface strengthening technologies,laser shock peening(LSP)has increasingly attracted attention from researchers and industries,since it significantly improves the surface strength,biocompatibility,fa-tigue resistance,and anti-corrosion ability of Ti and its alloys.Despite numerous studies that have been carried out to elucidate the effects of LSP on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Ti and its alloys in recent years,a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the field of Ti and its alloys subjected to LSP is still lacking.In this review,the standard LSP and the novel process designs of LSP assisted by thermal,cryogenic,electropulsing and magnetic fields are discussed and compared.Microstructural evolution,with focuses on the dislocation dynamics,deformation twinning,grain refine-ment and surface amorphization,during LSP processing of Ti alloys is reviewed.Furthermore,the en-hanced engineering performance of the L SP-processed(L SPed)Ti alloys,including surface hardness,wear resistance,fatigue life and corrosion resistance are summarized.Finally,this review concludes by present-ing an overview of the current challenges encountered in this field and offering insights into anticipated future trends.展开更多
A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate t...A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate that spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials with good performance can be regenerated by roasting at 650℃ for 11 h with the addition ofLi_(2)CO_(3),FePO_(4),V_(2)O_(5),and glucose.V_(2)O_(5) is added to improve the cycle performance of regenerated cathode materials.Glucose is used to revitalize the carbon layers on the surface of spent LiFePO_(4)/C particles for improving their conductivity.The regenerated V-doped LiFePO_(4)/C shows an excellent electrochemical performance with the discharge specific capacity of 161.36 mA·h/g at 0.2C,under which the capacity retention is 97.85%after 100 cycles.展开更多
In lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs),the limited utilization of sulfur and the sluggish kinetics of redox reaction significantly hinder their electrochemical performance,especially under high rates and high sulfur loadin...In lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs),the limited utilization of sulfur and the sluggish kinetics of redox reaction significantly hinder their electrochemical performance,especially under high rates and high sulfur loadings.Here,we propose a novel separator structure with an interlayer composed of a vermiculite nanosheet combined with Ketjen Black(VMT@KB)for LSBs,facilitating efficient adsorption and rapid catalytic conversion toward lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).The VMT@KB nanosheets with an electrical double-layer structure and electronic conductivity are obtained through a high-temperature peeling process and Li^(+)exchange treatment in LiCl solution,followed by a mechanical combination process with KB.The results demonstrate that incorporating VMT@KB as an interlayer on a conventional separator enhances the conductivity and limits the LiPSs in the cathode region.The Li-S cell with VMT@KB interlayer shows satisfactory cycle and rate performance,especially in high sulfur loading.It exhibits a remarkable initial discharge capacity of 1225 mAh g^(-1)at 0.5 C and maintains a capacity of 816 mAh g^(-1)after 500 cycles.Besides,the discharge capacity remains 462 mAh g^(-1)even at 6 C.Moreover,the cell with high sulfur loading(8.2 mg cm^(-2))enables stable cycling for 100 cycles at 0.1 C with a discharge capacity of over1000 mAh g^(-1).展开更多
Surface engineering is an effective strategy to restrain the generation of rocksalt NiO phase on surface of layered LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2（NCA） primary nanoparticles, a representative Ni-rich layered oxides cathod...Surface engineering is an effective strategy to restrain the generation of rocksalt NiO phase on surface of layered LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2（NCA） primary nanoparticles, a representative Ni-rich layered oxides cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate the kilogram-scale synthesis of few-layer reduced graphene oxide（rGO） conformably coated NCA primary nanoparticles cathode materials by a mechanical wet ball-milling strategy. The lightening rGO coating layer effectively avoids the direct contact of electrolyte and NCA with rapid electrons transfer. As a result, the as-obtained NCA@rGO hybrids with only 1.0 wt% rGO content can deliver a high specific capacity（196 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C） and fast charge/discharge capability（127 mAh g-1 at 5 C）, which is much higher than the corresponding NCA nanoparticles（95 mAh g-1 at 5 C）. Even after100 cycles at 1 C, 91.7% of initial reversible capacity is still maintained. Furthermore, a prismatic pouch cell（240 mAh） is also successfully assembled with the commercial graphite anode.展开更多
Bone damage caused by trauma and tumors is a serious problem for human health, therefore, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding materials that stimulate and promote the regeneration of broken bone tissues have become the...Bone damage caused by trauma and tumors is a serious problem for human health, therefore, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding materials that stimulate and promote the regeneration of broken bone tissues have become the focus of current research in the field of bone damage repair.To this regard, a preferential combination of materials and preparation techniques is considered crucial for the preparation of advanced bone tissue engineering scaffolds to better facilitate the regeneration of broken bone.In this review, current research advances and challenges in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are discussed and analyzed in detail.First, we elucidated the structure and self-healing mechanism of bone tissue.Subsequently, the main applications of different materials, including inorganic and organic materials, in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are summarized.Moreover, we overview the latest research progress of the mainstream preparation strategies of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, and provide an in-depth analysis of the different advantages of each method.Finally, promising future directions and challenges of bone tissue engineering scaffolds are systematically discussed.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or mor...High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2412600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52271243,52171233,82370924,82170929)+3 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L212014)the Beijing Nova Program(20230484459)the National Clinical Key Discipline Construction Project(PKUSSNKP-T202103)the Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology(PKSS20230104).
文摘Peri-implantitis is a bacterial infection that causes soft tissue inflammatory lesions and alveolar bone resorption,ultimately resulting in implant failure.Dental implants for clinical use barely have antibacterial properties,and bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on the dental implants are major causes of peri-implantitis.Treatment strategies such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy have been used to remove dental plaque.However,it is particularly important to prevent the occurrence of peri-implantitis rather than treatment.Therefore,the current research spot has focused on improving the antibacterial properties of dental implants,such as the construction of specific micro-nano surface texture,the introduction of diverse functional coatings,or the application of materials with intrinsic antibacterial properties.The aforementioned antibacterial surfaces can be incorporated with bioactive molecules,metallic nanoparticles,or other functional components to further enhance the osteogenic properties and accelerate the healing process.In this review,we summarize the recent developments in biomaterial science and the modification strategies applied to dental implants to inhibit biofilm formation and facilitate bone-implant integration.Furthermore,we summarized the obstacles existing in the process of laboratory research to reach the clinic products,and propose corresponding directions for future developments and research perspectives,so that to provide insights into the rational design and construction of dental implants with the aim to balance antibacterial efficacy,biological safety,and osteogenic property.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(No.52025041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52450003,U2341267,and 52174294)+1 种基金the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents,China(No.BX20240437)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Nos.FRF-IDRY-23-037 and FRF-TP-20-02C2)。
文摘The rapid advancements in computer vision(CV)technology have transformed the traditional approaches to material microstructure analysis.This review outlines the history of CV and explores the applications of deep-learning(DL)-driven CV in four key areas of materials science:microstructure-based performance prediction,microstructure information generation,microstructure defect detection,and crystal structure-based property prediction.The CV has significantly reduced the cost of traditional experimental methods used in material performance prediction.Moreover,recent progress made in generating microstructure images and detecting microstructural defects using CV has led to increased efficiency and reliability in material performance assessments.The DL-driven CV models can accelerate the design of new materials with optimized performance by integrating predictions based on both crystal and microstructural data,thereby allowing for the discovery and innovation of next-generation materials.Finally,the review provides insights into the rapid interdisciplinary developments in the field of materials science and future prospects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52122408 and 52474397)the High-level Talent Research Start-up Project Funding of Henan Academy of Sciences(No.242017127)+1 种基金the financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(University of Science and Technology Beijing(USTB),Nos.FRF-TP-2021-04C1 and 06500135)supported by USTB MatCom of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering。
文摘High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
文摘The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the originally published article,Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 were adapted from previously published figures in the cited literature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52571028,52301029)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.06500165)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515140006)the AVIC Heavy Machinery Innovation Fund(ZJQT-2025-06)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2023QNRC001).
文摘In the era of big data,reinforcement learning(RL)has emerged as a powerful data-driven optimization approach in materials science,enabling unprecedented advances in material design and performance improvement.Unlike traditional trial-and-error and physics-based approaches,RL agents autonomously identify optimal strategies across high-dimensional and dynamic design spaces by iterative interactions with complex environments.This capability makes RL especially effective for target optimization and sequential decision-making in challenging materials science problems.In this review,we present a comprehensive overview of fundamental RL algorithms,including Q-learning,deep Q-networks(DQN),actor-critic methods,and deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG).Then,the core mechanisms,advantages,limitations,and representative applications of RL in materials discovery,property optimization,process control,and manufacturing are discussed systematically.Lastly,key future research directions and opportunities are outlined.The perspectives presented herein aim to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and drive innovation at the frontier of AI‑driven materials science.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52127816),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science and Hong Kong Research Grant Council Joint Research Funding Project of China(No.5181101182)the NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.N_PolyU513/18).
文摘Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071053,U1704253,and 52103334).
文摘Traditional stealth materials do not fulfill the requirements of high absorption for radar waves and low emissivity for infrared waves.Furthermore,they can be detected by various technologies,considerably threatening weapon safety.Therefore,a stealth material compatible with radar and infrared was designed based on the photonic bandgap characteristics of photonic crystals.The radar stealth lay-er(bottom layer)is a composite of carbonyl iron/silicon dioxide/epoxy resin,and the infrared stealth layer(top layer)is a 1D photonic crystal with alternately and periodically stacked germanium and silicon nitride.Through composition optimization and structural adjust-ment,the effective absorption bandwidth of the compatible stealth material with a reflection loss of less than-10 dB has reached 4.95 GHz.The average infrared emissivity of the proposed design is 0.1063,indicating good stealth performance.The theoretical analysis proves that photonic crystals with this structural design can produce infrared waves within the photonic bandgap,achieving high radar wave transmittance and low infrared emissivity.Infrared stealth is achieved without affecting the absorption performance of the radar stealth layer,and the conflict between radar and infrared stealth performance is resolved.This work aims to promote the application of photonic crystals in compatible stealth materials and the development of stealth technology and to provide a design and theoretical found-ation for related experiments and research.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3504804 and 2023YFF0718303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51871219,52071324,52031014,and 52401255)+1 种基金Science and Technology Project of Shenyang City(No.22-101-0-27)Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology Doctoral Initiation Fund Project(No.2307B19).
文摘To realize the application of electromagnetic wave absorption(EWA)devices in humid marine environments,bifunctional EWA materials with better EWA capacities and anticorrosion properties have great exploration significance and systematic research re-quirements.By utilizing the low-cost and excellent magnetic and stable chemical characteristics of barium ferrite(BaFe_(12)O_(19))and using the high dielectric loss and excellent chemical inertia of nanocarbon clusters,a new type of nanocomposites with carbon nanoclusters en-capsulating BaFe_(12)O_(19)was designed and synthesized by combining an impregnation method and a high-temperature calcination strategy.Furthermore,Ce-Mn ions were introduced into the BaFe_(12)O_(19)lattice to improve the dielectric and magnetic properties of BaFe_(12)O_(19)cores significantly,and the energy band structure of the doped lattice and the orders of Ce replacing Fe sites were calculated.Benefiting from Ce-Mn ion doping and carbon nanocluster encapsulation,the composite material exhibited excellent dual functionality of corrosion resist-ance and EWA.When BaCe_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)Fe_(11.5)O_(19)-C(BCM-C)was calcined at 600°C,the minimum reflection loss of-20.1 dB was achieved at 14.43 GHz.The Ku band’s effective absorption bandwidth of 4.25 GHz was achieved at an absorber thickness of only 1.3 mm.The BCM-C/polydimethylsiloxane coating had excellent corrosion resistance in the simulated marine environment(3.5wt%NaCl solution).The|Z|0.01Hz value of BCM-C remained at 106Ω·cm^(2)after 12 soaking days.The successful preparation of the BaFe_(12)O_(19)composite en-capsulated with carbon nanoclusters provides new insights into the preparation of multifunctional absorbent materials and the fabrication of absorbent devices applied in humid marine environments in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52003253 and 52103308)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M672283).
文摘As an indispensable branch of wearable electronics,flexible pressure sensors are gaining tremendous attention due to their extensive applications in health monitoring,human-machine interaction,artificial intelligence,the internet of things,and other fields.In recent years,highly flexible and wearable pressure sensors have been developed using various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms.Morphological engineering of sensing materials at the nanometer and micrometer scales is crucial to obtaining superior sensor performance.This review focuses on the rapid development of morphological engineering technologies for flexible pressure sensors.We discuss different architectures and morphological designs of sensing materials to achieve high performance,including high sensitivity,broad working range,stable sensing,low hysteresis,high transparency,and directional or selective sensing.Additionally,the general fabrication techniques are summarized,including self-assembly,patterning,and auxiliary synthesis methods.Furthermore,we present the emerging applications of high-performing microengineered pressure sensors in healthcare,smart homes,digital sports,security monitoring,and machine learning-enabled computational sensing platform.Finally,the potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of pressure sensors are discussed comprehensively.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0122000)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52234009,52274383,52222409,and 52201113。
文摘Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3806000)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (52332006)。
文摘Composed of natural materials but constructed using artificial structures through ingenious design,metamaterials possess properties beyond nature.Unlike traditional materials studies,metamaterials research requires great human creativity in order to realize the desired properties and thereby the required functionalities through design.Such properties and functionalities are not necessarily available in nature,and their design can break through the existing materials ideology.This paper reviews progress in metamaterials research over the past 20 years in terms of the materials innovations that have achieved the designation of “meta.” In particular,we discuss future trends in metamaterials in the fields of both fundamental science and engineering.
基金the support from Jinhua Sanhuan Welding Materials Company LimitedSchool of Materials Science and Engineering,Nanjing University of Science and Technology.
文摘This article studies the effects of different Sn contents on the melting characteristics,microstructure,and mechanical properties of brazed joints of low-silver BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La brazing material.A differential thermal analyzer(HCR-1)was used to measure the solid-liquidus temperature of BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La-xSn brazing material.The results show that the addition of Sn element effect-ively reduces the solid-liquidus temperature of BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La brazing material.Microstructural characterization was con-ducted using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),etc.Analysis re-veals that progressive aggregation and precipitation of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds occur with increasing Sn content,leading to microstructural coarsening.Notably,severe grain coarsening is observed when the Sn content reaches 4 wt.%.Shear testing of the BAg5CuZn-0.3 wt.%La-xSn brazing joints reveals a non-monotonic trend in joint strength:as Sn content increases,the shear strength initially improves but subsequently deteriorates after reaching an optimal value.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan of China(No.2022YFB3705603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52101046)+1 种基金the Excellent Youth Overseas Project of National Science and Natural Foundation of China,the Baowu Special Metallurgy Cooperation Limited(No.22H010101336)the Medicine-Engineering Interdisciplinary Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2022QN076).
文摘Titanium(Ti)and its alloys are frequently utilized as critical components in a variety of engineering ap-plications because of their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance.Compared to conven-tional surface strengthening technologies,laser shock peening(LSP)has increasingly attracted attention from researchers and industries,since it significantly improves the surface strength,biocompatibility,fa-tigue resistance,and anti-corrosion ability of Ti and its alloys.Despite numerous studies that have been carried out to elucidate the effects of LSP on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Ti and its alloys in recent years,a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the field of Ti and its alloys subjected to LSP is still lacking.In this review,the standard LSP and the novel process designs of LSP assisted by thermal,cryogenic,electropulsing and magnetic fields are discussed and compared.Microstructural evolution,with focuses on the dislocation dynamics,deformation twinning,grain refine-ment and surface amorphization,during LSP processing of Ti alloys is reviewed.Furthermore,the en-hanced engineering performance of the L SP-processed(L SPed)Ti alloys,including surface hardness,wear resistance,fatigue life and corrosion resistance are summarized.Finally,this review concludes by present-ing an overview of the current challenges encountered in this field and offering insights into anticipated future trends.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52174269,52374293)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(Nos.2024CK1009,2022RC1123)。
文摘A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate that spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials with good performance can be regenerated by roasting at 650℃ for 11 h with the addition ofLi_(2)CO_(3),FePO_(4),V_(2)O_(5),and glucose.V_(2)O_(5) is added to improve the cycle performance of regenerated cathode materials.Glucose is used to revitalize the carbon layers on the surface of spent LiFePO_(4)/C particles for improving their conductivity.The regenerated V-doped LiFePO_(4)/C shows an excellent electrochemical performance with the discharge specific capacity of 161.36 mA·h/g at 0.2C,under which the capacity retention is 97.85%after 100 cycles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172245)the Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong(2023CXGC010302)the Qingdao Flexible Materials Precision Die-cutting Technology Innovation Center。
文摘In lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs),the limited utilization of sulfur and the sluggish kinetics of redox reaction significantly hinder their electrochemical performance,especially under high rates and high sulfur loadings.Here,we propose a novel separator structure with an interlayer composed of a vermiculite nanosheet combined with Ketjen Black(VMT@KB)for LSBs,facilitating efficient adsorption and rapid catalytic conversion toward lithium polysulfides(LiPSs).The VMT@KB nanosheets with an electrical double-layer structure and electronic conductivity are obtained through a high-temperature peeling process and Li^(+)exchange treatment in LiCl solution,followed by a mechanical combination process with KB.The results demonstrate that incorporating VMT@KB as an interlayer on a conventional separator enhances the conductivity and limits the LiPSs in the cathode region.The Li-S cell with VMT@KB interlayer shows satisfactory cycle and rate performance,especially in high sulfur loading.It exhibits a remarkable initial discharge capacity of 1225 mAh g^(-1)at 0.5 C and maintains a capacity of 816 mAh g^(-1)after 500 cycles.Besides,the discharge capacity remains 462 mAh g^(-1)even at 6 C.Moreover,the cell with high sulfur loading(8.2 mg cm^(-2))enables stable cycling for 100 cycles at 0.1 C with a discharge capacity of over1000 mAh g^(-1).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21522602, 51672082, 91534202, and 91534122)Shanghai Rising-Star Program (15QA1401200)+1 种基金the Program for Shanghai Youth Top-notch Talentthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (222201718002)
文摘Surface engineering is an effective strategy to restrain the generation of rocksalt NiO phase on surface of layered LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2（NCA） primary nanoparticles, a representative Ni-rich layered oxides cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate the kilogram-scale synthesis of few-layer reduced graphene oxide（rGO） conformably coated NCA primary nanoparticles cathode materials by a mechanical wet ball-milling strategy. The lightening rGO coating layer effectively avoids the direct contact of electrolyte and NCA with rapid electrons transfer. As a result, the as-obtained NCA@rGO hybrids with only 1.0 wt% rGO content can deliver a high specific capacity（196 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C） and fast charge/discharge capability（127 mAh g-1 at 5 C）, which is much higher than the corresponding NCA nanoparticles（95 mAh g-1 at 5 C）. Even after100 cycles at 1 C, 91.7% of initial reversible capacity is still maintained. Furthermore, a prismatic pouch cell（240 mAh） is also successfully assembled with the commercial graphite anode.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.DUT22QN203 and DUT22YG201).
文摘Bone damage caused by trauma and tumors is a serious problem for human health, therefore, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding materials that stimulate and promote the regeneration of broken bone tissues have become the focus of current research in the field of bone damage repair.To this regard, a preferential combination of materials and preparation techniques is considered crucial for the preparation of advanced bone tissue engineering scaffolds to better facilitate the regeneration of broken bone.In this review, current research advances and challenges in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are discussed and analyzed in detail.First, we elucidated the structure and self-healing mechanism of bone tissue.Subsequently, the main applications of different materials, including inorganic and organic materials, in bone tissue engineering scaffolds are summarized.Moreover, we overview the latest research progress of the mainstream preparation strategies of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, and provide an in-depth analysis of the different advantages of each method.Finally, promising future directions and challenges of bone tissue engineering scaffolds are systematically discussed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5227130161).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.
