Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burnin...Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.展开更多
A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforat...A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.展开更多
Nowadays,higher requirements are put forward to the storage and utilization of energy,and supercapacitor is a kind of energy storage electronic devices.The resulting CA-N,with a specific surface area of 320.6 m^(2)/g ...Nowadays,higher requirements are put forward to the storage and utilization of energy,and supercapacitor is a kind of energy storage electronic devices.The resulting CA-N,with a specific surface area of 320.6 m^(2)/g and a pore volume of 0.28 cm^(3)/g,demonstrated a remarkable supercapacitance of 283.3 F/g.As a mesoporous material,CA-N offers numerous channels for the diffusion and absorption of electrolyte ions.Furthermore,it exhibited an impressive capacity retention rate of 98.48% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.These outstanding electrochemical properties highlight the potential of CA-N for applications in energy storage.展开更多
Escalating global energy demands and climate urgency necessitate advanced electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies(EECSTs)like electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries.Improving their performance ...Escalating global energy demands and climate urgency necessitate advanced electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies(EECSTs)like electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries.Improving their performance relies on elucidating reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships via in situ studies.This review summarizes recent in situ studies of EECSTs through a variety of advanced characterization techniques aiming at mapping reaction pathways for the rational design of overall high-performance reaction systems.We outline the principles,capabilities,advantages,and limitations of various in situ techniques.Their applications in in situ studies of fuel cells,water/CO_(2)electrolysis,and lithium batteries are highlighted with representative examples.These studies enable dynamic tracking of chemical and structural evolution of overall reaction systems,including materials,intermediates,products,and surroundings during operation,providing insights critical to rational system design.Future advancements will involve integrating multimodal in situ/operando approaches with artificial intelligence to enable real-time monitoring at practical scales.Such integration promises precise mechanistic insights and robust structure-performance correlations,ultimately accelerating the development of high-performance EECSTs aligned with sustainability and market requirements.展开更多
Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and...Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and energy challenges.They are included,such as gas treatment and separation,wastewater treatment,waste gas treatment,solid waste treatment,lithium extraction,hydrogen production,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic clean technologies,plastic degradation,fuel cells,lithium batteries,sodium batteries,aqueous batteries,solid state batteries,metal air batteries and supercapacitors.Their status,challenges,progress and future perspectives are also discussed.We hope that this paper can give clear views on sustainable development in materials and technologies.展开更多
Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptabilit...Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptability and safety.Various materials and actuation strategies have been developed for creating soft robots,among which,ferromagnetic soft materials that self-actuate in response to external magnetic fields have attracted worldwide attention due to their remote controllability and excellent compatibil-ity with biological tissues.This review presents comprehensive and systematic research advancements in the design,fabrication,and applications of ferromagnetic soft materials for miniature robots,providing in-sights into their potential use in biomedical fields and beyond.The programming strategies of ferromag-netic soft materials are summarized and classified,including mold-assisted programming,3D printing-assisted programming,microassembly-assisted programming,and magnetization reprogramming.Each approach possesses unique advantages in manipulating the magnetic responsiveness of ferromagnetic soft materials to achieve outstanding actuation and deformation performances.We then discuss the biomedi-cal applications of ferromagnetic soft material-based soft robots(e.g.,minimally invasive surgery,targeted delivery,and tissue engineering),highlighting their potentials in revolutionizing biomedical technologies.This review also points out the current challenges and provides insights into future research directions,which we hope can serve as a useful reference for the development of next-generation adaptive miniature robots.展开更多
The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage s...The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.While traditional polyolefin separators(PP/PE)dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness and mechanical robustness,their inherent poor thermal stability poses significant safety risks under high-temperature conditions.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in enhancing separator thermal stability through coating materials(metal,ceramic,inorganic)and novel high-temperature-resistant polymers(e.g.,PVDF copolymers,PI,PAN).Notably,we critically evaluate the trade-offs between thermal resilience and electrochemical performance,such as the unintended increase in electronic conductivity from metal coatings(e.g.,Cu,MOFs)and reduced electrolyte wettability in ceramic coatings(e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3)).Innovations in hybrid coatings(e.g.,BN/PAN composites,gradient-structured MOFs)and scalable manufacturing techniques(e.g.,roll-to-roll electrospinning)are highlighted as promising strategies to balance these competing demands.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of next-generation high-temperature-resistant separators underscores their ionic conductivity,mechanical strength,and scalability,offering actionable insights for material selection.The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on integrating machine learning for material discovery,optimizing interfacial adhesion in ceramic coatings,and advancing semi-/all-solid-state batteries to address both thermal and electrochemical challenges.This work aims to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and industrial applications,fostering safer and more efficient lithium battery technologies.展开更多
Quantum materials have attracted a great deal of attention because of their rich landscape of electronic structures,topological phases,strong correlation effects,and exotic orders.These systems provide a fertile platf...Quantum materials have attracted a great deal of attention because of their rich landscape of electronic structures,topological phases,strong correlation effects,and exotic orders.These systems provide a fertile platform for the exploration of novel quantum phenomena and materials applications.Particularly exciting is the exploration of nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum materials,which has significant research and potential application values.Pump-probe techniques play a key role in revealing the dynamics of quantum materials on remarkably short timescales,providing an attractive yet challenging avenue of research.In this context,time-resolved x-ray as an emerging probe exhibits high time resolution,momentum resolution,and substantial momentum coverage.It can reveal unprecedented transient states,distinguish between entangled ordered states,and has a compelling potential to probe ultrafast dynamics in a wide variety of quantum materials.Despite its unique advantages,time-resolved x-ray scattering still faces several technological and methodological challenges.In this review,we highlight recent advances focusing on the use of time-resolved x-ray scattering to probe dynamic processes in quantum materials.We discuss representative examples across structural,electronic,magnetic,and lattice degrees of freedom,and outline promising directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and...Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.展开更多
In photolithography,shortening the exposure wavelength from ultraviolet to extreme ultraviolet(EUV,13.5 nm)and soft X-ray region in terms of beyond EUV(BEUV,6.X nm)and water window X-ray(WWX,2.2–4.4 nm)is expected to...In photolithography,shortening the exposure wavelength from ultraviolet to extreme ultraviolet(EUV,13.5 nm)and soft X-ray region in terms of beyond EUV(BEUV,6.X nm)and water window X-ray(WWX,2.2–4.4 nm)is expected to further miniaturize the technology node down to sub-5 nm level.However,the absorption ability of molecules in these ranges,especially WWX region,is unknown,which should be very important for the utilization of energy.Herein,the molar absorption cross sections of different elements at 2.4 nm of WWX were firstly calculated and compared with the wavelengths of 13.5 nm and 6.7 nm.Based on the absorption cross sections in these ranges and density estimation results from the density-functional theory calculation,the linear absorption coefficients of typical resist materials,including metal-oxy clusters,organic small molecules,polymers,and photoacid generators(PAGs),are evaluated.The analysis suggests that the Zn cluster has higher absorption in BEUV,whereas the Sn cluster has higher absorption in WWX.Doping PAGs with high EUV absorption atoms improves chemically amplified photoresist(CAR)polymer absorption performance.However,for WWX,it is necessary to introduce an absorption layer containing high WWX absorption elements such as Zr,Sn,and Hf to increase the WWX absorption.展开更多
Sluggish conversion reaction kinetics and spontaneous shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)are deemed as the two big mountains that hinder the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).Herein,dua...Sluggish conversion reaction kinetics and spontaneous shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)are deemed as the two big mountains that hinder the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).Herein,dual-defect engineering strategy is implemented by introducing boron-doping and phosphorusvacancy sites with MoP@NC composite as the precursor.Based on the experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations,B-MoP_(1-x)@NC-based electrode presents low oxidation potential,high lithium diffusivity,small Tafel slope and strong adsorption capability for polysulfides,which is beneficial to enhance the adsorption capability for LiPSs,reduce the lithium diffusion energy barriers and Gibbs free energy for the conversion reactions of LiPSs.As demonstrated,the corresponding Li-S/B-MoP1-x@NC batteries can remain high reversible capacity of 753 mAh/g at 0.5 C after 300 cycles,and keep a stable capacity of 520 mAh/g at 0.5 C after 100 cycles even at the high-loading content of 5.1mg/cm^(2).According to the results of in-situ UV–vis spectra,the satisfactory battery performance majorly originates from the existence of dual-defect characteristics in B-MoP1-x@NC catalyst,which effectively promotes the conversion reaction kinetics of LiPSs,and restrains the shuttle behavior of LiPSs.The key ideas of this work will enlighten the development of catalytic cathode materials for sulfur-based secondary batteries.展开更多
Amorphous two-dimensional transition metal oxide/(oxy)hydroxide(2D TMO/TMHO)nanomaterials(NMs)have the properties of both 2D and amorphous materials,displaying outstanding physicochemical qualities.Therefore,they demo...Amorphous two-dimensional transition metal oxide/(oxy)hydroxide(2D TMO/TMHO)nanomaterials(NMs)have the properties of both 2D and amorphous materials,displaying outstanding physicochemical qualities.Therefore,they demonstrate considerable promise for use in electrocatalytic water splitting applications.Here,the primary amorphization strategies for achieving the 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are comprehensively reviewed,including low-temperature reaction,rapid reaction,exchange/doping effect,ligand modulation,and interfacial energy confinement.By integrating these strategies with various physicochemical synthesis methods,it is feasible to control the amorphization of TMO/TMHO NMs while maintaining the distinctive benefits of their 2D structures.Furthermore,it delves into the structural advantages of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs in electrocatalytic water splitting,particularly emphasizing recent advancements in enhancing their electrocatalytic performance through interface engineering.The challenges and potential future directions for the precise synthesis and practical application of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are also provided.This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation and offer experimental instructions for developing effective and enduring electrocatalysts for water splitting.展开更多
The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the o...The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the originally published article,Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 were adapted from previously published figures in the cited literature.展开更多
Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic a...Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic applications,reticular framework materials,including metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),cova-lent organic frameworks(COFs),and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),have attracted signif-icant attention due to their high surface area,tunable architectures,and versatile chemical compositions.These properties enable efficient light harvesting and charge separation,making them promising candi-dates for various photocatalytic processes.This review systematically explores recent advancements in the synthesis and structural properties of MOFs,COFs,and HOFs,elucidating the complex mechanisms governing solar-driven photocatalysis and comparing their performance with a particular focus on their applications in CO_(2)reduction,H_(2)generation,H_(2)O_(2)production,N_(2)fixation,and pollutant degradation.Key strategies for enhancing photocatalytic performance,including structural modifications,bandgap en-gineering,defect engineering,hybridization,and heterojunction formation,are critically analyzed.A com-parative evaluation of reticular framework materials against traditional semiconductors is provided,con-sidering factors such as efficiency,cost,and long-term stability.Furthermore,this review highlights the challenges related to stability and scalability,along with key achievements and barriers to practical im-plementation.This work offers possible insights to overcome existing limitations and improve efficiency.Ultimately,this comprehensive assessment highlights the pivotal role of reticular frameworks in advanc-ing sustainable energy solutions and provides a roadmap for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.展开更多
The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining material...The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining materials in this process,SiC-Si_(3)N_(4)-C composite refractories were prepared by heat-treating at 800-1400℃ for 3 h,using fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks(1-0.5 and<0.5 mm),silicon carbide(2-1,1-0.5,and<0.5 mm),silicon nitride(<0.045 mm),and graphite as raw materials.The fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks were used to replace silicon nitride with the same particle size.The effects of the spent iron ladle brick fine particles additions(0,12.12%,26.25%,36.38%and 48.5%,by mass)and the heat treatment temperatures(800,1000,1200 and 1400℃)on the properties of the composite refractories were studied.The results show that:(1)with the<1 mm spent iron ladle brick fine particles addition increasing,the bulk density of the samples changes slightly,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,the cold modulus of rupture(CMOR)increases,and the cold compressive strength(CCS)first decreases,then increases and finally decreases slightly;(2)with the heat treatment temperature rising,the bulk density of the samples first increases and then decreases,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,and the CCS and the CMOR increase;(3)when the temperature is 1400℃ and the spent iron ladle brick fine particles completely replace the silicon nitride fine particles with the same particle size,the sample exhibits the best comprehensive performance,with the bulk density of 2.37 g·cm^(-3),apparent porosity of 14.3%,CCS of 31.6 MPa,and CMOR of 9.0 MPa,and it has a good resistance to the corrosion of crushed spent lithium-ion battery materials at 1000℃.展开更多
Full-manganese(Mn)Li-rich materials have gained attention owing to the limited availability of cobalt-or nickel-based cathodes commonly used in batteries,which greatly restricts their potential for large-scale applica...Full-manganese(Mn)Li-rich materials have gained attention owing to the limited availability of cobalt-or nickel-based cathodes commonly used in batteries,which greatly restricts their potential for large-scale application.However,their practical implementation is hindered by the rapid voltage/capacity decay during cycling and the long-standing problem of redox kinetics due to their poor ionic conductivity based on the ordered honeycomb structure.In this study,the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of intralayer disordered and ordered Li-rich full-Mn-based cathode materials were compared,demonstrating that the disordered R3m Li_(0.6)[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.8)]O_(2)(D-LMO)delivers a significant advantage of rate capability over the ordered C2/m Li_(0.6)[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.8)]O_(2)(O-LMO).Meanwhile,the D-LMO keeps superior capacity retention of up to 99%after 50 cycles under 25 mAg^(-1).In comparsion,the capacity retention of the O-LMO drops to just 70%,and its average discharge voltage is 0.2 V lower than that of the D-LMO.Herein,we conducted systematic density functional theory(DFT)simulations,focusing on the electronic structure modulation governing the voltage platform between the ordered and disordered phases.The ab initio molecular dynamics(AIMD)results indicated that the energy of the intralayer disordered structure fluctuates around the equilibrium position without any abrupt drops,demonstrating excellent stability.This study enhances the understanding of intralayer disordered full-Mn Li-rich material and provides insights into the design of low-cost,high-performance cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.展开更多
Corresponding author’s name was incorrectly written as“Dadang Guo”instead of“Dagang Guo”.The correct author name should be“Dagang Guo”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
ZrCo alloy holds great promise for hydrogen isotope storage,yet its susceptibility to poisoning by impurity gases,especially CO,poses a challenge.This susceptibility arises due to the electron acceptor nature of the s...ZrCo alloy holds great promise for hydrogen isotope storage,yet its susceptibility to poisoning by impurity gases,especially CO,poses a challenge.This susceptibility arises due to the electron acceptor nature of the surface Co element and the formation of the d-πfeedback bond,thereby impeding the surface hydrogen dissociation.Accordingly,we propose a novel local activity modulation strategy,where substituent elements are sacrificed to protect the active Co sites for hydrogen dissociation.Considering CO absorption capacity,solid solubility,and hydrogen affinity,we selected V,Cr,and Mn as microalloying elements and successfully prepared the single-phase ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)alloy.Compared to pristine ZrCo,ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)demonstrates significantly enhanced poisoning resistance.Notably,the hydrogenation kinetics of ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)is 2.4 times higher than that of ZrCo in 4 bar H_(2)+5000 ppm CO.Interestingly,the controllable in situ formation of the Co_(2)C phase shell structure during cycling further safeguards the surface reactivity of ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03).Consequently,its capacity retention ratio after 25 cycles has been improved to 74.5%from 55.3%of the ZrCo alloy.These findings suggest that micro-alloying engineering could be a promising strategy for surface activity modulation to enhance the anti-poisoning properties of hydrogen storage materials.展开更多
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), mer...Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), merging the characteristics of polymers and ionic liquids, have emerged as viable options for the development of FGMs given their tunable skeleton, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with various functional materials. This review highlights the latest advancements in the design strategies of FGMs based on porous PILs, focusing on single and multi-gradient structures. Furthermore, we also highlight their emerging applications in molecular recognition, sensing, adsorption, separation, and catalysis. By exploring the interplay between porosity, ionic functionality, and gradient architecture, this review offers perspectives on the prospects of PIL-based FGMs for tackling global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare.展开更多
In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and...In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and exceptional properties.Graphene oxide(GO),a two-dimensional material with an extremely high specific surface area and excellent conductivity,offers new possibilities for enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal oxides.In this work,we synthesized met-al-organic framework(MOF)and GO composites by regulating the amount of GO,and successfully prepared composites of metal oxides supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks and GO through a simple one-step calcination process.Based on the electrochemical tests,the optimal amount of GO was determined.This research will provide new insights into and directions for designing and synthesizing metal oxide and graphene oxide composite materials with an ideal electro-chemical performance.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52573220)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3404201)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IDRY-GD24-005)the State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials(No.SWR-2022-009).
文摘Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102321 and 52192633)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2025JCYBMS-050)。
文摘A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.
基金supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20240813103608012)State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials andAdvanced Processing Technologies(No.FZ2024019)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22104117).
文摘Nowadays,higher requirements are put forward to the storage and utilization of energy,and supercapacitor is a kind of energy storage electronic devices.The resulting CA-N,with a specific surface area of 320.6 m^(2)/g and a pore volume of 0.28 cm^(3)/g,demonstrated a remarkable supercapacitance of 283.3 F/g.As a mesoporous material,CA-N offers numerous channels for the diffusion and absorption of electrolyte ions.Furthermore,it exhibited an impressive capacity retention rate of 98.48% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.These outstanding electrochemical properties highlight the potential of CA-N for applications in energy storage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFA1508004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2293692,22502164,92472203,22222903,52271229,22472074,22272069,22361132532,and 22021001)+6 种基金the Industry-University-Research Joint Innovation Project of Fujian Province(2023H6029)the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS202305)the Scientific and Technological Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory(YPML-20240502063)the Liaoning Binhai Laboratory(Grant No.2024-05)the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,Dalian University of Technology(KF 2401)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZC20240897the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2025M770016).
文摘Escalating global energy demands and climate urgency necessitate advanced electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies(EECSTs)like electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries.Improving their performance relies on elucidating reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships via in situ studies.This review summarizes recent in situ studies of EECSTs through a variety of advanced characterization techniques aiming at mapping reaction pathways for the rational design of overall high-performance reaction systems.We outline the principles,capabilities,advantages,and limitations of various in situ techniques.Their applications in in situ studies of fuel cells,water/CO_(2)electrolysis,and lithium batteries are highlighted with representative examples.These studies enable dynamic tracking of chemical and structural evolution of overall reaction systems,including materials,intermediates,products,and surroundings during operation,providing insights critical to rational system design.Future advancements will involve integrating multimodal in situ/operando approaches with artificial intelligence to enable real-time monitoring at practical scales.Such integration promises precise mechanistic insights and robust structure-performance correlations,ultimately accelerating the development of high-performance EECSTs aligned with sustainability and market requirements.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(No.22-13-00035)the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund(No.52125002)+14 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3904800 and 2022YFB4002501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52400228,52300139,22308063,52103340,U22A20418,22578302,52202208,52400163,52205054,22075171,52177214,22405201,52371072,52171078,52377218)the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(No.2024C03284(SD2))the Research Development Fund of Zhejiang A&F University(No.2024LFR042)the President Research Funds from Xiamen University(No.ZK1111)Nanqiang Youth Scholar program of Xiamen University,the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2023QNRC001)Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen(No.3502z202471037)Open Fund of the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University(No.NKPMLF202409)the Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi Province(No.20243BBI91001)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23ZR1423400)the Postdoctoral Science Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2023BSHEDzZ159)Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration(No.TZJH2024062)the Open Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co.,Ltd.(No.YPML-20240502058)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202303021212159)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Normal University(No.JCYJ2024017).
文摘Sustainable development for our life is important task,which is driven by key materials and technologies.In this roadmap,we discuss three main aspects in addressing environmental questions,green chemical processes and energy challenges.They are included,such as gas treatment and separation,wastewater treatment,waste gas treatment,solid waste treatment,lithium extraction,hydrogen production,water splitting,CO_(2) reduction,photocatalytic clean technologies,plastic degradation,fuel cells,lithium batteries,sodium batteries,aqueous batteries,solid state batteries,metal air batteries and supercapacitors.Their status,challenges,progress and future perspectives are also discussed.We hope that this paper can give clear views on sustainable development in materials and technologies.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFE0208700)National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.92163109 and 52072095)+7 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCJC20231211090000001,GXWD20231129101105001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52205590)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220834)the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(No.RF1028623098)the State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems(HIT)(No.SKLRS-2024-KF-11)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202348)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515011491)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.GXWD20220818224716001,KJZD20231023100302006).
文摘Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptability and safety.Various materials and actuation strategies have been developed for creating soft robots,among which,ferromagnetic soft materials that self-actuate in response to external magnetic fields have attracted worldwide attention due to their remote controllability and excellent compatibil-ity with biological tissues.This review presents comprehensive and systematic research advancements in the design,fabrication,and applications of ferromagnetic soft materials for miniature robots,providing in-sights into their potential use in biomedical fields and beyond.The programming strategies of ferromag-netic soft materials are summarized and classified,including mold-assisted programming,3D printing-assisted programming,microassembly-assisted programming,and magnetization reprogramming.Each approach possesses unique advantages in manipulating the magnetic responsiveness of ferromagnetic soft materials to achieve outstanding actuation and deformation performances.We then discuss the biomedi-cal applications of ferromagnetic soft material-based soft robots(e.g.,minimally invasive surgery,targeted delivery,and tissue engineering),highlighting their potentials in revolutionizing biomedical technologies.This review also points out the current challenges and provides insights into future research directions,which we hope can serve as a useful reference for the development of next-generation adaptive miniature robots.
基金supported by Beijing Institute of Technology Student Innovation Training Program(BIT2024LH013).
文摘The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.While traditional polyolefin separators(PP/PE)dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness and mechanical robustness,their inherent poor thermal stability poses significant safety risks under high-temperature conditions.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in enhancing separator thermal stability through coating materials(metal,ceramic,inorganic)and novel high-temperature-resistant polymers(e.g.,PVDF copolymers,PI,PAN).Notably,we critically evaluate the trade-offs between thermal resilience and electrochemical performance,such as the unintended increase in electronic conductivity from metal coatings(e.g.,Cu,MOFs)and reduced electrolyte wettability in ceramic coatings(e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3)).Innovations in hybrid coatings(e.g.,BN/PAN composites,gradient-structured MOFs)and scalable manufacturing techniques(e.g.,roll-to-roll electrospinning)are highlighted as promising strategies to balance these competing demands.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of next-generation high-temperature-resistant separators underscores their ionic conductivity,mechanical strength,and scalability,offering actionable insights for material selection.The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on integrating machine learning for material discovery,optimizing interfacial adhesion in ceramic coatings,and advancing semi-/all-solid-state batteries to address both thermal and electrochemical challenges.This work aims to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and industrial applications,fostering safer and more efficient lithium battery technologies.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grants Nos.2024YFA1408702 and 2021YFA1401903)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.JQ24001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12374143)。
文摘Quantum materials have attracted a great deal of attention because of their rich landscape of electronic structures,topological phases,strong correlation effects,and exotic orders.These systems provide a fertile platform for the exploration of novel quantum phenomena and materials applications.Particularly exciting is the exploration of nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum materials,which has significant research and potential application values.Pump-probe techniques play a key role in revealing the dynamics of quantum materials on remarkably short timescales,providing an attractive yet challenging avenue of research.In this context,time-resolved x-ray as an emerging probe exhibits high time resolution,momentum resolution,and substantial momentum coverage.It can reveal unprecedented transient states,distinguish between entangled ordered states,and has a compelling potential to probe ultrafast dynamics in a wide variety of quantum materials.Despite its unique advantages,time-resolved x-ray scattering still faces several technological and methodological challenges.In this review,we highlight recent advances focusing on the use of time-resolved x-ray scattering to probe dynamic processes in quantum materials.We discuss representative examples across structural,electronic,magnetic,and lattice degrees of freedom,and outline promising directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
文摘Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22090011,22378052)the Fundamental Research Funds for China Central Universities(DUT22LAB608 and DUT20RC(3)030)+1 种基金Liaoning Binhai Laboratory(LBLB-2023-03)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010308).
文摘In photolithography,shortening the exposure wavelength from ultraviolet to extreme ultraviolet(EUV,13.5 nm)and soft X-ray region in terms of beyond EUV(BEUV,6.X nm)and water window X-ray(WWX,2.2–4.4 nm)is expected to further miniaturize the technology node down to sub-5 nm level.However,the absorption ability of molecules in these ranges,especially WWX region,is unknown,which should be very important for the utilization of energy.Herein,the molar absorption cross sections of different elements at 2.4 nm of WWX were firstly calculated and compared with the wavelengths of 13.5 nm and 6.7 nm.Based on the absorption cross sections in these ranges and density estimation results from the density-functional theory calculation,the linear absorption coefficients of typical resist materials,including metal-oxy clusters,organic small molecules,polymers,and photoacid generators(PAGs),are evaluated.The analysis suggests that the Zn cluster has higher absorption in BEUV,whereas the Sn cluster has higher absorption in WWX.Doping PAGs with high EUV absorption atoms improves chemically amplified photoresist(CAR)polymer absorption performance.However,for WWX,it is necessary to introduce an absorption layer containing high WWX absorption elements such as Zr,Sn,and Hf to increase the WWX absorption.
基金financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52101250)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.E2021208031 and B2021208069)+6 种基金S&T program of Hebei(Nos.215A4401D and 225A4404D)Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(No.YSPTZX202315)Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology of Hainan University(No.XTCX2022HYC14)partially supported by the Pico Election Microscopy Center of Hainan UniversityFundamental Research Funds for the Hebei University(No.2021YWF11)Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.QN2024087)Xingtai City Natural Science Foundation(No.2023ZZ027)
文摘Sluggish conversion reaction kinetics and spontaneous shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)are deemed as the two big mountains that hinder the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).Herein,dual-defect engineering strategy is implemented by introducing boron-doping and phosphorusvacancy sites with MoP@NC composite as the precursor.Based on the experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations,B-MoP_(1-x)@NC-based electrode presents low oxidation potential,high lithium diffusivity,small Tafel slope and strong adsorption capability for polysulfides,which is beneficial to enhance the adsorption capability for LiPSs,reduce the lithium diffusion energy barriers and Gibbs free energy for the conversion reactions of LiPSs.As demonstrated,the corresponding Li-S/B-MoP1-x@NC batteries can remain high reversible capacity of 753 mAh/g at 0.5 C after 300 cycles,and keep a stable capacity of 520 mAh/g at 0.5 C after 100 cycles even at the high-loading content of 5.1mg/cm^(2).According to the results of in-situ UV–vis spectra,the satisfactory battery performance majorly originates from the existence of dual-defect characteristics in B-MoP1-x@NC catalyst,which effectively promotes the conversion reaction kinetics of LiPSs,and restrains the shuttle behavior of LiPSs.The key ideas of this work will enlighten the development of catalytic cathode materials for sulfur-based secondary batteries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0703700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12034002)the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB(Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.FRF-IDRY-23-033)。
文摘Amorphous two-dimensional transition metal oxide/(oxy)hydroxide(2D TMO/TMHO)nanomaterials(NMs)have the properties of both 2D and amorphous materials,displaying outstanding physicochemical qualities.Therefore,they demonstrate considerable promise for use in electrocatalytic water splitting applications.Here,the primary amorphization strategies for achieving the 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are comprehensively reviewed,including low-temperature reaction,rapid reaction,exchange/doping effect,ligand modulation,and interfacial energy confinement.By integrating these strategies with various physicochemical synthesis methods,it is feasible to control the amorphization of TMO/TMHO NMs while maintaining the distinctive benefits of their 2D structures.Furthermore,it delves into the structural advantages of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs in electrocatalytic water splitting,particularly emphasizing recent advancements in enhancing their electrocatalytic performance through interface engineering.The challenges and potential future directions for the precise synthesis and practical application of amorphous 2D TMO/TMHO NMs are also provided.This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation and offer experimental instructions for developing effective and enduring electrocatalysts for water splitting.
文摘The authors regret for the missing of copyright attributions in the captions of Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 in the original publication.Please note the corrections do not affect the experimental results and conclusions.In the originally published article,Fig.1(d)and Fig.7 were adapted from previously published figures in the cited literature.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22350410391 and 22001094)the Research Initiation Fund Project from Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.23212072-Y).
文摘Photocatalysis,harnessing abundant solar energy,presents a sustainable strategy to address the dual chal-lenges of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation.Among the emerging materials for photo-catalytic applications,reticular framework materials,including metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),cova-lent organic frameworks(COFs),and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks(HOFs),have attracted signif-icant attention due to their high surface area,tunable architectures,and versatile chemical compositions.These properties enable efficient light harvesting and charge separation,making them promising candi-dates for various photocatalytic processes.This review systematically explores recent advancements in the synthesis and structural properties of MOFs,COFs,and HOFs,elucidating the complex mechanisms governing solar-driven photocatalysis and comparing their performance with a particular focus on their applications in CO_(2)reduction,H_(2)generation,H_(2)O_(2)production,N_(2)fixation,and pollutant degradation.Key strategies for enhancing photocatalytic performance,including structural modifications,bandgap en-gineering,defect engineering,hybridization,and heterojunction formation,are critically analyzed.A com-parative evaluation of reticular framework materials against traditional semiconductors is provided,con-sidering factors such as efficiency,cost,and long-term stability.Furthermore,this review highlights the challenges related to stability and scalability,along with key achievements and barriers to practical im-plementation.This work offers possible insights to overcome existing limitations and improve efficiency.Ultimately,this comprehensive assessment highlights the pivotal role of reticular frameworks in advanc-ing sustainable energy solutions and provides a roadmap for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project(52002371 and 52204425)National Key Research and Development Program Solid Waste Resource Utilization Project(2018YFC1901504).
文摘The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining materials in this process,SiC-Si_(3)N_(4)-C composite refractories were prepared by heat-treating at 800-1400℃ for 3 h,using fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks(1-0.5 and<0.5 mm),silicon carbide(2-1,1-0.5,and<0.5 mm),silicon nitride(<0.045 mm),and graphite as raw materials.The fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks were used to replace silicon nitride with the same particle size.The effects of the spent iron ladle brick fine particles additions(0,12.12%,26.25%,36.38%and 48.5%,by mass)and the heat treatment temperatures(800,1000,1200 and 1400℃)on the properties of the composite refractories were studied.The results show that:(1)with the<1 mm spent iron ladle brick fine particles addition increasing,the bulk density of the samples changes slightly,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,the cold modulus of rupture(CMOR)increases,and the cold compressive strength(CCS)first decreases,then increases and finally decreases slightly;(2)with the heat treatment temperature rising,the bulk density of the samples first increases and then decreases,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,and the CCS and the CMOR increase;(3)when the temperature is 1400℃ and the spent iron ladle brick fine particles completely replace the silicon nitride fine particles with the same particle size,the sample exhibits the best comprehensive performance,with the bulk density of 2.37 g·cm^(-3),apparent porosity of 14.3%,CCS of 31.6 MPa,and CMOR of 9.0 MPa,and it has a good resistance to the corrosion of crushed spent lithium-ion battery materials at 1000℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202266 and 52403379).
文摘Full-manganese(Mn)Li-rich materials have gained attention owing to the limited availability of cobalt-or nickel-based cathodes commonly used in batteries,which greatly restricts their potential for large-scale application.However,their practical implementation is hindered by the rapid voltage/capacity decay during cycling and the long-standing problem of redox kinetics due to their poor ionic conductivity based on the ordered honeycomb structure.In this study,the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of intralayer disordered and ordered Li-rich full-Mn-based cathode materials were compared,demonstrating that the disordered R3m Li_(0.6)[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.8)]O_(2)(D-LMO)delivers a significant advantage of rate capability over the ordered C2/m Li_(0.6)[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.8)]O_(2)(O-LMO).Meanwhile,the D-LMO keeps superior capacity retention of up to 99%after 50 cycles under 25 mAg^(-1).In comparsion,the capacity retention of the O-LMO drops to just 70%,and its average discharge voltage is 0.2 V lower than that of the D-LMO.Herein,we conducted systematic density functional theory(DFT)simulations,focusing on the electronic structure modulation governing the voltage platform between the ordered and disordered phases.The ab initio molecular dynamics(AIMD)results indicated that the energy of the intralayer disordered structure fluctuates around the equilibrium position without any abrupt drops,demonstrating excellent stability.This study enhances the understanding of intralayer disordered full-Mn Li-rich material and provides insights into the design of low-cost,high-performance cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.
文摘Corresponding author’s name was incorrectly written as“Dadang Guo”instead of“Dagang Guo”.The correct author name should be“Dagang Guo”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE03170002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071286,U203020852171223)。
文摘ZrCo alloy holds great promise for hydrogen isotope storage,yet its susceptibility to poisoning by impurity gases,especially CO,poses a challenge.This susceptibility arises due to the electron acceptor nature of the surface Co element and the formation of the d-πfeedback bond,thereby impeding the surface hydrogen dissociation.Accordingly,we propose a novel local activity modulation strategy,where substituent elements are sacrificed to protect the active Co sites for hydrogen dissociation.Considering CO absorption capacity,solid solubility,and hydrogen affinity,we selected V,Cr,and Mn as microalloying elements and successfully prepared the single-phase ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)alloy.Compared to pristine ZrCo,ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)demonstrates significantly enhanced poisoning resistance.Notably,the hydrogenation kinetics of ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03)is 2.4 times higher than that of ZrCo in 4 bar H_(2)+5000 ppm CO.Interestingly,the controllable in situ formation of the Co_(2)C phase shell structure during cycling further safeguards the surface reactivity of ZrCo_(0.97)(VCrMn)_(0.03).Consequently,its capacity retention ratio after 25 cycles has been improved to 74.5%from 55.3%of the ZrCo alloy.These findings suggest that micro-alloying engineering could be a promising strategy for surface activity modulation to enhance the anti-poisoning properties of hydrogen storage materials.
基金support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22471018,22071008,22208018)support provided by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220818100012025).
文摘Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are innovative materials distinguished by gradual variations in composition and structure, offering exceptional properties for diverse applications. Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), merging the characteristics of polymers and ionic liquids, have emerged as viable options for the development of FGMs given their tunable skeleton, ionic conductivity, and compatibility with various functional materials. This review highlights the latest advancements in the design strategies of FGMs based on porous PILs, focusing on single and multi-gradient structures. Furthermore, we also highlight their emerging applications in molecular recognition, sensing, adsorption, separation, and catalysis. By exploring the interplay between porosity, ionic functionality, and gradient architecture, this review offers perspectives on the prospects of PIL-based FGMs for tackling global challenges in energy, environment, and healthcare.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51971157)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324115412035,JCYJ202103-24123202008,JCYJ20210324122803009 and ZDS-YS20210813095534001)Guangdong Foundation for Basic and Applied Basic Research Program(2021A1515110880).
文摘In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials,composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and exceptional properties.Graphene oxide(GO),a two-dimensional material with an extremely high specific surface area and excellent conductivity,offers new possibilities for enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal oxides.In this work,we synthesized met-al-organic framework(MOF)and GO composites by regulating the amount of GO,and successfully prepared composites of metal oxides supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks and GO through a simple one-step calcination process.Based on the electrochemical tests,the optimal amount of GO was determined.This research will provide new insights into and directions for designing and synthesizing metal oxide and graphene oxide composite materials with an ideal electro-chemical performance.
