Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular...Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color.This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract’s effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Analysis of CIEL*a*b*Color space was first used to determine the range of E.cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition.Subsequently,the set ranges of E.cava extract(5% and 7%)were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E.cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model.Our results showed that E.cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.These results suggest that the addition of 7% E.cava extract to 250μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective eff ects against the hair dye.The study proposes that the use of E.cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activities of an ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber,Stichopus japonicus,collected from Jeju Island.Methods:Antioxidant activity experiments were asse...Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activities of an ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber,Stichopus japonicus,collected from Jeju Island.Methods:Antioxidant activity experiments were assessed by an electron spin resonance system and a cellular model of immortalized human keratinocytes(HaCaT)to determine its radical scavenging activity and protective effects against 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride(AAPH)-induced oxidative stress.Antimelanogenic activity of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber was also examined using the melanoma cell model B16F10 and mushroom tyrosinase.Following the induction byα-melanocytestimulating hormone,the effects of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber on intracellular tyrosinase activity,melanin content and the melanogenic protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor,tyrosinase,and tyrosinase-related proteins(TRP-1,and TRP-2)were examined.Results:The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber significantly scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and alkyl radicals[IC50:(0.924±0.035)and(0.327±0.006)mg/mL,respectively],as well as showed a protective effect against oxidative stress and attenuated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species on AAPHinduced HaCaT cells,with no cytotoxicity(12.5-400μg/mL).The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber also exhibited a tyrosinase inhibitory effect[IC50:(2.750±0.006)mg/mL].Onα-melanocytestimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells,the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber(25-200μg/mL)significantly inhibited not only melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity,but also protein expressions of microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor,tyrosinase,TRP-1,and TRP-2.Conclusions:The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber shows antioxidant and anti-melanogenic potential and may be a natural candidate for anti-aging as well as a whitening agent in the cosmeceuticals industry.展开更多
Salinization becomes a very serious problem affecting the restoration assessment of the newly re-flooded marshes of the Mesopotamian southern Iraq. From mid-1970 to early-1990, the whole marsh area was influenced by w...Salinization becomes a very serious problem affecting the restoration assessment of the newly re-flooded marshes of the Mesopotamian southern Iraq. From mid-1970 to early-1990, the whole marsh area was influenced by water shortage and desiccation processes. Increasing the average salinity level in the re-flooded marshes is acting versus their recovery progress and significantly affecting their aquatic biota. This study will examine the contributions of dams’ construction and desiccation on increasing the salinity level with in the Mesopotamian marshlands overtime. Water discharge and salinity concentration were monitored in the direct water inputs and outlets of the three marshlands from May 2006 to February 2007 on a monthly basis, while salinity and major ions concentrations including “Ca1+, Mg2+, Cl1-, and SO42-” were monitored in 28 re-flooded marshes from March 2005 to August 2008 on a seasonal basis. The study indicate that increasing the salinity level in the Mesopotamian marshlands is due to three reasons: 1) The overtime increasing in the salinity level of their direct water inputs, due to dams’ constructions;2) the increase of the Arab Gulf tide via Shatt Al-Arab river due to the reduction of the water level in the outlets of the Central and Al-Hammar marshlands;and 3) the huge accumulation of salts due to desiccation.展开更多
This paper includes a comprehensive assessment of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)and 33 models from the CMIP phase 6(CMIP6)to determine the climatological and seasonal variation...This paper includes a comprehensive assessment of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)and 33 models from the CMIP phase 6(CMIP6)to determine the climatological and seasonal variation of ocean salinity from the surface to 2000 m.The general pattern of the ocean salinity climatology can be simulated by both the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models from the surface to 2000-m depth.However,this study shows an increased fresh bias in the surface and subsurface salinity in the CMIP6 multimodel mean,with a global average of−0.44 g kg^(−1) for the sea surface salinity(SSS)and−0.26 g kg^(−1) for the 0-1000-m averaged salinity(S1000)compared with the CMIP5 multimodel mean(−0.25 g kg^(−1) for the SSS and−0.07 g kg^(−1) for the S1000).In terms of the seasonal variation,both CMIP6 and CMIP5 models show positive(negative)anomalies in the first(second)half of the year in the global average SSS and S1000.The model-simulated variation in SSS is consistent with the observations,but not for S1000,suggesting a substantial uncertainty in simulating and understanding the seasonal variation in subsurface salinity.The CMIP5 and CMIP6 models overestimate the magnitude of the seasonal variation of the SSS in the tropics in the region 20°S-20°N but underestimate the magnitude of the seasonal change in S1000 in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.These assessments show new features of the model errors in simulating ocean salinity and support further studies of the global hydrological cycle.展开更多
The Dibdibba aquifer is considered to be the main source in the Al-Zubair area because agriculture depends on it to provide grazing water in the area.The groundwater well samples were collected from the shallow Dibdib...The Dibdibba aquifer is considered to be the main source in the Al-Zubair area because agriculture depends on it to provide grazing water in the area.The groundwater well samples were collected from the shallow Dibdibba Aquifer in Basra Province,southern Iraq,through the dry and wet period for 37 water samples were collected,to investigate the water quality deterioration,which is a hydrogeochemical modeling study where used to represent the groundwater mixing evaluation.The physicochemical parameter results show the spatial and temporal variations along the groundwater flow path.A Durov diagram of the studied samples shows water type Na-SO_(4),which is represented by mixing waters that may be affected by dissolution.Inverse geochemical model ratio results of the groundwater well samples have shown high mixing ratios in the east and southeast regions of the study area.The stable isotope composition of groundwater samples indicated that the recharge source of the Dibdibba aquifer is meteoric water influenced by vapor water from the Arabian Gulf.The stable isotope results have shown that the enrichment ofδO values is relatively linked with high salinity concentration and indicated the mixing between the upper unconfined and the lower confined,especially in the eastern and southern parts of the study area.These findings of geochemical modeling and isotopes indicated an increasing groundwater quality deterioration.Thus,we recommended avoiding these areas for intensive extraction of groundwater.展开更多
Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated ...Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated for： （1） detecting the exclusive impacts of the positive phases of NAO indices on rivers discharges rates by estimating the Linear Correlation Coefficient; （2） modeling the interrelations between the discharges rates and NAO indices by estimating the Linear Regression Models, both for manifesting the impact of the positive phase of NAO index; （3） estimating the Linear Trend Coefficient in the discharge series, for manifesting the contribution of the positive phase of NAO index. Discharge rates are mainly influenced by the two mechanisms： the positive phase of NAO index and the environmental conditions in specific catchments, that is where, the positive phase of the NAO index manifest its impact on the related rivers discharges and its contribution in the related configured trends. The discharges fluctuations patterns show some increase in the discharges values have been occurred in regions around the Northern Baltic Proper as well as in Southern Finland and Sweden. The rivers such as Lagan, Nissan, Helgean, Venta, Pamu, Porvoonjoki, Lapuanjoki, Oulujoki, Kyronjoki, Wisla, Eurajoki, Odra, Lielupe, Gota alv, Motala strom, Nykopingsan, Vuoksi, Kalajoki and Simojoki haven not linear discharges changes registered depending on the specificity of the environmental conditions at the catchments areas for those rivers. The positive phase of NAO index has a linear relation with impacted river discharge.展开更多
Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystems. Six sampling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River...Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystems. Six sampling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River and sampling was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Sixteen PAHs listed as priority pollutants were detected in the samples collected, including Naphthalene (Nap), Acenaphthylene (Acpy), Acenaphthene (Acp), Fluorene (Flu), Phenanthrene (Phen), Anthracene (Ant), Fluoranthene (Flur), Pyrene (Py), Benzo (a) Anthracene (B(a)A), Chrysene (Chry), Benzo (b) Fluoranthene (B(b)F), Benzo (k) Fluoranthene (B(k)F), Benzo (a) Pyrene (B(a)P), Dibenzo (a, h) Anthracene (D(b)A), Benzo (ghi) Perylene (B(ghi)P) and Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene (Ind). The results of the study illustrate that the PAH concentration in macrophytes varies among their species. These variances were as follows: P. australis 0.425 to 299.424 μg/g dry weight (Dw) for B(ghi)P and B(b)F, respectively;P. perfoliatus 0.354 to 235.84 μg/g Dw for B(b)F and B(ghi)P, respectively;C. demersum 0.996 to 162.942 μg/g Dw for Ant and B(ghi)P, respectively;and P. pectinatus 0.383 to 99.87 μg/g Dw for Ant and Nap, respectively. The accumulation potential of PAHs was also investigated by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF). The ranges of BCF ratios were 0.05 to 5334.5, 0.08 to 1602.5, 0.01 to 536.6, 0.16 to 1882 in P. australis, P. perfoliatus, P. pectinatus and C. demersum, respectively. The range of BSAF ratios were 3.14 to 1041.6 and 1.5 to 2920.8 in P. australis and P. perfoliatus, respectively.展开更多
Introduction:Numerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise(SLR),hurricanes,and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park.The model must be capable of representing sho...Introduction:Numerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise(SLR),hurricanes,and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park.The model must be capable of representing short-timescale hydrodynamics,salinity transport,and groundwater interaction.However,there is also a strong need to adapt these numerical models to hindcast past conditions in order to examine long-term effects on the distribution of vegetation that cannot be determined using only the modern record.Methods:Based on parameters developed for a numerical model developed for the recent 1996 to 2004 period,a hindcast model was developed to represent sea level and water management for the period of 1926 to 1932,constrained by the limited hydrology and meteorology data available from the historic past.Realistic hurricanewind and storm surge representations,required for the hindcast model,are based on information synthesized from modern storm data.A series of simulation scenarios with various hurricane representations inserted into both hindcast and recent numerical models were used to assess the utility of the storm representation in the model and compare the two simulations.Results:The comparison of the hindcast and recent models showed differences in the hydrology patterns that are consistent with known differences in water delivery systems and sea level rise.A 30×lower-resolution spatially variable wind grid for the hindcast produced similar results to the original high-resolution full wind grid representation of the recent simulation.Storm effects on hydrologic patterns demonstrated with the simulations show hydrologic processes that could have a long-term effect on vegetation change.Conclusions:The hindcast simulation estimated hydrologic processes for the 1926 to 1932 period.It shows promise as a simulator in long-term ecological studies to test hypotheses based on theoretical or empirical-based studies at larger landscape scales.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the biodegrading property against carcinogenic azo dyes using bacterial isolates of mangrove sediment.Methods:The bacterial isolates were subjected to submerged fermentation and their growth kine...Objective:To evaluate the biodegrading property against carcinogenic azo dyes using bacterial isolates of mangrove sediment.Methods:The bacterial isolates were subjected to submerged fermentation and their growth kinetics were studied.The potential strain was characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing.Results:In the present study,dye degrading bacterial colonies were isolated from the mangrove sediment samples of Parangipettai estuarine area,Tamil Nadu.Of the 30 morphologically different strains isolated,5 showed antagonistic property.The growth kinetics of the two strains,P1 and G1,which showed potent activity were calculated.One particular isolate(P1)showing promising dye degrading potential in the submerged fermentation was further characterized.The strain was identified as Paenibacillus sp.by 16S rDNA sequencing.Conclusions:This study reveals the less explored microflora of mangrove sediments.The novel strain may further be analyzed and used in the treatment of effluent from dye industry so as to reduce the impact of carcinogenic contaminants.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of some different water temperatures on growth of aquatic plants (Salvinia natans andCeratophyllum demersum). <br> Methods:The aquatic plants were brought from Shatt Al-Arab Rive...Objective:To evaluate the effect of some different water temperatures on growth of aquatic plants (Salvinia natans andCeratophyllum demersum). <br> Methods:The aquatic plants were brought from Shatt Al-Arab River in 2016. Equal weights of aquatic plants were aquacultured in aquaria, and were exposed to three different temperatures ( 12, 22 and 32°C). <br> Results: The results showed that the two plants did not show significant differences with respect to their effects on pH and electrical conductivity values. Time and temperature did not affect the values of pH and electrical conductivity. The values of dissolved oxygen was significantly influenced with variation of time and temperature, while the two plants did not have significant differences on dissolved oxygen values, nitrate ion concentration and was not significantly influenced with variation of plant species or temperature or time. Plant species and temperature significantly affected phosphate ion concentration, while the time did not significantly influence the concentration of phosphate ion. Chlorophyll a content and biomass were significantly influenced with the variation of plant species, and temperature . <br> Conclusions:Aquatic plants has a species specific respond to temperatures change in their environment. Water plant,Ceratophyllum demersum is more tolerant to temperatures change thanSalvinia natans.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the composition of population and abundance of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (P. semisulcatus) in relation to presence of main groups of pathogenic bacteria isolated from tissues of di...Objective: To evaluate the composition of population and abundance of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (P. semisulcatus) in relation to presence of main groups of pathogenic bacteria isolated from tissues of different stages of shrimps in Al-Faw City, Basrah, Iraq. Methods: The specimens of shrimp P. semisulcatus were collected from December 2016 to February 2017 by commercial trawl net. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from muscle tissues of P. semisulcatus. Microbial species were characterized based on morphological and biochemical tests. Results: Monthly changes in the composition of population of P. semisulcatus during three months of the present study were observed;the highest abundance of males and females was recorded in February 2017. The sex ratio indicated a preponderance of females over males in study area. The average total numbers of isolated bacteria were 14.31 × 103 CFU/100 mL from shrimp in young and larval stages, while from adult shrimps average total number of bacteria was 18.46 × 102 CFU/100 mL. Pathogenic bacteria isolated presumably belonged to three species, namely, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: The current study showed that the total bacteria number in young and larvae specimens of P. semisulcatus was greater than that in adult specimens, and exceeded the allowed maximum bacteria number.展开更多
With the continuous development of various types of fixed marine observation equipment,satellite remote sensing technology and computer simulation technology,modern marine scientific research has entered the era of bi...With the continuous development of various types of fixed marine observation equipment,satellite remote sensing technology and computer simulation technology,modern marine scientific research has entered the era of big data.Interactive ocean visuali-zation has become ubiquitous owing to the use of ocean data in studies of marine disasters,global climate change and fisheries.However,the primary challenge in analyzing large amounts of ocean data originates from the complexity of the data themselves.Therefore,an interactive multi-scale,multivariate visualization sys-tem with dynamic expansion potential is needed for analyzing larger volumes of ocean data.In this study,a unified visual data service was constructed,and a component-based interactive visua-lization structure for multi-dimensional,spatiotemporal ocean data is presented in this paper.Based on this structure,users can easily customize the system to visualize other types of scientific data.展开更多
文摘Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color.This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract’s effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Analysis of CIEL*a*b*Color space was first used to determine the range of E.cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition.Subsequently,the set ranges of E.cava extract(5% and 7%)were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E.cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model.Our results showed that E.cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.These results suggest that the addition of 7% E.cava extract to 250μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective eff ects against the hair dye.The study proposes that the use of E.cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes.
基金supported by a research grant funded by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology(PE99722)supported by Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and anti-melanogenesis activities of an ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber,Stichopus japonicus,collected from Jeju Island.Methods:Antioxidant activity experiments were assessed by an electron spin resonance system and a cellular model of immortalized human keratinocytes(HaCaT)to determine its radical scavenging activity and protective effects against 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride(AAPH)-induced oxidative stress.Antimelanogenic activity of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber was also examined using the melanoma cell model B16F10 and mushroom tyrosinase.Following the induction byα-melanocytestimulating hormone,the effects of the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber on intracellular tyrosinase activity,melanin content and the melanogenic protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor,tyrosinase,and tyrosinase-related proteins(TRP-1,and TRP-2)were examined.Results:The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber significantly scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and alkyl radicals[IC50:(0.924±0.035)and(0.327±0.006)mg/mL,respectively],as well as showed a protective effect against oxidative stress and attenuated generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species on AAPHinduced HaCaT cells,with no cytotoxicity(12.5-400μg/mL).The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber also exhibited a tyrosinase inhibitory effect[IC50:(2.750±0.006)mg/mL].Onα-melanocytestimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells,the ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber(25-200μg/mL)significantly inhibited not only melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity,but also protein expressions of microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor,tyrosinase,TRP-1,and TRP-2.Conclusions:The ultrasonic extract of red sea cucumber shows antioxidant and anti-melanogenic potential and may be a natural candidate for anti-aging as well as a whitening agent in the cosmeceuticals industry.
文摘Salinization becomes a very serious problem affecting the restoration assessment of the newly re-flooded marshes of the Mesopotamian southern Iraq. From mid-1970 to early-1990, the whole marsh area was influenced by water shortage and desiccation processes. Increasing the average salinity level in the re-flooded marshes is acting versus their recovery progress and significantly affecting their aquatic biota. This study will examine the contributions of dams’ construction and desiccation on increasing the salinity level with in the Mesopotamian marshlands overtime. Water discharge and salinity concentration were monitored in the direct water inputs and outlets of the three marshlands from May 2006 to February 2007 on a monthly basis, while salinity and major ions concentrations including “Ca1+, Mg2+, Cl1-, and SO42-” were monitored in 28 re-flooded marshes from March 2005 to August 2008 on a seasonal basis. The study indicate that increasing the salinity level in the Mesopotamian marshlands is due to three reasons: 1) The overtime increasing in the salinity level of their direct water inputs, due to dams’ constructions;2) the increase of the Arab Gulf tide via Shatt Al-Arab river due to the reduction of the water level in the outlets of the Central and Al-Hammar marshlands;and 3) the huge accumulation of salts due to desiccation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42076202)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB42040402).
文摘This paper includes a comprehensive assessment of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)and 33 models from the CMIP phase 6(CMIP6)to determine the climatological and seasonal variation of ocean salinity from the surface to 2000 m.The general pattern of the ocean salinity climatology can be simulated by both the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models from the surface to 2000-m depth.However,this study shows an increased fresh bias in the surface and subsurface salinity in the CMIP6 multimodel mean,with a global average of−0.44 g kg^(−1) for the sea surface salinity(SSS)and−0.26 g kg^(−1) for the 0-1000-m averaged salinity(S1000)compared with the CMIP5 multimodel mean(−0.25 g kg^(−1) for the SSS and−0.07 g kg^(−1) for the S1000).In terms of the seasonal variation,both CMIP6 and CMIP5 models show positive(negative)anomalies in the first(second)half of the year in the global average SSS and S1000.The model-simulated variation in SSS is consistent with the observations,but not for S1000,suggesting a substantial uncertainty in simulating and understanding the seasonal variation in subsurface salinity.The CMIP5 and CMIP6 models overestimate the magnitude of the seasonal variation of the SSS in the tropics in the region 20°S-20°N but underestimate the magnitude of the seasonal change in S1000 in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.These assessments show new features of the model errors in simulating ocean salinity and support further studies of the global hydrological cycle.
文摘The Dibdibba aquifer is considered to be the main source in the Al-Zubair area because agriculture depends on it to provide grazing water in the area.The groundwater well samples were collected from the shallow Dibdibba Aquifer in Basra Province,southern Iraq,through the dry and wet period for 37 water samples were collected,to investigate the water quality deterioration,which is a hydrogeochemical modeling study where used to represent the groundwater mixing evaluation.The physicochemical parameter results show the spatial and temporal variations along the groundwater flow path.A Durov diagram of the studied samples shows water type Na-SO_(4),which is represented by mixing waters that may be affected by dissolution.Inverse geochemical model ratio results of the groundwater well samples have shown high mixing ratios in the east and southeast regions of the study area.The stable isotope composition of groundwater samples indicated that the recharge source of the Dibdibba aquifer is meteoric water influenced by vapor water from the Arabian Gulf.The stable isotope results have shown that the enrichment ofδO values is relatively linked with high salinity concentration and indicated the mixing between the upper unconfined and the lower confined,especially in the eastern and southern parts of the study area.These findings of geochemical modeling and isotopes indicated an increasing groundwater quality deterioration.Thus,we recommended avoiding these areas for intensive extraction of groundwater.
文摘Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated for： （1） detecting the exclusive impacts of the positive phases of NAO indices on rivers discharges rates by estimating the Linear Correlation Coefficient; （2） modeling the interrelations between the discharges rates and NAO indices by estimating the Linear Regression Models, both for manifesting the impact of the positive phase of NAO index; （3） estimating the Linear Trend Coefficient in the discharge series, for manifesting the contribution of the positive phase of NAO index. Discharge rates are mainly influenced by the two mechanisms： the positive phase of NAO index and the environmental conditions in specific catchments, that is where, the positive phase of the NAO index manifest its impact on the related rivers discharges and its contribution in the related configured trends. The discharges fluctuations patterns show some increase in the discharges values have been occurred in regions around the Northern Baltic Proper as well as in Southern Finland and Sweden. The rivers such as Lagan, Nissan, Helgean, Venta, Pamu, Porvoonjoki, Lapuanjoki, Oulujoki, Kyronjoki, Wisla, Eurajoki, Odra, Lielupe, Gota alv, Motala strom, Nykopingsan, Vuoksi, Kalajoki and Simojoki haven not linear discharges changes registered depending on the specificity of the environmental conditions at the catchments areas for those rivers. The positive phase of NAO index has a linear relation with impacted river discharge.
文摘Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystems. Six sampling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River and sampling was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Sixteen PAHs listed as priority pollutants were detected in the samples collected, including Naphthalene (Nap), Acenaphthylene (Acpy), Acenaphthene (Acp), Fluorene (Flu), Phenanthrene (Phen), Anthracene (Ant), Fluoranthene (Flur), Pyrene (Py), Benzo (a) Anthracene (B(a)A), Chrysene (Chry), Benzo (b) Fluoranthene (B(b)F), Benzo (k) Fluoranthene (B(k)F), Benzo (a) Pyrene (B(a)P), Dibenzo (a, h) Anthracene (D(b)A), Benzo (ghi) Perylene (B(ghi)P) and Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene (Ind). The results of the study illustrate that the PAH concentration in macrophytes varies among their species. These variances were as follows: P. australis 0.425 to 299.424 μg/g dry weight (Dw) for B(ghi)P and B(b)F, respectively;P. perfoliatus 0.354 to 235.84 μg/g Dw for B(b)F and B(ghi)P, respectively;C. demersum 0.996 to 162.942 μg/g Dw for Ant and B(ghi)P, respectively;and P. pectinatus 0.383 to 99.87 μg/g Dw for Ant and Nap, respectively. The accumulation potential of PAHs was also investigated by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF). The ranges of BCF ratios were 0.05 to 5334.5, 0.08 to 1602.5, 0.01 to 536.6, 0.16 to 1882 in P. australis, P. perfoliatus, P. pectinatus and C. demersum, respectively. The range of BSAF ratios were 3.14 to 1041.6 and 1.5 to 2920.8 in P. australis and P. perfoliatus, respectively.
文摘Introduction:Numerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise(SLR),hurricanes,and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park.The model must be capable of representing short-timescale hydrodynamics,salinity transport,and groundwater interaction.However,there is also a strong need to adapt these numerical models to hindcast past conditions in order to examine long-term effects on the distribution of vegetation that cannot be determined using only the modern record.Methods:Based on parameters developed for a numerical model developed for the recent 1996 to 2004 period,a hindcast model was developed to represent sea level and water management for the period of 1926 to 1932,constrained by the limited hydrology and meteorology data available from the historic past.Realistic hurricanewind and storm surge representations,required for the hindcast model,are based on information synthesized from modern storm data.A series of simulation scenarios with various hurricane representations inserted into both hindcast and recent numerical models were used to assess the utility of the storm representation in the model and compare the two simulations.Results:The comparison of the hindcast and recent models showed differences in the hydrology patterns that are consistent with known differences in water delivery systems and sea level rise.A 30×lower-resolution spatially variable wind grid for the hindcast produced similar results to the original high-resolution full wind grid representation of the recent simulation.Storm effects on hydrologic patterns demonstrated with the simulations show hydrologic processes that could have a long-term effect on vegetation change.Conclusions:The hindcast simulation estimated hydrologic processes for the 1926 to 1932 period.It shows promise as a simulator in long-term ecological studies to test hypotheses based on theoretical or empirical-based studies at larger landscape scales.
基金Supported by Department of Biotechnology,Government of India(BT/AAQ/Indo-Norway/183196/2007).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the biodegrading property against carcinogenic azo dyes using bacterial isolates of mangrove sediment.Methods:The bacterial isolates were subjected to submerged fermentation and their growth kinetics were studied.The potential strain was characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing.Results:In the present study,dye degrading bacterial colonies were isolated from the mangrove sediment samples of Parangipettai estuarine area,Tamil Nadu.Of the 30 morphologically different strains isolated,5 showed antagonistic property.The growth kinetics of the two strains,P1 and G1,which showed potent activity were calculated.One particular isolate(P1)showing promising dye degrading potential in the submerged fermentation was further characterized.The strain was identified as Paenibacillus sp.by 16S rDNA sequencing.Conclusions:This study reveals the less explored microflora of mangrove sediments.The novel strain may further be analyzed and used in the treatment of effluent from dye industry so as to reduce the impact of carcinogenic contaminants.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of some different water temperatures on growth of aquatic plants (Salvinia natans andCeratophyllum demersum). <br> Methods:The aquatic plants were brought from Shatt Al-Arab River in 2016. Equal weights of aquatic plants were aquacultured in aquaria, and were exposed to three different temperatures ( 12, 22 and 32°C). <br> Results: The results showed that the two plants did not show significant differences with respect to their effects on pH and electrical conductivity values. Time and temperature did not affect the values of pH and electrical conductivity. The values of dissolved oxygen was significantly influenced with variation of time and temperature, while the two plants did not have significant differences on dissolved oxygen values, nitrate ion concentration and was not significantly influenced with variation of plant species or temperature or time. Plant species and temperature significantly affected phosphate ion concentration, while the time did not significantly influence the concentration of phosphate ion. Chlorophyll a content and biomass were significantly influenced with the variation of plant species, and temperature . <br> Conclusions:Aquatic plants has a species specific respond to temperatures change in their environment. Water plant,Ceratophyllum demersum is more tolerant to temperatures change thanSalvinia natans.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the composition of population and abundance of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (P. semisulcatus) in relation to presence of main groups of pathogenic bacteria isolated from tissues of different stages of shrimps in Al-Faw City, Basrah, Iraq. Methods: The specimens of shrimp P. semisulcatus were collected from December 2016 to February 2017 by commercial trawl net. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from muscle tissues of P. semisulcatus. Microbial species were characterized based on morphological and biochemical tests. Results: Monthly changes in the composition of population of P. semisulcatus during three months of the present study were observed;the highest abundance of males and females was recorded in February 2017. The sex ratio indicated a preponderance of females over males in study area. The average total numbers of isolated bacteria were 14.31 × 103 CFU/100 mL from shrimp in young and larval stages, while from adult shrimps average total number of bacteria was 18.46 × 102 CFU/100 mL. Pathogenic bacteria isolated presumably belonged to three species, namely, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: The current study showed that the total bacteria number in young and larvae specimens of P. semisulcatus was greater than that in adult specimens, and exceeded the allowed maximum bacteria number.
基金the Key R&D project of Shandong Province(2019JZZY010102)the Big Earth Data Science Engineering Project(XDA19060104)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Construction of Scientific Data Center System(XXH-13514).
文摘With the continuous development of various types of fixed marine observation equipment,satellite remote sensing technology and computer simulation technology,modern marine scientific research has entered the era of big data.Interactive ocean visuali-zation has become ubiquitous owing to the use of ocean data in studies of marine disasters,global climate change and fisheries.However,the primary challenge in analyzing large amounts of ocean data originates from the complexity of the data themselves.Therefore,an interactive multi-scale,multivariate visualization sys-tem with dynamic expansion potential is needed for analyzing larger volumes of ocean data.In this study,a unified visual data service was constructed,and a component-based interactive visua-lization structure for multi-dimensional,spatiotemporal ocean data is presented in this paper.Based on this structure,users can easily customize the system to visualize other types of scientific data.
