Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium viva...Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.展开更多
Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathi...Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.展开更多
Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management a...Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.展开更多
Following highly prevalent Plasmodium resistant strains to antimalarial monotherapies in malaria endemic countries, uncomplicated malaria treatment policy changed to artemisinine-based combination therapies (ACTs). Af...Following highly prevalent Plasmodium resistant strains to antimalarial monotherapies in malaria endemic countries, uncomplicated malaria treatment policy changed to artemisinine-based combination therapies (ACTs). After adoption of this new treatment policy in a country, sufficient care is needed to be taken to prevent occurrence of resistance to the latest drugs. As Cameroon shifted to ACT in 2004, this study aimed to assess knowledge and practices of health workers in government health facilities of the Littoral region regarding mild malaria management in health facilities as well as according to prescription qualities of ACTs in leaflets received in pharmacies. A total of 66 physicians and 16 nurses were questioned in 10 health facilities and 503 medical leaflets with ACTs prescriptions were viewed in 17 pharmacies. All medical workers questioned correctly were defined mild malaria and were aware of the antimalarial policy change in Cameroon. Overall ACTs prescription for mild malaria management in children and adult patients was 72.2% and 87.8% respectively. An important proportion of health workers prescribed antimalarial monotherapies and non recommended antimalarial for uncomplicated malaria treatment. 31.7% of participants did not systematically recommend laboratory diagnostic test before antimalarial prescription. Of leaflets viewed in pharmacies, ACTs were prescribed by physicians, nurses and laboratory technicians. Age was the only criteria for ACTs prescription. Appropriate ACTs quality prescription ranged between 81.2% and 94.4%. Of the ACTs prescribed, blisters had the highest (92.9%) appropriate quality prescription and solutions the lowest (83.3%). According to qualification of prescribers, physicians had the highest score (93.1%) of appropriate quality prescription and laboratory technicians the lowest score (28.1%). For all ACTs containing medical leaflets, concomitant medications were recorded namely antipyretic (73.9%), antibiotic (21.9%), non steroid anti-inflammatory (19.9%) or vitamins (18.1%). Data gathered indicated that although health workers were aware of uncomplicated malaria treatment policy change in Cameroon, mild malaria mismanagement was prevailing in health facilities of the Littoral region and ACTs quality prescription in medical leaflets was not optimal. Therefore, awareness is still needed among prescribers in order to prevent or at least slow the occurrence of Plasmodium resistant strains to ACTs in Cameroon.展开更多
Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at...Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at health facilities in four districts conveniently sampled to represent both urban and rural settings in different epidemiological zones and health facility coverage.The review period was from January to December 2008.The sample included twelve lower level health facilities from four districts.The Pearson Chi-square test was used to identify characteristics which affected the quality of case management.Results:Out of 4891 suspected malaria cases recorded at the 12 health facilities,more than 80%of the patients had a temperature taken to establish their fever status.About 67%(CI_(95)66.1-68.7)were tested for parasitemia by either rapid diagnostic test or microscopy,whereas the remaining22.5%(CI_(95)213.1-23.7)were not subjected to any malaria test.Of the 2247 malaria cases reported(complicated and uncomplicated),71%were parasitologicaily confirmed while 29%were clinically diagnosed(unconfirmed).About 56%.(CI_(95)53.9-58.1)of the malaria cases reported were treated with artemether-lumefantrine(AL),35%(CI_(95)33.1-37.0)with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine,8%(CI_(95)6.9-9.2)with quinine and 1%did not receive any anti-malarial.Approximately 30%of patients WHO were found negative for malaria parasites were still prescribed an anti-malarial,contrary to the guidelines.There were marked inter-district variations in the proportion of patients in WHOm a diagnostic tool was used,and in the choice of anti-malarials for the treatment of malaria confirmed cases.Association between health worker characteristics and quality of case malaria management showed that nurses performed better than environmental health technicians and clinical officers on the decision whether to use the rapid diagnostic test or not.Gender,in service training on malaria,years of residence in the district and length of service of the health worker at the facility were not associated with diagnostic and treatment choices.Conclusions:Malaria case management was characterised by poor adherence to treatment guidelines.The non-adherence was mainly in leans of:inconsistent use of confirmatory tests(rapid diagnostic test or microscopy)for malaria;prescribing anti-malarials which are not recommended(e.g.sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine)and prescribing anti-malarials to cases testing negative.Innovative approaches are required to improve health worker adherence to diagnosis and treatment guidelines.展开更多
Relating the influence of climate on the occurrence of a vector-borne disease like malaria quantitatively is quite challenging. To better understand the disease endemicity, the effects of climate variables on the dist...Relating the influence of climate on the occurrence of a vector-borne disease like malaria quantitatively is quite challenging. To better understand the disease endemicity, the effects of climate variables on the distribution of malaria in Cameroon are studied over space and time, with emphasis on the Bonaberi district. Meteorological monitoring can lead to proactive control. The government of Cameroon, through the National Control Malaria Program, has put in place strategies to control and stop the spread of the disease. This study is therefore geared towards assessing the yearly parasite ratio of malaria over the ten regions of Cameroon and to work out the influence of rainfall and temperature on disease endemicity with emphasis on a district of Douala. The model used is the VECTRI model, which shows the dynamic link between climatic variables and malaria transmission. The parasite ratio observed and simulated showed a maximum correlation of 0.75 in 2015. A positive relationship between temperature, rainfall and malaria is revealed in this study but Bonaberi has malaria all year round. The West region is the least affected by malaria. We recommend that For the VECTRI model to perform better, the population could be incorporated in the model.展开更多
Background: Malaria has historically been a major public health concern in Yemen, noted to be the country with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. As more and more children attend school, gover...Background: Malaria has historically been a major public health concern in Yemen, noted to be the country with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. As more and more children attend school, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of child health for educational achievement. Aim: The aim is to assess the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice of pupil towards malaria before the health education activities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. The study population was 1598 pupils in primary schools. Data was collected using questioner. Results: The pupils who recognized mosquito bite as a route of malaria transmission was 769 (48.1%), while the pupils who recognized fever as the main symptom were 786 (49.2%), 281 (17.58%) of pupils recognized convulsion as a complication of malaria. Regarding protective method 881 (55.31%) were mentioned the cover of the tanks as a protective method, about the BN 293 (18.3%) of pupils known about the BN and 280 (17.5%) mentioned children & pregnancy were the vulnerable groups to malaria. Conclusions and Recommendation: the percentage of knowledge of malaria knowledge and methods of prevention was low (24.5%). Also, the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was 45%. The rate of having bed-nets was very low (10.1%). There were misconceptions of malaria cause and transmission (48.1%). We recommend conducting health education activities that will focus on increasing the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of malaria among school pupils.展开更多
Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availa...Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availability of antimalarial medicines is one of the key interventions of malaria management. This study assessed the availability of antimalarial medicines in community pharmacies in Lusaka district, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 210 community pharmacies from September to November 2022 using a well-structured checklist in selected areas of Lusaka district. The availability was verified by a physical check of the product. The checklist contained the medicines listed both in the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Zambia as well as in the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria treatment guidelines. Results: This study found that all antimalarials listed in the local treatment guidelines for malaria were available in community pharmacies, though with the varying distribution. Of the 210 community pharmacies, 209 (99.5%) had artemether/lumefantrine in stock. The lowest available antimalarial was quinine/clindamycin, which was only available in 3 (1.4%) of the outlets. Conversely, 3 out of 16 (18.8%) antimalarials that were available in community pharmacies were not listed in the local treatment guidelines of malaria in Zambia, despite being listed in the WHO malaria treatment guidelines. This translated into a compliance level of 81.2% based on the local malaria treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study concluded that antimalarials were available for all categories of malaria management in community pharmacies, though with a varying distribution. The presence of antimalarials not listed in the Zambian treatment guidelines is of public health concern which may have an impact on antimicrobial resistance in the future.展开更多
Objective:To illustrate the clinical features and investigate the indicators associated with a fatal outcome in adult patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases,B...Objective:To illustrate the clinical features and investigate the indicators associated with a fatal outcome in adult patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases,Bangkok,Thailand.Methods:We studied 202 adult malaria patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.A total of 43 clinical variables were identified by univariate and logistic regression analyses,to eliminate confounding factors.Results:Regarding the statistical methods,only 6 variables-jaundice,cerebral malaria,metabolic acidosis,body mass index,initial respiratory rate,and white blood cell count-were significant indicators of death, with adjusted odds ratios(95%CI) of 15.2(2.1-32.3).4.3(2.3-12.6),3.3(2.3-5.7),2.4(1.9-3.5),2.2 (1.5-2.6),and 1.7(1.2-3.1),respectively.Conclusions:Our study found that jaundice,cerebral malaria,metabolic acidosis,body mass index,initial respiratory rate and white blood cell count were indicators of fatal outcome in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.Further studies on the fatal indicators in severe malaria need to be compared with data from different geographical areas,to construct practical measures to address potentially fatal indicators in different settings.展开更多
India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting ...India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.展开更多
Objective To define and evaluate the malaria transmission potential in the Yangtze River, following construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Six villages, namely, Kaixian, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Fuling, Yubei, a...Objective To define and evaluate the malaria transmission potential in the Yangtze River, following construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Six villages, namely, Kaixian, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Fuling, Yubei, and Zigui were selected for investigating the malaria transmission potential in the reservoir. Transmission potential was estimated by mathematical modeling and evaluation of the local malaria situation. Factors that influenced the transmission potential were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis in combination with Grey Systematic Theory （based on evaluation by the Delphi method）. Results Indirect fluorescent antibody data and the incidence of malaria in the local population were consistent with the malaria transmission potential calculated for the area. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between the riparian zone and the man‐biting rate. Conclusion The risk of a malaria epidemic can be forecasted using the malaria transmission potential parameters investigated here which was closely correlated with the riparian zone.展开更多
Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Informati...Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Information regarding densities, resting and breeding habitats of malaria vectors prevalent in the area was also generated so as to formulate an appropriate vector control strategy. The Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) and Pf proportion was 43.1%, 35.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Three sibling species A, B, and C of An. culicifacies were found sympatric with cumulative percent composition of 63.7, 28.2 and 8.1, respectively. Per man hour and per structure densities of An. culicifacies, An. culicifacies and An. culicifacies varied from 0 to 27.5 and 0 to 56.0, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 7.0 and, 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 7.5, respectively. The proportion of semi-gravid and gravid females was more as compared to fully fed and unfed females which indicated that most of the females rested indoor. Streams/river, wells, seepages and irrigation tanks are the major habitats supporting breeding of An. culicifacies. Integrated vector managements by indoor residual spraying of effective insecticide as per national guidelines along with biological control methods especially use of larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulate are suggested to control malaria in the area.展开更多
The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having n...The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.展开更多
Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial pr...Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial prevalence in Iran.Methods:Different sampling methods,in addition to scoring abdominal conditions,were used to define the seasonal activity and endo/exophilic behavior of this species.In addition,the standard WHO susceptibility tests were applied on adult field strains.Results:Most adult mosquitoes were collected from outdoor shelters.The peak of seasonal activity of An.superpictus occurred at the end of autumn.Most larvae were collected from natural and permanent breeding places with full sunlight and no vegetation.Blood feeding activities occurred around midnight.Compared with the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected indoors,the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected outdoors were gravid and seniigravid.This species was suspected to be resistant to DDT,but was susceptible to other insecticides.Conclusions:An.superpictus was present in almost all outdoor shelters,and the ratios of gravid,semigravid/unfed,and freshly fed confirmed that this species had a higher tendency to rest outdoors than indoors.This behavior can protect An.superpictus from indoor residual spraying in this malarious area.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on the susceptibility status of An.superpictus in Southeastern Iran.We do not suggest the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying in southeast Iran.展开更多
Objective:To determine some bio-ecological aspects of malaria vectors in Jask County,where is targeted for malaria elimination in the national program.Methods:Mosquitoes were collected monthly during 2013-2014 using d...Objective:To determine some bio-ecological aspects of malaria vectors in Jask County,where is targeted for malaria elimination in the national program.Methods:Mosquitoes were collected monthly during 2013-2014 using different collection methods.Subsequently,ELISA test was used to detect the human blood index of mosquitoes.The susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi was evaluated against the diagnostic dosages of seven WHO recommended insecticides.Results:A total of 3650 female and 4736 Anopheles larvae were collected including Anopheles stephensi,Anopheles culicifacies s.l.,Anopheles dthali.Anopheles fluviatilis s.l.,Anopheles moghulensis and Anopheles turkhodi species.Anopheles stephensi was the dominant collected species on human baits and indoors with high rate of unfed and gravid specimens in internal and external window traps.Human blood index was calculated as 14.3%for this species.It was also found to be resistant to DDT and Dieldrin.Conclusions:The collected species had a wide range of habitats,and resting behaviors.With regarding to the presence of most important malaria vectors in Jask.control of the disease may be so complicated;as based on the weather condition it can be transmitted during the whole year,except for cold months.With this strong potential of transmission,existing population movements in the area may lead to imported cases of malaria and local outbreak(s).So,more specific studies on malaria vectors in high risk areas of Jask County are recommended.展开更多
<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: Malaria is one of the main health problems in Yemen. Health education is essential for the control of diseases such as...<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: Malaria is one of the main health problems in Yemen. Health education is essential for the control of diseases such as malaria. School-age children represent 25% of Yemen’s population. Schools children can convey the knowledge and skills that they acquire at school to the community, thus increasing general community awareness about malaria. Aim to determine the impact of school-based malaria education intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice of school children towards malaria prevention and control. Methods: We conducted a community-based trial, intervention and non-intervention comparison (exposed & non-exposed), in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. This study was conducted in four districts of Taiz governorate. The study population was 2130 pupils of grade 6, 7, and 8 in primary schools, chosen from four randomly selected districts;two of them were rural and the others urban. Four schools and their pupils (1065 pupils) were chosen for the study and assigned as an intervention group and four schools with their pupils (1065) were chosen for the study and assigned as a non-intervention (1065 pupils). Data were collected using questioner in intervention and non-intervention schools (three months apart). The major intervention activities included lectures about malaria, distribution of educational materials. χ<sup>2</sup> was used to analyze differences. Results: Health education activities in schools were associated with the increased knowledge of malaria symptoms and methods of prevention. The mean knowledge of malaria symptoms is higher in the intervention schools 4.4 ± 1.9, compared with 2.1 ± 1.4 in the non-intervention group. With statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), also the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was higher to be (48%) in the intervention group;compared with (35%) in the non-intervention group the difference was statistically significant. The knowledge of mode of malaria transmission was higher in the intervention schools to be (86.2%) compared with (59.1%) in the non-intervention group, with statistically significant deference (P value <0.001). The knowledge of fever as a main malaria symptom was higher to be (90.4%) in the intervention schools compared with (63.6%) in the non-intervention schools with statistically significant deference. Conclusions and Recommendation: This study concludes that the health education intervention in primary schools in Taize governorate had a positive impact on the knowledge, attitude and practice of pupils. We recommend to conduct similar methods of the health education activities in schools with suitable modifications to reach all schools level.展开更多
Objective:To demonstrate malaria situation analysis,stratification and planning for an endemic area in southern Iran.Methods:Data on health system,population,meteorological parameters, malaria cases,anopheline vectors...Objective:To demonstrate malaria situation analysis,stratification and planning for an endemic area in southern Iran.Methods:Data on health system,population,meteorological parameters, malaria cases,anopheline vectors,and control activities during 2005-2007 was obtained from Minab Health Center,Minab Meteorological Station and published documents about malaria elements in the study area.A datasheet was created in excel 2003 for analysis.Results:There were 644 health staff working in Minab District including 99 health staff in malaria control program.The health facilities are distributed as follow:1 hospital with 96 beds,23 health centers including private centers(10 in Minab city and 13 in rural area of Minab District) and 119 health houses in rural areas of Minab District.Anopheles stephensi was the dominant species in Minab District,however,Anopheles dthali,Anopheles superpictus,Anopheles fluviatilis,Anopheles multicolor,Anopheles pulcherrimus and Anopheles turkhudi can also be found in the area. Anopheles stephensi was reported susceptible to malathion,propoxur,primphos-methyl,lambdacyhalothrin permethrin and deltamethrin,and resistant to DDT and dieldrin in the area.During the study period a total of 10 665 positive cases were reported,mainly due to local transmission (99.6%).Plasmodium vivax was the main causative agent followed by Plasmodium falciparum. There were reports about drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in the area.Conclusions: Using different parameters,Minab was classified into 3 strata.A plan was designed based on described goal,objectives and targets.The approaches of this plan were categorized into:health education,early detection and correct treatment,and vector control.Main constraints of these approaches are population movement between Iran,Pakistan and Afghanistan;vector control challenges at district,inadequate skilled medical staff in malaria case management and weak inter-sectorial coordination for malaria control,especially in urban areas.展开更多
Objective:To preliminarily investigate the possible role of prostaglandin D_2(PGD_2) in malaria infections.Methods:Blood and urinary samples(n=120 each) were collected from Thai patients with Plasmodium falciparum(P.f...Objective:To preliminarily investigate the possible role of prostaglandin D_2(PGD_2) in malaria infections.Methods:Blood and urinary samples(n=120 each) were collected from Thai patients with Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) with moderate(n=26) and high(n=4) parasitemia,patients with Plasmodium vivax(P.vivax)(n=30),patients with fever associated with other infections(n=30),and healthy subjects(n=30).PGD_2 concentrations in plasma and urinary samples of healthy subjects,patients with fever associated with other infections and patients with malaria were determined using Prostaglandin D2-MOX express EIA kit(Cayman Chemical,USA).Results:The possible association between PGD_2 and malaria infections is clearly demonstrated with PGD_2 concentration in urine.The urinary PGD_2 concentrations were relatively high(about 5-fold) in patients with P.falciparum with moderate parasitemia and P.vivax infections compared with other groups.Furthermore,the concentration in patients with P.falciparum with moderate parasitemia and P.vivax infection were significantly higher than that in healthy subjects and patients with fever associated with other infections.Conclusions:Urinary PGD_2 concentrations may offer a more dependable and useful tool for predicting malaria severity.Confirmation is this preliminary finding is required with a larger sample size.展开更多
Objective:To determine the status and epidemiological aspects of malaria in Iran in favor of gaining a better understanding of the national control of malaria.Methods:This epidemiological study examined the status of ...Objective:To determine the status and epidemiological aspects of malaria in Iran in favor of gaining a better understanding of the national control of malaria.Methods:This epidemiological study examined the status of malaria from 2011 to 2014 in Iran.Data were collected from the Ministry of Health's protocol for controlling and eliminating malaria,which is currently in use.This malaria information reporting system is automated in all Iranian provinces and cities,and all information is submitted online to the center for communicable disease control in the Ministry of Health.Information about malaria is available for researchers to evaluate.Results:The incidence rates decreased from 2011 to 2014.There were 4.76,2.12,1.80,and 1.59 per 100000 people,respectively from 2011 to 2014.During the four-year period(2011-2014),the highest numbers of cases occurred in those aged 16-25 years,by age,and in men,by sex.Most of the cases were workers and located in rural areas.An average 52.58%of cases were Iranian.The highest incidence rates from 2011 to 2014 were located in Sistan and Baluchestan province.There were 89.94,43.9,38.3,and 30.66 per 100000 people.The highest numbers of malaria cases were recorded in the cities Sarbaz,Nickshahr,and Chabahar in Sistan and Baluchestan province and Bandar Abbas,Bandar Jask,and Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan province.During the four-year period,57.05%of cases were caused by imported factors.The majority of cases were related to the trophozoite lifecycle of parasites.Regarding surveillance,there was inactive care in the majority of cases.Vivax malaria was the most prevalent.Conclusions:Despite the recendy declining trend in reported cases,the expansion of local transmission,especially in areas with cross-border travel,is very worrying.Improved malaria control interventions can be effective for elimination of malaria in Iran;these can include programs to control border travel and focused interventions for high incidence areas and high-risk groups such as rural residents,men,workers,and people<35 years old.展开更多
The research scenario for malaria has improved in the last three decades to understand the epidemiology and host immune responses to plasmodial infection.Due to the augmented episodes of resistance development against...The research scenario for malaria has improved in the last three decades to understand the epidemiology and host immune responses to plasmodial infection.Due to the augmented episodes of resistance development against the commonly used antimalarials in plasmodium parasites,especially in Plasmodium falciparum,neutralization of infection through effective vaccine(s) remains the feasible alternative in malaria control.In this direction,lot of attention was paid towards the identification of stage specific malaria antigens targeted by host ’s immune system.Preparation of synthetic or recombinant peptides and evaluation of their immunogenecity in naturally occurring antibody response were also given much importance,as these studies could help in finding potential candidates for future malaria vaccine(s).Attention was also paid.on the pathogenic consequences of antibody formation in malaria infection as polyclonal activation of B cells,which is a very prominent feature in malaria infection.Formation of circulating immune complexes in chronic malaria infection was also viewed as pathogenic parameter of severe malaria.The present survey focuses mainly on protective and pathogenic aspects of malaria antibodies(eliciting against various,stage specific antigens),and future research plan in antibodymediated immune response.展开更多
文摘Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.
文摘Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.
文摘Malaria continues to pose a significant global health challenge despite a significant achievement in control and elimination in certain areas.Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and control,and finally leading to elimination.However,microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)have traditionally been the primary malaria diagnostic tools used globally,with certain shortcomings,including their limited sensitivity,specificity,and inability to identify asymptomatic infections.Serological markers have emerged as promising alternatives in malaria serosurveillance,particularly in countries where targets have already been set for elimination.This review highlights the advantages of serological markers over conventional diagnostic techniques and discusses some of the most promising serological markers against Plasmodium species-specific antigens.The implementation of serosurveillance,coupled with the utilization of these serological markers represents a transformative shift in malaria surveillance.By capitalizing on the immune memory of individuals,serosurveillance also enables the identification of recent and past infections.This approach is particularly valuable in low-transmission settings and for tracking changes in malaria prevalence over time.While recognizing the use of serological markers across various global contexts,this review predominantly emphasizes their significance within the framework of India.
文摘Following highly prevalent Plasmodium resistant strains to antimalarial monotherapies in malaria endemic countries, uncomplicated malaria treatment policy changed to artemisinine-based combination therapies (ACTs). After adoption of this new treatment policy in a country, sufficient care is needed to be taken to prevent occurrence of resistance to the latest drugs. As Cameroon shifted to ACT in 2004, this study aimed to assess knowledge and practices of health workers in government health facilities of the Littoral region regarding mild malaria management in health facilities as well as according to prescription qualities of ACTs in leaflets received in pharmacies. A total of 66 physicians and 16 nurses were questioned in 10 health facilities and 503 medical leaflets with ACTs prescriptions were viewed in 17 pharmacies. All medical workers questioned correctly were defined mild malaria and were aware of the antimalarial policy change in Cameroon. Overall ACTs prescription for mild malaria management in children and adult patients was 72.2% and 87.8% respectively. An important proportion of health workers prescribed antimalarial monotherapies and non recommended antimalarial for uncomplicated malaria treatment. 31.7% of participants did not systematically recommend laboratory diagnostic test before antimalarial prescription. Of leaflets viewed in pharmacies, ACTs were prescribed by physicians, nurses and laboratory technicians. Age was the only criteria for ACTs prescription. Appropriate ACTs quality prescription ranged between 81.2% and 94.4%. Of the ACTs prescribed, blisters had the highest (92.9%) appropriate quality prescription and solutions the lowest (83.3%). According to qualification of prescribers, physicians had the highest score (93.1%) of appropriate quality prescription and laboratory technicians the lowest score (28.1%). For all ACTs containing medical leaflets, concomitant medications were recorded namely antipyretic (73.9%), antibiotic (21.9%), non steroid anti-inflammatory (19.9%) or vitamins (18.1%). Data gathered indicated that although health workers were aware of uncomplicated malaria treatment policy change in Cameroon, mild malaria mismanagement was prevailing in health facilities of the Littoral region and ACTs quality prescription in medical leaflets was not optimal. Therefore, awareness is still needed among prescribers in order to prevent or at least slow the occurrence of Plasmodium resistant strains to ACTs in Cameroon.
基金Supported by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation support to PATH for the Malaria Control Evaluation Partnership for Africa(MACEPA)project,Grant Number:OPP1013468
文摘Objective:To establish the appropriateness of malaria case management at health facility level in four districts in Zambia.Methods:This study was a retrospective evaluation of the quality of malaria case management at health facilities in four districts conveniently sampled to represent both urban and rural settings in different epidemiological zones and health facility coverage.The review period was from January to December 2008.The sample included twelve lower level health facilities from four districts.The Pearson Chi-square test was used to identify characteristics which affected the quality of case management.Results:Out of 4891 suspected malaria cases recorded at the 12 health facilities,more than 80%of the patients had a temperature taken to establish their fever status.About 67%(CI_(95)66.1-68.7)were tested for parasitemia by either rapid diagnostic test or microscopy,whereas the remaining22.5%(CI_(95)213.1-23.7)were not subjected to any malaria test.Of the 2247 malaria cases reported(complicated and uncomplicated),71%were parasitologicaily confirmed while 29%were clinically diagnosed(unconfirmed).About 56%.(CI_(95)53.9-58.1)of the malaria cases reported were treated with artemether-lumefantrine(AL),35%(CI_(95)33.1-37.0)with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine,8%(CI_(95)6.9-9.2)with quinine and 1%did not receive any anti-malarial.Approximately 30%of patients WHO were found negative for malaria parasites were still prescribed an anti-malarial,contrary to the guidelines.There were marked inter-district variations in the proportion of patients in WHOm a diagnostic tool was used,and in the choice of anti-malarials for the treatment of malaria confirmed cases.Association between health worker characteristics and quality of case malaria management showed that nurses performed better than environmental health technicians and clinical officers on the decision whether to use the rapid diagnostic test or not.Gender,in service training on malaria,years of residence in the district and length of service of the health worker at the facility were not associated with diagnostic and treatment choices.Conclusions:Malaria case management was characterised by poor adherence to treatment guidelines.The non-adherence was mainly in leans of:inconsistent use of confirmatory tests(rapid diagnostic test or microscopy)for malaria;prescribing anti-malarials which are not recommended(e.g.sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine)and prescribing anti-malarials to cases testing negative.Innovative approaches are required to improve health worker adherence to diagnosis and treatment guidelines.
文摘Relating the influence of climate on the occurrence of a vector-borne disease like malaria quantitatively is quite challenging. To better understand the disease endemicity, the effects of climate variables on the distribution of malaria in Cameroon are studied over space and time, with emphasis on the Bonaberi district. Meteorological monitoring can lead to proactive control. The government of Cameroon, through the National Control Malaria Program, has put in place strategies to control and stop the spread of the disease. This study is therefore geared towards assessing the yearly parasite ratio of malaria over the ten regions of Cameroon and to work out the influence of rainfall and temperature on disease endemicity with emphasis on a district of Douala. The model used is the VECTRI model, which shows the dynamic link between climatic variables and malaria transmission. The parasite ratio observed and simulated showed a maximum correlation of 0.75 in 2015. A positive relationship between temperature, rainfall and malaria is revealed in this study but Bonaberi has malaria all year round. The West region is the least affected by malaria. We recommend that For the VECTRI model to perform better, the population could be incorporated in the model.
文摘Background: Malaria has historically been a major public health concern in Yemen, noted to be the country with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. As more and more children attend school, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of child health for educational achievement. Aim: The aim is to assess the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice of pupil towards malaria before the health education activities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. The study population was 1598 pupils in primary schools. Data was collected using questioner. Results: The pupils who recognized mosquito bite as a route of malaria transmission was 769 (48.1%), while the pupils who recognized fever as the main symptom were 786 (49.2%), 281 (17.58%) of pupils recognized convulsion as a complication of malaria. Regarding protective method 881 (55.31%) were mentioned the cover of the tanks as a protective method, about the BN 293 (18.3%) of pupils known about the BN and 280 (17.5%) mentioned children & pregnancy were the vulnerable groups to malaria. Conclusions and Recommendation: the percentage of knowledge of malaria knowledge and methods of prevention was low (24.5%). Also, the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was 45%. The rate of having bed-nets was very low (10.1%). There were misconceptions of malaria cause and transmission (48.1%). We recommend conducting health education activities that will focus on increasing the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of malaria among school pupils.
文摘Background: Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, affecting all levels of society, with children under the age of five and pregnant women being most at risk of serious illness. The availability of antimalarial medicines is one of the key interventions of malaria management. This study assessed the availability of antimalarial medicines in community pharmacies in Lusaka district, Zambia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among 210 community pharmacies from September to November 2022 using a well-structured checklist in selected areas of Lusaka district. The availability was verified by a physical check of the product. The checklist contained the medicines listed both in the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Zambia as well as in the World Health Organization (WHO) malaria treatment guidelines. Results: This study found that all antimalarials listed in the local treatment guidelines for malaria were available in community pharmacies, though with the varying distribution. Of the 210 community pharmacies, 209 (99.5%) had artemether/lumefantrine in stock. The lowest available antimalarial was quinine/clindamycin, which was only available in 3 (1.4%) of the outlets. Conversely, 3 out of 16 (18.8%) antimalarials that were available in community pharmacies were not listed in the local treatment guidelines of malaria in Zambia, despite being listed in the WHO malaria treatment guidelines. This translated into a compliance level of 81.2% based on the local malaria treatment guidelines. Conclusion: This study concluded that antimalarials were available for all categories of malaria management in community pharmacies, though with a varying distribution. The presence of antimalarials not listed in the Zambian treatment guidelines is of public health concern which may have an impact on antimicrobial resistance in the future.
文摘Objective:To illustrate the clinical features and investigate the indicators associated with a fatal outcome in adult patients with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases,Bangkok,Thailand.Methods:We studied 202 adult malaria patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.A total of 43 clinical variables were identified by univariate and logistic regression analyses,to eliminate confounding factors.Results:Regarding the statistical methods,only 6 variables-jaundice,cerebral malaria,metabolic acidosis,body mass index,initial respiratory rate,and white blood cell count-were significant indicators of death, with adjusted odds ratios(95%CI) of 15.2(2.1-32.3).4.3(2.3-12.6),3.3(2.3-5.7),2.4(1.9-3.5),2.2 (1.5-2.6),and 1.7(1.2-3.1),respectively.Conclusions:Our study found that jaundice,cerebral malaria,metabolic acidosis,body mass index,initial respiratory rate and white blood cell count were indicators of fatal outcome in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.Further studies on the fatal indicators in severe malaria need to be compared with data from different geographical areas,to construct practical measures to address potentially fatal indicators in different settings.
文摘India's healthcare system continues to place the highest priority on the fight against malaria[1].Malaria elimination program has received considerable attention from both the public and private sectors,resulting in a significant drop in malaria cases[2].In 2022,a total of 176000 million cases of malaria were reported in India,in which Plasmodium(P.)falciparum has contributed 57.0%and 42.3%were P.vivax cases and limited cases of P.malariae and P.ovale.
基金supported financially by the Public Project(20080219)of Ministry of Science and Technology in China
文摘Objective To define and evaluate the malaria transmission potential in the Yangtze River, following construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Six villages, namely, Kaixian, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Fuling, Yubei, and Zigui were selected for investigating the malaria transmission potential in the reservoir. Transmission potential was estimated by mathematical modeling and evaluation of the local malaria situation. Factors that influenced the transmission potential were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis in combination with Grey Systematic Theory （based on evaluation by the Delphi method）. Results Indirect fluorescent antibody data and the incidence of malaria in the local population were consistent with the malaria transmission potential calculated for the area. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between the riparian zone and the man‐biting rate. Conclusion The risk of a malaria epidemic can be forecasted using the malaria transmission potential parameters investigated here which was closely correlated with the riparian zone.
文摘Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Information regarding densities, resting and breeding habitats of malaria vectors prevalent in the area was also generated so as to formulate an appropriate vector control strategy. The Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) and Pf proportion was 43.1%, 35.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Three sibling species A, B, and C of An. culicifacies were found sympatric with cumulative percent composition of 63.7, 28.2 and 8.1, respectively. Per man hour and per structure densities of An. culicifacies, An. culicifacies and An. culicifacies varied from 0 to 27.5 and 0 to 56.0, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 7.0 and, 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 7.5, respectively. The proportion of semi-gravid and gravid females was more as compared to fully fed and unfed females which indicated that most of the females rested indoor. Streams/river, wells, seepages and irrigation tanks are the major habitats supporting breeding of An. culicifacies. Integrated vector managements by indoor residual spraying of effective insecticide as per national guidelines along with biological control methods especially use of larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulate are suggested to control malaria in the area.
文摘The steady decline in malaria cases and deaths in recent years is a step ahead toward elimination;however,an increasing number of reports of antimalarial and insecticide resistance highlight the importance of having newer approaches to achieve the goal in the stipulated time frame.Therefore,having an effective and durable malaria vaccine is extremely crucial,which can complement the tools currently in use.Although the malaria vaccine development efforts initiated in the 1910’s with the first attempts to develop a malaria vaccine involved inoculating humans with live,attenuated strains of the malaria parasite but the efforts have been intensified over the previous decade,resulting in several significant developments.
基金Supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences,with the grant number 91-03-27-18800
文摘Objective:To determine the bionomics and susceptibility status of the malarial vector Anopheles superpictus(An.superpictus)to different insecticides in the Sistan-Baluchestan province which has the highest malarial prevalence in Iran.Methods:Different sampling methods,in addition to scoring abdominal conditions,were used to define the seasonal activity and endo/exophilic behavior of this species.In addition,the standard WHO susceptibility tests were applied on adult field strains.Results:Most adult mosquitoes were collected from outdoor shelters.The peak of seasonal activity of An.superpictus occurred at the end of autumn.Most larvae were collected from natural and permanent breeding places with full sunlight and no vegetation.Blood feeding activities occurred around midnight.Compared with the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected indoors,the abdominal conditions of adult mosquitoes collected outdoors were gravid and seniigravid.This species was suspected to be resistant to DDT,but was susceptible to other insecticides.Conclusions:An.superpictus was present in almost all outdoor shelters,and the ratios of gravid,semigravid/unfed,and freshly fed confirmed that this species had a higher tendency to rest outdoors than indoors.This behavior can protect An.superpictus from indoor residual spraying in this malarious area.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on the susceptibility status of An.superpictus in Southeastern Iran.We do not suggest the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying in southeast Iran.
基金supported by Deputy of Research, TehranUniversity of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 23581).
文摘Objective:To determine some bio-ecological aspects of malaria vectors in Jask County,where is targeted for malaria elimination in the national program.Methods:Mosquitoes were collected monthly during 2013-2014 using different collection methods.Subsequently,ELISA test was used to detect the human blood index of mosquitoes.The susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi was evaluated against the diagnostic dosages of seven WHO recommended insecticides.Results:A total of 3650 female and 4736 Anopheles larvae were collected including Anopheles stephensi,Anopheles culicifacies s.l.,Anopheles dthali.Anopheles fluviatilis s.l.,Anopheles moghulensis and Anopheles turkhodi species.Anopheles stephensi was the dominant collected species on human baits and indoors with high rate of unfed and gravid specimens in internal and external window traps.Human blood index was calculated as 14.3%for this species.It was also found to be resistant to DDT and Dieldrin.Conclusions:The collected species had a wide range of habitats,and resting behaviors.With regarding to the presence of most important malaria vectors in Jask.control of the disease may be so complicated;as based on the weather condition it can be transmitted during the whole year,except for cold months.With this strong potential of transmission,existing population movements in the area may lead to imported cases of malaria and local outbreak(s).So,more specific studies on malaria vectors in high risk areas of Jask County are recommended.
文摘<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: Malaria is one of the main health problems in Yemen. Health education is essential for the control of diseases such as malaria. School-age children represent 25% of Yemen’s population. Schools children can convey the knowledge and skills that they acquire at school to the community, thus increasing general community awareness about malaria. Aim to determine the impact of school-based malaria education intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice of school children towards malaria prevention and control. Methods: We conducted a community-based trial, intervention and non-intervention comparison (exposed & non-exposed), in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. This study was conducted in four districts of Taiz governorate. The study population was 2130 pupils of grade 6, 7, and 8 in primary schools, chosen from four randomly selected districts;two of them were rural and the others urban. Four schools and their pupils (1065 pupils) were chosen for the study and assigned as an intervention group and four schools with their pupils (1065) were chosen for the study and assigned as a non-intervention (1065 pupils). Data were collected using questioner in intervention and non-intervention schools (three months apart). The major intervention activities included lectures about malaria, distribution of educational materials. χ<sup>2</sup> was used to analyze differences. Results: Health education activities in schools were associated with the increased knowledge of malaria symptoms and methods of prevention. The mean knowledge of malaria symptoms is higher in the intervention schools 4.4 ± 1.9, compared with 2.1 ± 1.4 in the non-intervention group. With statistically significant difference (P < 0.001), also the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was higher to be (48%) in the intervention group;compared with (35%) in the non-intervention group the difference was statistically significant. The knowledge of mode of malaria transmission was higher in the intervention schools to be (86.2%) compared with (59.1%) in the non-intervention group, with statistically significant deference (P value <0.001). The knowledge of fever as a main malaria symptom was higher to be (90.4%) in the intervention schools compared with (63.6%) in the non-intervention schools with statistically significant deference. Conclusions and Recommendation: This study concludes that the health education intervention in primary schools in Taize governorate had a positive impact on the knowledge, attitude and practice of pupils. We recommend to conduct similar methods of the health education activities in schools with suitable modifications to reach all schools level.
文摘Objective:To demonstrate malaria situation analysis,stratification and planning for an endemic area in southern Iran.Methods:Data on health system,population,meteorological parameters, malaria cases,anopheline vectors,and control activities during 2005-2007 was obtained from Minab Health Center,Minab Meteorological Station and published documents about malaria elements in the study area.A datasheet was created in excel 2003 for analysis.Results:There were 644 health staff working in Minab District including 99 health staff in malaria control program.The health facilities are distributed as follow:1 hospital with 96 beds,23 health centers including private centers(10 in Minab city and 13 in rural area of Minab District) and 119 health houses in rural areas of Minab District.Anopheles stephensi was the dominant species in Minab District,however,Anopheles dthali,Anopheles superpictus,Anopheles fluviatilis,Anopheles multicolor,Anopheles pulcherrimus and Anopheles turkhudi can also be found in the area. Anopheles stephensi was reported susceptible to malathion,propoxur,primphos-methyl,lambdacyhalothrin permethrin and deltamethrin,and resistant to DDT and dieldrin in the area.During the study period a total of 10 665 positive cases were reported,mainly due to local transmission (99.6%).Plasmodium vivax was the main causative agent followed by Plasmodium falciparum. There were reports about drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in the area.Conclusions: Using different parameters,Minab was classified into 3 strata.A plan was designed based on described goal,objectives and targets.The approaches of this plan were categorized into:health education,early detection and correct treatment,and vector control.Main constraints of these approaches are population movement between Iran,Pakistan and Afghanistan;vector control challenges at district,inadequate skilled medical staff in malaria case management and weak inter-sectorial coordination for malaria control,especially in urban areas.
基金funded by Thailand Research Fund-Thammasat University Joint Fund and Graduated Student Grant to P.Thongdee(No.PHD/0365/2552)
文摘Objective:To preliminarily investigate the possible role of prostaglandin D_2(PGD_2) in malaria infections.Methods:Blood and urinary samples(n=120 each) were collected from Thai patients with Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) with moderate(n=26) and high(n=4) parasitemia,patients with Plasmodium vivax(P.vivax)(n=30),patients with fever associated with other infections(n=30),and healthy subjects(n=30).PGD_2 concentrations in plasma and urinary samples of healthy subjects,patients with fever associated with other infections and patients with malaria were determined using Prostaglandin D2-MOX express EIA kit(Cayman Chemical,USA).Results:The possible association between PGD_2 and malaria infections is clearly demonstrated with PGD_2 concentration in urine.The urinary PGD_2 concentrations were relatively high(about 5-fold) in patients with P.falciparum with moderate parasitemia and P.vivax infections compared with other groups.Furthermore,the concentration in patients with P.falciparum with moderate parasitemia and P.vivax infection were significantly higher than that in healthy subjects and patients with fever associated with other infections.Conclusions:Urinary PGD_2 concentrations may offer a more dependable and useful tool for predicting malaria severity.Confirmation is this preliminary finding is required with a larger sample size.
文摘Objective:To determine the status and epidemiological aspects of malaria in Iran in favor of gaining a better understanding of the national control of malaria.Methods:This epidemiological study examined the status of malaria from 2011 to 2014 in Iran.Data were collected from the Ministry of Health's protocol for controlling and eliminating malaria,which is currently in use.This malaria information reporting system is automated in all Iranian provinces and cities,and all information is submitted online to the center for communicable disease control in the Ministry of Health.Information about malaria is available for researchers to evaluate.Results:The incidence rates decreased from 2011 to 2014.There were 4.76,2.12,1.80,and 1.59 per 100000 people,respectively from 2011 to 2014.During the four-year period(2011-2014),the highest numbers of cases occurred in those aged 16-25 years,by age,and in men,by sex.Most of the cases were workers and located in rural areas.An average 52.58%of cases were Iranian.The highest incidence rates from 2011 to 2014 were located in Sistan and Baluchestan province.There were 89.94,43.9,38.3,and 30.66 per 100000 people.The highest numbers of malaria cases were recorded in the cities Sarbaz,Nickshahr,and Chabahar in Sistan and Baluchestan province and Bandar Abbas,Bandar Jask,and Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan province.During the four-year period,57.05%of cases were caused by imported factors.The majority of cases were related to the trophozoite lifecycle of parasites.Regarding surveillance,there was inactive care in the majority of cases.Vivax malaria was the most prevalent.Conclusions:Despite the recendy declining trend in reported cases,the expansion of local transmission,especially in areas with cross-border travel,is very worrying.Improved malaria control interventions can be effective for elimination of malaria in Iran;these can include programs to control border travel and focused interventions for high incidence areas and high-risk groups such as rural residents,men,workers,and people<35 years old.
文摘The research scenario for malaria has improved in the last three decades to understand the epidemiology and host immune responses to plasmodial infection.Due to the augmented episodes of resistance development against the commonly used antimalarials in plasmodium parasites,especially in Plasmodium falciparum,neutralization of infection through effective vaccine(s) remains the feasible alternative in malaria control.In this direction,lot of attention was paid towards the identification of stage specific malaria antigens targeted by host ’s immune system.Preparation of synthetic or recombinant peptides and evaluation of their immunogenecity in naturally occurring antibody response were also given much importance,as these studies could help in finding potential candidates for future malaria vaccine(s).Attention was also paid.on the pathogenic consequences of antibody formation in malaria infection as polyclonal activation of B cells,which is a very prominent feature in malaria infection.Formation of circulating immune complexes in chronic malaria infection was also viewed as pathogenic parameter of severe malaria.The present survey focuses mainly on protective and pathogenic aspects of malaria antibodies(eliciting against various,stage specific antigens),and future research plan in antibodymediated immune response.
