A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment...A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.展开更多
Healthcare facilities are among the most complicated facilities to plan,design,construct and operate.A new breed of hospitals is considering the impact of the built environment on healthcare worker productivity and pa...Healthcare facilities are among the most complicated facilities to plan,design,construct and operate.A new breed of hospitals is considering the impact of the built environment on healthcare worker productivity and patient recovery in their design,construction,and operation.A crucial subset of healthcare facilities are children’s hospitals where the consequences of poor building system design and performance have the potential to seriously impact young lives with compromised health.Green facilities are not always pursued:they are perceived as difficult to build and costing more than equivalent conventional hospitals.This study explored the design process of the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center(UPMC)and Penn State’s Hershey Medical Center Children’s Hospital to understand the critical steps and processes for green children’s hospital design.Producing a series of process maps that identify the key characteristics in the complex design requirements of a green children’s hospital,this paper reveals the importance of design process to design quality.More broadly,this research will help future project teams meet the complex design requirements of green children’s hospitals.展开更多
基金supported by the Powell Center for Construction&Environment at the University of Florida.
文摘A significant share of the technology that has emerged over the past several decades produces electromagnetic field(EMFR)radiation.Communications devices,household appliances,industrial equipment,and medical equipment and devices all produce EMFR with a variety of frequencies,strengths,and ranges.Some EMFR,such as Extremely Low Frequency(ELF),Radio Frequency(RF),and Ionizing Range(IR)radiation have been shown to have harmful effects on human health.Depending on the frequency and strength of the radiation,EMFR can have health effects at the cellular level as well as at brain,nervous,and cardiovascular levels.Health authorities have enacted regulations locally and globally to set critical values to limit the adverse effects of EMFR.By introducing a more comprehensive field of EMFR study and practice,architects and designers can design for a safer electromagnetic(EM)indoor environment,and,as building and construction specialists,will be able to monitor and reduce EM radiation.This paper identifies the nature of EMFR in the built environment,the various EMFR sources,and its human health effects.It addresses European and US regulations for EMFR in buildings and provides a preliminary action plan.The challenges of developing measurement protocols for the various EMFR frequency ranges and determining the effects of EMFR on building occu-pants are discussed.This paper argues that a mature method for measuring EMFR in building environments and linking these measurements to human health impacts will foster occupant health and lead to the adequate development of safeguards for occupants of buildings in future research.
文摘Healthcare facilities are among the most complicated facilities to plan,design,construct and operate.A new breed of hospitals is considering the impact of the built environment on healthcare worker productivity and patient recovery in their design,construction,and operation.A crucial subset of healthcare facilities are children’s hospitals where the consequences of poor building system design and performance have the potential to seriously impact young lives with compromised health.Green facilities are not always pursued:they are perceived as difficult to build and costing more than equivalent conventional hospitals.This study explored the design process of the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center(UPMC)and Penn State’s Hershey Medical Center Children’s Hospital to understand the critical steps and processes for green children’s hospital design.Producing a series of process maps that identify the key characteristics in the complex design requirements of a green children’s hospital,this paper reveals the importance of design process to design quality.More broadly,this research will help future project teams meet the complex design requirements of green children’s hospitals.
