Advanced X-ray spectroscopic methods provide unique and critical data to study matter under extreme environmental conditions induced by high-intensity and high-energy lasers.The aim of this paper is to contribute to a...Advanced X-ray spectroscopic methods provide unique and critical data to study matter under extreme environmental conditions induced by high-intensity and high-energy lasers.The aim of this paper is to contribute to a contemporary discussion of the role of X-ray spectroscopy in the investigation of radiative properties of strongly coupled,highly correlated,and frequently weakly emissive plasma systems formed in matter irradiated by sub-petawatt and petawatt class lasers.After reviewing the properties of different X-ray crystal spectrometers,high-resolution X-ray diagnostic methods are surveyed with respect to their potential to study plasmainduced and externally induced radiation fields,suprathermal electrons,and strong electromagnetic field effects.Atomic physics in dense plasmas is reviewed with emphasis on non-Maxwellian non-LTE atomic kinetics,quasi-stationary and highly-transient conditions,hollow ion X-ray emission,and field-perturbed atoms and ions.Finally,we discuss the role of X-ray free electron lasers with respect to supplementary investigations of matter under extreme conditions via the use of controlled high-intensity radiation fields.展开更多
基金One of the authors(O.R.)acknowledges support from the Czech Republic Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports within targeted support of Large Infrastructures,ELI Beamlines Project No.LQ1606 of the National Programme of Sustainability II,and Prague Asterix Laser System Project No.LM2015083.
文摘Advanced X-ray spectroscopic methods provide unique and critical data to study matter under extreme environmental conditions induced by high-intensity and high-energy lasers.The aim of this paper is to contribute to a contemporary discussion of the role of X-ray spectroscopy in the investigation of radiative properties of strongly coupled,highly correlated,and frequently weakly emissive plasma systems formed in matter irradiated by sub-petawatt and petawatt class lasers.After reviewing the properties of different X-ray crystal spectrometers,high-resolution X-ray diagnostic methods are surveyed with respect to their potential to study plasmainduced and externally induced radiation fields,suprathermal electrons,and strong electromagnetic field effects.Atomic physics in dense plasmas is reviewed with emphasis on non-Maxwellian non-LTE atomic kinetics,quasi-stationary and highly-transient conditions,hollow ion X-ray emission,and field-perturbed atoms and ions.Finally,we discuss the role of X-ray free electron lasers with respect to supplementary investigations of matter under extreme conditions via the use of controlled high-intensity radiation fields.
