Feature selection(FS)is essential in machine learning(ML)and data mapping by its ability to preprocess high-dimensional data.By selecting a subset of relevant features,feature selection cuts down on the dimension of t...Feature selection(FS)is essential in machine learning(ML)and data mapping by its ability to preprocess high-dimensional data.By selecting a subset of relevant features,feature selection cuts down on the dimension of the data.It excludes irrelevant or surplus features,thus boosting the performance and efficiency of the model.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)boasts a streamlined algorithmic framework and exhibits rapid convergence traits.Compared with other algorithms,it incurs reduced computational expenses when tackling high-dimensional datasets.However,PSO faces challenges like inadequate convergence precision.Therefore,regarding FS problems,this paper presents a binary version enhanced PSO based on the Support Vector Machines(SVM)classifier.First,the Sand Cat Swarm Optimization(SCSO)is added to enhance the global search capability of PSO and improve the accuracy of the solution.Secondly,the Latin hypercube sampling strategy initializes populations more uniformly and helps to increase population diversity.The last is the roundup search strategy introducing the grey wolf hierarchy idea to help improve convergence speed.To verify the capability of Self-adaptive Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization(SCPSO),the CEC2020 test suite and CEC2022 test suite are selected for experiments and applied to three engineering problems.Compared with the standard PSO algorithm,SCPSO converges faster,and the convergence accuracy is significantly improved.Moreover,SCPSO’s comprehensive performance far exceeds that of other algorithms.Six datasets from the University of California,Irvine(UCI)database were selected to evaluate SCPSO’s effectiveness in solving feature selection problems.The results indicate that SCPSO has significant potential for addressing these problems.展开更多
Background: In recent years more and more electronic health behaviour interventions have been developed in order to reach individuals with an unhealthy behaviour such as risky drinking. This is especially relevant in ...Background: In recent years more and more electronic health behaviour interventions have been developed in order to reach individuals with an unhealthy behaviour such as risky drinking. This is especially relevant in university students who are among those who most frequently are risky drinkers. This study explored the acceptability and feasibility, in an unselected group of university students, of a fully automated multiple session alcohol intervention offering different modes of delivery such as email, SMS and Android. Material and Methods: A total of 11,283 students at Link?ping University in Sweden were invited to perform a single session alcohol intervention and among those accepting this (4916 students) a total of 24.7% accepted to further participate in the extended multiple intervention lasting 3 - 6 weeks. The students could choose mode of delivery, total length of the intervention (between 3 - 6 weeks) and number of messages per week (3, 5, or 7 per week). A follow-up questionnaire was applied after the intervention to which 82.7% responded. Results: most students wanted to receive the messages by email with the shortest intervention length (3 weeks) and as few messages as possible per week (3 messages). However, no major difference was seen regarding satisfaction with the length and frequency of the intervention despite chosen length and frequency. Most students also expressed satisfaction with the content of the messages and would recommend the intervention to a fellow student in need of reducing drinking. Discussion and Conclusion: Based upon feedback from the students, a multiple push-based intervention appears to be feasible to offer students interested in additional support after a single session alcohol intervention. In a forthcoming study we will further explore the optimal mode of delivery and length of intervention and number of messages per week.展开更多
Revealing the oxidation behavior of superalloys is crucial for optimizing material properties and extending service life.This study investigated the oxidation behavior of superalloy GH4738 under stress states at 850℃...Revealing the oxidation behavior of superalloys is crucial for optimizing material properties and extending service life.This study investigated the oxidation behavior of superalloy GH4738 under stress states at 850℃.High-throughput specimens were fabricated to withstand different stresses at the same time.Isothermal oxidation s amples were analyzed using the mass gain method to obtain oxidation kinetic curves.The results show that the external stress below 200 MPa could improve the oxidation resistance of the GH4738.With tensile stress increasing,the oxide layer becomes thinner,denser and more complete,while internal oxidation decreases.The tensile stress alters the structure of the external oxide layer from a two-layer to a threelayer configuration.The Cr_(2)O_(3) oxide layer inhibits the outward diffusion of Ti,leading to Ti enrichment at the oxide-matrix interface and altering the oxidation mechanism of GH4738.展开更多
Background Proteome characterization of the porcine endometrium and extraembryonic membranes is important to understand mother-embryo cross-communication.In this study,the proteome of the endometrium and cho-rioallant...Background Proteome characterization of the porcine endometrium and extraembryonic membranes is important to understand mother-embryo cross-communication.In this study,the proteome of the endometrium and cho-rioallantoic membrane was characterized in pregnant sows(PS)during early gestation(d 18 and 24 of gestation)and in the endometrium of non-pregnant sows(NPS)during the same days using LC-MS/MS analysis.The UniProtKB database and ClueGO were used to obtain functional Gene Ontology annotations and biological and functional networks,respectively.Results Our analysis yielded 3,254 and 3,457 proteins identified in the endometrium of PS and NPS,respectively;of these,1,753 being common while 1,501 and 1,704 were exclusive to PS and NPS,respectively.In addition,we iden-tified 3,968 proteins in the extraembryonic membranes of PS.Further analyses of function revealed some proteins had relevance for the immune system process and biological adhesion in endometrium while the embryonic chorion displayed abundance of proteins related to cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization,suggesting they dominated the moment of endometrial remodeling,implantation and adhesion of the lining epithelia.Data are available via Pro-teomeXchange with identifier PXD042565.Conclusion This is the first in-depth proteomic characterization of the endometrium and extraembryonic mem-branes during weeks 3 to 4 of gestation;data that contribute to the molecular understanding of the dynamic environ-ment during this critical period,associated with the majority of pregnancy losses.展开更多
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the Western world.Approximately half of patients will develop liver metastases,which is the most common cause of death.The only potentially curative treatment is su...Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the Western world.Approximately half of patients will develop liver metastases,which is the most common cause of death.The only potentially curative treatment is surgical resection.However,many patients retain a to small future liver remnant(FLR)to allow for resection directly.There are therefore strategies todecrease the tumor with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to increase the FLR.An accepted strategy to increase the FLR is portal vein occlusion(PVO).A concern with this strategy is that a large proportion of patients will never be operated because of progression during the interval between PVO and resection.ALPPS(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy)is a new procedure with a high resection rate.A concern with this approach is the rather high frequency of complications and high mortality,compared to PVO.In this review,it is shown that with ALPPS the resection rate was 97.1%for CRLM and the mortality rate for all diagnoses was 9.6%.The mortality rate was likely lower for patients with CRLM,but some data were lacking in the reports.Due to the novelty of ALPPS,the indications and technique are not yet established but there are arguments for ALPPS in the context of CRLM and a small FLR.展开更多
Ti/Cu multilayered composites were fabricated via accumulative roll bonding(ARB). During codeformation of the constituent metals, the hard Ti layers necked preferentially and then fragmented with the development of sh...Ti/Cu multilayered composites were fabricated via accumulative roll bonding(ARB). During codeformation of the constituent metals, the hard Ti layers necked preferentially and then fragmented with the development of shear bands. Transmission electron microscopy showed that with increasing ARB cycles, grains in Ti were significantly refined even though dynamic recrystallization has occurred. For Cu the significant grain refinement was only found within the shear banded region when the composite was processed after five ARB cycles. Due to the diffusion of Cu atoms into Ti at the heterophase interfaces, amorphization with a width less than 10 nm was identified even in the composite processed by one cycle. At higher ARB cycles, the width of amorphous region increased and intermetallic compounds CuTi appeared from the region. The lattice defects introduced at the heterophase interfaces under roll bonding was responsible for the formation of the nano-scaled compounds. X-ray diffraction showed that an abnormal {1120} fiber texture was developed in Ti layers, while significant brass-type textures were developed in Cu layers. Some orientations along the {1120} fiber favored the prismatic < a> slip for Ti.Tensile tests revealed the elevated strength without a substantial sacrifice of ductility in the composites during ARB. The unique mechanical properties were attributed to the significantly refined grains in individual metals, the good bonding between the constituent metals, as well as the development of an abnormal {1120} fiber texture in Ti layers.展开更多
AIM To investigate association of circulating inflammatory factors at the time of colorectal cancer(CRC)surgery with survival.METHODS Plasma levels from 174 CRC patients(69 females and 105 men),with median age 70 year...AIM To investigate association of circulating inflammatory factors at the time of colorectal cancer(CRC)surgery with survival.METHODS Plasma levels from 174 CRC patients(69 females and 105 men),with median age 70 years(range 29-90),localized in the colon(n=105)or rectum(n=69),with stageⅠ(n=24),stageⅡ(n=54),stageⅢ(n=67)and stageⅣ(n=29)were measured using commercially available Bio-Plex Pro?Human Chemokine Panel 40-Plex,including 40 different chemokines,cytokines and interleukins.The prognostic association of each inflammatory factor was analysed as CRC-specific and total mortality.RESULTS Out of 174 patients,66 died during the follow-up,40 because of CRC specific mortality.High tertile levels of 8 factors were significantly associated with increased CRC-specific mortality,of which CCL1,CCL20,CCL24,CX3CL1,IL-4 and TNF-αremained significant in a multivariate Cox regression analysis.High tertile levels of 14 factors were associated with increased total mortality,of which CCL1,CCL15,CCL20,CX3CL1,CXCL13,IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-10 remained significant after adjustment for clinical covariates.For most of the inflammatory factors the association between higher tertile levels and an increased mortality in general appeared two years after surgery.High tertile levels of TNF-αand CCL24 were exclusively associated with CRC-specific mortality.The distribution of these factors were not associated with TNM stage with exception for CCL20.CONCLUSION High plasma levels of inflammatory factors are associated with increased risk of mortality among CRC patients and could be potential biomarkers for revealing prognosis.展开更多
There are many techniques using sensors and wearable devices for detecting and monitoring patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD).A recent development is the utilization of human interaction with computer keyboards for...There are many techniques using sensors and wearable devices for detecting and monitoring patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD).A recent development is the utilization of human interaction with computer keyboards for analyzing and identifying motor signs in the early stages of the disease.Current designs for classification of time series of computer-key hold durations recorded from healthy control and PD subjects require the time series of length to be considerably long.With an attempt to avoid discomfort to participants in performing long physical tasks for data recording,this paper introduces the use of fuzzy recurrence plots of very short time series as input data for the machine training and classification with long short-term memory(LSTM)neural networks.Being an original approach that is able to both significantly increase the feature dimensions and provides the property of deterministic dynamical systems of very short time series for information processing carried out by an LSTM layer architecture,fuzzy recurrence plots provide promising results and outperform the direct input of the time series for the classification of healthy control and early PD subjects.展开更多
In this case report, we examined the levels of cytokines expressed before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored in a patient with collagenous colitis. We report the case of a46...In this case report, we examined the levels of cytokines expressed before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored in a patient with collagenous colitis. We report the case of a46-year-old woman with chronic, active collagenous colitis who either failed to achieve clinical remission or experienced adverse effects with the following drugs:loperamide, cholestyramine, budesonide, methotrexate and adalimumab. Due to the intractable nature of the disease and because the patient was having up to 15 watery bowel movements per day, she underwent a temporary ileostomy. Colonic biopsies were analyzed for mucosal cytokine protein levels before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored. Mucosal protein levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 A, IL-23, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5,IL-10 and IL-13 were all higher during active disease and decreased to non-detectable or considerably lower levels during fecal stream diversion. One month after the restoration of bowel continuity, when the patient experienced a relapse of symptoms, IL-2, IL-23 and IL-21 levels were again increased. Our results indicate that fecal stream diversion in this patient suppressed the levels of all cytokines analyzed in colonic biopsies. With the recurrence of clinical symptoms and histological changes after bowel reconstruction,the levels of primarily proinflammatory cytokines increased. Our findings support the hypothesis that a luminal factor triggers the inflammation observed in collagenous colitis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients discharged after hospitalization for acute heart failure(AHF) are frequently readmitted due to an incomplete decongestion, which is difficult to assess clinically. Recently, it has been shown that ...BACKGROUND Patients discharged after hospitalization for acute heart failure(AHF) are frequently readmitted due to an incomplete decongestion, which is difficult to assess clinically. Recently, it has been shown that the use of a highly sensitive,non-invasive device measuring lung impedance(LI) reduces hospitalizations for heart failure(HF); it has also been shown that this device reduces the cardiovascular and all-cause mortality of stable HF patients when used in longterm out-patient follow-ups. The aim of these case series is to demonstrate the potential additive role of non-invasive home LI monitoring in the early postdischarge period.CASE SUMMARY We present a case series of three patients who had performed daily LI measurements at home using the edema guard monitor(EGM) during 30 d after an episode of AHF. All patients had a history of chronic ischemic HF with a reduced ejection fraction and were hospitalized for 6–17 d. LI measurements were successfully made at home by patients with the help of their caregivers. The patients were carefully followed up by HF specialists who reacted to the values of LI measurements, blood pressure, heart rate and clinical symptoms. LI reduction was a more frequent trigger to medication adjustments compared to changes in symptoms or vital signs. Besides, LI dynamics closely tracked the use and dose of diuretics.CONCLUSION Our case series suggests non-invasive home LI monitoring with EGM to be a reliable and potentially useful tool for the early detection of congestion or dehydration and thus for the further successful stabilization of a HF patient after a worsening episode.展开更多
The tremendous amount of wasted heat from solar radiation and industry dissipation has motivated the development of thermoelectric concepts that directly convert heat into electricity.The main challenge in practical a...The tremendous amount of wasted heat from solar radiation and industry dissipation has motivated the development of thermoelectric concepts that directly convert heat into electricity.The main challenge in practical applications for thermoelectrics is the high cost from both materials and manufacturing.Recently,breakthrough progresses in ionic thermoelectrics open up new possibilities to charge energy storage devices when submitted to a temperature gradient.The charging voltage is internally from the ionic Seebeck effect of the electrolyte between two electrodes.Hence electrolytes with high thermoelectric figure of merit are classified as ionic thermoelectric materials.Most ionic thermoelectric materials are composed of abundant elements,and they can generate hundreds of times larger thermal voltage than that of electronic materials.This emerging thermoelectric category brings new hope to fabricate low cost and large area heat-to-energy conversion devices,and triggers a renewed interest for ionic thermodiffusion.In this review,we summarize the state of the art in the new field of ionic thermoelectrics,from the driving force of the ionic thermodiffusion to material and application developments.We present a general map of ionic thermoelectric materials,discuss the unique characters of each type of the reported electrolytes,and propose potential optimization and future topics of ionic thermoelectrics.展开更多
Corneal transplantation is the most common surgical procedure amongst solid organ transplants with a high survival rate of 86% at 1-year post-grafting. This high success rate has been attributed to the immune privileg...Corneal transplantation is the most common surgical procedure amongst solid organ transplants with a high survival rate of 86% at 1-year post-grafting. This high success rate has been attributed to the immune privilege of the eye. However, mechanisms originally thought to promote immune privilege, such as the lack of antigen presenting cells and vessels in the cornea, are challenged by recent studies. Nevertheless, the immunological and physiological features of the cornea promoting a relatively weak alloimmune response is likely responsible for the high survival rate in "low-risk" settings. Furthermore, although corneal graft survival in "lowrisk" recipients is favourable, the prognosis in "high-risk" recipients for corneal graft is poor. In "high-risk" grafts, the process of indirect allorecognition is accelerated by the enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses due to pre-existing inflammation and neovascularization of the host bed. This leads to the irreversible rejection of the allograft and ultimately graft failure. Many therapeutic measures are being tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies to counter the immunological challenge of "high-risk" recipients. Despite the prevailing dogma, recent data suggest that tissue matching together with use of systemic immunosuppression may increase the likelihood of graft acceptance in "high-risk" recipients. However, immunosuppressive drugs are accompanied with intolerance/side effects and toxicity, and therefore, novel cell-based therapies are in development which target host immune cells and restore immune homeostasis without significant side effect of treatment. In addition, developments in regenerative medicinemay be able to solve both important short comings of allotransplantation:(1) graft rejection and ultimate graft failure; and(2) the lack of suitable donor corneas. The advances in technology and research indicate that wider therapeutic choices for patients may be available to address the worldwide problem of corneal blindness in both "low-risk" and "high-risk" hosts.展开更多
There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not st...There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not studied in the academic research.Benchmark problems can help close this gap and provide many opportunities for members in both the controls theory and application communities.The goal is to survey and give pointers to different general controls and modeling related benchmark problems that can serve as inspiration for future benchmarks and then specifically focus the benchmark coverage on automotive control engineering application.In the paper reflections are given on how different categories of benchmark designers,benchmark solvers and third part users can benefit from providing,solving,and studying benchmark problems.The paper also collects information about several benchmark problems and gives pointers to papers than give more detailed information about different problems that have been presented.展开更多
Transition metal dichalcogenides are interesting candidates as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction.The MnPSe_(3)/WS_(2) heterostructure is hence studied here with first principles calculations by exploring ...Transition metal dichalcogenides are interesting candidates as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction.The MnPSe_(3)/WS_(2) heterostructure is hence studied here with first principles calculations by exploring its electronic properties under the application of an electric field.It is discovered that the band gap will decrease from the WS_(2) monolayer to the MnPSe_(3)/WS_(2) heterostructure with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional,while increase slightly when electron correlation is involved.The conduction band minimum of the heterostructure is determined by the MnPSe3 layer,while the valence band maximum is contributed by the WS_(2)layer.The band edges and band gap suggest that the heterostructure will have good photocatalytic properties for water splitting.Moreover,comparing to monolayer WS_(2),the light absorption in both the ultraviolet and visible regions will be enhanced.When an electric field is present,a linear relation is observed between the electric field and the band gap within specific range,which can thus modulate the photocatalytic performance of this heterostructure.展开更多
Recent developments in in situ nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy under extreme conditions have led to the observation of a wide variety of physical phenomena that are not accessible with standard high-pressu...Recent developments in in situ nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy under extreme conditions have led to the observation of a wide variety of physical phenomena that are not accessible with standard high-pressure experimental probes.However,inherent di-or quadrupolar line broadening in diamond anvil cell(DAC)-based NMR experiments often limits detailed investigation of local atomic structures,especially if different phases or local environments coexist.Here,we describe our progress in the development of high-resolutionNMRexperiments in DACs using one-and two-dimensional homonuclear decoupling experiments at pressures up to the megabar regime.Using this technique,spectral resolutions of the order of 1 ppm and below have been achieved,enabling high-pressure structural analysis.Several examples are presented that demonstrate the wide applicability of this method for extreme conditions research.展开更多
AIM: To examine whether muscle training with an oral IQoroR screen(IQS) improves esophageal dysphagia and reflux symptoms.METHODS: A total of 43 adult patients(21 women a n d 2 2 m e n) w e re c o n s e c u t i ve l y...AIM: To examine whether muscle training with an oral IQoroR screen(IQS) improves esophageal dysphagia and reflux symptoms.METHODS: A total of 43 adult patients(21 women a n d 2 2 m e n) w e re c o n s e c u t i ve l y re fe r re d t o a swallowing center for the treatment and investigation of long-lasting nonstenotic esophageal dysphagia. Hiatal hernia was confirmed by radiologic examination in 21 patients before enrollment in the study(group A; median age 52 years, range: 19-85 years). No hiatal hernia was detected by radiologic examination in the remaining 22 patients(group B; median age 57 years,range: 22-85 years). Before and after training with an oral IQS for 6-8 mo, the patients were evaluated using a symptom questionnaire(esophageal dysphagia and acid chest symptoms; score 0-3), visual analogue scale(ability to swallow food: score 0-100), lip force test(≥ 15 N), velopharyngeal closure test(≥ 10 s), orofacial motor tests, and an oral sensory test. Another twelve patients(median age 53 years, range: 22-68 years) with hiatal hernia were evaluated using oral IQS traction maneuvers with pressure recordings of the upper esophageal sphincter and hiatus canal as assessed by high-resolution manometry.RESULTS: Esophageal dysphagia was present in all 43 patients at entry, and 98% of patients showed improvement after IQS training [mean score(range): 2.5(1-3) vs 0.9(0-2), P < 0.001]. Symptoms of reflux were reported before training in 86% of the patients who showed improvement at follow-up [1.7(0-3) vs 0.5(0-2), P < 0.001). The visual analogue scale scores were classified as pathologic in all 43 patients, and 100% showed improvement after IQS training [71(30-100) vs 22(0-50), P < 0.001]. No significant difference in symptom frequency was found between groups A and B before or after IQS training. The lip force test [31 N(12-80 N) vs 54 N(27-116), P < 0.001] and velopharyngeal closure test values [28 s(5-74 s) vs 34 s(13-80 s), P < 0.001] were significantly higher after IQS training. The oral IQS traction results showed an increase in mean pressure in the diaphragmatic hiatus region from 0 mm Hg at rest(range: 0-0 mm HG) to 65 mm Hg(range: 20-100 mm Hg). CONCLUSION: Oral IQS training can relieve/improve esophageal dysphagia and reflux symptoms in adults, likely due to improved hiatal competence.展开更多
Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench...Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench-top＇ flow cytometers and of newer and versatile markers for cell structure and function had allowed the instrumentation to measure more sperm parameters, from viability to reactiveness when exposed to exogenous stimuli, and to increase our capabilities to sort spermatozoa for potential fertilizing capacity, or chromosomal sex. The present review summarizes the state of the art regarding flow cytometry applied to animal andrology, albeit keeping an open comparative intent. It critically evaluates the present and future capabilities of flow cytometry for the diagnostics of potential fertility and for the development of current reproductive technologies such as sperm freezing, sperm selection and sperm sorting. The flow cytometry methods will probably further revolutionize our understanding of the sperm physiology and their functionality, and will undoubtedly extend its application in isolating many uncharacterized features of spermatozoa. However, continuous follow-up of the methods is a necessity owing to technical developments and the complexity of mapping spermatozoa.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a benchmark problem for the challengers aiming to energy efficiency control of hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)on a road with slope.Moreover,it is assumed that the targeted HEVs are in the conne...In this paper,we propose a benchmark problem for the challengers aiming to energy efficiency control of hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)on a road with slope.Moreover,it is assumed that the targeted HEVs are in the connected environment with the obtainment of real-time information of vehicle-to-everything(V2X),including geographic information,vehicle-to-infrastructure(V2I)information and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)information.The provided simulator consists of an industrial-level HEV model and a traffic scenario database obtained through a commercial traffic simulator,where the running route is generated based on real-world data with slope and intersection position.The benchmark problem to be solved is the HEVs powertrain control using traffic information to fulfill fuel economy improvement while satisfying the constraints of driving safety and travel time.To show the HEV powertrain characteristics,a case study is given with the speed planning and energy management strategy.展开更多
compounds showing phonon mediated near room-temperature superconductivity.However,severe limitations in determining the chemical formula of the reaction products,especially with regards to their hydrogen content,imped...compounds showing phonon mediated near room-temperature superconductivity.However,severe limitations in determining the chemical formula of the reaction products,especially with regards to their hydrogen content,impedes a deep understanding of the synthesized phases and can lead to significantly erroneous conclusions.Here,we present a way to directly access the hydrogen content of MH solids synthesized at high pressures in(laser-heated)diamond anvil cells using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.We show that this method can be used to investigate MH compounds with a wide range of hydrogen content,from MH_(x) with x=0.15(CuH_(0.15))to x■6.4(H_(6±0.4)S_(5)).展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.300102122105)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2023-JC-YB-023).
文摘Feature selection(FS)is essential in machine learning(ML)and data mapping by its ability to preprocess high-dimensional data.By selecting a subset of relevant features,feature selection cuts down on the dimension of the data.It excludes irrelevant or surplus features,thus boosting the performance and efficiency of the model.Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)boasts a streamlined algorithmic framework and exhibits rapid convergence traits.Compared with other algorithms,it incurs reduced computational expenses when tackling high-dimensional datasets.However,PSO faces challenges like inadequate convergence precision.Therefore,regarding FS problems,this paper presents a binary version enhanced PSO based on the Support Vector Machines(SVM)classifier.First,the Sand Cat Swarm Optimization(SCSO)is added to enhance the global search capability of PSO and improve the accuracy of the solution.Secondly,the Latin hypercube sampling strategy initializes populations more uniformly and helps to increase population diversity.The last is the roundup search strategy introducing the grey wolf hierarchy idea to help improve convergence speed.To verify the capability of Self-adaptive Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization(SCPSO),the CEC2020 test suite and CEC2022 test suite are selected for experiments and applied to three engineering problems.Compared with the standard PSO algorithm,SCPSO converges faster,and the convergence accuracy is significantly improved.Moreover,SCPSO’s comprehensive performance far exceeds that of other algorithms.Six datasets from the University of California,Irvine(UCI)database were selected to evaluate SCPSO’s effectiveness in solving feature selection problems.The results indicate that SCPSO has significant potential for addressing these problems.
文摘Background: In recent years more and more electronic health behaviour interventions have been developed in order to reach individuals with an unhealthy behaviour such as risky drinking. This is especially relevant in university students who are among those who most frequently are risky drinkers. This study explored the acceptability and feasibility, in an unselected group of university students, of a fully automated multiple session alcohol intervention offering different modes of delivery such as email, SMS and Android. Material and Methods: A total of 11,283 students at Link?ping University in Sweden were invited to perform a single session alcohol intervention and among those accepting this (4916 students) a total of 24.7% accepted to further participate in the extended multiple intervention lasting 3 - 6 weeks. The students could choose mode of delivery, total length of the intervention (between 3 - 6 weeks) and number of messages per week (3, 5, or 7 per week). A follow-up questionnaire was applied after the intervention to which 82.7% responded. Results: most students wanted to receive the messages by email with the shortest intervention length (3 weeks) and as few messages as possible per week (3 messages). However, no major difference was seen regarding satisfaction with the length and frequency of the intervention despite chosen length and frequency. Most students also expressed satisfaction with the content of the messages and would recommend the intervention to a fellow student in need of reducing drinking. Discussion and Conclusion: Based upon feedback from the students, a multiple push-based intervention appears to be feasible to offer students interested in additional support after a single session alcohol intervention. In a forthcoming study we will further explore the optimal mode of delivery and length of intervention and number of messages per week.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3700401)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Youths(No.ZR2022QE234)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.LQ21E030002)the Youth Innovation team Project of Higher Education Institutions in Shandong Province(No.2022KJ272)。
文摘Revealing the oxidation behavior of superalloys is crucial for optimizing material properties and extending service life.This study investigated the oxidation behavior of superalloy GH4738 under stress states at 850℃.High-throughput specimens were fabricated to withstand different stresses at the same time.Isothermal oxidation s amples were analyzed using the mass gain method to obtain oxidation kinetic curves.The results show that the external stress below 200 MPa could improve the oxidation resistance of the GH4738.With tensile stress increasing,the oxide layer becomes thinner,denser and more complete,while internal oxidation decreases.The tensile stress alters the structure of the external oxide layer from a two-layer to a threelayer configuration.The Cr_(2)O_(3) oxide layer inhibits the outward diffusion of Ti,leading to Ti enrichment at the oxide-matrix interface and altering the oxidation mechanism of GH4738.
基金This research was funded by the MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033,ERDF(PID2022137645OB-I00),Madrid,SpainFundacion Seneca(19892/GERM/15),Murcia,Spainthe Swedish Research Council FORMAS(Project 2019-00288),Stockholm,Sweden.
文摘Background Proteome characterization of the porcine endometrium and extraembryonic membranes is important to understand mother-embryo cross-communication.In this study,the proteome of the endometrium and cho-rioallantoic membrane was characterized in pregnant sows(PS)during early gestation(d 18 and 24 of gestation)and in the endometrium of non-pregnant sows(NPS)during the same days using LC-MS/MS analysis.The UniProtKB database and ClueGO were used to obtain functional Gene Ontology annotations and biological and functional networks,respectively.Results Our analysis yielded 3,254 and 3,457 proteins identified in the endometrium of PS and NPS,respectively;of these,1,753 being common while 1,501 and 1,704 were exclusive to PS and NPS,respectively.In addition,we iden-tified 3,968 proteins in the extraembryonic membranes of PS.Further analyses of function revealed some proteins had relevance for the immune system process and biological adhesion in endometrium while the embryonic chorion displayed abundance of proteins related to cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization,suggesting they dominated the moment of endometrial remodeling,implantation and adhesion of the lining epithelia.Data are available via Pro-teomeXchange with identifier PXD042565.Conclusion This is the first in-depth proteomic characterization of the endometrium and extraembryonic mem-branes during weeks 3 to 4 of gestation;data that contribute to the molecular understanding of the dynamic environ-ment during this critical period,associated with the majority of pregnancy losses.
文摘Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the Western world.Approximately half of patients will develop liver metastases,which is the most common cause of death.The only potentially curative treatment is surgical resection.However,many patients retain a to small future liver remnant(FLR)to allow for resection directly.There are therefore strategies todecrease the tumor with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to increase the FLR.An accepted strategy to increase the FLR is portal vein occlusion(PVO).A concern with this strategy is that a large proportion of patients will never be operated because of progression during the interval between PVO and resection.ALPPS(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy)is a new procedure with a high resection rate.A concern with this approach is the rather high frequency of complications and high mortality,compared to PVO.In this review,it is shown that with ALPPS the resection rate was 97.1%for CRLM and the mortality rate for all diagnoses was 9.6%.The mortality rate was likely lower for patients with CRLM,but some data were lacking in the reports.Due to the novelty of ALPPS,the indications and technique are not yet established but there are arguments for ALPPS in the context of CRLM and a small FLR.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51571057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N170204012)
文摘Ti/Cu multilayered composites were fabricated via accumulative roll bonding(ARB). During codeformation of the constituent metals, the hard Ti layers necked preferentially and then fragmented with the development of shear bands. Transmission electron microscopy showed that with increasing ARB cycles, grains in Ti were significantly refined even though dynamic recrystallization has occurred. For Cu the significant grain refinement was only found within the shear banded region when the composite was processed after five ARB cycles. Due to the diffusion of Cu atoms into Ti at the heterophase interfaces, amorphization with a width less than 10 nm was identified even in the composite processed by one cycle. At higher ARB cycles, the width of amorphous region increased and intermetallic compounds CuTi appeared from the region. The lattice defects introduced at the heterophase interfaces under roll bonding was responsible for the formation of the nano-scaled compounds. X-ray diffraction showed that an abnormal {1120} fiber texture was developed in Ti layers, while significant brass-type textures were developed in Cu layers. Some orientations along the {1120} fiber favored the prismatic < a> slip for Ti.Tensile tests revealed the elevated strength without a substantial sacrifice of ductility in the composites during ARB. The unique mechanical properties were attributed to the significantly refined grains in individual metals, the good bonding between the constituent metals, as well as the development of an abnormal {1120} fiber texture in Ti layers.
基金Supported by The Foundation of Clinical Cancer Research,Jonkoping,No.151124-6FORSS,the Research Council of Southeastern Sweden,No.FORSS-373251
文摘AIM To investigate association of circulating inflammatory factors at the time of colorectal cancer(CRC)surgery with survival.METHODS Plasma levels from 174 CRC patients(69 females and 105 men),with median age 70 years(range 29-90),localized in the colon(n=105)or rectum(n=69),with stageⅠ(n=24),stageⅡ(n=54),stageⅢ(n=67)and stageⅣ(n=29)were measured using commercially available Bio-Plex Pro?Human Chemokine Panel 40-Plex,including 40 different chemokines,cytokines and interleukins.The prognostic association of each inflammatory factor was analysed as CRC-specific and total mortality.RESULTS Out of 174 patients,66 died during the follow-up,40 because of CRC specific mortality.High tertile levels of 8 factors were significantly associated with increased CRC-specific mortality,of which CCL1,CCL20,CCL24,CX3CL1,IL-4 and TNF-αremained significant in a multivariate Cox regression analysis.High tertile levels of 14 factors were associated with increased total mortality,of which CCL1,CCL15,CCL20,CX3CL1,CXCL13,IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4 and IL-10 remained significant after adjustment for clinical covariates.For most of the inflammatory factors the association between higher tertile levels and an increased mortality in general appeared two years after surgery.High tertile levels of TNF-αand CCL24 were exclusively associated with CRC-specific mortality.The distribution of these factors were not associated with TNM stage with exception for CCL20.CONCLUSION High plasma levels of inflammatory factors are associated with increased risk of mortality among CRC patients and could be potential biomarkers for revealing prognosis.
文摘There are many techniques using sensors and wearable devices for detecting and monitoring patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD).A recent development is the utilization of human interaction with computer keyboards for analyzing and identifying motor signs in the early stages of the disease.Current designs for classification of time series of computer-key hold durations recorded from healthy control and PD subjects require the time series of length to be considerably long.With an attempt to avoid discomfort to participants in performing long physical tasks for data recording,this paper introduces the use of fuzzy recurrence plots of very short time series as input data for the machine training and classification with long short-term memory(LSTM)neural networks.Being an original approach that is able to both significantly increase the feature dimensions and provides the property of deterministic dynamical systems of very short time series for information processing carried out by an LSTM layer architecture,fuzzy recurrence plots provide promising results and outperform the direct input of the time series for the classification of healthy control and early PD subjects.
文摘In this case report, we examined the levels of cytokines expressed before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored in a patient with collagenous colitis. We report the case of a46-year-old woman with chronic, active collagenous colitis who either failed to achieve clinical remission or experienced adverse effects with the following drugs:loperamide, cholestyramine, budesonide, methotrexate and adalimumab. Due to the intractable nature of the disease and because the patient was having up to 15 watery bowel movements per day, she underwent a temporary ileostomy. Colonic biopsies were analyzed for mucosal cytokine protein levels before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored. Mucosal protein levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 A, IL-23, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5,IL-10 and IL-13 were all higher during active disease and decreased to non-detectable or considerably lower levels during fecal stream diversion. One month after the restoration of bowel continuity, when the patient experienced a relapse of symptoms, IL-2, IL-23 and IL-21 levels were again increased. Our results indicate that fecal stream diversion in this patient suppressed the levels of all cytokines analyzed in colonic biopsies. With the recurrence of clinical symptoms and histological changes after bowel reconstruction,the levels of primarily proinflammatory cytokines increased. Our findings support the hypothesis that a luminal factor triggers the inflammation observed in collagenous colitis.
基金Supported by the NordForsk "Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare",No.76015
文摘BACKGROUND Patients discharged after hospitalization for acute heart failure(AHF) are frequently readmitted due to an incomplete decongestion, which is difficult to assess clinically. Recently, it has been shown that the use of a highly sensitive,non-invasive device measuring lung impedance(LI) reduces hospitalizations for heart failure(HF); it has also been shown that this device reduces the cardiovascular and all-cause mortality of stable HF patients when used in longterm out-patient follow-ups. The aim of these case series is to demonstrate the potential additive role of non-invasive home LI monitoring in the early postdischarge period.CASE SUMMARY We present a case series of three patients who had performed daily LI measurements at home using the edema guard monitor(EGM) during 30 d after an episode of AHF. All patients had a history of chronic ischemic HF with a reduced ejection fraction and were hospitalized for 6–17 d. LI measurements were successfully made at home by patients with the help of their caregivers. The patients were carefully followed up by HF specialists who reacted to the values of LI measurements, blood pressure, heart rate and clinical symptoms. LI reduction was a more frequent trigger to medication adjustments compared to changes in symptoms or vital signs. Besides, LI dynamics closely tracked the use and dose of diuretics.CONCLUSION Our case series suggests non-invasive home LI monitoring with EGM to be a reliable and potentially useful tool for the early detection of congestion or dehydration and thus for the further successful stabilization of a HF patient after a worsening episode.
基金support by the French National Research Agency through grant ANR-19-CE300012by the European Research Council(ERC)through grant No.772725。
文摘The tremendous amount of wasted heat from solar radiation and industry dissipation has motivated the development of thermoelectric concepts that directly convert heat into electricity.The main challenge in practical applications for thermoelectrics is the high cost from both materials and manufacturing.Recently,breakthrough progresses in ionic thermoelectrics open up new possibilities to charge energy storage devices when submitted to a temperature gradient.The charging voltage is internally from the ionic Seebeck effect of the electrolyte between two electrodes.Hence electrolytes with high thermoelectric figure of merit are classified as ionic thermoelectric materials.Most ionic thermoelectric materials are composed of abundant elements,and they can generate hundreds of times larger thermal voltage than that of electronic materials.This emerging thermoelectric category brings new hope to fabricate low cost and large area heat-to-energy conversion devices,and triggers a renewed interest for ionic thermodiffusion.In this review,we summarize the state of the art in the new field of ionic thermoelectrics,from the driving force of the ionic thermodiffusion to material and application developments.We present a general map of ionic thermoelectric materials,discuss the unique characters of each type of the reported electrolytes,and propose potential optimization and future topics of ionic thermoelectrics.
基金Supported by Saving Sight in Grampian,Development Trust of University of Aberdeen,United KingdomAction Medical Research United Kingdom(grant SP4328)Link?ping University,Sweden
文摘Corneal transplantation is the most common surgical procedure amongst solid organ transplants with a high survival rate of 86% at 1-year post-grafting. This high success rate has been attributed to the immune privilege of the eye. However, mechanisms originally thought to promote immune privilege, such as the lack of antigen presenting cells and vessels in the cornea, are challenged by recent studies. Nevertheless, the immunological and physiological features of the cornea promoting a relatively weak alloimmune response is likely responsible for the high survival rate in "low-risk" settings. Furthermore, although corneal graft survival in "lowrisk" recipients is favourable, the prognosis in "high-risk" recipients for corneal graft is poor. In "high-risk" grafts, the process of indirect allorecognition is accelerated by the enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses due to pre-existing inflammation and neovascularization of the host bed. This leads to the irreversible rejection of the allograft and ultimately graft failure. Many therapeutic measures are being tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies to counter the immunological challenge of "high-risk" recipients. Despite the prevailing dogma, recent data suggest that tissue matching together with use of systemic immunosuppression may increase the likelihood of graft acceptance in "high-risk" recipients. However, immunosuppressive drugs are accompanied with intolerance/side effects and toxicity, and therefore, novel cell-based therapies are in development which target host immune cells and restore immune homeostasis without significant side effect of treatment. In addition, developments in regenerative medicinemay be able to solve both important short comings of allotransplantation:(1) graft rejection and ultimate graft failure; and(2) the lack of suitable donor corneas. The advances in technology and research indicate that wider therapeutic choices for patients may be available to address the worldwide problem of corneal blindness in both "low-risk" and "high-risk" hosts.
文摘There exists a gap between control theory and control practice,i.e.,all control methods suggested by researchers are not implemented in real systems and,on the other hand,many important in dustrial problems are not studied in the academic research.Benchmark problems can help close this gap and provide many opportunities for members in both the controls theory and application communities.The goal is to survey and give pointers to different general controls and modeling related benchmark problems that can serve as inspiration for future benchmarks and then specifically focus the benchmark coverage on automotive control engineering application.In the paper reflections are given on how different categories of benchmark designers,benchmark solvers and third part users can benefit from providing,solving,and studying benchmark problems.The paper also collects information about several benchmark problems and gives pointers to papers than give more detailed information about different problems that have been presented.
基金Project(2682019CX06)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(2019KY23)supported by Research Start-up Fund from the Southwest Jiaotong University,China+2 种基金Projects(20ZDYF0236,20ZDYF0490)supported by the Key R&D Projects in the Field of High and new Technology of Sichuan,ChinaProject(52072311)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019JDJQ0009)supported by the Outstanding Young Scientific and Technical Talents in Sichuan Province,China。
文摘Transition metal dichalcogenides are interesting candidates as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction.The MnPSe_(3)/WS_(2) heterostructure is hence studied here with first principles calculations by exploring its electronic properties under the application of an electric field.It is discovered that the band gap will decrease from the WS_(2) monolayer to the MnPSe_(3)/WS_(2) heterostructure with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional,while increase slightly when electron correlation is involved.The conduction band minimum of the heterostructure is determined by the MnPSe3 layer,while the valence band maximum is contributed by the WS_(2)layer.The band edges and band gap suggest that the heterostructure will have good photocatalytic properties for water splitting.Moreover,comparing to monolayer WS_(2),the light absorption in both the ultraviolet and visible regions will be enhanced.When an electric field is present,a linear relation is observed between the electric field and the band gap within specific range,which can thus modulate the photocatalytic performance of this heterostructure.
基金We thank the German Research Foundation(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,DFG,Project Nos.DU954/11-1,DU393/13-1,DU393/9-2,andME5206/3-1)the Federal Ministry of Education and Research,Germany(BMBF,Grant No.05K19WC1)for financial support.T.M.thanks the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research for financial support.F.T.thanks the Swedish Research Council(VR)(Grant No.2019-05600)D.L.thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support.N.D.thanks the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University(Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU No.200900971).
文摘Recent developments in in situ nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy under extreme conditions have led to the observation of a wide variety of physical phenomena that are not accessible with standard high-pressure experimental probes.However,inherent di-or quadrupolar line broadening in diamond anvil cell(DAC)-based NMR experiments often limits detailed investigation of local atomic structures,especially if different phases or local environments coexist.Here,we describe our progress in the development of high-resolutionNMRexperiments in DACs using one-and two-dimensional homonuclear decoupling experiments at pressures up to the megabar regime.Using this technique,spectral resolutions of the order of 1 ppm and below have been achieved,enabling high-pressure structural analysis.Several examples are presented that demonstrate the wide applicability of this method for extreme conditions research.
基金Supported by Centre for Research and Development,Uppsala University/County Council of Gavleborg,Gavle,Sweden,and the Council for Regional Research in Uppsala and Orebro,Sweden
文摘AIM: To examine whether muscle training with an oral IQoroR screen(IQS) improves esophageal dysphagia and reflux symptoms.METHODS: A total of 43 adult patients(21 women a n d 2 2 m e n) w e re c o n s e c u t i ve l y re fe r re d t o a swallowing center for the treatment and investigation of long-lasting nonstenotic esophageal dysphagia. Hiatal hernia was confirmed by radiologic examination in 21 patients before enrollment in the study(group A; median age 52 years, range: 19-85 years). No hiatal hernia was detected by radiologic examination in the remaining 22 patients(group B; median age 57 years,range: 22-85 years). Before and after training with an oral IQS for 6-8 mo, the patients were evaluated using a symptom questionnaire(esophageal dysphagia and acid chest symptoms; score 0-3), visual analogue scale(ability to swallow food: score 0-100), lip force test(≥ 15 N), velopharyngeal closure test(≥ 10 s), orofacial motor tests, and an oral sensory test. Another twelve patients(median age 53 years, range: 22-68 years) with hiatal hernia were evaluated using oral IQS traction maneuvers with pressure recordings of the upper esophageal sphincter and hiatus canal as assessed by high-resolution manometry.RESULTS: Esophageal dysphagia was present in all 43 patients at entry, and 98% of patients showed improvement after IQS training [mean score(range): 2.5(1-3) vs 0.9(0-2), P < 0.001]. Symptoms of reflux were reported before training in 86% of the patients who showed improvement at follow-up [1.7(0-3) vs 0.5(0-2), P < 0.001). The visual analogue scale scores were classified as pathologic in all 43 patients, and 100% showed improvement after IQS training [71(30-100) vs 22(0-50), P < 0.001]. No significant difference in symptom frequency was found between groups A and B before or after IQS training. The lip force test [31 N(12-80 N) vs 54 N(27-116), P < 0.001] and velopharyngeal closure test values [28 s(5-74 s) vs 34 s(13-80 s), P < 0.001] were significantly higher after IQS training. The oral IQS traction results showed an increase in mean pressure in the diaphragmatic hiatus region from 0 mm Hg at rest(range: 0-0 mm HG) to 65 mm Hg(range: 20-100 mm Hg). CONCLUSION: Oral IQS training can relieve/improve esophageal dysphagia and reflux symptoms in adults, likely due to improved hiatal competence.
文摘Flow cytometry is now a recognized methodology within animal spermatology, and has moved from being a research tool to become routine in the assessment of animal semen destined to breeding. The availability of ＇bench-top＇ flow cytometers and of newer and versatile markers for cell structure and function had allowed the instrumentation to measure more sperm parameters, from viability to reactiveness when exposed to exogenous stimuli, and to increase our capabilities to sort spermatozoa for potential fertilizing capacity, or chromosomal sex. The present review summarizes the state of the art regarding flow cytometry applied to animal andrology, albeit keeping an open comparative intent. It critically evaluates the present and future capabilities of flow cytometry for the diagnostics of potential fertility and for the development of current reproductive technologies such as sperm freezing, sperm selection and sperm sorting. The flow cytometry methods will probably further revolutionize our understanding of the sperm physiology and their functionality, and will undoubtedly extend its application in isolating many uncharacterized features of spermatozoa. However, continuous follow-up of the methods is a necessity owing to technical developments and the complexity of mapping spermatozoa.
文摘In this paper,we propose a benchmark problem for the challengers aiming to energy efficiency control of hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)on a road with slope.Moreover,it is assumed that the targeted HEVs are in the connected environment with the obtainment of real-time information of vehicle-to-everything(V2X),including geographic information,vehicle-to-infrastructure(V2I)information and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)information.The provided simulator consists of an industrial-level HEV model and a traffic scenario database obtained through a commercial traffic simulator,where the running route is generated based on real-world data with slope and intersection position.The benchmark problem to be solved is the HEVs powertrain control using traffic information to fulfill fuel economy improvement while satisfying the constraints of driving safety and travel time.To show the HEV powertrain characteristics,a case study is given with the speed planning and energy management strategy.
基金the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advance Research(HPSTAR)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42150101)+4 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant No.2022YFA1402301the Alexander von Humboldt Foundationthe Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,Project No.LA-4916/1-1)the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship(Grant No.MR/V025724/1)for financial supportSwedish Research Council(VR)Grant No.2019-05600.
文摘compounds showing phonon mediated near room-temperature superconductivity.However,severe limitations in determining the chemical formula of the reaction products,especially with regards to their hydrogen content,impedes a deep understanding of the synthesized phases and can lead to significantly erroneous conclusions.Here,we present a way to directly access the hydrogen content of MH solids synthesized at high pressures in(laser-heated)diamond anvil cells using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.We show that this method can be used to investigate MH compounds with a wide range of hydrogen content,from MH_(x) with x=0.15(CuH_(0.15))to x■6.4(H_(6±0.4)S_(5)).
