The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an infection of the respiratory tract which first broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The etiologic agent of this disease was identified as a betacoronavirus related ...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an infection of the respiratory tract which first broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The etiologic agent of this disease was identified as a betacoronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV). Thus, the International Committee on Virus Classification named the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)[1].展开更多
The global burden of chronic non-communicable diseases(NCDs),such as cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,chronic respiratory diseases,and cancers,constitutes a paramount public health challenge of our time.While genetic ...The global burden of chronic non-communicable diseases(NCDs),such as cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,chronic respiratory diseases,and cancers,constitutes a paramount public health challenge of our time.While genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors are established contributors,a substantial portion of chronic disease etiology remains unexplained[1].Increasingly,scientific evidence points to the pervasive role of environmental factors—the air we breathe,the water we drink,and the chemicals we encounter—as critical,yet often modifiable,determinants.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Contemporary human living environments present complex and pervasive health risks,and environmental health challenges are becoming increasingly prominent.These risks encompass diverse domains,such as chem...INTRODUCTION Contemporary human living environments present complex and pervasive health risks,and environmental health challenges are becoming increasingly prominent.These risks encompass diverse domains,such as chemical factors(e.g.,heavy metals,nanomaterials,per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances),physical factors(e.g.,noise,radiation,and extreme weather)biological factors(e.g.,pathogenic microorganisms and parasites),natural disasters(e.g.,earthquakes and floods),and anthropogenic incidents(e.g.,chemical spills,fires,and explosions).展开更多
In light of the growing urgency to address environmental degradation and improve carbon sequestration strategies,this study rigorously investigates the potential of Cistus ladaniferus as a viable feedstock for biochar...In light of the growing urgency to address environmental degradation and improve carbon sequestration strategies,this study rigorously investigates the potential of Cistus ladaniferus as a viable feedstock for biochar and activated carbon production.The influence of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate and particle size on biochar yield was systematically examined.The results demonstrate that increasing pyrolysis temperature and heating rate significantly reduces biochar yield,while particle size plays a crucial role in thermal degradation and biochar retention.To evaluate the structural and chemical properties of the materials,various characterization techniques were employed,including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA).FTIR identified key functional groups,while SEM and EDXA provided valuable insights into the morphology and elemental composition of the materials.Activated carbons exhibited enhanced porosity and carbon content compared to their biochar counterparts,achieving specific surface areas of up to 1210 m^(2) g^(-1) for acidactivated shells(AC-Sha).The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method confirmed the mesoporous characteristics of these materials,with AC-Sa displaying a surface area of 678.74 m^(2) g^(-1) and an average pore size of 2.73 nm.Elemental analysis revealed that activated carbons possessed a higher carbon content(96.40 wt.%for AC-Sha)and lower oxygen content(2.37 wt.%),highlighting their suitability for applications in adsorption and catalysis.These findings underscore the significant impact of activation processes on the stability and adsorption capabilities of Cistus-derived biochars and activated carbons,paving the way for future research and practical applications in pollution control,carbon sequestration,and bioenergy.展开更多
Microorganisms can colonize the surface of microplastics(MPs)to form a distinctive microbiome,known as a“plastisphere”which is regarded as an anthropogenic niche for microbial growth.However,bacterial community asse...Microorganisms can colonize the surface of microplastics(MPs)to form a distinctive microbiome,known as a“plastisphere”which is regarded as an anthropogenic niche for microbial growth.However,bacterial community assembly in virgin and aging MP plastispheres across different habitats is poorly understood.This study aims to assess the variations in bacterial community assembly across different niches and habitats with an in situ ex-periment,in which constructed forest wetland(FW),natural lake wetland(LW),and lotus pond wetland(LP)were habitats,and plastispheres of virgin and aging low-density polyethylene(LDPE)MPs,as well as surround-ing wetland soils were niches.Significant niche-related differences in bacterial communities were observed,with lower diversity and enrichment of potential plastic-degrading bacteria in the plastisphere than in the soil bacterial communities.Furthermore,habitat-related differences exerted a more pronounced influence on the beta-diversity patterns of the bacterial communities.The linear regression analyses indicated that the local species pool con-tributed more to bacterial community assembly in the LW wetland,whereas the relative abundance of species was the primary factor in the LP wetland.The null model analysis indicated that plastisphere bacterial communi-ties were predominantly driven by the stochastic process,with a more deterministic assembly observed in the LP wetland and soil bacterial communities.Additionally,the primary ecological process shaping plastisphere com-munities shifted from drift in the virgin LDPE to homogenising dispersal in the aging LDPE.This study provides new insights into the fate and ecological impacts of MPs in wetlands,thereby facilitating the effective regulations of plastic pollution.展开更多
Objective This study aims to investigate the joint associations of sarcopenia and social isolation with mortality risk.Methods Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)and the UK Biobank...Objective This study aims to investigate the joint associations of sarcopenia and social isolation with mortality risk.Methods Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)and the UK Biobank,sarcopenia was diagnosed according to European and Asian Working Groups for Sarcopenia criteria.Social isolation was assessed using standardized questionnaires,including questions on solitude,frequency of social activities,contact with others,and marital status(for the CLHLS only).Results During the follow-up period,8,249 deaths occurred in the CLHLS and 26,670 deaths in the UK Biobank groups.While no significant interaction was observed between sarcopenia and social isolation in predicting all-cause mortality in the CLHLS cohort,the association between social isolation and mortality was stronger among individuals with sarcopenia in the UK Biobank(P-interaction=0.03,relative risk due to interaction:0.23,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.06–0.41).Further joint analyses showed that participants with sarcopenia and high levels of social isolation had the highest mortality risk(hazard ration[HR]:1.99;95%CI:[1.74–2.28]in the CLHLS and 1.69[1.55–1.85]in the UK Biobank)compared to those without either condition.Conclusion The combination of social isolation and sarcopenia synergistically increases the risk of mortality in middle-aged and older adults across diverse populations.展开更多
Acute pancreatitis(AP)is sudden inflammation of the pancreas,which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction in severe cases.Hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)is the third most common cause.In recent years,HTG-induced AP(HTG-AP)h...Acute pancreatitis(AP)is sudden inflammation of the pancreas,which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction in severe cases.Hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)is the third most common cause.In recent years,HTG-induced AP(HTG-AP)has garnered increasing attention.Compared to AP caused by other causes,HTG-AP often has a more subtle onset but is more likely to progress to a severe,critical illness that poses a serious threat to a patient’s life and health.Research suggests a potential connection between the gut microbiota and AP,which could be mediated by bacterial metabolites,immune cells,and inflammatory factors.This is supported by observations of microbial imbalance and higher intestinal permeability in patients with AP.In addition,studies have shown that HTG-induced changes in gut microbiota can worsen AP by negatively impacting the host metabolism,immune response,and function of the intestinal barrier.In this review,we summarize recent clinical and animal studies on the role and mechanism of gut microbiota in the severity of AP aggravated by HTG.The application prospects of the newly proposed microbial-host-isozyme concept are summarized,focusing on its potential for the precision diagnosis and treatment of HTG-AP through gut microbiota regulation.展开更多
Overuse of antibiotics has become a serious ecological problem worldwide. There is growing concern that antibiotics are losing their effectiveness due to an increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. During the last...Overuse of antibiotics has become a serious ecological problem worldwide. There is growing concern that antibiotics are losing their effectiveness due to an increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. During the last twenty years, consumption of antibiotics has increased rapidly in China, which has been cited as one of the world＇s worst abusers of antibiotics. This review summarizes the current state of antibiotic contamination in China＇s three major rivers （the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River） and illustrates the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants （VC-VVTPs）. The analytical data indicate that traditional W-WTPs cannot completely remove these concerned pharmaceuticals, as seen in the large difference between the distribution coefficient （Kd） and the uneven removal efficiency of various types of antibiotics. Although constructed wetlands （CWs） offer a potential way to remove these antibiotics from water supplies, knowledge of their mechanisms is limited. There are four main factors affecting the performance of CWs used for the treatment of antibiotics in water supplies, the types and configurations of CWs, hydraulic load rates, substrates, and plants and microorganisms. Further researches focusing on these factors are needed to improve the removal efficiency of antibiotics in CWs.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the effects of environmental factors and microRNAs （miRNAs） （miR-126, miR-143, and miR-145） on the risk of coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods A frequency-matched case-control study （450...Objective To evaluate the effects of environmental factors and microRNAs （miRNAs） （miR-126, miR-143, and miR-145） on the risk of coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods A frequency-matched case-control study （450 patients, 450 controls） was conducted from April 2014 to December 2016 in Fuzhou City, China. Environmental factors were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire, and the expression levels of miR-126, rniR-143, and miR-145 were determined by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） in pe- ripheral blood mononuclear cells. Unconditional logistic regression models were used for statistical evaluation. Results Alcohol consumption, high-salt diets, high-intensity work, and lack of physical activity were significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. MiR-126, miR-143, and miR-145 were highly expressed in the CHD group compared with the control group. After adjustment for other environmental factors, unconditional logistic regression results revealed that miR-126, miR-143, and depression were the independent risk factors of CHD, and light diet was the independent protective factor of CHD. Conclusions Our data suggest that a family history of CHD, anxiety, and alcohol consumption was significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. Furthermore, miR-126 and miR-143 in combination with several risk factors, could play a joint role in the development of CHD. Therefore, it is necessary to manage patients with CHD in all directions and multiple level.展开更多
To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reac...To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reactants,the pollutant destruction efficiency,product selectivity,reaction stability and secondary pollution have been all affected in the catalytic chlorobenzene oxidation(CBCO).Experimental results revealed that the co-adsorption of chlo robenzene(CB)and gaseous O_(2)at the oxygen vacancies of CeO_(2)led to remarkably high CO_(2)generation,owning to their short mass transfer distance on the catalyst surface,while their separated adsorptions at Bronsted HZSM-5 and CeO_(2)vacancies resulted in a much lower CO_(2)generation,and produced significant polychlorinated byproducts in the off-gas.Howeve r,this separated adsorption model yielded superior long-term stability for the CeO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst,owning to the protection of CeO_(2)oxygen vacancies from Cl poisoning by the preferential adsorption of CB on the Bronsted acidic sites.This work unveils that design of environmental catalysts needs to consider both of the catalyst intrinsic property and reactant mass transfer;investigations of the latter could pave a new way for the development of highly efficient catalysts towards environmental pollution control.展开更多
Objective:This cross-sectional study examined environmental correlates of sedentary behavior(SB) and physical activity(PA) in preschool children in the urban area of Tianjin,China.Methods:Data were collected from the ...Objective:This cross-sectional study examined environmental correlates of sedentary behavior(SB) and physical activity(PA) in preschool children in the urban area of Tianjin,China.Methods:Data were collected from the Physical Activity and Health in Tianjin Chinese Children study,involving healthy children 3-6 years old and their families.In all children(n=980),leisure-time SB(LTSB) and leisure-time PA(LTPA) were reported in min/day by parents.In a subgroup(n=134),overall sedentary time,light PA,and moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVP A) were objectively measured using ActiGraph accelerometry(>3 days,>10 h/day).Environmental correlates were collected using a questionnaire that included home and neighborhood characteristics(e.g.,traffic safety,presence of physical activity facilities) and children’s behaviors.Potential correlates were identified using linear regression analysis.Results:Multiple linear regression analysis showed that "having grandparents as primary caregivers"(βs and 95% confidence intervals(95%CIs)for overall sedentary time:29.7(2.1-57.2);LTSB(In):0.19(0.11-0.28)) and "having a television(for LTSB(In):0.13(0.00-0.25)) or computer(for LTSB(ln):0.13(0.03-0.23) in the child’ s bedroom" were both associated with higher SB.Furthermore, "having grandparents as primary caregivers" was associated with less MVPA(β(95%CI):-7.6(-14.1 to-1.2)),and "active commuting to school by walking" correlated with more MVPA(β(95%CI):9.8(2.2-17.4)).The path model showed that "more neighborhood PA facilities close to home" was indirectly related to higher LTPA(In),which was partly mediated by "outdoor play"(path coefficients(95%CI):0.005(0.002-0.008)) and "going to these facilities more often"(path coefficients(95%CI):0.013(0.008-0.01 8)).Traffic safety was not a correlate.Conclusion:Family structure and media exposure in the home maybe important factors in shaping preschoolers’ PA patterns.Built environmental correlates could indirectly influence preschoolers’ LTPA through parental help with engaging in active behaviors.展开更多
An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases...An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CLTC-P). We collected fuel consumption and CO_(2)emissions data of a LDGV under various conditions based on laboratory chassis dynamometer and on-road tests. Laboratory results showed that both standard test cycles and setting methods of road load affected fuel consumption slightly, with variations of less than 4%. Compared to the type-approval value, laboratory and on-road fuel consumption of the tested LDGV over the CLTC-P increased by 9% and 34% under the reference condition(i.e., air conditioning off, automatic stop and start(STT) on and two passengers). On-road measurement results indicated that fuel consumption under the low-speed phase of the CLTC-P increased by 12% due to the STT off, although only a 4% increase on average over the entire cycle. More fuel consumption increases(52%) were attributed to air conditioning usage and full passenger capacity. Strong correlations(R2> 0.9) between relative fuel consumption and average speed were also identified. Under traffic congestion(average speed below 25 km/hr), fuel consumption was highly sensitive to changes in vehicle speed. Thus,we suggest that real-world driving conditions cannot be ignored when evaluating the fuel economy and GHGs reduction of LDGVs.展开更多
Based on the relationship between water environment system and human society,water environment carrying capacity(WECC)probes into supporting ability of complex water environment system to the human society.Recent year...Based on the relationship between water environment system and human society,water environment carrying capacity(WECC)probes into supporting ability of complex water environment system to the human society.Recent years,due to the shortage of water resources and serious water pollution in several watersheds in China,the research of watershed water environment carrying capacity(WWECC)becomes very important.The conception,connotation and method of representation of WWECC are discussed deeply in this paper.It shows that WWECC is a kind of index that instructs whether the water environment system in watershed can continue to support the development of social economy and ecology,it is dimensionless number.展开更多
Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organi...Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential,which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.展开更多
Although a relationship between epigenetics and aging phenotypic changes has been established,a theoretical explanation of the intrinsic connection between the epigenetics and aging is lacking.In this essay,we propose...Although a relationship between epigenetics and aging phenotypic changes has been established,a theoretical explanation of the intrinsic connection between the epigenetics and aging is lacking.In this essay,we propose that epigenetic recording of varied cell environment and complex history could be an origin of cellular aging.Through epigenetic modifications,the environment and historical events can induce the chromatin template into an activated or repressive accessible structure,thereby shaping the DNA template into a spectrum of chromatin states.The inner nature of diversity and conflicts born by the cell environment and its historical events are hence recorded into the chromatin template.This could result in a dissipated spectrum of the chromatin state and chaos in overall gene expression.An unavoidable degradation of epigenome entropy,similar to Shannon entropy,would be consequently induced.The resultant disorder in epigenome,characterized by corrosion of epigenome entropy as reflected in chromatin template,can be stably memorized and propagated through cell division.Furthermore,the hysteretic nature of epigenetics responding to the emerging environment could exacerbate the degradation of epigenome entropy.As well as stochastic errors,we propose that outside entropy(or chaos) derived from the varied environment and complex cell history,gradually input and imprinted into the chromatin via epigenetic modifications,would lead inevitably to cellular aging,the extent of which could be aggravated by hysteresis of epigenetics without error erasing and correction.展开更多
The large-scale summer monsoon circulations of south Asia makes a strong impact on precipitation in the area of southwestern China including Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Yun-Gui Plateau.however,the monsoon is both spat...The large-scale summer monsoon circulations of south Asia makes a strong impact on precipitation in the area of southwestern China including Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Yun-Gui Plateau.however,the monsoon is both spatially and temporally complex and smaller-scale circulations are forced by a variety of local or regional orographic effects,local or regional land-atmosphere or展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common fatal cancer worldwide,patients with HCC have a high mortality rate and poor prognosis.PANoptosis is a novel discovery of programmed cell death associated with cancer de...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common fatal cancer worldwide,patients with HCC have a high mortality rate and poor prognosis.PANoptosis is a novel discovery of programmed cell death associated with cancer development.However,the role of PANoptosis in HCC remains obscure.In this study,we enrolled 274 PANoptosisrelated genes(PANRGs)and screened 8 genes to set up a prognostic model.A previous scoring system calculated PANscore was utilized to quantify the individual risk level of each HCC patient,and the reliability of the prognostic model has been validated in an external cohort.Nomogram constructed with PANscore and clinical characteristics were used to optimize individualized treatment for each patient.Single-cell analysis revealed a PANoptosis model associated with tumor immune cell infiltration,particularly natural killer(NK)cells.Further exploration of hub genes and assessment of the prognostic role of these 4 hub genes in HCC by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and immunohistochemistry(IHC).In conclusion,we evaluated a PANoptosis-based prognostic model as a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC patients.展开更多
Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsor...Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsorb metals,microorganisms and other pollutants.FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells,tissues and organs.In the body,the particles can induce oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis,furthermore causing great adverse effects.Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors.However,the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies.Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms.In this review,the sources,compositions,and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part.The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart,lungs,brain,liver,spleen,kidneys,pancreas,gastrointestinal tract,joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized.In addition,challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper.This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.展开更多
Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O_(3))formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O_(3)and the major precurs...Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O_(3))formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O_(3)and the major precursorswas conducted in a typical light industrial city in the YRD region from 1 May to 25 July in 2021.Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group,contributing to 55.0%of TVOCs concentration(56.43±21.10 ppb).OVOCs,aromatics,halides,alkenes,and alkynes contributed 18.7%,9.6%,9.3%,5.2%and 1.9%,respectively.The observational site shifted from a typical VOC control regime to a mixed regime from May to July,which can be explained by the significant increase of RO_(x)production,resulting in the transition of environment from NOx saturation to radical saturation with respect to O_(3)production.The optimal O_(3)control strategy should be dynamically changed depending on the transition of control regime.Under NOx saturation condition,minimizing the proportion of NOx in reduction could lead to better achievement of O_(3)alleviation.Under mixed control regime,the cut percentage gets the top priority for the effectiveness of O_(3)control.Five VOCs sources were identified:temperature dependent source(28.1%),vehicular exhausts(19.9%),petrochemical industries(7.2%),solvent&gasoline usage(32.3%)and manufacturing industries(12.6%).The increase of temperature and radiation would enhance the evaporation related VOC emissions,resulting in the increase of VOC concentration and the change of RO_(x)circulation.Our results highlight determination of the optimal control strategies for O_(3)pollution in a typical YRD industrial city.展开更多
In the present study,we investigated the influence of surface fluorine(F)on TiO_(2)for the photocatalytic oxidation(PCO)of toluene.TiO_(2)modified with different F content was prepared and tested.It was found that wit...In the present study,we investigated the influence of surface fluorine(F)on TiO_(2)for the photocatalytic oxidation(PCO)of toluene.TiO_(2)modified with different F content was prepared and tested.It was found that with the increasing of F content,the toluene conversion rate first increased and then decreased.However,CO_(2)mineralization efficiency showed the opposite trend.Based on the characterizations,we revealed that F substitutes the surface hydroxyl of TiO_(2)to form the structure of≡Ti-F.The presence of the appropriate amount of surface≡Ti-F on TiO_(2)greatly enhanced the separation of photogenerated carriers,which facilitated the generation of·OH and promoted the activity for the PCO of toluene.It was further revealed that the increase of only·OH promoted the conversion of toluene to ring-containing intermediates,causing the accumulation of intermediates and then conversely inhibited the·OH generation,which led to the decrease of the CO_(2)mineralization efficiency.The above results could provide guidance for the rational design of photocatalysts for toluene oxidation.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Tianjin City of China[12JCYBJC19100]the Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education,Nanjing Medical University[NMUMT201808]+1 种基金Major Project of New Coronavirus Emergency Prevention Technology[ZXPTJF-ZC-2020-CKS-001]Key Project of New Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention of Tianjin Health Commission[2020xkz01]。
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an infection of the respiratory tract which first broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The etiologic agent of this disease was identified as a betacoronavirus related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV). Thus, the International Committee on Virus Classification named the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)[1].
文摘The global burden of chronic non-communicable diseases(NCDs),such as cardiovascular diseases,diabetes,chronic respiratory diseases,and cancers,constitutes a paramount public health challenge of our time.While genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors are established contributors,a substantial portion of chronic disease etiology remains unexplained[1].Increasingly,scientific evidence points to the pervasive role of environmental factors—the air we breathe,the water we drink,and the chemicals we encounter—as critical,yet often modifiable,determinants.
基金supported by the commissioned project of the Department of Health and Immunization Planning under the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration(No.BX2024100800015)The preliminary study project on standardization of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(No.BZ2025-Q155)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82404299).
文摘INTRODUCTION Contemporary human living environments present complex and pervasive health risks,and environmental health challenges are becoming increasingly prominent.These risks encompass diverse domains,such as chemical factors(e.g.,heavy metals,nanomaterials,per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances),physical factors(e.g.,noise,radiation,and extreme weather)biological factors(e.g.,pathogenic microorganisms and parasites),natural disasters(e.g.,earthquakes and floods),and anthropogenic incidents(e.g.,chemical spills,fires,and explosions).
文摘In light of the growing urgency to address environmental degradation and improve carbon sequestration strategies,this study rigorously investigates the potential of Cistus ladaniferus as a viable feedstock for biochar and activated carbon production.The influence of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate and particle size on biochar yield was systematically examined.The results demonstrate that increasing pyrolysis temperature and heating rate significantly reduces biochar yield,while particle size plays a crucial role in thermal degradation and biochar retention.To evaluate the structural and chemical properties of the materials,various characterization techniques were employed,including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA).FTIR identified key functional groups,while SEM and EDXA provided valuable insights into the morphology and elemental composition of the materials.Activated carbons exhibited enhanced porosity and carbon content compared to their biochar counterparts,achieving specific surface areas of up to 1210 m^(2) g^(-1) for acidactivated shells(AC-Sha).The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)method confirmed the mesoporous characteristics of these materials,with AC-Sa displaying a surface area of 678.74 m^(2) g^(-1) and an average pore size of 2.73 nm.Elemental analysis revealed that activated carbons possessed a higher carbon content(96.40 wt.%for AC-Sha)and lower oxygen content(2.37 wt.%),highlighting their suitability for applications in adsorption and catalysis.These findings underscore the significant impact of activation processes on the stability and adsorption capabilities of Cistus-derived biochars and activated carbons,paving the way for future research and practical applications in pollution control,carbon sequestration,and bioenergy.
基金supported by Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation,China(No.21ZR1446800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41877425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2024-00052)。
文摘Microorganisms can colonize the surface of microplastics(MPs)to form a distinctive microbiome,known as a“plastisphere”which is regarded as an anthropogenic niche for microbial growth.However,bacterial community assembly in virgin and aging MP plastispheres across different habitats is poorly understood.This study aims to assess the variations in bacterial community assembly across different niches and habitats with an in situ ex-periment,in which constructed forest wetland(FW),natural lake wetland(LW),and lotus pond wetland(LP)were habitats,and plastispheres of virgin and aging low-density polyethylene(LDPE)MPs,as well as surround-ing wetland soils were niches.Significant niche-related differences in bacterial communities were observed,with lower diversity and enrichment of potential plastic-degrading bacteria in the plastisphere than in the soil bacterial communities.Furthermore,habitat-related differences exerted a more pronounced influence on the beta-diversity patterns of the bacterial communities.The linear regression analyses indicated that the local species pool con-tributed more to bacterial community assembly in the LW wetland,whereas the relative abundance of species was the primary factor in the LP wetland.The null model analysis indicated that plastisphere bacterial communi-ties were predominantly driven by the stochastic process,with a more deterministic assembly observed in the LP wetland and soil bacterial communities.Additionally,the primary ecological process shaping plastisphere com-munities shifted from drift in the virgin LDPE to homogenising dispersal in the aging LDPE.This study provides new insights into the fate and ecological impacts of MPs in wetlands,thereby facilitating the effective regulations of plastic pollution.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3606300,No.2022YFC3600300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82325043)the National Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2022BCA036)。
文摘Objective This study aims to investigate the joint associations of sarcopenia and social isolation with mortality risk.Methods Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)and the UK Biobank,sarcopenia was diagnosed according to European and Asian Working Groups for Sarcopenia criteria.Social isolation was assessed using standardized questionnaires,including questions on solitude,frequency of social activities,contact with others,and marital status(for the CLHLS only).Results During the follow-up period,8,249 deaths occurred in the CLHLS and 26,670 deaths in the UK Biobank groups.While no significant interaction was observed between sarcopenia and social isolation in predicting all-cause mortality in the CLHLS cohort,the association between social isolation and mortality was stronger among individuals with sarcopenia in the UK Biobank(P-interaction=0.03,relative risk due to interaction:0.23,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.06–0.41).Further joint analyses showed that participants with sarcopenia and high levels of social isolation had the highest mortality risk(hazard ration[HR]:1.99;95%CI:[1.74–2.28]in the CLHLS and 1.69[1.55–1.85]in the UK Biobank)compared to those without either condition.Conclusion The combination of social isolation and sarcopenia synergistically increases the risk of mortality in middle-aged and older adults across diverse populations.
基金Supported by the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,No.CX2023021.
文摘Acute pancreatitis(AP)is sudden inflammation of the pancreas,which can lead to multiple organ dysfunction in severe cases.Hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)is the third most common cause.In recent years,HTG-induced AP(HTG-AP)has garnered increasing attention.Compared to AP caused by other causes,HTG-AP often has a more subtle onset but is more likely to progress to a severe,critical illness that poses a serious threat to a patient’s life and health.Research suggests a potential connection between the gut microbiota and AP,which could be mediated by bacterial metabolites,immune cells,and inflammatory factors.This is supported by observations of microbial imbalance and higher intestinal permeability in patients with AP.In addition,studies have shown that HTG-induced changes in gut microbiota can worsen AP by negatively impacting the host metabolism,immune response,and function of the intestinal barrier.In this review,we summarize recent clinical and animal studies on the role and mechanism of gut microbiota in the severity of AP aggravated by HTG.The application prospects of the newly proposed microbial-host-isozyme concept are summarized,focusing on its potential for the precision diagnosis and treatment of HTG-AP through gut microbiota regulation.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment,China(No.2012ZX07101013-02)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.15KJB610011)+1 种基金Top-notch Academic Programs Project (TAPP) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Chinathe Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Overuse of antibiotics has become a serious ecological problem worldwide. There is growing concern that antibiotics are losing their effectiveness due to an increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. During the last twenty years, consumption of antibiotics has increased rapidly in China, which has been cited as one of the world＇s worst abusers of antibiotics. This review summarizes the current state of antibiotic contamination in China＇s three major rivers （the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River） and illustrates the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants （VC-VVTPs）. The analytical data indicate that traditional W-WTPs cannot completely remove these concerned pharmaceuticals, as seen in the large difference between the distribution coefficient （Kd） and the uneven removal efficiency of various types of antibiotics. Although constructed wetlands （CWs） offer a potential way to remove these antibiotics from water supplies, knowledge of their mechanisms is limited. There are four main factors affecting the performance of CWs used for the treatment of antibiotics in water supplies, the types and configurations of CWs, hydraulic load rates, substrates, and plants and microorganisms. Further researches focusing on these factors are needed to improve the removal efficiency of antibiotics in CWs.
文摘Objective To evaluate the effects of environmental factors and microRNAs （miRNAs） （miR-126, miR-143, and miR-145） on the risk of coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods A frequency-matched case-control study （450 patients, 450 controls） was conducted from April 2014 to December 2016 in Fuzhou City, China. Environmental factors were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire, and the expression levels of miR-126, rniR-143, and miR-145 were determined by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） in pe- ripheral blood mononuclear cells. Unconditional logistic regression models were used for statistical evaluation. Results Alcohol consumption, high-salt diets, high-intensity work, and lack of physical activity were significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. MiR-126, miR-143, and miR-145 were highly expressed in the CHD group compared with the control group. After adjustment for other environmental factors, unconditional logistic regression results revealed that miR-126, miR-143, and depression were the independent risk factors of CHD, and light diet was the independent protective factor of CHD. Conclusions Our data suggest that a family history of CHD, anxiety, and alcohol consumption was significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. Furthermore, miR-126 and miR-143 in combination with several risk factors, could play a joint role in the development of CHD. Therefore, it is necessary to manage patients with CHD in all directions and multiple level.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0202200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21777140,21922607)the Outstanding Youth Project of Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation(No.LR19E080004)。
文摘To date,investigations onto the regulation of reactants mass transfer has been paid much less attention in environmental catalysis.Herein,we demonstrated that by rationally designing the adsorption sites of multi-reactants,the pollutant destruction efficiency,product selectivity,reaction stability and secondary pollution have been all affected in the catalytic chlorobenzene oxidation(CBCO).Experimental results revealed that the co-adsorption of chlo robenzene(CB)and gaseous O_(2)at the oxygen vacancies of CeO_(2)led to remarkably high CO_(2)generation,owning to their short mass transfer distance on the catalyst surface,while their separated adsorptions at Bronsted HZSM-5 and CeO_(2)vacancies resulted in a much lower CO_(2)generation,and produced significant polychlorinated byproducts in the off-gas.Howeve r,this separated adsorption model yielded superior long-term stability for the CeO_(2)/HZSM-5 catalyst,owning to the protection of CeO_(2)oxygen vacancies from Cl poisoning by the preferential adsorption of CB on the Bronsted acidic sites.This work unveils that design of environmental catalysts needs to consider both of the catalyst intrinsic property and reactant mass transfer;investigations of the latter could pave a new way for the development of highly efficient catalysts towards environmental pollution control.
基金supported by Tianjin Medical University and the University Medical Center Groningen。
文摘Objective:This cross-sectional study examined environmental correlates of sedentary behavior(SB) and physical activity(PA) in preschool children in the urban area of Tianjin,China.Methods:Data were collected from the Physical Activity and Health in Tianjin Chinese Children study,involving healthy children 3-6 years old and their families.In all children(n=980),leisure-time SB(LTSB) and leisure-time PA(LTPA) were reported in min/day by parents.In a subgroup(n=134),overall sedentary time,light PA,and moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVP A) were objectively measured using ActiGraph accelerometry(>3 days,>10 h/day).Environmental correlates were collected using a questionnaire that included home and neighborhood characteristics(e.g.,traffic safety,presence of physical activity facilities) and children’s behaviors.Potential correlates were identified using linear regression analysis.Results:Multiple linear regression analysis showed that "having grandparents as primary caregivers"(βs and 95% confidence intervals(95%CIs)for overall sedentary time:29.7(2.1-57.2);LTSB(In):0.19(0.11-0.28)) and "having a television(for LTSB(In):0.13(0.00-0.25)) or computer(for LTSB(ln):0.13(0.03-0.23) in the child’ s bedroom" were both associated with higher SB.Furthermore, "having grandparents as primary caregivers" was associated with less MVPA(β(95%CI):-7.6(-14.1 to-1.2)),and "active commuting to school by walking" correlated with more MVPA(β(95%CI):9.8(2.2-17.4)).The path model showed that "more neighborhood PA facilities close to home" was indirectly related to higher LTPA(In),which was partly mediated by "outdoor play"(path coefficients(95%CI):0.005(0.002-0.008)) and "going to these facilities more often"(path coefficients(95%CI):0.013(0.008-0.01 8)).Traffic safety was not a correlate.Conclusion:Family structure and media exposure in the home maybe important factors in shaping preschoolers’ PA patterns.Built environmental correlates could indirectly influence preschoolers’ LTPA through parental help with engaging in active behaviors.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52170111 and 41977180)the first China First Automobile Works (FAW)-Volkswagen China Environmental Protection Foundation automobile environmental protection innovation leading plan。
文摘An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO_(2)emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CLTC-P). We collected fuel consumption and CO_(2)emissions data of a LDGV under various conditions based on laboratory chassis dynamometer and on-road tests. Laboratory results showed that both standard test cycles and setting methods of road load affected fuel consumption slightly, with variations of less than 4%. Compared to the type-approval value, laboratory and on-road fuel consumption of the tested LDGV over the CLTC-P increased by 9% and 34% under the reference condition(i.e., air conditioning off, automatic stop and start(STT) on and two passengers). On-road measurement results indicated that fuel consumption under the low-speed phase of the CLTC-P increased by 12% due to the STT off, although only a 4% increase on average over the entire cycle. More fuel consumption increases(52%) were attributed to air conditioning usage and full passenger capacity. Strong correlations(R2> 0.9) between relative fuel consumption and average speed were also identified. Under traffic congestion(average speed below 25 km/hr), fuel consumption was highly sensitive to changes in vehicle speed. Thus,we suggest that real-world driving conditions cannot be ignored when evaluating the fuel economy and GHGs reduction of LDGVs.
基金supported by Programfor New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-06-0130).
文摘Based on the relationship between water environment system and human society,water environment carrying capacity(WECC)probes into supporting ability of complex water environment system to the human society.Recent years,due to the shortage of water resources and serious water pollution in several watersheds in China,the research of watershed water environment carrying capacity(WWECC)becomes very important.The conception,connotation and method of representation of WWECC are discussed deeply in this paper.It shows that WWECC is a kind of index that instructs whether the water environment system in watershed can continue to support the development of social economy and ecology,it is dimensionless number.
基金supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2019YFD0901100)the Frontier Science Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. QYZDY-SSWDQC004)。
文摘Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential,which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0605001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21876011 and 91547207)the Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51721093)
文摘Although a relationship between epigenetics and aging phenotypic changes has been established,a theoretical explanation of the intrinsic connection between the epigenetics and aging is lacking.In this essay,we propose that epigenetic recording of varied cell environment and complex history could be an origin of cellular aging.Through epigenetic modifications,the environment and historical events can induce the chromatin template into an activated or repressive accessible structure,thereby shaping the DNA template into a spectrum of chromatin states.The inner nature of diversity and conflicts born by the cell environment and its historical events are hence recorded into the chromatin template.This could result in a dissipated spectrum of the chromatin state and chaos in overall gene expression.An unavoidable degradation of epigenome entropy,similar to Shannon entropy,would be consequently induced.The resultant disorder in epigenome,characterized by corrosion of epigenome entropy as reflected in chromatin template,can be stably memorized and propagated through cell division.Furthermore,the hysteretic nature of epigenetics responding to the emerging environment could exacerbate the degradation of epigenome entropy.As well as stochastic errors,we propose that outside entropy(or chaos) derived from the varied environment and complex cell history,gradually input and imprinted into the chromatin via epigenetic modifications,would lead inevitably to cellular aging,the extent of which could be aggravated by hysteresis of epigenetics without error erasing and correction.
文摘The large-scale summer monsoon circulations of south Asia makes a strong impact on precipitation in the area of southwestern China including Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Yun-Gui Plateau.however,the monsoon is both spatially and temporally complex and smaller-scale circulations are forced by a variety of local or regional orographic effects,local or regional land-atmosphere or
基金This study was supported by grants from the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of HeBei Province(226Z7705G)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(H2020206458,H2020206513 and H2022206552)+1 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(ZD2021074 and ZD2022143)2022 Introduction of Foreign Intellectual Property Project in Hebei Province(SWZYCYZ202001).
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common fatal cancer worldwide,patients with HCC have a high mortality rate and poor prognosis.PANoptosis is a novel discovery of programmed cell death associated with cancer development.However,the role of PANoptosis in HCC remains obscure.In this study,we enrolled 274 PANoptosisrelated genes(PANRGs)and screened 8 genes to set up a prognostic model.A previous scoring system calculated PANscore was utilized to quantify the individual risk level of each HCC patient,and the reliability of the prognostic model has been validated in an external cohort.Nomogram constructed with PANscore and clinical characteristics were used to optimize individualized treatment for each patient.Single-cell analysis revealed a PANoptosis model associated with tumor immune cell infiltration,particularly natural killer(NK)cells.Further exploration of hub genes and assessment of the prognostic role of these 4 hub genes in HCC by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)and immunohistochemistry(IHC).In conclusion,we evaluated a PANoptosis-based prognostic model as a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC patients.
基金financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82173486)the Natural Sciences Foundation of Tianjin City of China (No.12JCYBJC19100)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Program of Tianjin Education Commission (No.2019KJ167)The Program of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction (No.2021KLMS10)。
文摘Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health.Fine particles(FPs)and ultrafine particles(UFPs)have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas,which can easily adsorb metals,microorganisms and other pollutants.FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells,tissues and organs.In the body,the particles can induce oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis,furthermore causing great adverse effects.Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors.However,the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies.Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms.In this review,the sources,compositions,and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part.The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart,lungs,brain,liver,spleen,kidneys,pancreas,gastrointestinal tract,joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized.In addition,challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper.This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42005086,91844301,and 41805100)the National Key Research and Development Programof China(No.2022YFC3703500)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M733028)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(Nos.2021C03165 and 2022C03084)the Ecological and Environmental Scientific Research and Achievement Promotion Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2020HT0048).
文摘Assessing the impact of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)on ozone(O_(3))formation is vital for themanagement of emission reduction and pollution control.Continuousmeasurement of O_(3)and the major precursorswas conducted in a typical light industrial city in the YRD region from 1 May to 25 July in 2021.Alkanes were the most abundant VOC group,contributing to 55.0%of TVOCs concentration(56.43±21.10 ppb).OVOCs,aromatics,halides,alkenes,and alkynes contributed 18.7%,9.6%,9.3%,5.2%and 1.9%,respectively.The observational site shifted from a typical VOC control regime to a mixed regime from May to July,which can be explained by the significant increase of RO_(x)production,resulting in the transition of environment from NOx saturation to radical saturation with respect to O_(3)production.The optimal O_(3)control strategy should be dynamically changed depending on the transition of control regime.Under NOx saturation condition,minimizing the proportion of NOx in reduction could lead to better achievement of O_(3)alleviation.Under mixed control regime,the cut percentage gets the top priority for the effectiveness of O_(3)control.Five VOCs sources were identified:temperature dependent source(28.1%),vehicular exhausts(19.9%),petrochemical industries(7.2%),solvent&gasoline usage(32.3%)and manufacturing industries(12.6%).The increase of temperature and radiation would enhance the evaporation related VOC emissions,resulting in the increase of VOC concentration and the change of RO_(x)circulation.Our results highlight determination of the optimal control strategies for O_(3)pollution in a typical YRD industrial city.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21976196,22276204).
文摘In the present study,we investigated the influence of surface fluorine(F)on TiO_(2)for the photocatalytic oxidation(PCO)of toluene.TiO_(2)modified with different F content was prepared and tested.It was found that with the increasing of F content,the toluene conversion rate first increased and then decreased.However,CO_(2)mineralization efficiency showed the opposite trend.Based on the characterizations,we revealed that F substitutes the surface hydroxyl of TiO_(2)to form the structure of≡Ti-F.The presence of the appropriate amount of surface≡Ti-F on TiO_(2)greatly enhanced the separation of photogenerated carriers,which facilitated the generation of·OH and promoted the activity for the PCO of toluene.It was further revealed that the increase of only·OH promoted the conversion of toluene to ring-containing intermediates,causing the accumulation of intermediates and then conversely inhibited the·OH generation,which led to the decrease of the CO_(2)mineralization efficiency.The above results could provide guidance for the rational design of photocatalysts for toluene oxidation.
