Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),fle...Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),flexible electronics(2010s,stretchable materials),and intelligent systems(2020s-present,AI-driven multimodal sensing).With the innovation of material,processing techniques,and multimodal fusion of stimuli,the application of tactile sensors has been continuously expanding to a diversity of areas,including but not limited to medical care,aerospace,sports and intelligent robots.Currently,researchers are dedicated to develop tactile sensors with emerging mechanisms and structures,pursuing high-sensitivity,high-resolution,and multimodal characteristics and further constructing tactile systems which imitate and approach the performance of human organs.However,challenges in the combination between the theoretical research and the practical applications are still significant.There is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the state of the art of such knowledge transferring from academic work to technical products.Scaled-up production of laboratory materials faces fatal challenges like high costs,small scale,and inconsistent quality.Ambient factors,such as temperature,humidity,and electromagnetic interference,also impair signal reliability.Moreover,tactile sensors must operate across a wide pressure range(0.1 k Pa to several or even dozens of MPa)to meet diverse application needs.Meanwhile,the existing algorithms,data models and sensing systems commonly reveal insufficient precision as well as undesired robustness in data processing,and there is a realistic gap between the designed and the demanded system response speed.In this review,oriented by the design requirements of intelligent tactile sensing systems,we summarize the common sensing mechanisms,inspired structures,key performance,and optimizing strategies,followed by a brief overview of the recent advances in the perspectives of system integration and algorithm implementation,and the possible roadmap of future development of tactile sensors,providing a forward-looking as well as critical discussions in the future industrial applications of flexible tactile sensors.展开更多
Given the increasing global demand for sustainablematerials and growing concerns over the depletion of petrochemical resources,we report the synthesis of an amorphous bio-derived polyester diol,and this diol was polym...Given the increasing global demand for sustainablematerials and growing concerns over the depletion of petrochemical resources,we report the synthesis of an amorphous bio-derived polyester diol,and this diol was polymerized with various isocyanates and butanediol,yielding a novel series of bio-based polyurethane elastomers(BPUEs).Notably,the prepared HDI-17% exhibited remarkable mechanical properties comparable to petroleum-based elastomers while demonstrating exceptional biodegradability.Specifically,the elastomer indicated an enzymatic degradation ratio of 82.0% within 20 days and a relative compost degradation ratio of up to 95.5% compared with lignin over 90 days.These results significantly surpass the degradation rates of other degradable PUs reported in the literature.Regarding the degradation mechanism,our findings indicated that enzymatic degradation primarily targeted the ester groups of soft segments,with the process occurring layer-by-layer from exterior to interior.Additionally,microphase separation significantly influenced the degradation rate.Notably,both the BPUEs and their degradation byproduct solution were found to be nonbiotoxicity,highlighting their potential for safe application within biological systems.Furthermore,the BPUEs exhibited remarkable 3D printability,allowing for the precise fabrication of complex devices.These results mark a significant step forward in sustainable materials,providing viable options for the applications of customizing degradable biomedical devices.展开更多
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.52173028)。
文摘Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),flexible electronics(2010s,stretchable materials),and intelligent systems(2020s-present,AI-driven multimodal sensing).With the innovation of material,processing techniques,and multimodal fusion of stimuli,the application of tactile sensors has been continuously expanding to a diversity of areas,including but not limited to medical care,aerospace,sports and intelligent robots.Currently,researchers are dedicated to develop tactile sensors with emerging mechanisms and structures,pursuing high-sensitivity,high-resolution,and multimodal characteristics and further constructing tactile systems which imitate and approach the performance of human organs.However,challenges in the combination between the theoretical research and the practical applications are still significant.There is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the state of the art of such knowledge transferring from academic work to technical products.Scaled-up production of laboratory materials faces fatal challenges like high costs,small scale,and inconsistent quality.Ambient factors,such as temperature,humidity,and electromagnetic interference,also impair signal reliability.Moreover,tactile sensors must operate across a wide pressure range(0.1 k Pa to several or even dozens of MPa)to meet diverse application needs.Meanwhile,the existing algorithms,data models and sensing systems commonly reveal insufficient precision as well as undesired robustness in data processing,and there is a realistic gap between the designed and the demanded system response speed.In this review,oriented by the design requirements of intelligent tactile sensing systems,we summarize the common sensing mechanisms,inspired structures,key performance,and optimizing strategies,followed by a brief overview of the recent advances in the perspectives of system integration and algorithm implementation,and the possible roadmap of future development of tactile sensors,providing a forward-looking as well as critical discussions in the future industrial applications of flexible tactile sensors.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3704700)National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(51703007)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52341301)National Natural Science Foundation of China and Basic Science Center Program(51988102).
文摘Given the increasing global demand for sustainablematerials and growing concerns over the depletion of petrochemical resources,we report the synthesis of an amorphous bio-derived polyester diol,and this diol was polymerized with various isocyanates and butanediol,yielding a novel series of bio-based polyurethane elastomers(BPUEs).Notably,the prepared HDI-17% exhibited remarkable mechanical properties comparable to petroleum-based elastomers while demonstrating exceptional biodegradability.Specifically,the elastomer indicated an enzymatic degradation ratio of 82.0% within 20 days and a relative compost degradation ratio of up to 95.5% compared with lignin over 90 days.These results significantly surpass the degradation rates of other degradable PUs reported in the literature.Regarding the degradation mechanism,our findings indicated that enzymatic degradation primarily targeted the ester groups of soft segments,with the process occurring layer-by-layer from exterior to interior.Additionally,microphase separation significantly influenced the degradation rate.Notably,both the BPUEs and their degradation byproduct solution were found to be nonbiotoxicity,highlighting their potential for safe application within biological systems.Furthermore,the BPUEs exhibited remarkable 3D printability,allowing for the precise fabrication of complex devices.These results mark a significant step forward in sustainable materials,providing viable options for the applications of customizing degradable biomedical devices.
