Dear Editor,Surface solar radiation(SSR)refers to the solar shortwave radiation(SWR)that reaches the Earth’s surface,serving as the primary energy source for life on our planet and the major force in land surfacemode...Dear Editor,Surface solar radiation(SSR)refers to the solar shortwave radiation(SWR)that reaches the Earth’s surface,serving as the primary energy source for life on our planet and the major force in land surfacemodels.1,2 Variations in SSR can affect climate change,plant photosynthesis,and solar energy utilization.3 Satellite remote sensing,characterized by its robust data continuity and extensive coverage,stands out as one of themost effective means for monitoring changes in SSR.4 However,even the current state-of-the-art satellite SSR products,such as Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project,have spatial resolutions that are limited to only a few hundred kilometers,which significantly hinders the refined observation and application of SSR.展开更多
Laser-plasma accelerators(LPAs)produce electric fields of the order of 100 GV m-1,more than 1000 times larger than those produced by radio-frequency accelerators.These uniquely strong fields make LPAs a promising path...Laser-plasma accelerators(LPAs)produce electric fields of the order of 100 GV m-1,more than 1000 times larger than those produced by radio-frequency accelerators.These uniquely strong fields make LPAs a promising path to generate electron beams beyond the TeV,an important goal in high-energy physics.Yet,large electric fields are of little benefit if they are not maintained over a long distance.It is therefore of the utmost importance to guide the ultra-intense laser pulse that drives the accelerator.Reaching very high energies is equally useless if the properties of the electron beam change completely from shot to shot,due to the intrinsic lack of stability of the injection process.State-of-the-art laser-plasma accelerators can already address guiding and control challenges separately by tweaking the plasma structures.However,the production of beams that are simultaneously high quality and high energy has yet to be demonstrated.This paper presents a novel experiment,coupling laser-plasma waveguides and controlled injection techniques,facilitating the reliable and efficient acceleration of high-quality electron beams up to 1.1 GeV,from a 50 TW-class laser.展开更多
Owing to their ultra-high accelerating gradients,combined with injection inside micrometer-scale accelerating wakefield buckets,plasma-based accelerators hold great potential to drive a new generation of free-electron...Owing to their ultra-high accelerating gradients,combined with injection inside micrometer-scale accelerating wakefield buckets,plasma-based accelerators hold great potential to drive a new generation of free-electron lasers(FELs).Indeed,the first demonstration of plasma-driven FEL gain was reported recently,representing a major milestone for the field.Several groups around the world are pursuing these novel light sources,with methodology varying in the use of wakefield driver(laser-driven or beam-driven),plasma structure,phase-space manipulation,beamline design,and undulator technology,among others.This paper presents our best attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the global community efforts towards plasma-based FEL research and development.展开更多
Mining relationships between microbes and the environment they live in are crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanisms that govern cycles of carbon, nitrogen and energy in a microbial community. Building upon next-...Mining relationships between microbes and the environment they live in are crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanisms that govern cycles of carbon, nitrogen and energy in a microbial community. Building upon next- generation sequencing technology, the selective capture of 16S rRNA genes has enabled the study of co-occurrence patterns of microbial species from the viewpoint of complex networks, yielding successful descriptions of phenomena exhibited in a microbial community. However, since the effects of such environmental factors as temperature or soil conditions on microbes are complex, reliance on the analysis of co-occurrence networks alone cannot elucidate such complicated effects underlying microbial communities. In this study, we apply a statistical method, which is called Boolean implications for metagenomic studies （BIMS） for extracting Boolean implications （IF-THEN relationships） to capture the effects of environmental factors on microbial species based on 16S rRNA sequencing data. We first demonstrate the power and effectiveness of BIMS through comprehensive simulation studies and then apply it to a 16S rRNA sequencing dataset of real marine microbes. Based on a total of 6,514 pairwise relationships identified at a low false discovery rate （FDR） of 0.01, we construct a Boolean implication network between operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and environmental factors. Relationships in this network are supported by literature, and, most importantly, they bring biological insights into the effects of environmental factors on microbes. We next apply BIMS to detect three-way relationships and show the possibility of using this strategy to explain more complex relationships within a microbial community.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(42025504)supported by the National Satellite Meteorological Center,Chinese Meteorological Administration,China+1 种基金the Center for Environmental Remote Sensing,Chiba University,Japanand the ICARE Data and Services Center,University of Lille,France.The SSRC data derived from the GSNO system will be accessible through the CARE homepage(www.slrss.cn/care/sp/pc/)upon publication of the corresponding paper.
文摘Dear Editor,Surface solar radiation(SSR)refers to the solar shortwave radiation(SWR)that reaches the Earth’s surface,serving as the primary energy source for life on our planet and the major force in land surfacemodels.1,2 Variations in SSR can affect climate change,plant photosynthesis,and solar energy utilization.3 Satellite remote sensing,characterized by its robust data continuity and extensive coverage,stands out as one of themost effective means for monitoring changes in SSR.4 However,even the current state-of-the-art satellite SSR products,such as Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project,have spatial resolutions that are limited to only a few hundred kilometers,which significantly hinders the refined observation and application of SSR.
文摘Laser-plasma accelerators(LPAs)produce electric fields of the order of 100 GV m-1,more than 1000 times larger than those produced by radio-frequency accelerators.These uniquely strong fields make LPAs a promising path to generate electron beams beyond the TeV,an important goal in high-energy physics.Yet,large electric fields are of little benefit if they are not maintained over a long distance.It is therefore of the utmost importance to guide the ultra-intense laser pulse that drives the accelerator.Reaching very high energies is equally useless if the properties of the electron beam change completely from shot to shot,due to the intrinsic lack of stability of the injection process.State-of-the-art laser-plasma accelerators can already address guiding and control challenges separately by tweaking the plasma structures.However,the production of beams that are simultaneously high quality and high energy has yet to be demonstrated.This paper presents a novel experiment,coupling laser-plasma waveguides and controlled injection techniques,facilitating the reliable and efficient acceleration of high-quality electron beams up to 1.1 GeV,from a 50 TW-class laser.
文摘Owing to their ultra-high accelerating gradients,combined with injection inside micrometer-scale accelerating wakefield buckets,plasma-based accelerators hold great potential to drive a new generation of free-electron lasers(FELs).Indeed,the first demonstration of plasma-driven FEL gain was reported recently,representing a major milestone for the field.Several groups around the world are pursuing these novel light sources,with methodology varying in the use of wakefield driver(laser-driven or beam-driven),plasma structure,phase-space manipulation,beamline design,and undulator technology,among others.This paper presents our best attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the global community efforts towards plasma-based FEL research and development.
文摘Mining relationships between microbes and the environment they live in are crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanisms that govern cycles of carbon, nitrogen and energy in a microbial community. Building upon next- generation sequencing technology, the selective capture of 16S rRNA genes has enabled the study of co-occurrence patterns of microbial species from the viewpoint of complex networks, yielding successful descriptions of phenomena exhibited in a microbial community. However, since the effects of such environmental factors as temperature or soil conditions on microbes are complex, reliance on the analysis of co-occurrence networks alone cannot elucidate such complicated effects underlying microbial communities. In this study, we apply a statistical method, which is called Boolean implications for metagenomic studies （BIMS） for extracting Boolean implications （IF-THEN relationships） to capture the effects of environmental factors on microbial species based on 16S rRNA sequencing data. We first demonstrate the power and effectiveness of BIMS through comprehensive simulation studies and then apply it to a 16S rRNA sequencing dataset of real marine microbes. Based on a total of 6,514 pairwise relationships identified at a low false discovery rate （FDR） of 0.01, we construct a Boolean implication network between operational taxonomic units （OTUs） and environmental factors. Relationships in this network are supported by literature, and, most importantly, they bring biological insights into the effects of environmental factors on microbes. We next apply BIMS to detect three-way relationships and show the possibility of using this strategy to explain more complex relationships within a microbial community.
