Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain react...Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.展开更多
The heavy floods in the Terengganu have showed an increasing trend in recent years. Terrain?characteristics of land and meteorological properties of the region are main natural factors for?this?disaster. In this paper...The heavy floods in the Terengganu have showed an increasing trend in recent years. Terrain?characteristics of land and meteorological properties of the region are main natural factors for?this?disaster. In this paper, Terengganu was selected as the case study for flood risk analysis. Geographical Information System (GIS) is integrated with Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to evaluate the potential flood risk areas. Some of the causative factors for flooding in watershed are taken into account as annual rainfall, basin slope, drainage network and the type of soil. The spatial multi-criteria analysis was used to rank and display potential locations, while the analytical hierarchy process method was used to compute the priority weights of each criterion. Using AHP, the percentages derived from the factors were Rainfall 38.7%, Drainage network 27.5%, Slope of the river basin 19.8% and Soil type 14%. At the end of the study, a map of flood risk areas was?generated and validated with a view to assisting decision makers on the menace posed by the disaster.展开更多
In this paper,we proposed an innovation diffusion model with three compartments to investigate the diffusion of an innovation(product)in a particular region.The model exhibits two equilibria,namely,the adopter-free an...In this paper,we proposed an innovation diffusion model with three compartments to investigate the diffusion of an innovation(product)in a particular region.The model exhibits two equilibria,namely,the adopter-free and an interior equilibrium.The existence and local stability of the adopter-free and interior equilibria are explored in terms of the effective Basic Influence Number(BIN)R_(A).It is investigated that the adopter free steady-state is stable if R_(A)<1.By consideringτ(the adoption experience of the adopters)as the bifurcation parameter,we have been able to obtain the critical value ofτresponsible for the periodic solutions due to Hopf bifurcation.The direction and stability analysis of bifurcating periodic solutions has been performed by using the arguments of normal form theory and the center manifold theorem.Exhaustive numerical simulations in the support of analytical results have been presented.展开更多
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provide one of the most useful digital datasets for a wide range of users. Both the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (STRM V.4.1) topography and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emissio...Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provide one of the most useful digital datasets for a wide range of users. Both the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (STRM V.4.1) topography and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER-GDEM V.2) have been widely used in geomorphology, hydrology, tectonic, and others since they were made access to the public. The magnitude of vertical errors of two near-global DEMs—SRTM and ASTER-GDEM is compared and validated against a reference DEM which has a relatively high precision of 1:25,000 scale constructed from topographical map. Moreover, the reference DEM, ASTER-GDEM and SRTM were used as basic topographic data to extract some Morphometric index. The parameters like slope and shaded reflectance maps, were derived from the elevation distribution to provide a more sensitive indication of DEM quality. A square area in the North East of Tunisia was selected as a case study to test and evaluate the elevation accuracy of ASTER-GDEM and SRTM. The relative accuracy approach and absolute accuracy were adopted to evaluate global DEMs. The comparisons show that SRTM overestimates and ASTER-GDEM underestimates elevations, both DEMs can be used to extract the elevations of required geometric data,?i.e.?sub watershed boundaries, drainage information and cross sections. However, small errors still exist in. The lower root mean square errors values indicate that SRTM is comparatively more accurate than ASTER-GDEM.展开更多
In this article, a nonlinear mathematical model for innovation diffusion with stage structure which incorporates the evaluation stage （time delay） is proposed. The model is analyzed by considering the effects of ext...In this article, a nonlinear mathematical model for innovation diffusion with stage structure which incorporates the evaluation stage （time delay） is proposed. The model is analyzed by considering the effects of external as well as internal influences and other demographic processes such as emigration, intrinsic growth rate, death rate, etc. The asymptotical stability of the various equilibria is investigated. By analyzing the exponential characteristic equation with delay-dependent coefficients obtained through the variational matrix, it is found that Hopf bifurcation occurs when the evaluation period （time delay, T） passes through a critical value. Applying the normal form theory and the center manifold argument, we de- rive the explicit formulas determining the properties of the bifurcating periodic solutions. To illustrate our theoretical analysis, some numerical simulations are also included.展开更多
Because of socio-economic importance of date palm in North Africa, the scientific community has always followed the progression of parasitic disease that affects it. The study was performed on population of thirty pal...Because of socio-economic importance of date palm in North Africa, the scientific community has always followed the progression of parasitic disease that affects it. The study was performed on population of thirty palm trees belonging to three cultivars of the oases of south-west Algeria TOUAT Gourara. The analytical protocol consists of a hot hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of I g of leaf material dried and ground. Structural analysis of compounds present in extracts was conducted by chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. Through the analysis of all HPLC profiles of phenolic acids, we have established three chemotypes： resistant with the highest heights, sensitive, with the lowest height, finally low sensitivity or tolerant with intermediate heights. The increased synthesis of C-glycoflavones, within diseased palms, can be seen as the first sign of plant response to fungal attack, or even as a defense mechanism so these flavonoids correspond to ＂pre-inhibitines＂. It has not been found qualitative differences between different cultivars studied. The merits of our work show a negative correlation between flavonoid content and the level of lignification in the date palm, suggests that the process of lignification is more rapid in resistant cultivars. We can say that there is a constitutive resistance.展开更多
A numerical investigation is carried out on the effects of heat source suction and viscous dissipation on Magneto hydrodynamics boundary layer flow of a viscous, steady and incompressible fluid. The flow is assumed to...A numerical investigation is carried out on the effects of heat source suction and viscous dissipation on Magneto hydrodynamics boundary layer flow of a viscous, steady and incompressible fluid. The flow is assumed to be over on exponentially stretching sheet. The governing system of partial differential equations has been transformed into ordinary differential equation using similarity transformation. Keller box method is simulated on the dimensionless system of differential equations. The skin friction coefficient and the heat and mass transfer rates are very significant parameters that are computed, analysed discussed in detail.展开更多
For a graph G, we denote by p（G） and c（G） the number of vertices of a longest path and a longest cycle in G, respectively. For a vertex v in G, id（v） denotes the implicit degree of v. In this paper, we obtain th...For a graph G, we denote by p（G） and c（G） the number of vertices of a longest path and a longest cycle in G, respectively. For a vertex v in G, id（v） denotes the implicit degree of v. In this paper, we obtain that if G is a 2-connected graph on n vertices such that the implicit degree sum of any three independent vertices is at least n ＋ 1, then either G contains a hamiltonian path, or c（G） 〉 p（G） - 1.展开更多
In 1989, Zhu, Li and Deng introduced the definition of implicit degree of a vertex v in a graph G, denoted by id（v）. In this paper, we prove that if G is a 2-connected graph of order n such that id（u） ＋ id（v） ...In 1989, Zhu, Li and Deng introduced the definition of implicit degree of a vertex v in a graph G, denoted by id（v）. In this paper, we prove that if G is a 2-connected graph of order n such that id（u） ＋ id（v） ≥ n for each pair of nonadjacent vertices u and v in G, then G is pancyclic unless G is bipartite, or else n = 4r, r ≥ 2 and G is isomorphic to F4r .展开更多
In this paper, the impact of the conductivity and the distribution of pollution on the behavior of the high voltage insulator cap and pin 1512L, artificially polluted is described. An experimental model in form of a d...In this paper, the impact of the conductivity and the distribution of pollution on the behavior of the high voltage insulator cap and pin 1512L, artificially polluted is described. An experimental model in form of a disc is proposed. This experimental model reproduces the real model which is the 1512L insulator. Besides, a comparative study is presented. For this comparative study, different solutions are adopted to s`imulate the pollution (containing NaCl + distilled water) that has different conductivities for a discontinuous distribution of the pollution on the insulator under an AC voltage. Furthermore, the influence of the pollution on the flashover voltage and the leakage current is studied. Finally, the behavior of real and experimental model of the insulator is investigated.展开更多
基金The research was partially supported by NNSF of china(19971027,10271048)Shanghai Priority Academic Discipline.The research was done while the first author was visiting LRI.
基金supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)of Pakistan
文摘Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.
文摘The heavy floods in the Terengganu have showed an increasing trend in recent years. Terrain?characteristics of land and meteorological properties of the region are main natural factors for?this?disaster. In this paper, Terengganu was selected as the case study for flood risk analysis. Geographical Information System (GIS) is integrated with Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to evaluate the potential flood risk areas. Some of the causative factors for flooding in watershed are taken into account as annual rainfall, basin slope, drainage network and the type of soil. The spatial multi-criteria analysis was used to rank and display potential locations, while the analytical hierarchy process method was used to compute the priority weights of each criterion. Using AHP, the percentages derived from the factors were Rainfall 38.7%, Drainage network 27.5%, Slope of the river basin 19.8% and Soil type 14%. At the end of the study, a map of flood risk areas was?generated and validated with a view to assisting decision makers on the menace posed by the disaster.
文摘In this paper,we proposed an innovation diffusion model with three compartments to investigate the diffusion of an innovation(product)in a particular region.The model exhibits two equilibria,namely,the adopter-free and an interior equilibrium.The existence and local stability of the adopter-free and interior equilibria are explored in terms of the effective Basic Influence Number(BIN)R_(A).It is investigated that the adopter free steady-state is stable if R_(A)<1.By consideringτ(the adoption experience of the adopters)as the bifurcation parameter,we have been able to obtain the critical value ofτresponsible for the periodic solutions due to Hopf bifurcation.The direction and stability analysis of bifurcating periodic solutions has been performed by using the arguments of normal form theory and the center manifold theorem.Exhaustive numerical simulations in the support of analytical results have been presented.
文摘Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provide one of the most useful digital datasets for a wide range of users. Both the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (STRM V.4.1) topography and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER-GDEM V.2) have been widely used in geomorphology, hydrology, tectonic, and others since they were made access to the public. The magnitude of vertical errors of two near-global DEMs—SRTM and ASTER-GDEM is compared and validated against a reference DEM which has a relatively high precision of 1:25,000 scale constructed from topographical map. Moreover, the reference DEM, ASTER-GDEM and SRTM were used as basic topographic data to extract some Morphometric index. The parameters like slope and shaded reflectance maps, were derived from the elevation distribution to provide a more sensitive indication of DEM quality. A square area in the North East of Tunisia was selected as a case study to test and evaluate the elevation accuracy of ASTER-GDEM and SRTM. The relative accuracy approach and absolute accuracy were adopted to evaluate global DEMs. The comparisons show that SRTM overestimates and ASTER-GDEM underestimates elevations, both DEMs can be used to extract the elevations of required geometric data,?i.e.?sub watershed boundaries, drainage information and cross sections. However, small errors still exist in. The lower root mean square errors values indicate that SRTM is comparatively more accurate than ASTER-GDEM.
基金the Support Provided by the I.K.G. Punjab Technical University,Kapurthala,Punjab,India,where one of us(RK) is a Research Scholar
文摘In this article, a nonlinear mathematical model for innovation diffusion with stage structure which incorporates the evaluation stage （time delay） is proposed. The model is analyzed by considering the effects of external as well as internal influences and other demographic processes such as emigration, intrinsic growth rate, death rate, etc. The asymptotical stability of the various equilibria is investigated. By analyzing the exponential characteristic equation with delay-dependent coefficients obtained through the variational matrix, it is found that Hopf bifurcation occurs when the evaluation period （time delay, T） passes through a critical value. Applying the normal form theory and the center manifold argument, we de- rive the explicit formulas determining the properties of the bifurcating periodic solutions. To illustrate our theoretical analysis, some numerical simulations are also included.
文摘Because of socio-economic importance of date palm in North Africa, the scientific community has always followed the progression of parasitic disease that affects it. The study was performed on population of thirty palm trees belonging to three cultivars of the oases of south-west Algeria TOUAT Gourara. The analytical protocol consists of a hot hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of I g of leaf material dried and ground. Structural analysis of compounds present in extracts was conducted by chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. Through the analysis of all HPLC profiles of phenolic acids, we have established three chemotypes： resistant with the highest heights, sensitive, with the lowest height, finally low sensitivity or tolerant with intermediate heights. The increased synthesis of C-glycoflavones, within diseased palms, can be seen as the first sign of plant response to fungal attack, or even as a defense mechanism so these flavonoids correspond to ＂pre-inhibitines＂. It has not been found qualitative differences between different cultivars studied. The merits of our work show a negative correlation between flavonoid content and the level of lignification in the date palm, suggests that the process of lignification is more rapid in resistant cultivars. We can say that there is a constitutive resistance.
文摘A numerical investigation is carried out on the effects of heat source suction and viscous dissipation on Magneto hydrodynamics boundary layer flow of a viscous, steady and incompressible fluid. The flow is assumed to be over on exponentially stretching sheet. The governing system of partial differential equations has been transformed into ordinary differential equation using similarity transformation. Keller box method is simulated on the dimensionless system of differential equations. The skin friction coefficient and the heat and mass transfer rates are very significant parameters that are computed, analysed discussed in detail.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11501322)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2015M571999)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2014AP002)
文摘For a graph G, we denote by p（G） and c（G） the number of vertices of a longest path and a longest cycle in G, respectively. For a vertex v in G, id（v） denotes the implicit degree of v. In this paper, we obtain that if G is a 2-connected graph on n vertices such that the implicit degree sum of any three independent vertices is at least n ＋ 1, then either G contains a hamiltonian path, or c（G） 〉 p（G） - 1.
文摘In 1989, Zhu, Li and Deng introduced the definition of implicit degree of a vertex v in a graph G, denoted by id（v）. In this paper, we prove that if G is a 2-connected graph of order n such that id（u） ＋ id（v） ≥ n for each pair of nonadjacent vertices u and v in G, then G is pancyclic unless G is bipartite, or else n = 4r, r ≥ 2 and G is isomorphic to F4r .
文摘In this paper, the impact of the conductivity and the distribution of pollution on the behavior of the high voltage insulator cap and pin 1512L, artificially polluted is described. An experimental model in form of a disc is proposed. This experimental model reproduces the real model which is the 1512L insulator. Besides, a comparative study is presented. For this comparative study, different solutions are adopted to s`imulate the pollution (containing NaCl + distilled water) that has different conductivities for a discontinuous distribution of the pollution on the insulator under an AC voltage. Furthermore, the influence of the pollution on the flashover voltage and the leakage current is studied. Finally, the behavior of real and experimental model of the insulator is investigated.
