The transcriptional factor WRKY proteins contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK as well as the novel zinc-finger-like motifs Cys2His2 or Cys2HisCys. A search of the rice genome identi-fied 97 genes e...The transcriptional factor WRKY proteins contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK as well as the novel zinc-finger-like motifs Cys2His2 or Cys2HisCys. A search of the rice genome identi-fied 97 genes encoding WRKY proteins. Of these 97 WRKY homologs found in rice, 13 cDNAs encoding WRKY proteins were consequently isolated from a rice cDNA library con-structed from 4℃-treated shoots by probing for the con-served WRKY domain. Northern blotting analysis revealed that 10 of 13 OsWRKY genes were differentially regulated in plants that were treated by the four following abiotic stress factors: NaCl,PEG,cold (4℃) and heat (42℃). The resulting expression profiles exhibited great differences in both the manner and timing of their response to the four different abiotic treatments. The difference of gene expression profiles suggested the different physiological functions among the WRKY genes.展开更多
Abstract: What the real trade-off is among fig-supported wasps and the viable seeds of figs is heatedly debated in the studies of fig/fig wasp mutualism. In the present study, we collected wasp offspring (galls) and t...Abstract: What the real trade-off is among fig-supported wasps and the viable seeds of figs is heatedly debated in the studies of fig/fig wasp mutualism. In the present study, we collected wasp offspring (galls) and the viable seeds of premature fruits, and determined the foundress number in receptive fruits and all the types of wasps supported by Ficus racemosa L. during both the rainy and dry seasons in Xishuangbanna, China. The data show that the galls were positively correlated with viable seeds (n= 32; r= 0.74; P < 0.001) when the proportion of vacant female flowers (PVFF) was high, in April (68.0%), and were negatively correlated with viable seeds (n= 48; r=?0.59; P < 0.05) when PVFF were limited (PVFF = 42.6%) during a colder month (January). The mean foundress number per fruit during the colder months is significantly lower than during the warmer months (F5, 603= 27.9; P < 0.001) and pollinator wasps can live longer during the colder months. During the colder months, the proportions of non-pollinators and wasp offspring are higher than those found during other months, whereas the proportion of viable seeds is not different compared with that of other months. Non-pollinator wasps tend to oviposit the female flowers that have been oviposited by pollinator wasps. The non-pollinators only negatively affect pollinator wasps and there is no obvious negative effect of non-pollinator wasps on viable seeds, so ovipositing by non-pollinator wasps will not result in the extinction of the figs during the process of evolution. The results of the present study indicate that figs can allow less foundresses to be in fruit cavities when PVFF are limited, which provides supporting evidence for the previous assumption that the plants have developed a mechanism to maintain a stable system because of the conflicts between the parties involved.展开更多
文摘The transcriptional factor WRKY proteins contain the highly conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK as well as the novel zinc-finger-like motifs Cys2His2 or Cys2HisCys. A search of the rice genome identi-fied 97 genes encoding WRKY proteins. Of these 97 WRKY homologs found in rice, 13 cDNAs encoding WRKY proteins were consequently isolated from a rice cDNA library con-structed from 4℃-treated shoots by probing for the con-served WRKY domain. Northern blotting analysis revealed that 10 of 13 OsWRKY genes were differentially regulated in plants that were treated by the four following abiotic stress factors: NaCl,PEG,cold (4℃) and heat (42℃). The resulting expression profiles exhibited great differences in both the manner and timing of their response to the four different abiotic treatments. The difference of gene expression profiles suggested the different physiological functions among the WRKY genes.
文摘Abstract: What the real trade-off is among fig-supported wasps and the viable seeds of figs is heatedly debated in the studies of fig/fig wasp mutualism. In the present study, we collected wasp offspring (galls) and the viable seeds of premature fruits, and determined the foundress number in receptive fruits and all the types of wasps supported by Ficus racemosa L. during both the rainy and dry seasons in Xishuangbanna, China. The data show that the galls were positively correlated with viable seeds (n= 32; r= 0.74; P < 0.001) when the proportion of vacant female flowers (PVFF) was high, in April (68.0%), and were negatively correlated with viable seeds (n= 48; r=?0.59; P < 0.05) when PVFF were limited (PVFF = 42.6%) during a colder month (January). The mean foundress number per fruit during the colder months is significantly lower than during the warmer months (F5, 603= 27.9; P < 0.001) and pollinator wasps can live longer during the colder months. During the colder months, the proportions of non-pollinators and wasp offspring are higher than those found during other months, whereas the proportion of viable seeds is not different compared with that of other months. Non-pollinator wasps tend to oviposit the female flowers that have been oviposited by pollinator wasps. The non-pollinators only negatively affect pollinator wasps and there is no obvious negative effect of non-pollinator wasps on viable seeds, so ovipositing by non-pollinator wasps will not result in the extinction of the figs during the process of evolution. The results of the present study indicate that figs can allow less foundresses to be in fruit cavities when PVFF are limited, which provides supporting evidence for the previous assumption that the plants have developed a mechanism to maintain a stable system because of the conflicts between the parties involved.
