Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development...Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and pun...[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and puncture,the index data of the fruit were obtained by setting different trigger forces,deformation levels,test speeds,as well as puncture speeds and puncture depths.The data included TPA hardness,adhesiveness,springiness,cohesiveness,gumminess,chewiness,resilience,as well as skin hardness,skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness.[Results]Different deformation levels had a significant impact on all parameters.Hardness,adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the deformation level increasing.When the deformation level was 30%,the adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness reached their maximum values.When the deformation level was 50%,TPA hardness reached its maximum.When the compression speed was 3 mm/s,the measured values of TPA hardness,adhesiveness,chewiness,and resilience were at their maximums.The skin hardness varied significantly under different trigger forces.When the trigger force was 15 g,the skin hardness reached a maximum value of 944.63 g,and the skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness also reach their maximum values respectively.When the puncture depth was 12 mm,the flesh hardness and skin toughness reached their maximums of 682.51 g and 1.82 mm,respectively.In the TPA mode,the flesh hardness of chieh-qua showed an extremely significant negative correlation with springiness,cohesiveness,and resilience(P<0.01).The fruit fracturability detected by puncture had an extremely significant positive correlation with compactness(P<0.01).[Conclusions]The evaluation method for measuring chieh-qua texture by combining TPA and the puncture mode could accurately and quantitatively reflect the differences in the flesh texture quality of chieh-qua.The optimal parameters for texture measurement of chieh-qua fruit were determined as a 15 g trigger force with 50%deformation and a 3 mm/s compression speed in TPA mode,and a 15 g trigger force with a 12 mm puncture depth in puncture mode.Puncture speed was found to have no significant effect on the texture indices of chieh-qua.展开更多
Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplor...Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplored.This study identified a genomic region(q NLQ3.1) for head-splitting resistance on chromosome C03 through the combination of QTLseq and GPS analysis in an F_(2) population derived from hybridizing two cabbage inbred lines,‘Dazhengfu'(ZF,susceptible) and ‘103'(resistant).Traditional genetic linkage analysis narrowed q NLQ3.1 to a 74.6 kb region.Furthermore,comparative analysis of the two parental lines using transcriptomic and metabolic profiling demonstrated the crucial role of hormones in regulating head-splitting resistance.Bol028000,encoding a homologue of Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response Factor 3(CRF3),emerged as a promising candidate for head-splitting resistance and was subsequently validated through Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Subcellular localisation analysis revealed that Bol028000 was mainly expressed in the nucleus.Additionally,one kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP) marker from Bol028000 was developed and utilized to screen 42 inbred lines.These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of head-splitting resistance and provide valuable insights for the molecular breeding of head-splitting resistant cabbages.展开更多
High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measur...High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measure to improve Ca distribution in fruits.However,the mechanism through which VPD and Ca regulate fruit Ca distribution remains unclear.This study investigated the effects of high and low VPD and Ca levels on Ca distribution and fruit mass based on carbon fixation,water transport dynamics,and pectin and Ca content and identified key differential genes and metabolites through transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results showed that both reducing VPD under low Ca and increasing Ca under high VPD increased water and Ca transport to fruits.The increased Ca combined with pectin to form Ca pectinate,which effectively stabilized the cell wall and enhanced the fruit mass.Reduced VPD under low Ca increased the distribution of Ca to fruits but decreased the distribution of Ca to leaves.Lower Ca distribution in leaves increased their absorption of other nutrients,such as potassium,magnesium,copper,and zinc,which increased the stomatal size and density,thereby improving plant carbon absorption and assimilation efficiency.However,transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that carbohydrates,as important regulatory factors under drought stress,increased significantly under high VPD,thereby reducing the fruit water potential while improving fruit water and Ca absorption.Therefore,the carbon assimilation efficiency,water transport capacity,and differential genes and metabolites regulated Ca distribution.This work provides a theoretical basis for environmental and fertilizer management in greenhouse tomato production.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film on the growth and quality of lettuce under open-field cultivation conditions.[Methods]In this experiment...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film on the growth and quality of lettuce under open-field cultivation conditions.[Methods]In this experiment,compared with bare soil,a polyethylene plastic film(PE)treatment and two lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film treatments(LBF-0.01 and LBF-0.008)with different thicknesses were set to study the effects on the growth and quality of lettuce.[Results]During autumn cultivation in Shanghai,the thermal insulation performance and yield-increasing effect of the two degradable plastic films were consistent with those of PE film,and effectively met lettuce growth requirements,but treatment LBF-0.01was better than treatment LBF-0.008.Moreover,lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film could significantly increase the contents of Vc,soluble sugar and carotenoids in lettuce,and treatment LBF-0.008 showed the best effect.It could be seen that under the experimental conditions,the two kinds of lignin-based biodegradable plastic films with different thicknesses could be applied to the cultivation of lettuce in the open field in Shanghai in autumn,and LBF-0.01 had the best effect of increasing temperature and increasing yield,while LBF-0.008 had the best effect of improving quality.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the further application of lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film.展开更多
Microbial activities are the dynamic core of nutrient cycling in organic substrates,and the exploitation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains contributes to sustainable agricultural development.This study a...Microbial activities are the dynamic core of nutrient cycling in organic substrates,and the exploitation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains contributes to sustainable agricultural development.This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Bacillus velezensis SX13 in nutrient cycling and plant promotion under different substrate supply conditions.The effects of reduced substrate amount(sCK)and inoculation of SX13 strain under both substrate supply conditions(Bv and sBv)on rhizosphere microenvironment and plant growth were investigated using conventional substrate amount(CK)as a control.Results showed no significant difference in the a-diversity indexes(Chao1 and Shannon)of the rhizospheric microbial community among the four treatments.However,nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed that compared with CK treatment,the inoculation of SX13strain and reduced substrate supply reshaped the β-diversity structure of microbial communities.Furthermore,inoculation with B.velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria(1.64%-2.46%),Acidobacteria(14.09%-43.07%),and Firmicutes(179.29%-861.29%).The results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis showed that the metabolic pathway with the highest abundance of enriched genes was also the pathway with the most enriched differential genes caused by reducing substrate supply or inoculation of B.velezensis SX13.The rhizosphere inoculation of B.velezensis SX13significantly up-regulated the top genes related to carbohydrate esterases,carbohydrate binding modules,glycoside hydrolases,glycoside transferases,and polysaccharide lyases.As a result,the activities of carbon and nitrogen cycle-related enzymes such as cellobiohydrolase,β-glucosidase,urease,L-leucine amino peptidase,and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were increased,which in turn accelerated nutrient cycling.B.velezensis SX13 and its mediated improvement of the rhizospheric microenvironment resulted in the up-regulation of root CsNRT family genes(such as CsNRT1.1,CsNRT1.4a,CsNRT1.4b,CsNRT1.5a,CsNRT1.5b,CsNRT1.5c,and CsNRT1.8),which accelerated nitrogen uptake,accumulation,and utilization efficiency and ultimately improved the yield and quality of cucumber.The effect of SX13 strain was more stable and efficient under conventional substrate supply conditions than under reduced substrate supply conditions.展开更多
To address the current issues with the conventional slide gate system utilized in the steel teeming process,a unique electromagnetic induction controlled automated steel teeming(EICAST)technology has been developed.Co...To address the current issues with the conventional slide gate system utilized in the steel teeming process,a unique electromagnetic induction controlled automated steel teeming(EICAST)technology has been developed.Cooling means of spiral coil in this technology is directly related to its service life.Firstly,heat transfer processes of air cooling and spray cooling were compared and analyzed.Secondly,the impacts of water temperature,water flow rate and air flow rate were examined in order to maximize the spray cooling effect.To maintain coil temperature at a low value consistently throughout the entire thermal cycle process of the ladle,a combined cooling mode was finally employed.Numerical simulation was applied to examine the coil temperature variation with different cooling systems and characteristics.Before coil operation,spray cooling is said to be more effective.By controlling the water flow rate and air flow rate,the spray cooling effect is enhanced.However,water temperature has little or no impact when using spray cooling.Air cooling during the secondary refining process and spray cooling prior to coil operation are combined to further lower coil temperature.When the direction of the spray cooling is from bottom to top,the coil temperature is lowered below 165℃.A practical induction coil cooling plan was provided for the EICAST technology’s production process.展开更多
Stomata are tiny pores on the plant leaf surface that regulate the exchange of water and gases between the plant and the external environment.They are crucial for photosynthesis,water use efficiency(WUE),and the plant...Stomata are tiny pores on the plant leaf surface that regulate the exchange of water and gases between the plant and the external environment.They are crucial for photosynthesis,water use efficiency(WUE),and the plant’s ability to adapt to environmental changes.Stomatal movement is vital for understanding how plants adapt to environmental stress and optimize resource utilization.Changes in environmental conditions,especially the quality and intensity of light throughout the day,affect stomatal dynamics and diurnal behavior,which in turn impact photosynthetic efficiency and water-use efficiency.In this review,we summarize the biophysical principles and mechanisms of stomatal movement regulated by ion transport at the plasma membrane,vacuolar membrane and metabolic activity through persulfidation or S-nitrosylation modifications.Specifically,we focus on recent progress in the regulation of stomatal movement by different light qualities,and summarize the photochemical and biochemical events underlying photoreceptors as well as the knowledge of novel regulatory functions and signaling in the multilayer control of stomatal movement and environmental adaptation.Furthermore,as rising global temperatures and increased water needs of farming methods are expected to escalate future crop losses,we explore the potential of smart LED lighting and gene editing technology in enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and water-use efficiency,leading to increased crop biomass and higher crop yields.展开更多
Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have...Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have been confirmed to be the core elements regulating floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana.Our earlier research revealed that Sl IDL6,a homolog of IDA in tomato,functions similarly to At IDA,regulating the abscission of tomato flower organs.Here,we further isolated three HAESA-like homologs,Sl HSL1/2/3,which are involved in tomato flower abscission.Sl HSL1/2/3 are highly expressed in the abscission zone(AZ).The knockout mutant lines of Slhsl1,Slhsl2,and Slhsl3 showed lower flower pedicel abscission than wild type(WT).The double mutant of Slhsl1Slhsl2,Slhsl1Slhsl3,and Slhsl2Slhsl3 further depressed abscission than each of the single mutant lines,while triple mutants Slhsl1Slhsl2Slhsl3 exhibited the lowest abscission,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 mediated abscission is non-redundancy,at least partially.Treating tomato pedicel explants with Sl IDL6 peptide significantly accelerated pedicel abscission in WT.However,it had little effect on the abscission rate of Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 are the receptors of Sl IDL6 in pedicel abscission.Ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)can significantly depress the expression of Sl HSL1/2/3.Ethylene can significantly accelerate the abscission of WT,while less abscission was found in Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines.Our findings indicate that Sl HSL1/2/3 can act as receptors for Sl IDL6 to positively regulate tomato pedicel abscission,and the abscission regulated by Sl HSL1/2/3 was partially dependent on ethylene.展开更多
Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino） is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of ...Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino） is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation （EFF） and 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars （Yumeiren and Tianbao） during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15~C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase （LOX） activity （P〈0.01） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content （P〈0.05） decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.展开更多
New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on t...New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on the infection of tomato with B. cinerea, to determine the optimum light wavelengths to control B. cinerea, and to explore the mechanism of LED influ- ence on the development of gray mold. The results showed that purple light and blue light irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of B. cinerea mycelium, and the inhibition rates were 22.3 and 15.16%, respectively, and purple light exhibited a better inhibitory effect than blue light. The lesion development of B. cinerea on tomato leaves was significantly inhibited upon irradiation with red and purple light with inhibition rates of 32.08 and 36.74%, respectively. Irradiation with red light inhibited the oxidative burst of superoxide anion （O2-） that was caused by infection with B. cinerea, and red light regulated the H2O2 content in the tomato leaf, which increased and rapidly returned to a lower level. In addition, red light irradiation improved the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in tomato leaves. However, purple light irradiation did not make tomato leaves exhibit this kind of physiological response. Therefore, red light and purple light can suppress gray mold in tomatoes, but the disease suppression mechanisms of these two types of LED light are different. In general, red light suppresses gray mold primarily by regulating the tomato defense mechanism for disease, whereas the suppression of tomato gray mold by purple light can be partially explained by the photo-inhibition of B. cinerea.展开更多
To explore the differences of carbohydrate metabolism in two tomato species and discuss the possible regulation of 14-3-3 proteins on the sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） activity, we determined the contents of solu...To explore the differences of carbohydrate metabolism in two tomato species and discuss the possible regulation of 14-3-3 proteins on the sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） activity, we determined the contents of soluble sugar and starch through high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The activities of sugar-metabolizing enzymes were assayed in desalted extract, and the relative expression levels of related genes in sugar metabolism were determined though real-time RT-PCR. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were mainly accumulated during the maturation of the fruit because of the high acid invertase （AI） and neutral invertase （NI） in Micro-Tom （Solanum lycopersicum） fruit, while in Solanum chmielewskii fruit, SPS which went along with the change of sucrose content led to the rapid sucrose increase during the fruit ripening. TFT1 and TFT10, belonging to 14-3-3 protein in tomato, were likely to down-regulated SPS activity during young and intumescence period.展开更多
Based on the recently published whole-genome sequence of cultivated strawberry ’Camarosa’, in this study, 222FaWRKY genes were identified in the ’Camarosa’ genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 222 FaWRKY ...Based on the recently published whole-genome sequence of cultivated strawberry ’Camarosa’, in this study, 222FaWRKY genes were identified in the ’Camarosa’ genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 222 FaWRKY candidate genes were classified into three groups, of which 41 were in group Ⅰ, 142 were in group Ⅱ, and 39 were in group Ⅲ. The 222 FaWRKY genes were evenly distributed among the seven chromosomes. The exon–intron structures and motifs of the WRKY genes had evolutionary diversity in different cultivated strawberry genomes. Regarding differential expression, the expression of FaWRKY133 was relatively high in leaves, while FaWRKY63 was specifically expressed in roots. FaWRKY207, 59, 46, 182, 156, 58, 39, 62 and 115 were up-regulated during achene development from the green to red fruit transition. FaWRK181, 166 and 211 were highly expressed in receptacles at the ripe fruit stage. One interesting finding was that Fa WRKY179 and 205 were significantly repressed after Colletotrichum fructicola inoculation in both ’Benihoppe’ and ’Sweet Charlie’ compared with Mock. The data reported here provide a foundation for further comparative genomics and analyses of the distinct expression patterns of FaWRKY genes in various tissues and in response to C. fructicola inoculation.展开更多
The essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied.However,the involvement of brassinosteroids(BRs)in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poo...The essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied.However,the involvement of brassinosteroids(BRs)in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poorly understood.In the current study,we found that BRs were actively synthesized during tomato fruit ripening.We then generated transgenic lines overexpressing or silencing SlCYP90B3,which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of BR synthesis.The expression level of SlCYP90B3 was positively related to the contents of bioactive BRs as well as the ripening process in tomato fruit,including enhanced softening and increased soluble sugar and flavor volatile contents.Both carotenoid accumulation and ethylene production were strongly correlated with the expression level of SlCYP90B3,corroborated by the altered expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes as well as ethylene pathway genes in transgenic tomato fruits.However,the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methycyclopropene(1-MCP)abolished the promotion effect of SlCYP90B3 overexpression on carotenoid accumulation.Taken together,these results increase our understanding of the involvement of SlCYP90B3 in bioactive BR biosynthesis as well as fruit ripening in tomato,thus making SlCYP90B3 a target gene for improvement of visual,nutritional and flavor qualities of tomato fruits with no yield penalty.展开更多
In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of...In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of Sly-INH was highly upregulated in Sly-INH overexpressing plants, as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Physiological analysis revealed that Sly-INH inhibited the activity of cell wall invertase （CWIN）, which increased sugar accumulation in tomato fruit. Furthermore, Sly-INH mediated sucrose metabolism by regulating CWIN activity. Our results suggest that invertase activity is potentially regulated by the Sly-INH inhibitor at the post-translational level, and they demonstrate that the transient transformation system is an effective method for determining the functions of genes in tomato.展开更多
1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP ...1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric fruit ripening for different species and environmental conditions,presenting an opportunity to use meta-analysis to systematically dissect these effects.We classified 44 ripening indicators of climacteric fruits into five categories:physiology and biochemistry,quality,enzyme activity,color,and volatiles.Meta-analysis showed that 1-MCP treatment reduced 20 of the 44 indicators by a minimum of 22%and increased 6 indicators by at least 20%.These effects were associated with positive effects on delaying ripening and maintaining quality.Of the seven moderating variables,species,1-MCP concentration,storage temperature and time had substantial impacts on the responses of fruit to 1-MCP treatment.Fruits from different species varied in their responses to 1-MCP,with the most pronounced responses observed in rosaceous fruits,especially apple,European pear fruits,and tropical fruits.The effect of gaseous 1-MCP was optimal at 1μl/l,with a treatment time of 12–24 h,when the storage temperature was 0℃for temperate fruits or 20℃for tropical fruits,and when the shelf temperature was 20℃,reflecting the majority of experimental approaches.These findings will help improve the efficacy of 1-MCP application during the storage of climacteric fruits,reduce fruit quality losses and increase commercial value.展开更多
In plant factories,the plant microclimate is affected by the control system,plant physiological activities and aerodynamic characteristics of leaves,which often leads to poor ventilation uniformity,suboptimal environm...In plant factories,the plant microclimate is affected by the control system,plant physiological activities and aerodynamic characteristics of leaves,which often leads to poor ventilation uniformity,suboptimal environmental conditions and inefficient air conditioning.In this study,interlayer cool airflow(ILCA)was used to introduce room air into plants’internal canopy through vent holes in cultivation boards and air layer between cultivation boards and nutrient solution surface(interlayer).By using optimal operating parameters at a room temperature of 28℃,the ILCA system achieved similar cooling effects in the absence of a conventional air conditioning system and achieved an energy saving of 50.8% while bringing about positive microclimate change in the interlayer and nutrient solution.This resulted in significantly reduced root growth by 41.7% without a negative influence on lettuce crop yield.Future development in this precise microclimate control method is predicted to replace the conventional cooling(air conditioning)systems for crop production in plant factories.展开更多
Fruit ripening has been reported to be related to calcium(Ca),but the underlying mechanisms by which Ca regulates this process remain largely unknown.In order to study the changes of proteins and enriched phosphopepti...Fruit ripening has been reported to be related to calcium(Ca),but the underlying mechanisms by which Ca regulates this process remain largely unknown.In order to study the changes of proteins and enriched phosphopeptides,we conducted TMT labeling,bio-material-based PTM enrichment based on mass spectrometry in Ca-treated‘Golden Delicious’(GD)apple fruit(Malus×domestica).This dataset presents a comprehensive overview of the critical pathways involved in fruit ripening.A total of 47 proteins and 124 phosphoproteins significantly changed in Ca-treated fruit,which are crucial for regulating the cell wall and cytoskeleton,Ca-mediated signaling and transport,ethylene production,protein fate,especially ubiquitination-based protein degradation,and primary and secondary metabolisms.Our results indicated that Ca inhibited the abundance of polygalacturonase(PG)activity and increased the phosphorylation level of CSLD3.PG and phosphorylation were involved in cell wall degradation,thereby delaying fruit softening.As a secondary messenger,Ca-mediated signaling subsequently triggered downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)cascades and activated the membrane,transport,and ROS signaling.Moreover,MdEIN2,a key enzyme involved in the ubiquitin of protein modification,increased at Ser753 and Ser758 in Ca-treated fruit.Furthermore,diverse primary and secondary metabolisms including glycolysis,fatty acid metabolism,and oxidation respiratory chain were modulated to prevent fruit softening.These results provide basic information from protein and phosphorylation levels for apple fruit ripening during storage,which may be helpful for apple fruit storage control.展开更多
Objective： To evaluate the possible photoprotection mechanisms of cyclic and linear electron flux （CEF and LEF） under specific high temperature and high light （HH） stress. Methods： Six-leaf-stage tomato seedlin...Objective： To evaluate the possible photoprotection mechanisms of cyclic and linear electron flux （CEF and LEF） under specific high temperature and high light （HH） stress. Methods： Six-leaf-stage tomato seedlings （＂Liaoyuanduoli＂, n=160） were divided into four parts： Part 1, served as control under 25 ℃, 500 pmol/（m2-s）; Part 2, spayed with distilled water （H20） under 35 ℃, 1000 pmol/（m2.s） （HH）; Part 3, spayed with 100 μmol/L diuron （DCMU, CEF inhibitor） under HH; Part 4, spayed with 60 pmol/L methyl viologen （MV, LEF inhibitor） under HH. Energy conversion, photosystem I （PSI）, and PSII activity, and trans-thylakoid membrane proton motive force were monitored during the treatment of 5 d and of the recovering 10 d. Results： HH decreased photochemical reaction dissipation （P） and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, and increased the excitation energy distribution coefficient of PSII （,8）; DCMU and MV aggravated the partition imbalance of the excitation energy （y） and the photoinhibition degree. With prolonged DCMU treatment time, electron transport rate and quantum efficiency of PSI （ETR= and Y1） significantly decreased whereas acceptor and donor side limitation of PSI （YNA and YND） increased. MV led to a significant decline and accession of yield of regulated and non-regulated energy Y NPQ and YNO, respectively. Membrane integrity and ATPase activity were reduced by HH stress, and DCMU and MV enhanced inhibitory actions. Conclusions： The protective effects of CEF and LEF were mediated to a certain degree by meliorations in energy absorption and distribution as well as by maintenance of thylakoid membrane integrity and ATPase activity.展开更多
Changes in sucrose metabolism in response to salt （NaC1） and water （polyethylene glycol, PEG6000） iso-osmotic stresses were measured in tomato cultivar Liaoyuan Duoli （Solanum lycopersicum L.） and the objective ...Changes in sucrose metabolism in response to salt （NaC1） and water （polyethylene glycol, PEG6000） iso-osmotic stresses were measured in tomato cultivar Liaoyuan Duoli （Solanum lycopersicum L.） and the objective was to provide a new evidence for the relationship between salt and osmotic stresses. The carbohydrate contents, as well as sucrose metabolizing enzymes activities and transcript levels were determined. The results indicated that soluble sugar and hexoses accumulated to higher levels and the contents of sucrose and starch were lower in mature fruit under the two stress treatments. Salt and water stresses can enhance the invertase and sucrose synthase activities of tomato fruit in a long period of time （45-60 days after anthesis）, and elevate the expression of soluble acid invertase mRNA. It showed that two different stresses could also regulate the soluble acid invertase activity by controlling its gene expression. The activity of sucrose synthase was linked to the changes in soluble sugar levels but not with transcript levels. The effects of salt and water stress treatments on sucrose phosphate synthase activities were weak.展开更多
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2024NC2-GJHX-29 and 2024NC-ZDCYL-05-08)Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Extension Alliance Project(Grant No.LMZD202202).
文摘Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.
基金Supported by Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program (Grant No.T20220120).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a quantitative assessment method for the textural quality of chieh-qua fruit.[Methods]Using two modes of a texture analyzer,namely TPA(texture profile analysis)and puncture,the index data of the fruit were obtained by setting different trigger forces,deformation levels,test speeds,as well as puncture speeds and puncture depths.The data included TPA hardness,adhesiveness,springiness,cohesiveness,gumminess,chewiness,resilience,as well as skin hardness,skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness.[Results]Different deformation levels had a significant impact on all parameters.Hardness,adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the deformation level increasing.When the deformation level was 30%,the adhesiveness,gumminess and chewiness reached their maximum values.When the deformation level was 50%,TPA hardness reached its maximum.When the compression speed was 3 mm/s,the measured values of TPA hardness,adhesiveness,chewiness,and resilience were at their maximums.The skin hardness varied significantly under different trigger forces.When the trigger force was 15 g,the skin hardness reached a maximum value of 944.63 g,and the skin toughness,flesh hardness,fracturability,and compactness also reach their maximum values respectively.When the puncture depth was 12 mm,the flesh hardness and skin toughness reached their maximums of 682.51 g and 1.82 mm,respectively.In the TPA mode,the flesh hardness of chieh-qua showed an extremely significant negative correlation with springiness,cohesiveness,and resilience(P<0.01).The fruit fracturability detected by puncture had an extremely significant positive correlation with compactness(P<0.01).[Conclusions]The evaluation method for measuring chieh-qua texture by combining TPA and the puncture mode could accurately and quantitatively reflect the differences in the flesh texture quality of chieh-qua.The optimal parameters for texture measurement of chieh-qua fruit were determined as a 15 g trigger force with 50%deformation and a 3 mm/s compression speed in TPA mode,and a 15 g trigger force with a 12 mm puncture depth in puncture mode.Puncture speed was found to have no significant effect on the texture indices of chieh-qua.
基金funded by the Agricultural Development Program through Science and Technology of Shanghai,China (2022-02-08-00-12-F01099)the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFD1201501)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China (22DX1900100)the Excellent Team Project of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China (2022(007))。
文摘Head-splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder in cabbage that causes substantial economic losses.However,the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms underlying head-splitting resistance remain largely unexplored.This study identified a genomic region(q NLQ3.1) for head-splitting resistance on chromosome C03 through the combination of QTLseq and GPS analysis in an F_(2) population derived from hybridizing two cabbage inbred lines,‘Dazhengfu'(ZF,susceptible) and ‘103'(resistant).Traditional genetic linkage analysis narrowed q NLQ3.1 to a 74.6 kb region.Furthermore,comparative analysis of the two parental lines using transcriptomic and metabolic profiling demonstrated the crucial role of hormones in regulating head-splitting resistance.Bol028000,encoding a homologue of Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response Factor 3(CRF3),emerged as a promising candidate for head-splitting resistance and was subsequently validated through Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).Subcellular localisation analysis revealed that Bol028000 was mainly expressed in the nucleus.Additionally,one kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP) marker from Bol028000 was developed and utilized to screen 42 inbred lines.These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of head-splitting resistance and provide valuable insights for the molecular breeding of head-splitting resistant cabbages.
基金supported by grants from the Construction of Shaanxi Vegetable Industry Technology System in 2022[Grant No.NYKJ-2022-(XN)-03]the Construction of the Scientists+Engineers Team in Qin Chuangyuan,Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023KXJ-024)。
文摘High atmospheric vapor pressure deficit(VPD)reduces the calcium(Ca)distribution in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)fruits,severely reducing fruit mass.Reducing the VPD or increasing Ca fertilizer is an important measure to improve Ca distribution in fruits.However,the mechanism through which VPD and Ca regulate fruit Ca distribution remains unclear.This study investigated the effects of high and low VPD and Ca levels on Ca distribution and fruit mass based on carbon fixation,water transport dynamics,and pectin and Ca content and identified key differential genes and metabolites through transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results showed that both reducing VPD under low Ca and increasing Ca under high VPD increased water and Ca transport to fruits.The increased Ca combined with pectin to form Ca pectinate,which effectively stabilized the cell wall and enhanced the fruit mass.Reduced VPD under low Ca increased the distribution of Ca to fruits but decreased the distribution of Ca to leaves.Lower Ca distribution in leaves increased their absorption of other nutrients,such as potassium,magnesium,copper,and zinc,which increased the stomatal size and density,thereby improving plant carbon absorption and assimilation efficiency.However,transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that carbohydrates,as important regulatory factors under drought stress,increased significantly under high VPD,thereby reducing the fruit water potential while improving fruit water and Ca absorption.Therefore,the carbon assimilation efficiency,water transport capacity,and differential genes and metabolites regulated Ca distribution.This work provides a theoretical basis for environmental and fertilizer management in greenhouse tomato production.
基金Supported by Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan,China(22N51900900).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film on the growth and quality of lettuce under open-field cultivation conditions.[Methods]In this experiment,compared with bare soil,a polyethylene plastic film(PE)treatment and two lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film treatments(LBF-0.01 and LBF-0.008)with different thicknesses were set to study the effects on the growth and quality of lettuce.[Results]During autumn cultivation in Shanghai,the thermal insulation performance and yield-increasing effect of the two degradable plastic films were consistent with those of PE film,and effectively met lettuce growth requirements,but treatment LBF-0.01was better than treatment LBF-0.008.Moreover,lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film could significantly increase the contents of Vc,soluble sugar and carotenoids in lettuce,and treatment LBF-0.008 showed the best effect.It could be seen that under the experimental conditions,the two kinds of lignin-based biodegradable plastic films with different thicknesses could be applied to the cultivation of lettuce in the open field in Shanghai in autumn,and LBF-0.01 had the best effect of increasing temperature and increasing yield,while LBF-0.008 had the best effect of improving quality.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the further application of lignin-based fully biodegradable plastic film.
基金supported by Scientific and Technological Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2021TD-34)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province in China(Grant No.2022ZDLNY03-11)。
文摘Microbial activities are the dynamic core of nutrient cycling in organic substrates,and the exploitation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains contributes to sustainable agricultural development.This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Bacillus velezensis SX13 in nutrient cycling and plant promotion under different substrate supply conditions.The effects of reduced substrate amount(sCK)and inoculation of SX13 strain under both substrate supply conditions(Bv and sBv)on rhizosphere microenvironment and plant growth were investigated using conventional substrate amount(CK)as a control.Results showed no significant difference in the a-diversity indexes(Chao1 and Shannon)of the rhizospheric microbial community among the four treatments.However,nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed that compared with CK treatment,the inoculation of SX13strain and reduced substrate supply reshaped the β-diversity structure of microbial communities.Furthermore,inoculation with B.velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria(1.64%-2.46%),Acidobacteria(14.09%-43.07%),and Firmicutes(179.29%-861.29%).The results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis showed that the metabolic pathway with the highest abundance of enriched genes was also the pathway with the most enriched differential genes caused by reducing substrate supply or inoculation of B.velezensis SX13.The rhizosphere inoculation of B.velezensis SX13significantly up-regulated the top genes related to carbohydrate esterases,carbohydrate binding modules,glycoside hydrolases,glycoside transferases,and polysaccharide lyases.As a result,the activities of carbon and nitrogen cycle-related enzymes such as cellobiohydrolase,β-glucosidase,urease,L-leucine amino peptidase,and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were increased,which in turn accelerated nutrient cycling.B.velezensis SX13 and its mediated improvement of the rhizospheric microenvironment resulted in the up-regulation of root CsNRT family genes(such as CsNRT1.1,CsNRT1.4a,CsNRT1.4b,CsNRT1.5a,CsNRT1.5b,CsNRT1.5c,and CsNRT1.8),which accelerated nitrogen uptake,accumulation,and utilization efficiency and ultimately improved the yield and quality of cucumber.The effect of SX13 strain was more stable and efficient under conventional substrate supply conditions than under reduced substrate supply conditions.
基金supported by the Startup Foundation of Shenyang Agriculture University(No.X2023050)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2209006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20173).
文摘To address the current issues with the conventional slide gate system utilized in the steel teeming process,a unique electromagnetic induction controlled automated steel teeming(EICAST)technology has been developed.Cooling means of spiral coil in this technology is directly related to its service life.Firstly,heat transfer processes of air cooling and spray cooling were compared and analyzed.Secondly,the impacts of water temperature,water flow rate and air flow rate were examined in order to maximize the spray cooling effect.To maintain coil temperature at a low value consistently throughout the entire thermal cycle process of the ladle,a combined cooling mode was finally employed.Numerical simulation was applied to examine the coil temperature variation with different cooling systems and characteristics.Before coil operation,spray cooling is said to be more effective.By controlling the water flow rate and air flow rate,the spray cooling effect is enhanced.However,water temperature has little or no impact when using spray cooling.Air cooling during the secondary refining process and spray cooling prior to coil operation are combined to further lower coil temperature.When the direction of the spray cooling is from bottom to top,the coil temperature is lowered below 165℃.A practical induction coil cooling plan was provided for the EICAST technology’s production process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272698,32441072,32122081)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF1002000)+4 种基金Liaoning Province Youth Science Foundation A-Class Project(formerly Liaoning Natural Science Foundation Outstanding Youth Project,Grant No.2025-JQ-05)Liaoning Province’s Future Industry Frontier Technology Project(Grant Nos.2025JH2/101330184 and 2025JH2/101330185)National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20250016)Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas of China(Grant No.SKLCSRHPKF2025017)HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special Project(Grant No.2023KJCXZX-JZS-10).
文摘Stomata are tiny pores on the plant leaf surface that regulate the exchange of water and gases between the plant and the external environment.They are crucial for photosynthesis,water use efficiency(WUE),and the plant’s ability to adapt to environmental changes.Stomatal movement is vital for understanding how plants adapt to environmental stress and optimize resource utilization.Changes in environmental conditions,especially the quality and intensity of light throughout the day,affect stomatal dynamics and diurnal behavior,which in turn impact photosynthetic efficiency and water-use efficiency.In this review,we summarize the biophysical principles and mechanisms of stomatal movement regulated by ion transport at the plasma membrane,vacuolar membrane and metabolic activity through persulfidation or S-nitrosylation modifications.Specifically,we focus on recent progress in the regulation of stomatal movement by different light qualities,and summarize the photochemical and biochemical events underlying photoreceptors as well as the knowledge of novel regulatory functions and signaling in the multilayer control of stomatal movement and environmental adaptation.Furthermore,as rising global temperatures and increased water needs of farming methods are expected to escalate future crop losses,we explore the potential of smart LED lighting and gene editing technology in enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and water-use efficiency,leading to increased crop biomass and higher crop yields.
基金supported by the Liaoning Science and Technology Innovation Team Project,China(JYTTD2024007)。
文摘Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have been confirmed to be the core elements regulating floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana.Our earlier research revealed that Sl IDL6,a homolog of IDA in tomato,functions similarly to At IDA,regulating the abscission of tomato flower organs.Here,we further isolated three HAESA-like homologs,Sl HSL1/2/3,which are involved in tomato flower abscission.Sl HSL1/2/3 are highly expressed in the abscission zone(AZ).The knockout mutant lines of Slhsl1,Slhsl2,and Slhsl3 showed lower flower pedicel abscission than wild type(WT).The double mutant of Slhsl1Slhsl2,Slhsl1Slhsl3,and Slhsl2Slhsl3 further depressed abscission than each of the single mutant lines,while triple mutants Slhsl1Slhsl2Slhsl3 exhibited the lowest abscission,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 mediated abscission is non-redundancy,at least partially.Treating tomato pedicel explants with Sl IDL6 peptide significantly accelerated pedicel abscission in WT.However,it had little effect on the abscission rate of Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 are the receptors of Sl IDL6 in pedicel abscission.Ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)can significantly depress the expression of Sl HSL1/2/3.Ethylene can significantly accelerate the abscission of WT,while less abscission was found in Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines.Our findings indicate that Sl HSL1/2/3 can act as receptors for Sl IDL6 to positively regulate tomato pedicel abscission,and the abscission regulated by Sl HSL1/2/3 was partially dependent on ethylene.
基金financially supported by the Key Project of Liaoning Province(2011215003)the Project of the Science and Technology Bureau of Shenyang,China(F12-277-1-26)
文摘Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino） is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation （EFF） and 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars （Yumeiren and Tianbao） during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15~C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase （LOX） activity （P〈0.01） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content （P〈0.05） decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31000921)the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars
文摘New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on the infection of tomato with B. cinerea, to determine the optimum light wavelengths to control B. cinerea, and to explore the mechanism of LED influ- ence on the development of gray mold. The results showed that purple light and blue light irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of B. cinerea mycelium, and the inhibition rates were 22.3 and 15.16%, respectively, and purple light exhibited a better inhibitory effect than blue light. The lesion development of B. cinerea on tomato leaves was significantly inhibited upon irradiation with red and purple light with inhibition rates of 32.08 and 36.74%, respectively. Irradiation with red light inhibited the oxidative burst of superoxide anion （O2-） that was caused by infection with B. cinerea, and red light regulated the H2O2 content in the tomato leaf, which increased and rapidly returned to a lower level. In addition, red light irradiation improved the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in tomato leaves. However, purple light irradiation did not make tomato leaves exhibit this kind of physiological response. Therefore, red light and purple light can suppress gray mold in tomatoes, but the disease suppression mechanisms of these two types of LED light are different. In general, red light suppresses gray mold primarily by regulating the tomato defense mechanism for disease, whereas the suppression of tomato gray mold by purple light can be partially explained by the photo-inhibition of B. cinerea.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD12B03)
文摘To explore the differences of carbohydrate metabolism in two tomato species and discuss the possible regulation of 14-3-3 proteins on the sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） activity, we determined the contents of soluble sugar and starch through high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The activities of sugar-metabolizing enzymes were assayed in desalted extract, and the relative expression levels of related genes in sugar metabolism were determined though real-time RT-PCR. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were mainly accumulated during the maturation of the fruit because of the high acid invertase （AI） and neutral invertase （NI） in Micro-Tom （Solanum lycopersicum） fruit, while in Solanum chmielewskii fruit, SPS which went along with the change of sucrose content led to the rapid sucrose increase during the fruit ripening. TFT1 and TFT10, belonging to 14-3-3 protein in tomato, were likely to down-regulated SPS activity during young and intumescence period.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601731)
文摘Based on the recently published whole-genome sequence of cultivated strawberry ’Camarosa’, in this study, 222FaWRKY genes were identified in the ’Camarosa’ genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 222 FaWRKY candidate genes were classified into three groups, of which 41 were in group Ⅰ, 142 were in group Ⅱ, and 39 were in group Ⅲ. The 222 FaWRKY genes were evenly distributed among the seven chromosomes. The exon–intron structures and motifs of the WRKY genes had evolutionary diversity in different cultivated strawberry genomes. Regarding differential expression, the expression of FaWRKY133 was relatively high in leaves, while FaWRKY63 was specifically expressed in roots. FaWRKY207, 59, 46, 182, 156, 58, 39, 62 and 115 were up-regulated during achene development from the green to red fruit transition. FaWRK181, 166 and 211 were highly expressed in receptacles at the ripe fruit stage. One interesting finding was that Fa WRKY179 and 205 were significantly repressed after Colletotrichum fructicola inoculation in both ’Benihoppe’ and ’Sweet Charlie’ compared with Mock. The data reported here provide a foundation for further comparative genomics and analyses of the distinct expression patterns of FaWRKY genes in various tissues and in response to C. fructicola inoculation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program,No.31830078)the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2016ZX08009003-001)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ15C150001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(2020QNA6023).
文摘The essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied.However,the involvement of brassinosteroids(BRs)in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poorly understood.In the current study,we found that BRs were actively synthesized during tomato fruit ripening.We then generated transgenic lines overexpressing or silencing SlCYP90B3,which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of BR synthesis.The expression level of SlCYP90B3 was positively related to the contents of bioactive BRs as well as the ripening process in tomato fruit,including enhanced softening and increased soluble sugar and flavor volatile contents.Both carotenoid accumulation and ethylene production were strongly correlated with the expression level of SlCYP90B3,corroborated by the altered expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes as well as ethylene pathway genes in transgenic tomato fruits.However,the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methycyclopropene(1-MCP)abolished the promotion effect of SlCYP90B3 overexpression on carotenoid accumulation.Taken together,these results increase our understanding of the involvement of SlCYP90B3 in bioactive BR biosynthesis as well as fruit ripening in tomato,thus making SlCYP90B3 a target gene for improvement of visual,nutritional and flavor qualities of tomato fruits with no yield penalty.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31372054 and 30971999)the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Open Project of China(No.SKLPPBKF1404)
文摘In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of Sly-INH was highly upregulated in Sly-INH overexpressing plants, as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Physiological analysis revealed that Sly-INH inhibited the activity of cell wall invertase （CWIN）, which increased sugar accumulation in tomato fruit. Furthermore, Sly-INH mediated sucrose metabolism by regulating CWIN activity. Our results suggest that invertase activity is potentially regulated by the Sly-INH inhibitor at the post-translational level, and they demonstrate that the transient transformation system is an effective method for determining the functions of genes in tomato.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYZ201843)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement(ZW201813).
文摘1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric fruit ripening for different species and environmental conditions,presenting an opportunity to use meta-analysis to systematically dissect these effects.We classified 44 ripening indicators of climacteric fruits into five categories:physiology and biochemistry,quality,enzyme activity,color,and volatiles.Meta-analysis showed that 1-MCP treatment reduced 20 of the 44 indicators by a minimum of 22%and increased 6 indicators by at least 20%.These effects were associated with positive effects on delaying ripening and maintaining quality.Of the seven moderating variables,species,1-MCP concentration,storage temperature and time had substantial impacts on the responses of fruit to 1-MCP treatment.Fruits from different species varied in their responses to 1-MCP,with the most pronounced responses observed in rosaceous fruits,especially apple,European pear fruits,and tropical fruits.The effect of gaseous 1-MCP was optimal at 1μl/l,with a treatment time of 12–24 h,when the storage temperature was 0℃for temperate fruits or 20℃for tropical fruits,and when the shelf temperature was 20℃,reflecting the majority of experimental approaches.These findings will help improve the efficacy of 1-MCP application during the storage of climacteric fruits,reduce fruit quality losses and increase commercial value.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701969)the Key Projects of Ningxia Key R&D Program Fund,China(2018BBF02012)the Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province,China(2017ZDXM-NY-057).
文摘In plant factories,the plant microclimate is affected by the control system,plant physiological activities and aerodynamic characteristics of leaves,which often leads to poor ventilation uniformity,suboptimal environmental conditions and inefficient air conditioning.In this study,interlayer cool airflow(ILCA)was used to introduce room air into plants’internal canopy through vent holes in cultivation boards and air layer between cultivation boards and nutrient solution surface(interlayer).By using optimal operating parameters at a room temperature of 28℃,the ILCA system achieved similar cooling effects in the absence of a conventional air conditioning system and achieved an energy saving of 50.8% while bringing about positive microclimate change in the interlayer and nutrient solution.This resulted in significantly reduced root growth by 41.7% without a negative influence on lettuce crop yield.Future development in this precise microclimate control method is predicted to replace the conventional cooling(air conditioning)systems for crop production in plant factories.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31722047, 31801848)LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (Grant No. XLYC1802019)
文摘Fruit ripening has been reported to be related to calcium(Ca),but the underlying mechanisms by which Ca regulates this process remain largely unknown.In order to study the changes of proteins and enriched phosphopeptides,we conducted TMT labeling,bio-material-based PTM enrichment based on mass spectrometry in Ca-treated‘Golden Delicious’(GD)apple fruit(Malus×domestica).This dataset presents a comprehensive overview of the critical pathways involved in fruit ripening.A total of 47 proteins and 124 phosphoproteins significantly changed in Ca-treated fruit,which are crucial for regulating the cell wall and cytoskeleton,Ca-mediated signaling and transport,ethylene production,protein fate,especially ubiquitination-based protein degradation,and primary and secondary metabolisms.Our results indicated that Ca inhibited the abundance of polygalacturonase(PG)activity and increased the phosphorylation level of CSLD3.PG and phosphorylation were involved in cell wall degradation,thereby delaying fruit softening.As a secondary messenger,Ca-mediated signaling subsequently triggered downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)cascades and activated the membrane,transport,and ROS signaling.Moreover,MdEIN2,a key enzyme involved in the ubiquitin of protein modification,increased at Ser753 and Ser758 in Ca-treated fruit.Furthermore,diverse primary and secondary metabolisms including glycolysis,fatty acid metabolism,and oxidation respiratory chain were modulated to prevent fruit softening.These results provide basic information from protein and phosphorylation levels for apple fruit ripening during storage,which may be helpful for apple fruit storage control.
基金Project supported by the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-25)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31301813)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(No.2015103003)
文摘Objective： To evaluate the possible photoprotection mechanisms of cyclic and linear electron flux （CEF and LEF） under specific high temperature and high light （HH） stress. Methods： Six-leaf-stage tomato seedlings （＂Liaoyuanduoli＂, n=160） were divided into four parts： Part 1, served as control under 25 ℃, 500 pmol/（m2-s）; Part 2, spayed with distilled water （H20） under 35 ℃, 1000 pmol/（m2.s） （HH）; Part 3, spayed with 100 μmol/L diuron （DCMU, CEF inhibitor） under HH; Part 4, spayed with 60 pmol/L methyl viologen （MV, LEF inhibitor） under HH. Energy conversion, photosystem I （PSI）, and PSII activity, and trans-thylakoid membrane proton motive force were monitored during the treatment of 5 d and of the recovering 10 d. Results： HH decreased photochemical reaction dissipation （P） and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, and increased the excitation energy distribution coefficient of PSII （,8）; DCMU and MV aggravated the partition imbalance of the excitation energy （y） and the photoinhibition degree. With prolonged DCMU treatment time, electron transport rate and quantum efficiency of PSI （ETR= and Y1） significantly decreased whereas acceptor and donor side limitation of PSI （YNA and YND） increased. MV led to a significant decline and accession of yield of regulated and non-regulated energy Y NPQ and YNO, respectively. Membrane integrity and ATPase activity were reduced by HH stress, and DCMU and MV enhanced inhibitory actions. Conclusions： The protective effects of CEF and LEF were mediated to a certain degree by meliorations in energy absorption and distribution as well as by maintenance of thylakoid membrane integrity and ATPase activity.
基金supported by the National Key Tech-nologies R&D Program of China (2008BADA6B05)
文摘Changes in sucrose metabolism in response to salt （NaC1） and water （polyethylene glycol, PEG6000） iso-osmotic stresses were measured in tomato cultivar Liaoyuan Duoli （Solanum lycopersicum L.） and the objective was to provide a new evidence for the relationship between salt and osmotic stresses. The carbohydrate contents, as well as sucrose metabolizing enzymes activities and transcript levels were determined. The results indicated that soluble sugar and hexoses accumulated to higher levels and the contents of sucrose and starch were lower in mature fruit under the two stress treatments. Salt and water stresses can enhance the invertase and sucrose synthase activities of tomato fruit in a long period of time （45-60 days after anthesis）, and elevate the expression of soluble acid invertase mRNA. It showed that two different stresses could also regulate the soluble acid invertase activity by controlling its gene expression. The activity of sucrose synthase was linked to the changes in soluble sugar levels but not with transcript levels. The effects of salt and water stress treatments on sucrose phosphate synthase activities were weak.
