Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis is a major hybrid species of timber plantations.However,our under-standing of Eucalyptus mitochondrial genome,especially within the Myrtaceae family,is limited.In this study,we empl...Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis is a major hybrid species of timber plantations.However,our under-standing of Eucalyptus mitochondrial genome,especially within the Myrtaceae family,is limited.In this study,we employed hybrid sequencing combining the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing to assemble and annotate the mitogenome(mtDNA)of E.urophylla×E.grandis.Our results reveal a structure characterized by one circular mol-ecule,with a cumulative length of 483,907 base pairs(bp)and a GC content of 44.96%.The circular molecule collec-tively harbored 59 annotated genes.Among these,38 were unique protein-coding genes(PCGs),accompanied by 18 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes and 3 ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes.Our study also examined repetitive sequences,RNA editing sites,and intracellular sequence transfers within the mtDNA.Furthermore,we conducted a phylogenetic analy-sis between E.urophylla×E.grandis and 30 closely related species based on genetic affinities.The outcomes furnish a high-quality organelle genome for E.urophylla×E.grandis,thereby explaining basic insights into organelle genome evo-lution and phylogenetic relationships.展开更多
The canonical CRISPR/Cas editors are constrained by the requirement for specific PAMs,which substantially limits their editable target range.Rice(particularly indica rice)is sensitive to low temperature,which impacts ...The canonical CRISPR/Cas editors are constrained by the requirement for specific PAMs,which substantially limits their editable target range.Rice(particularly indica rice)is sensitive to low temperature,which impacts the yield and restricts the geographic distribution of rice.In this study,we developed PAM-flexible multiplex genome editing tools based on Sp G(recognising NGN-PAMs)and Sp RY(recognising NNN-PAMs)variants.We then tested the feasibility of using a sweet potato leaf curl virus(SPLCV)replicon-based expression vector and single-stranded DNA-binding domain(DBD)to improve the editing efficiency of these PAM-flexible editors.Furthermore,we used Sp G-mediated multiplex genome editing to achieve comprehensive improvement in cold tolerance in indica rice by editing WRKY transcription factors Os WRKY53 and Os WRKY63,to generate high cold-resistant indica rice lines.We concluded that these PAM-flexible multiplex genome editors are powerful tools for multi-gene editing for crop genetic improvement.展开更多
The FW2.2-like(FWL)gene family has been extensively studied across multiple species,demonstrating conserved functions among specific members in organ development,particularly in fruit size regulation.For species with ...The FW2.2-like(FWL)gene family has been extensively studied across multiple species,demonstrating conserved functions among specific members in organ development,particularly in fruit size regulation.For species with limited research foundations,such as Chinese jujube,analyzing this gene family is an effective approach to identify candidate genes for fruit size.This study identified twenty ZjFWL genes and comprehensively analyzed their chromosomal distribution,phylogenetic relationships,gene structure,evolutionary dynamics,expression patterns,and cis-acting elements in their promoters.Natural variation analysis of the ZjFWL10 sequence identified a significant correlation between a seven-base pair deletion in the conserved domain and jujube fruit size.To validate the functional implications of the seven-base pair deletion genotype,heterologous overexpression experiments were conducted in tomatoes,generating three overexpression lines.Comparative analysis with the wild-type demonstrated a significant reduction in fruit size and a notable increase in plant height in the overexpressed lines.This gene may play a critical role in regulating nutrient partitioning in jujube,ultimately affecting fruit size.These findings advance our understanding of fruit size regulation mechanisms and offer valuable insights for genetic improvement strategies targeting jujube fruit size.展开更多
Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced ...Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced genomes to clarify the evolutionary history and adaptive potential of T.sinense.We identifiedsix divergent lineages in T.sinense:three lineages from southwestern China(Yunnan Province)and three lineages from the central subtropical region of China.Additionally,we detected hybridization events between some adjacent lineages.Demographic analysis revealed that over the past 10,000 years the effective population size(Ne)of three T.sinense lineages(i.e.,NORTH,SWEST,and YNWEST)increased after their last bottleneck and then remained stable,whereas that of the remaining three lineages(i.e.,YSEAST,YC,and EAST)declined steadily.The decline in effective population size in the Yunnan lineages aligned well with the decrease in genome-wide diversity and a significantincrease in the frequency of runs of homozygosity.Deleterious variants and positively selected sites were involved in the evolution of different lineages.Further,genotype–environment association(GEA)analyses indicated adaptation to temperature-and precipitation-related factors.Genomic offset analyses found the most vulnerable populations,while SC and SC-yad were predicted to better handle extreme changes.Our findingsprovide insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of T.sinense and enhance our understanding of the evolution of living fossil species.展开更多
Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,199...Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,1999;One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative,2019).Due to its unique phylogenetic status,it holds tremendous interest for botanists.The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Amborella were first published in 2013,providing valuable resources for studies on genome and gene family evolution,phylogenomics,and flower development,despite the fact that the assembly is heavily fragmented(Amborella Genome Project,2013;Rice et al.,2013).In 2024,a haplotype-resolved Amborella genome assembly was published,showing significant improvement in quality and completeness(Carey et al.,2024).展开更多
The presence of a leafy head is a vital agronomic trait that facilitates the evaluation of the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage.A non-heading mutant(nhm1)was identified in an ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis pop...The presence of a leafy head is a vital agronomic trait that facilitates the evaluation of the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage.A non-heading mutant(nhm1)was identified in an ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis population of the heading Chinese cabbage double haploid line FT.Segregation analysis revealed that a single recessive gene,Brnhm1,controlled the mutant phenotype.Using MutMap,Kompetitive allele-specific PCR,and cloning analyses,we demonstrated that BraA07g042410.3C,which encodes an ent-kaurene synthase involved in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway,is the nhm1 mutant candidate gene.A single-nucleotide mutation(C to T)in the fourth exon of BraA07g042410.3C caused an amino acid substitution from histidine to tyrosine.Compared to that of the wild-type FT,BraA07g042410.3C in the leaves of the nhm1 mutant had lower levels of expression.In addition,gibberellin contents were lower in the mutant than in the wild type,and the mutant plant phenotype could be restored to that of the wild type after exogenous GA3 treatment.These results indicate that BraA07g042410.3C caused the non-heading mutation.This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between gibberellin content in the leaves and leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage.These findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms underlying leafy head development in Chinese cabbage.展开更多
Purple-leafed plants not only have a higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses,but also have higher ornamental value.Anthocyanins are vital for leaf color formation,growth and development of purple leaves.Howev...Purple-leafed plants not only have a higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses,but also have higher ornamental value.Anthocyanins are vital for leaf color formation,growth and development of purple leaves.However,the molecular mechanism underlying purple leaf formation in Lagerstroemia indica remains unclear.Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of purple-leafed cultivar‘Ebony Embers’and greenleafed cultivar‘Arapahoe’showed that the high expression of anthocyanin structure genes induced hyperaccumulation of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives,making the leaves purple.LfiHY5,LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 were identified using correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis.In‘Arapahoe’‘Ebony Embers’population,LfiHY5 and LfiMYB75 showed significant positive correlation with leaf anthocyanin content.Transient expression of LfiMYB75 and LfiHY5 in tobacco and purple-leafed crape myrtle indicated that the two genes activated anthocyanin synthesis.Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 could form a complex that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis.Yeast monohybrid and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that LfiHY5 activated the expression of LfiMYB75,to activate the transcription of anthocyanin structural genes LfiCHS and LfiANS.Moreover,there were three alleles of LfiHY5 in crape myrtle,and the different sequences had different activation effects on LfiMYB75.In conclusion,the results showed that LfiHY5 led to upregulate the transcription of LfiMYB75,and LfiMYB75 formed a complex with LfibHLH1,which increased the transcription level of LfiCHS and LfiANS to affect anthocyanin synthesis in crape myrtle.展开更多
Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANIC...Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANICLE 1(OP1),a gain-of-function allele of LIGULELESS 1(LG1),controlling the spread-panicle phenotype.This allele results from a 48-bp deletion in the LG1 upstream region and promotes pulvinus development at the base of the primary branch.Increased OP1 expression and altered panicle phenotype in chimeric transgenic plants and upstream-region knockout mutants indicated that the deletion regulates spread-panicle architecture in the mutant spread panicle 1(sp1).Knocking out BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1(BU1)gene in the background of OP1 complementary plants resulted in compact panicles,suggesting OP1 may regulate inflorescence architecture via the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.We regard that manipulating the upstream regulatory region of OP1 or genes involved in BR signal pathway could be an efficient way to improve rice inflorescence architecture.展开更多
Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting heading date of rice.Despite its importance,genes responsible for temperature-sensitive heading in rice have remained elusive.Our previous study identified a ...Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting heading date of rice.Despite its importance,genes responsible for temperature-sensitive heading in rice have remained elusive.Our previous study identified a quantitative trait locus qHd1 which advances heading date under high temperatures.A 9.5-kb insertion was found in the first intron of OsMADS51 in indica variety Zhenshan 97(ZS97).However,the function of this natural variant in controlling temperature sensitivity has not been verified.In this study,we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the 9.5-kb insertion in ZS97.Experiments conducted under cotrolled conditions in phytotrons confirmed that deletion increased temperature sensitivity and advanced heading by downregulating the expression level of OsMADS51.One-hybrid assays in yeast,ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,electrophoretic mobility shift,and luciferase-based transient transactivation assays collectively confirmed that OsMADS51 affects heading date by regulation of heading date gene Ehd1.We further determined that the long non-coding RNA HEATINR is generated from the first intron of OsMADS51,offering an explanation for how the 9.5-kb insertion affects temperature sensitivity.We also found that OsMADS51 was strongly selected in early/late-season rice varieties in South China,possibly accounting for their strong temperature sensitivity.These insights not only advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the temperature-responsive regulation of heading date in rice but also provide a valuable genetic target for molecular breeding.展开更多
Chrysanthemum×morifolium is a horticultural crop which plays a vital role in theflower industry with signifi-cant economic value and has a cultivation history of over three thousand years in China.The accumulation ...Chrysanthemum×morifolium is a horticultural crop which plays a vital role in theflower industry with signifi-cant economic value and has a cultivation history of over three thousand years in China.The accumulation of anthocyanins is always affected by light.Here,we revealed that anthocyanin accumulation is highly dependent on light in‘2021135’genotype chrysanthemum,while it is light-independent in‘2001402’genotype chrysanthe-mum.However,no literature has been reported regarding the non-photosensitive chrysanthemum in anthocya-nins light-independent synthesis pathways.Through the phenotype analysis of 44 F1 generations,we found that light-independence is a dominant trait which can be stable inherited by progeny.The transcriptome of the rayflorets of‘2021135’and‘2001402’under light and bagging treatment were sequenced and analyzed.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),K-means analysis,and Real-Time Quantitative Poly-merase Chain Reaction(RT-qPCR)analysis,16 genes were highly correlated with the anthocyanin content.The anthocyanin content of rayflorets treated with different light-quality conditions indicated that blue light signifi-cantly affected anthocyanin accumulations.Through Yeast one-hybrid analysis,CmBIC1.1 and CmBIC1.2 can directly regulate the anthocyanin structural gene CmCHS2.In our study,we revealed the important characteristics of light-independent anthocyanin synthesis in chrysanthemums and screened regulatory factors in light-depen-dent and light-independent anthocyanin synthesis pathways.The results laid the groundwork for subsequent ana-lysis of the molecular mechanism involved in the light-independent synthesis of anthocyanins in chrysanthemums.展开更多
Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifical...Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.展开更多
Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in...Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in the speciation of Pinus densata,a keystone forest species on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.By creating artificialinterspecificF1s and a long-term common garden experiment on the plateau,we provide in situ assessments on 44 growth and physiological traits across four seasons,along with RNA sequencing.We found significantphenotypic divergence between P.densata and its putative parental species P.tabuliformis and P.yunnanensis,with P.densata demonstrating superior growth and dynamic balance between photosynthesis and photoprotection.The F1s closely resembled P.densata in most traits.Gene expression revealed 19%–10%of 34,000 examined genes as differentially expressed in P.densata and F1s relative to mid-parent expression values.Both additive(4%)and non-additive gene actions(5%–6%in F1s,10%–12%in P.densata)were common,while transgressive expression occurred more frequently in the stabilized natural hybrids,illustrating transcriptomic reprogramming brought by hybridization and further divergence by natural selection.We provide compelling evidence for hybridization-derived phenotypic divergence at both physiological and gene expression levels that could have contributed to the adaptation of P.densata to high plateau habitat where both parental species have low fitness.The altered physiology and gene expression in hybrids serve both as a substrate for novel ecological adaptation and as a mechanism for the initiation of reproductive isolation.展开更多
CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in...CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.展开更多
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins （PGIPs） are extracellular proteins that belong to the leucine-rich repeat （LRR） protein superfamily. PGIPs inhibit fungal polygalacturonases （PGs） and promote accumulation o...Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins （PGIPs） are extracellular proteins that belong to the leucine-rich repeat （LRR） protein superfamily. PGIPs inhibit fungal polygalacturonases （PGs） and promote accumulation of oligogalacturonides, which activate plant defense responses. PGIPs play important roles in resistance to infection of pathogens. In this study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RLM-RACE） were used to isolate the full-length PGIP cDNA from Populus deltoides （GenBank accession no. of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4：EF684913 and EF684912）. Domain analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4 had a typical PGIP topology. Phylogenetic analysis of known PGIPs indicated that the two PdPGIPs were clustered to the defense-related PGIP clade. Using real-time RT-PCR, the expression patterns of the two PdPGIPs following treatment with a fungal pathogen and defense-related signaling molecules were studied. The expression levels of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4 were both up-regulated when inoculated with the phytopathogenic fungus Marssonina brunnea. Therefore, it was proposed that the two PGIPs might be involved in the resistance to Marssonina brunnea in P. deltoides.展开更多
Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection...Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r^(2)>0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.展开更多
As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3 (FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits ...As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3 (FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep (Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model (GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1 (NC_019459.2: g.101771685 T>C (SNP1)) and exon 3 (NC_019459.2: g.101810848, A>C (SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter (MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight (LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight (GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool (SF) group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the fine wool (F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level (P<0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels (P<0.01) at the 65th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep marker-assisted selection (MAS).展开更多
Prunus mume is an important woody plant that has high ornamental and economic value, widely distributed and used in landscape architecture in East Asia. In plants, basic(region) leucine zipper(bZIP) transcription fact...Prunus mume is an important woody plant that has high ornamental and economic value, widely distributed and used in landscape architecture in East Asia. In plants, basic(region) leucine zipper(bZIP) transcription factors play important regulatory roles in growth, development,dormancy and abiotic stress. To date, bZIP transcription factors have not been systematically studied in P. mume. In this study, 49 bZIP genes were first identified in P. mume, and the PmbZIP family was divided into 12 groups according to the grouping principles for the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP family. For the first time, we constructed a detailed model of the PmbZIP domains(R-x_(3)–N-(x)_7-R/K-x_(2)-K-x_(6)-L-x_(6)-L-_(6)-L). Phylogenetic and synteny analyses showed that PmbZIPs duplication events might have occurred during the large-scale genome duplication events. A relatively short time of speciation and the finding that 91.84% of the bZIP genes formed orthologous pairs between P. mume and Prunus armeniaca provided evidence of a close relationship. Gene expression patterns were analysed in different tissues and periods, indicating that PmbZIP genes with the same motifs exhibited similar expression patterns. The gene expression results showed that PmbZIP31/36/41 genes played a more prominent role in the response to freezing stress than cold stress. The expression level of almost all subset Ⅲ genes was upregulated under freezing treatment, especially after cold exposure. We analysed the gene expression patterns of PmbZIP12/31/36/41/48 and their responses to low-temperature stress, which provided useful resources for future studies on the cold/freezing-tolerant molecular breeding of P. mume.展开更多
Plant dormancy is essential for perennial plant survival.Different genotypes of Prunus mume,including Eumume group and Apricot Mei group,undergo leaf senescence and dormancy at different times.In order to verify the c...Plant dormancy is essential for perennial plant survival.Different genotypes of Prunus mume,including Eumume group and Apricot Mei group,undergo leaf senescence and dormancy at different times.In order to verify the cold resistance of P.mume,freeze resistance evaluation was carried out.Our results showed that Apricot Mei group had a stronger freezing tolerance than Eumume group and that leaf senescence and dormancy of Apricot Mei group occurred at an earlier period before winter.Based on phenotypic data in response to seasonal climate change,the significant candidate regions were selected using GWAS.Furthermore,through KEGG pathway and qRT-PCR analyses,we found that the ethylene-related genes,including PmEIL(Pm002057)and PmERF(Pm004265),were significantly upregulated in‘Songchun’Mei(Apricot Mei group)and downregulated in‘Zaohua Lve’Mei(Eumume group).Ethylene-related genes expression models showed that ethylene may be indirectly involved in the induction of dormancy.The PmEIL and PmERF genes were the core genes of the ethylene signal transduction pathway and were regulated by the exogenous ACC or PZA compounds.For non-dormant or weekly dormant perennial plants,application of ACC was able to induce plant dormancy and thus enhance cold/freeze tolerance.Overall,the expression of the major ethylene genes played a significant role in dormancy induction and freezing tolerance in P.mume;accordingly,application of ACC and PZA compounds were an effective approach for enhancing cold/freeze of tolerance of woody plant.展开更多
In order to investigate the functions of the gene PsG6PDH and the mechanisms underlying freezing tolerance of Populus suaveolens, the recombinant expression vector pET-G （pET30a-G6PDH）, which contained full encoding...In order to investigate the functions of the gene PsG6PDH and the mechanisms underlying freezing tolerance of Populus suaveolens, the recombinant expression vector pET-G （pET30a-G6PDH）, which contained full encoding region of PsG6PDH gene, was established. The recombinant was identified by lawn-PCR and double enzyme digestion and then transformed into expression host XA90 and induced by isopropyl-a-D-thiogalactoside （IPTG） to express 100 kD polypeptide of G6PDH fusion protein. The results showed that the expressed amount of the fusion protein culminated after 1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG treatment for 4h and that pET-G product was predominately soluble and not extra-cellular secreting.展开更多
The term‘ornamental plant’refers to all plants with ornamental value,which generally have beautiful flowers or special plant architectures.China is rich in ornamental plant resources and known as the“mother of gard...The term‘ornamental plant’refers to all plants with ornamental value,which generally have beautiful flowers or special plant architectures.China is rich in ornamental plant resources and known as the“mother of gardens”.Genomics is the science of studying genomes and is useful for carrying out research on genome evolution,genomic variations,gene regulation,and important biological mechanisms based on detailed genome sequence information.Due to the diversity of ornamental plants and high sequencing costs,the progress of genome research on ornamental plants has been slow for a long time.With the emergence of new sequencing technologies and a reduction in costs since the whole-genome sequencing of the first ornamental plant(Prunus mume)was completed in 2012,whole-genome sequencing of more than 69 ornamental plants has been completed in<10 years.In this review,whole-genome sequencing and resequencing of ornamental plants will be discussed.We provide analysis with regard to basic data from whole-genome studies of important ornamental plants,the regulation of important ornamental traits,and application prospects.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021ZY62)the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China(31901337)the 5·5 Engineering Research&Innovation Team Project of Beijing Forestry University(BLRC2023C06).
文摘Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis is a major hybrid species of timber plantations.However,our under-standing of Eucalyptus mitochondrial genome,especially within the Myrtaceae family,is limited.In this study,we employed hybrid sequencing combining the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing to assemble and annotate the mitogenome(mtDNA)of E.urophylla×E.grandis.Our results reveal a structure characterized by one circular mol-ecule,with a cumulative length of 483,907 base pairs(bp)and a GC content of 44.96%.The circular molecule collec-tively harbored 59 annotated genes.Among these,38 were unique protein-coding genes(PCGs),accompanied by 18 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes and 3 ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes.Our study also examined repetitive sequences,RNA editing sites,and intracellular sequence transfers within the mtDNA.Furthermore,we conducted a phylogenetic analy-sis between E.urophylla×E.grandis and 30 closely related species based on genetic affinities.The outcomes furnish a high-quality organelle genome for E.urophylla×E.grandis,thereby explaining basic insights into organelle genome evo-lution and phylogenetic relationships.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272120)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515012120)+3 种基金the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A04J00359)Special Foundation for Introduction of Scientific Talents of GDAAS(R2022YJ-YB1003,R2021YJ-XD001)the Seed Industry Revitalization Project of Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy in Guangdong Province(2024-NPY-00-001)Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology(2023B1212060042)。
文摘The canonical CRISPR/Cas editors are constrained by the requirement for specific PAMs,which substantially limits their editable target range.Rice(particularly indica rice)is sensitive to low temperature,which impacts the yield and restricts the geographic distribution of rice.In this study,we developed PAM-flexible multiplex genome editing tools based on Sp G(recognising NGN-PAMs)and Sp RY(recognising NNN-PAMs)variants.We then tested the feasibility of using a sweet potato leaf curl virus(SPLCV)replicon-based expression vector and single-stranded DNA-binding domain(DBD)to improve the editing efficiency of these PAM-flexible editors.Furthermore,we used Sp G-mediated multiplex genome editing to achieve comprehensive improvement in cold tolerance in indica rice by editing WRKY transcription factors Os WRKY53 and Os WRKY63,to generate high cold-resistant indica rice lines.We concluded that these PAM-flexible multiplex genome editors are powerful tools for multi-gene editing for crop genetic improvement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800559)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2200404)+2 种基金the National XA Science and Technology Innovation Project,China(2022XACX1100)the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi,China(‘Guike’AB16380060)the central government guides local science and technology development project“Germplasm Innovation of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruit Tree”,and partly supported by the open funds of the National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation&Utilization of Horticultural Crops,China.
文摘The FW2.2-like(FWL)gene family has been extensively studied across multiple species,demonstrating conserved functions among specific members in organ development,particularly in fruit size regulation.For species with limited research foundations,such as Chinese jujube,analyzing this gene family is an effective approach to identify candidate genes for fruit size.This study identified twenty ZjFWL genes and comprehensively analyzed their chromosomal distribution,phylogenetic relationships,gene structure,evolutionary dynamics,expression patterns,and cis-acting elements in their promoters.Natural variation analysis of the ZjFWL10 sequence identified a significant correlation between a seven-base pair deletion in the conserved domain and jujube fruit size.To validate the functional implications of the seven-base pair deletion genotype,heterologous overexpression experiments were conducted in tomatoes,generating three overexpression lines.Comparative analysis with the wild-type demonstrated a significant reduction in fruit size and a notable increase in plant height in the overexpressed lines.This gene may play a critical role in regulating nutrient partitioning in jujube,ultimately affecting fruit size.These findings advance our understanding of fruit size regulation mechanisms and offer valuable insights for genetic improvement strategies targeting jujube fruit size.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32570426)the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province,China(202101BC070003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNTD202502)the STI 2030—Major Program(2022ZD0401605-2).
文摘Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced genomes to clarify the evolutionary history and adaptive potential of T.sinense.We identifiedsix divergent lineages in T.sinense:three lineages from southwestern China(Yunnan Province)and three lineages from the central subtropical region of China.Additionally,we detected hybridization events between some adjacent lineages.Demographic analysis revealed that over the past 10,000 years the effective population size(Ne)of three T.sinense lineages(i.e.,NORTH,SWEST,and YNWEST)increased after their last bottleneck and then remained stable,whereas that of the remaining three lineages(i.e.,YSEAST,YC,and EAST)declined steadily.The decline in effective population size in the Yunnan lineages aligned well with the decrease in genome-wide diversity and a significantincrease in the frequency of runs of homozygosity.Deleterious variants and positively selected sites were involved in the evolution of different lineages.Further,genotype–environment association(GEA)analyses indicated adaptation to temperature-and precipitation-related factors.Genomic offset analyses found the most vulnerable populations,while SC and SC-yad were predicted to better handle extreme changes.Our findingsprovide insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of T.sinense and enhance our understanding of the evolution of living fossil species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270217,31970205,31770211)Metasequoia funding of Nanjing Forestry University to YY。
文摘Amborella trichopoda(Amborellaceae;hereafter simply Amborella)(Fig.1A)is a shrub endemic to New Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific that represents the sole sister species of all other extant angiosperms(Qiu et al.,1999;One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative,2019).Due to its unique phylogenetic status,it holds tremendous interest for botanists.The nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Amborella were first published in 2013,providing valuable resources for studies on genome and gene family evolution,phylogenomics,and flower development,despite the fact that the assembly is heavily fragmented(Amborella Genome Project,2013;Rice et al.,2013).In 2024,a haplotype-resolved Amborella genome assembly was published,showing significant improvement in quality and completeness(Carey et al.,2024).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant no.2017YFD0101802).
文摘The presence of a leafy head is a vital agronomic trait that facilitates the evaluation of the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage.A non-heading mutant(nhm1)was identified in an ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis population of the heading Chinese cabbage double haploid line FT.Segregation analysis revealed that a single recessive gene,Brnhm1,controlled the mutant phenotype.Using MutMap,Kompetitive allele-specific PCR,and cloning analyses,we demonstrated that BraA07g042410.3C,which encodes an ent-kaurene synthase involved in the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway,is the nhm1 mutant candidate gene.A single-nucleotide mutation(C to T)in the fourth exon of BraA07g042410.3C caused an amino acid substitution from histidine to tyrosine.Compared to that of the wild-type FT,BraA07g042410.3C in the leaves of the nhm1 mutant had lower levels of expression.In addition,gibberellin contents were lower in the mutant than in the wild type,and the mutant plant phenotype could be restored to that of the wild type after exogenous GA3 treatment.These results indicate that BraA07g042410.3C caused the non-heading mutation.This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between gibberellin content in the leaves and leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage.These findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms underlying leafy head development in Chinese cabbage.
基金the National Key R and D Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFD1000402,2019YFD1001004)the World-Class Discipline Construction and Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for Beijing Forestry University(Grant No.2019XKJS0323).
文摘Purple-leafed plants not only have a higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses,but also have higher ornamental value.Anthocyanins are vital for leaf color formation,growth and development of purple leaves.However,the molecular mechanism underlying purple leaf formation in Lagerstroemia indica remains unclear.Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of purple-leafed cultivar‘Ebony Embers’and greenleafed cultivar‘Arapahoe’showed that the high expression of anthocyanin structure genes induced hyperaccumulation of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives,making the leaves purple.LfiHY5,LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 were identified using correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis.In‘Arapahoe’‘Ebony Embers’population,LfiHY5 and LfiMYB75 showed significant positive correlation with leaf anthocyanin content.Transient expression of LfiMYB75 and LfiHY5 in tobacco and purple-leafed crape myrtle indicated that the two genes activated anthocyanin synthesis.Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 could form a complex that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis.Yeast monohybrid and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that LfiHY5 activated the expression of LfiMYB75,to activate the transcription of anthocyanin structural genes LfiCHS and LfiANS.Moreover,there were three alleles of LfiHY5 in crape myrtle,and the different sequences had different activation effects on LfiMYB75.In conclusion,the results showed that LfiHY5 led to upregulate the transcription of LfiMYB75,and LfiMYB75 formed a complex with LfibHLH1,which increased the transcription level of LfiCHS and LfiANS to affect anthocyanin synthesis in crape myrtle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925029,31471457)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD120010105)Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding(2020B1212060047)。
文摘Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANICLE 1(OP1),a gain-of-function allele of LIGULELESS 1(LG1),controlling the spread-panicle phenotype.This allele results from a 48-bp deletion in the LG1 upstream region and promotes pulvinus development at the base of the primary branch.Increased OP1 expression and altered panicle phenotype in chimeric transgenic plants and upstream-region knockout mutants indicated that the deletion regulates spread-panicle architecture in the mutant spread panicle 1(sp1).Knocking out BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1(BU1)gene in the background of OP1 complementary plants resulted in compact panicles,suggesting OP1 may regulate inflorescence architecture via the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.We regard that manipulating the upstream regulatory region of OP1 or genes involved in BR signal pathway could be an efficient way to improve rice inflorescence architecture.
基金supported by the Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(NT2021001)Guangdong Province Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund-Provincial and Municipal Joint Fund Project(2023A1515110882)+3 种基金Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(2023A04J0811)Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Fund Seed Industry Revitalization Project(2022-NPY-00-013)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Pro-vince(LY22C130006)Key Laboratory of New Rice Breeding Technologies in Guangdong Province(2023B1212060042).
文摘Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting heading date of rice.Despite its importance,genes responsible for temperature-sensitive heading in rice have remained elusive.Our previous study identified a quantitative trait locus qHd1 which advances heading date under high temperatures.A 9.5-kb insertion was found in the first intron of OsMADS51 in indica variety Zhenshan 97(ZS97).However,the function of this natural variant in controlling temperature sensitivity has not been verified.In this study,we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the 9.5-kb insertion in ZS97.Experiments conducted under cotrolled conditions in phytotrons confirmed that deletion increased temperature sensitivity and advanced heading by downregulating the expression level of OsMADS51.One-hybrid assays in yeast,ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction,electrophoretic mobility shift,and luciferase-based transient transactivation assays collectively confirmed that OsMADS51 affects heading date by regulation of heading date gene Ehd1.We further determined that the long non-coding RNA HEATINR is generated from the first intron of OsMADS51,offering an explanation for how the 9.5-kb insertion affects temperature sensitivity.We also found that OsMADS51 was strongly selected in early/late-season rice varieties in South China,possibly accounting for their strong temperature sensitivity.These insights not only advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the temperature-responsive regulation of heading date in rice but also provide a valuable genetic target for molecular breeding.
基金supported by General Project of 2021 Science and Technology Plan of Beijing Municipal Education Comission(KM202111418001)Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.6212022).
文摘Chrysanthemum×morifolium is a horticultural crop which plays a vital role in theflower industry with signifi-cant economic value and has a cultivation history of over three thousand years in China.The accumulation of anthocyanins is always affected by light.Here,we revealed that anthocyanin accumulation is highly dependent on light in‘2021135’genotype chrysanthemum,while it is light-independent in‘2001402’genotype chrysanthe-mum.However,no literature has been reported regarding the non-photosensitive chrysanthemum in anthocya-nins light-independent synthesis pathways.Through the phenotype analysis of 44 F1 generations,we found that light-independence is a dominant trait which can be stable inherited by progeny.The transcriptome of the rayflorets of‘2021135’and‘2001402’under light and bagging treatment were sequenced and analyzed.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA),K-means analysis,and Real-Time Quantitative Poly-merase Chain Reaction(RT-qPCR)analysis,16 genes were highly correlated with the anthocyanin content.The anthocyanin content of rayflorets treated with different light-quality conditions indicated that blue light signifi-cantly affected anthocyanin accumulations.Through Yeast one-hybrid analysis,CmBIC1.1 and CmBIC1.2 can directly regulate the anthocyanin structural gene CmCHS2.In our study,we revealed the important characteristics of light-independent anthocyanin synthesis in chrysanthemums and screened regulatory factors in light-depen-dent and light-independent anthocyanin synthesis pathways.The results laid the groundwork for subsequent ana-lysis of the molecular mechanism involved in the light-independent synthesis of anthocyanins in chrysanthemums.
基金supported by the Project funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(Grant No.322QN248)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32401488,32060409,32371782 and 32460358)+3 种基金the Innovational Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province(Grant No.KJRC 2023C21)the Hainan High-level Talents Project(Grant No.321RC475)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture in Hainan University(XTCX2022NYB08)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Ecological Civilization in Hainan University(XTCX2022STC10).
文摘Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171816)T4F program Sweden.
文摘Hybridization is a driving force in ecological transitions and speciation,yet direct evidence linking it to adaptive differentiation in natural systems remains limited.This study evaluates the role of hybridization in the speciation of Pinus densata,a keystone forest species on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.By creating artificialinterspecificF1s and a long-term common garden experiment on the plateau,we provide in situ assessments on 44 growth and physiological traits across four seasons,along with RNA sequencing.We found significantphenotypic divergence between P.densata and its putative parental species P.tabuliformis and P.yunnanensis,with P.densata demonstrating superior growth and dynamic balance between photosynthesis and photoprotection.The F1s closely resembled P.densata in most traits.Gene expression revealed 19%–10%of 34,000 examined genes as differentially expressed in P.densata and F1s relative to mid-parent expression values.Both additive(4%)and non-additive gene actions(5%–6%in F1s,10%–12%in P.densata)were common,while transgressive expression occurred more frequently in the stabilized natural hybrids,illustrating transcriptomic reprogramming brought by hybridization and further divergence by natural selection.We provide compelling evidence for hybridization-derived phenotypic divergence at both physiological and gene expression levels that could have contributed to the adaptation of P.densata to high plateau habitat where both parental species have low fitness.The altered physiology and gene expression in hybrids serve both as a substrate for novel ecological adaptation and as a mechanism for the initiation of reproductive isolation.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372019)Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture(North China)Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(kf2017015)the Beijing Municipal Education Commission(CEFF-PXM2017_014207_000043)
文摘CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (No 2007CB116307)Forestry Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs (No 2006BAD01A15-3)
文摘Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins （PGIPs） are extracellular proteins that belong to the leucine-rich repeat （LRR） protein superfamily. PGIPs inhibit fungal polygalacturonases （PGs） and promote accumulation of oligogalacturonides, which activate plant defense responses. PGIPs play important roles in resistance to infection of pathogens. In this study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RLM-RACE） were used to isolate the full-length PGIP cDNA from Populus deltoides （GenBank accession no. of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4：EF684913 and EF684912）. Domain analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4 had a typical PGIP topology. Phylogenetic analysis of known PGIPs indicated that the two PdPGIPs were clustered to the defense-related PGIP clade. Using real-time RT-PCR, the expression patterns of the two PdPGIPs following treatment with a fungal pathogen and defense-related signaling molecules were studied. The expression levels of PdPGIP2 and PdPGIP4 were both up-regulated when inoculated with the phytopathogenic fungus Marssonina brunnea. Therefore, it was proposed that the two PGIPs might be involved in the resistance to Marssonina brunnea in P. deltoides.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0600404-1)Medium and Long Scientific Research Project for Young Teachers in Beijing Forestry University(2015ZCQ-SW-02)+2 种基金the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370658)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT13047)the Project of Beijing Gardening and Greening Bureau(CEG-2016-01)
文摘Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr is a dominant species in coniferous forests of North China.However,early selection of L.principis-rupprechtii for growth traits is poorly characterised.To explore the optimal selection age for this species,heights(HT)and diameters at breast(DBH)of 40 half-sib families were measured at ages 3,12,22,and 28 years in a progeny test population established in the town of Kangjiahui,Shanxi Province.Age trends in heritability,age–age genetic correlations,and early selection efficiency for height and DBH were analysed.The individual heritability of these growth traits varied over time,and maximized at different ages(0.55 at age 12 for HT and 0.48 at age 28 for DBH).The age–age genetic correlations were always positive,and the majority were high(0.790–0.953)between the juvenile and mature ages for HT and DBH.For the same pairs of measurements,HT demonstrated higher age–age genetic correlations than DBH,and both age–age genetic correlation data sets were described well by the linear relationship with the logarithm of the age ratio(r^(2)>0.90).The regression slope for DBH was lower than that for HT.Based on the early selection efficiency estimates,the optimal selection age could be as early as age 6 for DBH and 8–9 years for HT.The results of this study provide information that can be used to assist early selection practices in L.principis-rupprechtii improvement programs in Shanxi Province.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360543 and 31760655)the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-39)+1 种基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Cashmere and Wool Sheep, China (2016D03017)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation, China (2017M623287)
文摘As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3 (FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep (Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model (GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1 (NC_019459.2: g.101771685 T>C (SNP1)) and exon 3 (NC_019459.2: g.101810848, A>C (SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter (MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight (LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight (GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool (SF) group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the fine wool (F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level (P<0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels (P<0.01) at the 65th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep marker-assisted selection (MAS).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 32071816)the Opening Preject of State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Grant No. K2021101)Special Fund for Beijing Common Construction Project。
文摘Prunus mume is an important woody plant that has high ornamental and economic value, widely distributed and used in landscape architecture in East Asia. In plants, basic(region) leucine zipper(bZIP) transcription factors play important regulatory roles in growth, development,dormancy and abiotic stress. To date, bZIP transcription factors have not been systematically studied in P. mume. In this study, 49 bZIP genes were first identified in P. mume, and the PmbZIP family was divided into 12 groups according to the grouping principles for the Arabidopsis thaliana bZIP family. For the first time, we constructed a detailed model of the PmbZIP domains(R-x_(3)–N-(x)_7-R/K-x_(2)-K-x_(6)-L-x_(6)-L-_(6)-L). Phylogenetic and synteny analyses showed that PmbZIPs duplication events might have occurred during the large-scale genome duplication events. A relatively short time of speciation and the finding that 91.84% of the bZIP genes formed orthologous pairs between P. mume and Prunus armeniaca provided evidence of a close relationship. Gene expression patterns were analysed in different tissues and periods, indicating that PmbZIP genes with the same motifs exhibited similar expression patterns. The gene expression results showed that PmbZIP31/36/41 genes played a more prominent role in the response to freezing stress than cold stress. The expression level of almost all subset Ⅲ genes was upregulated under freezing treatment, especially after cold exposure. We analysed the gene expression patterns of PmbZIP12/31/36/41/48 and their responses to low-temperature stress, which provided useful resources for future studies on the cold/freezing-tolerant molecular breeding of P. mume.
基金The research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Programof China(Grant No.2019YFD1001500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31800595)Special Fund for Beijing Common Construction Project.
文摘Plant dormancy is essential for perennial plant survival.Different genotypes of Prunus mume,including Eumume group and Apricot Mei group,undergo leaf senescence and dormancy at different times.In order to verify the cold resistance of P.mume,freeze resistance evaluation was carried out.Our results showed that Apricot Mei group had a stronger freezing tolerance than Eumume group and that leaf senescence and dormancy of Apricot Mei group occurred at an earlier period before winter.Based on phenotypic data in response to seasonal climate change,the significant candidate regions were selected using GWAS.Furthermore,through KEGG pathway and qRT-PCR analyses,we found that the ethylene-related genes,including PmEIL(Pm002057)and PmERF(Pm004265),were significantly upregulated in‘Songchun’Mei(Apricot Mei group)and downregulated in‘Zaohua Lve’Mei(Eumume group).Ethylene-related genes expression models showed that ethylene may be indirectly involved in the induction of dormancy.The PmEIL and PmERF genes were the core genes of the ethylene signal transduction pathway and were regulated by the exogenous ACC or PZA compounds.For non-dormant or weekly dormant perennial plants,application of ACC was able to induce plant dormancy and thus enhance cold/freeze tolerance.Overall,the expression of the major ethylene genes played a significant role in dormancy induction and freezing tolerance in P.mume;accordingly,application of ACC and PZA compounds were an effective approach for enhancing cold/freeze of tolerance of woody plant.
文摘In order to investigate the functions of the gene PsG6PDH and the mechanisms underlying freezing tolerance of Populus suaveolens, the recombinant expression vector pET-G （pET30a-G6PDH）, which contained full encoding region of PsG6PDH gene, was established. The recombinant was identified by lawn-PCR and double enzyme digestion and then transformed into expression host XA90 and induced by isopropyl-a-D-thiogalactoside （IPTG） to express 100 kD polypeptide of G6PDH fusion protein. The results showed that the expressed amount of the fusion protein culminated after 1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG treatment for 4h and that pET-G product was predominately soluble and not extra-cellular secreting.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800595 and 31471906)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000401)the Special Fund for Beijing Common Construction Project.
文摘The term‘ornamental plant’refers to all plants with ornamental value,which generally have beautiful flowers or special plant architectures.China is rich in ornamental plant resources and known as the“mother of gardens”.Genomics is the science of studying genomes and is useful for carrying out research on genome evolution,genomic variations,gene regulation,and important biological mechanisms based on detailed genome sequence information.Due to the diversity of ornamental plants and high sequencing costs,the progress of genome research on ornamental plants has been slow for a long time.With the emergence of new sequencing technologies and a reduction in costs since the whole-genome sequencing of the first ornamental plant(Prunus mume)was completed in 2012,whole-genome sequencing of more than 69 ornamental plants has been completed in<10 years.In this review,whole-genome sequencing and resequencing of ornamental plants will be discussed.We provide analysis with regard to basic data from whole-genome studies of important ornamental plants,the regulation of important ornamental traits,and application prospects.
