Methamphetamine is an amphetamine-type psychostimulant that can damage dopaminergic neurons and cause characteristic pathological changes similar to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. However,...Methamphetamine is an amphetamine-type psychostimulant that can damage dopaminergic neurons and cause characteristic pathological changes similar to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. However, its specific mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we established a Parkinson's disease pathology model by exposing SH-SY5 Y cells and C57 BL/6 J mice to methamphetamine. In vitro experiments were performed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours or 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 24-hour culture of SH-SY5 Y cells. Additional experimental groups of SH-SY5 Y cells were administered a nitric oxide inhibitor, 0.1 mM N-nitro-L-arginine, 1 hour before exposure to 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours. In vivo experiments: C57 BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with N-nitro-L-arginine(8 mg/kg), eight times, at intervals of 12 hours. Methamphetamine 15 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected eight times, at intervals of 12 hours, but 0.5-hour after each N-nitro-L-arginine injection in the combined group. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of nitric oxide synthase, α-synuclein(α-Syn), 5 G4, nitrated α-synuclein at the residue Tyr39(nT39 α-Syn), cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP) in cells and mouse brain tissue. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to measure the positive reaction of NeuN, nT39 α-Syn and 5 G4. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the dopamine levels in the mouse brain. After methamphetamine exposure, α-Syn expression increased; the aggregation of α-Syn 5 G4 increased; nT39 α-Syn, nitric oxide synthase, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP expression increased in the cultures of SH-SY5 Y cells and in the brains of C57 BL/6 J mice; and dopamine levels were reduced in the mouse brain. These changes were markedly reduced when N-nitro-L-arginine was administered with methamphetamine in both SH-SY5 Y cells and C57 BL/6 J mice. These results suggest that nT39 α-Syn aggregation is involved in methamphetamine neurotoxicity.展开更多
We employed our previously developed 27-plex ancestry-informative single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)panel to infer the ancestral components of bone remains of a possible foreign pilot found in south-western China.For...We employed our previously developed 27-plex ancestry-informative single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)panel to infer the ancestral components of bone remains of a possible foreign pilot found in south-western China.For ancestry assignment of this unknown individual,we first obtained the 27-SNP genotype of the individual.Then,based on a reference database of 3081 individuals from 33 populations,we calculated the match probability and likelihood ratio using the self-developed software program Forensic Intelligence.Inferred ancestral components of this individual were calculated by structure at K=3.A complete profile was obtained for the individual using our multiplexed SNP assay.The European population was within one order of magnitude of the highest likelihood.The major ancestral component of this individual was 97.6%European.展开更多
We describe the optimization and validation of the DNATyper^(TM)15 multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)genotyping system for autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)amplification at 14 autosomal loci(D6S1043,D21S11,D7S8...We describe the optimization and validation of the DNATyper^(TM)15 multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)genotyping system for autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)amplification at 14 autosomal loci(D6S1043,D21S11,D7S820,CSF1PO,D2S1338,D3S1358,D13S317,D8S1179,D16S539,Penta E,D5S818,vWA,D18S51,and FGA)and amelogenin,a sex‑determining locus.Several DNATyper^(TM)15 assay variables were optimized,including hot start Taq polymerase concentration,Taq polymerase activation time,magnesium concentration,primer concentration,annealing temperature,reaction volume,and cycle number.The performance of the assay was validated with respect to species specificity,sensitivity to template concentration,stability,accuracy,influence of the DNA extraction methods,and the ability to genotype the mixture samples.The performance of the DNATyper^(TM)15 system on casework samples was compared with that of two widely used STR amplification kits,Identifiler^(TM)(Applied Biosystems,Carlsbad,CA,USA)and PowerPlex 16®(Promega,Madison,WI,USA).The conditions for PCR‑based DNATyper^(TM)15 genotyping were optimized.Contamination from forensically relevant nonhuman DNA was not found to impact genotyping results,and full profiles were generated for all the reactions containing≥0.125 ng of DNA template.No significant difference in performance was observed even after the DNATyper^(TM)15 assay components were subjected to 20 freeze‑thaw cycles.The performances of DNATyper^(TM)15,Identifiler^(TM),and PowerPlex 16®were comparable in terms of sensitivity and the ability to genotype the mixed samples and case‑type samples,with the assays giving the same genotyping results for all the shared loci.The DNA extraction methods did not affect the performance of any of the systems.Our results demonstrate that the DNATyper^(TM)15 system is suitable for genotyping in both forensic DNA database work and case‑type samples.展开更多
Smothering,choking,confined spaces,traumatic asphyxia,positional asphyxia,and other kinds of atypical mechanical asphyxia are not rare in forensic practice.However,these are not commonly well demonstrated in forensic ...Smothering,choking,confined spaces,traumatic asphyxia,positional asphyxia,and other kinds of atypical mechanical asphyxia are not rare in forensic practice.However,these are not commonly well demonstrated in forensic monographs worldwide.The authors researched related works and literatures and summarized these with a view to contribute to the existing teaching resources and provide help to forensic practitioners who are involved in scene investigation and identification of such deaths.展开更多
Urban soils harbor billions of bacterial cells and millions of species.However,the distribution patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities remain largely uncharacterized in urban soils.It is also unknown...Urban soils harbor billions of bacterial cells and millions of species.However,the distribution patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities remain largely uncharacterized in urban soils.It is also unknown if we can use the bacteria to track soil sources to certain cities and districts.Here,Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to survey soil bacterial communities from 529 random plots spanning 61 districts and 10 major cities in China.Over a 3,000 km range,community similarity declined with increasing geographic distance(Mantel r=0.62),and community composition was clustered by city(R^(2)=0.50).Within cities(<100 km),the aforementioned biogeographic patterns were weakened.Process analysis showed that homogenizing dispersal and dispersal limitation dominated soil bacterial assembly at small and large spatial scales,respectively.Accordingly,the probabilities of accurately tracking random soil sources to certain cities and districts were 90.0% and 66.7%,respectively.When the tested samples originated from cities that were more than 1,265 km apart,the soil sources could be identified with nearly 100% accuracy.Overall,this study demonstrates the strong distance-decay relationship and the clear geographic zoning of urban soil bacterial communities among cities.The varied importance of different community assembly processes at multiple spatial scales strongly affects the accuracy of microbial source tracking.展开更多
During criminal case investigations,blood evidence tracing is critical for criminal investigation.However,the blood stains are often cleaned or covered up after the crime,resulting in trace residue and difficult track...During criminal case investigations,blood evidence tracing is critical for criminal investigation.However,the blood stains are often cleaned or covered up after the crime,resulting in trace residue and difficult tracking.Therefore,a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid detection of human blood stains remains urgent.To solve this problem,we established a nanozyme-based strip for rapid detection of blood evidence with high sensitivity and specificity.To construct reliable nanozyme strips,we synthesized CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozymes with high peroxidase-like activity by scaling up to gram level,which can be supplied for six million tests,and conjugated antibody as a detection probe in nanozyme strip.The developed CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip can detect human hemoglobin(HGB)at a concentration as low as 1 ng/mL,which is 100 times lower than the commercially available colloidal gold strips(100 ng/mL).Moreover,this CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip showed high generality on 12 substrates and high specificity to human HGB among 13 animal blood samples.Finally,we applied the developed CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip to successfully detect blood stains in three real cases,where the current commercial colloidal gold strip failed to do.The results suggest that the CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip can be used as an effective on-scene detection method for human blood stains,and can further be used as a long-term preserved material evidence for traceability inquiry.展开更多
The vast diversity of soil bacteria provides essential ecosystem services that support agricultural production.Variation in the diversity and composition of soil biota may have predictive values for soil nutrient cycl...The vast diversity of soil bacteria provides essential ecosystem services that support agricultural production.Variation in the diversity and composition of soil biota may have predictive values for soil nutrient cycling and resilience of ecosystem services,thus providing valuable insights to improve food production.The North China Plain(NCP)is one of the world’s key agricultural regions,supplying more than 50% of the cereal consumed in Asia.However,it is unknown whether soil microbial diversity is predictable across the NCP.Using the MiSeq Illumina platform,we examined bacterial community variation in relation to spatial and environmental factors from 243 soils in wheat-maize double cropping rotation fields across the NCP,which cover nearly 0.3 million km^(2).Based on observed bacterial communities and their relationships with environmental factors,we generated a map of bacterial communities across the NCP.The highest bacterial diversity was found in the middle part of the NCP,with most of the variation in diversity attributable to differences in the community similarity of Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria.These findings provide important baseline information for analyzing the relationships between microbial community,soil functionality and crop yields.展开更多
Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)genetic markers and ribonucleic acid(RNA)molecular markers have been widely used in forensic practices including individual identification,parentage testing,body fluid identification,determin...Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)genetic markers and ribonucleic acid(RNA)molecular markers have been widely used in forensic practices including individual identification,parentage testing,body fluid identification,determination of the age of stains,and molecular pathological diagnosis.Variant information of biological evidence and their interrelation could be revealed by the integrated detection of DNA/RNA markers.The integrated detection workflow aims to simplify working procedures,reduce time consuming and save valuable samples collected from crime scenes.Next-generation sequencing(NGS)may be an effective method for integrated DNA/RNA detection.In this review,DNA/RNA co-extraction strategies,simultaneous detection methods based on capillary electrophoresis were summarized.Research on NGS-based integrated detection methods of DNA and RNA markers was reviewed to provide a reference for forensic medicine researches and applications.展开更多
In 1921,Swedish geologist Andersson and his Chinese colleagues carried out thefirst excavation of the Yangshaocun site in Sanmenxia City of central China’s Henan Province[1].Archaeologists reached a consensus that the...In 1921,Swedish geologist Andersson and his Chinese colleagues carried out thefirst excavation of the Yangshaocun site in Sanmenxia City of central China’s Henan Province[1].Archaeologists reached a consensus that the relics unearthed in Yangshaocun were dated back to the Neolithic Age and described in archaeology as the“Yangshao culture”,named after the Yangshaocun site[2].The discovery of Yangshao culture in Yangshaocun marked the beginning of modern archaeology in China and overturned the claims that China has no Stone Age culture.展开更多
Body fluid identification through messenger RNA(mRNA)has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies;however,its application in routine clinical forensic e...Body fluid identification through messenger RNA(mRNA)has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies;however,its application in routine clinical forensic examination was rare.We report a case of sexual assault in which body fluid identification by mRNA profiling was used.Vaginal secretions mRNA markers(MUC4,HBD1,and CYP2B7P1)were used to test the sample,being obtained positive results.This case demonstrates that mRNA profiling of body fluids could be applied to routine case examinations as an aid,acting as a scientific collaborative evidence to strengthen the medicolegal opinion.展开更多
Unlike DNA profiling,mRNA profiling is greatly affected by external factors.To analyze the influence of different stain carriers on the detectability of mRNA markers from bloodstains,this study examined 10 carriers,in...Unlike DNA profiling,mRNA profiling is greatly affected by external factors.To analyze the influence of different stain carriers on the detectability of mRNA markers from bloodstains,this study examined 10 carriers,including a knife,cotton swab,paper,plastic,leather,cement,chopsticks,clothes,ceramic block,and wall.After detecting five specific mRNA markers(HBA,HBB,ALAS2,GYPA,and SPTB)and the housekeeping gene B2M in peripheral blood samples,no statistically significant differences in the effects of the carriers were found.The results suggest that when performing mRNA testing on bloodstains,the effect of the stain carrier has little influence.展开更多
We observed degradation ofβ‑actin mRNA and 18S rRNA in mouse spleen cells under constant temperature conditions in the different temperature group during postmortem intervals(PMIs)of 0-72 h.Thirty‑nine mice were sacr...We observed degradation ofβ‑actin mRNA and 18S rRNA in mouse spleen cells under constant temperature conditions in the different temperature group during postmortem intervals(PMIs)of 0-72 h.Thirty‑nine mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and kept at constant temperatures of 10℃,15℃,20℃,25℃,and 30℃.From 0 to 72 h after death,total RNA in spleen cells was extracted every 6 h.The cycle threshold(Ct)values ofβ‑actin mRNA and 18S rRNA were obtained by real‑time‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results showed that,under the conditions of different and constant temperatures after mouse death at 72 h,the Ct values ofβ‑actin and 18S,Ct ratios ofβ‑actin to 18S,and relative ratios ofβ‑actin to 18S were significantly correlated with PMI.In addition,the relative degradation rates ofβ‑actin and 18S appeared to change from fast to slow with the increase of temperature.By interpolation and fitting analysis of the data,we obtained a ternary quintic equation of the relationship between the change in the relative ratios and PMI,which can be used to infer PMI within a certain temperature range(10℃-30℃).展开更多
X-chromosomal genetic markers are frequently employed in forensic parentage determination owing to their distinctive inheritance patterns.The kinship analysis revealed that two sisters who were not identical twins had...X-chromosomal genetic markers are frequently employed in forensic parentage determination owing to their distinctive inheritance patterns.The kinship analysis revealed that two sisters who were not identical twins had identical genotypes on the X chromosome,encompassing 36 X-chromosomal short tandem repeats(X-STRs)and 29 X-chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms(X-SNPs)that spanned the whole X chromosome from the p-telomere to the q-telomere.The identical X-STRs and X-SNPs in the daughters could be the result of linkage or a rare chance of occurrence.This highlights the need for careful analysis and interpretation when dealing with X chromosome markers and that in individual cases,even if two women share an allele at each locus,this does not necessarily mean that they are paternal sisters.The likelihood of random concordance due to maternal alleles must be taken into account.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblin...This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblings(FSs)and 3900 pairs of unrelated individuals(UIs)were genotyped at 51 STR loci.The groups were in accordance with discrimination power(DP)values and the number of loci,and the values of FS index(FSI)of FSs and UIs were calculated by the ITO method.The discriminant functions of FS–UI were established using the Fisher’s discriminant analysis method with SPSS 19.0 software.All the lgFSI values in the FS and UI groups followed a normal distribution,and there were significant differences between the two pairs.A higher average DP value was associated with a more significant difference,as was a greater number of STR loci detected.Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that the accuracy of FS identification can be affected by both locus polymorphism and the number of loci detected.Comparing the rate of false positives and false negatives of discriminant function between the two groups,a higher average DP value and larger number of loci detected were associated with a lower rate of miscarriage of justice and were more helpful for FS–UI identification.The ITO‑based discriminant analysis method has high applicability in FS–UI tests.Testing of a greater number of STR loci promotes FS identification.展开更多
The Y‑chromosome has been widely used in ancestry inference based on its region‑specific haplogroup distributions.However,there is always a debate on how informative such a single marker is for inferring an individual...The Y‑chromosome has been widely used in ancestry inference based on its region‑specific haplogroup distributions.However,there is always a debate on how informative such a single marker is for inferring an individual’s genetic ancestry.Here,we compared genetic ancestry inferences at continental level made by Y‑chromosomal haplogroups to those made by autosomal single‑nucleotide polymorphisms in 1230 samples of Affymetrix Human Origins dataset.The highest ancestry proportions of a majority of individuals match the highest average continental‑ancestry proportions in haplogroups A,B,D,H,I,K,L,T,O,and M.The high consistencies have not been observed in haplogroups E,C,G,J,N,Q,and R,but in some of their sublineages,such as E1a,E1b1a1,E1b1b1b1a,E2b1a,J1a2b,Q1a1a1,Q1a2a1a1,R1b1a2a1a,and R2.Although the consistencies of Y‑chromosomal and autosomal continental ancestry vary among haplogroups,Y‑chromosome could provide valuable clues for individual’s continental ancestry.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81373240(to PMQ)and 81671865(to PMQ)
文摘Methamphetamine is an amphetamine-type psychostimulant that can damage dopaminergic neurons and cause characteristic pathological changes similar to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. However, its specific mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we established a Parkinson's disease pathology model by exposing SH-SY5 Y cells and C57 BL/6 J mice to methamphetamine. In vitro experiments were performed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours or 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, and 24-hour culture of SH-SY5 Y cells. Additional experimental groups of SH-SY5 Y cells were administered a nitric oxide inhibitor, 0.1 mM N-nitro-L-arginine, 1 hour before exposure to 2.0 mM methamphetamine for 24 hours. In vivo experiments: C57 BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with N-nitro-L-arginine(8 mg/kg), eight times, at intervals of 12 hours. Methamphetamine 15 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected eight times, at intervals of 12 hours, but 0.5-hour after each N-nitro-L-arginine injection in the combined group. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of nitric oxide synthase, α-synuclein(α-Syn), 5 G4, nitrated α-synuclein at the residue Tyr39(nT39 α-Syn), cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP) in cells and mouse brain tissue. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to measure the positive reaction of NeuN, nT39 α-Syn and 5 G4. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the dopamine levels in the mouse brain. After methamphetamine exposure, α-Syn expression increased; the aggregation of α-Syn 5 G4 increased; nT39 α-Syn, nitric oxide synthase, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP expression increased in the cultures of SH-SY5 Y cells and in the brains of C57 BL/6 J mice; and dopamine levels were reduced in the mouse brain. These changes were markedly reduced when N-nitro-L-arginine was administered with methamphetamine in both SH-SY5 Y cells and C57 BL/6 J mice. These results suggest that nT39 α-Syn aggregation is involved in methamphetamine neurotoxicity.
基金supported by the Basic Research Project[grant number 2016JB039]the Science and Technology Innovation Base Program of Beijing[grant number Z141106004414084]Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program in the 12th-year Plan Period[grant number 2012BAK02B01].
文摘We employed our previously developed 27-plex ancestry-informative single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)panel to infer the ancestral components of bone remains of a possible foreign pilot found in south-western China.For ancestry assignment of this unknown individual,we first obtained the 27-SNP genotype of the individual.Then,based on a reference database of 3081 individuals from 33 populations,we calculated the match probability and likelihood ratio using the self-developed software program Forensic Intelligence.Inferred ancestral components of this individual were calculated by structure at K=3.A complete profile was obtained for the individual using our multiplexed SNP assay.The European population was within one order of magnitude of the highest likelihood.The major ancestral component of this individual was 97.6%European.
基金the National Science and Technology Supporting Program during the 10th 5‑year plan period(2001BA801B02)。
文摘We describe the optimization and validation of the DNATyper^(TM)15 multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)genotyping system for autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)amplification at 14 autosomal loci(D6S1043,D21S11,D7S820,CSF1PO,D2S1338,D3S1358,D13S317,D8S1179,D16S539,Penta E,D5S818,vWA,D18S51,and FGA)and amelogenin,a sex‑determining locus.Several DNATyper^(TM)15 assay variables were optimized,including hot start Taq polymerase concentration,Taq polymerase activation time,magnesium concentration,primer concentration,annealing temperature,reaction volume,and cycle number.The performance of the assay was validated with respect to species specificity,sensitivity to template concentration,stability,accuracy,influence of the DNA extraction methods,and the ability to genotype the mixture samples.The performance of the DNATyper^(TM)15 system on casework samples was compared with that of two widely used STR amplification kits,Identifiler^(TM)(Applied Biosystems,Carlsbad,CA,USA)and PowerPlex 16®(Promega,Madison,WI,USA).The conditions for PCR‑based DNATyper^(TM)15 genotyping were optimized.Contamination from forensically relevant nonhuman DNA was not found to impact genotyping results,and full profiles were generated for all the reactions containing≥0.125 ng of DNA template.No significant difference in performance was observed even after the DNATyper^(TM)15 assay components were subjected to 20 freeze‑thaw cycles.The performances of DNATyper^(TM)15,Identifiler^(TM),and PowerPlex 16®were comparable in terms of sensitivity and the ability to genotype the mixed samples and case‑type samples,with the assays giving the same genotyping results for all the shared loci.The DNA extraction methods did not affect the performance of any of the systems.Our results demonstrate that the DNATyper^(TM)15 system is suitable for genotyping in both forensic DNA database work and case‑type samples.
基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics,Ministry of Public Security(2017FGKFKT05)Program for Young Innovative Research Team from China University ofPolitical Science and Law(2016CXTD05)Project of Interdisciplinary Science Construction-Forensic Psychology from China University of Political Science and Law.
文摘Smothering,choking,confined spaces,traumatic asphyxia,positional asphyxia,and other kinds of atypical mechanical asphyxia are not rare in forensic practice.However,these are not commonly well demonstrated in forensic monographs worldwide.The authors researched related works and literatures and summarized these with a view to contribute to the existing teaching resources and provide help to forensic practitioners who are involved in scene investigation and identification of such deaths.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0803803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41907039)。
文摘Urban soils harbor billions of bacterial cells and millions of species.However,the distribution patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities remain largely uncharacterized in urban soils.It is also unknown if we can use the bacteria to track soil sources to certain cities and districts.Here,Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to survey soil bacterial communities from 529 random plots spanning 61 districts and 10 major cities in China.Over a 3,000 km range,community similarity declined with increasing geographic distance(Mantel r=0.62),and community composition was clustered by city(R^(2)=0.50).Within cities(<100 km),the aforementioned biogeographic patterns were weakened.Process analysis showed that homogenizing dispersal and dispersal limitation dominated soil bacterial assembly at small and large spatial scales,respectively.Accordingly,the probabilities of accurately tracking random soil sources to certain cities and districts were 90.0% and 66.7%,respectively.When the tested samples originated from cities that were more than 1,265 km apart,the soil sources could be identified with nearly 100% accuracy.Overall,this study demonstrates the strong distance-decay relationship and the clear geographic zoning of urban soil bacterial communities among cities.The varied importance of different community assembly processes at multiple spatial scales strongly affects the accuracy of microbial source tracking.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82072324)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0709200)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Foundation of Innovative Research Group grant(No.22121003)the Chongqing Special Key Project of Technological Innovation and Application Development(No.cstc2019jscx-gksbX0053).
文摘During criminal case investigations,blood evidence tracing is critical for criminal investigation.However,the blood stains are often cleaned or covered up after the crime,resulting in trace residue and difficult tracking.Therefore,a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid detection of human blood stains remains urgent.To solve this problem,we established a nanozyme-based strip for rapid detection of blood evidence with high sensitivity and specificity.To construct reliable nanozyme strips,we synthesized CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozymes with high peroxidase-like activity by scaling up to gram level,which can be supplied for six million tests,and conjugated antibody as a detection probe in nanozyme strip.The developed CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip can detect human hemoglobin(HGB)at a concentration as low as 1 ng/mL,which is 100 times lower than the commercially available colloidal gold strips(100 ng/mL).Moreover,this CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip showed high generality on 12 substrates and high specificity to human HGB among 13 animal blood samples.Finally,we applied the developed CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip to successfully detect blood stains in three real cases,where the current commercial colloidal gold strip failed to do.The results suggest that the CoFe_(2)O_(4) nanozyme strip can be used as an effective on-scene detection method for human blood stains,and can further be used as a long-term preserved material evidence for traceability inquiry.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program(XDB15010101)of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200604,2017YFC0803803)+2 种基金the“135”Plan and Frontiers Projects of Institute of Soil Science(ISSASIP1641)The collaborative innovation project from the Forensic Appraisal Center of The ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China(2016XTCX02)the China Biodiversity Observation Networks(Sino BON).
文摘The vast diversity of soil bacteria provides essential ecosystem services that support agricultural production.Variation in the diversity and composition of soil biota may have predictive values for soil nutrient cycling and resilience of ecosystem services,thus providing valuable insights to improve food production.The North China Plain(NCP)is one of the world’s key agricultural regions,supplying more than 50% of the cereal consumed in Asia.However,it is unknown whether soil microbial diversity is predictable across the NCP.Using the MiSeq Illumina platform,we examined bacterial community variation in relation to spatial and environmental factors from 243 soils in wheat-maize double cropping rotation fields across the NCP,which cover nearly 0.3 million km^(2).Based on observed bacterial communities and their relationships with environmental factors,we generated a map of bacterial communities across the NCP.The highest bacterial diversity was found in the middle part of the NCP,with most of the variation in diversity attributable to differences in the community similarity of Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria.These findings provide important baseline information for analyzing the relationships between microbial community,soil functionality and crop yields.
基金supported by the Ministry of Public Security of China(2019GABJC15)the Institute of Forensic Science,Ministry of Public Security of China(2018JB007).
文摘Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)genetic markers and ribonucleic acid(RNA)molecular markers have been widely used in forensic practices including individual identification,parentage testing,body fluid identification,determination of the age of stains,and molecular pathological diagnosis.Variant information of biological evidence and their interrelation could be revealed by the integrated detection of DNA/RNA markers.The integrated detection workflow aims to simplify working procedures,reduce time consuming and save valuable samples collected from crime scenes.Next-generation sequencing(NGS)may be an effective method for integrated DNA/RNA detection.In this review,DNA/RNA co-extraction strategies,simultaneous detection methods based on capillary electrophoresis were summarized.Research on NGS-based integrated detection methods of DNA and RNA markers was reviewed to provide a reference for forensic medicine researches and applications.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2425014,32270667,and 82171870)the National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC3303701,2022YFC3341004)+5 种基金HenanProvincial Social ScienceFund(2022BKG002)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2023j06013)the Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China granted to Chuan-Chao Wang(21&ZD285)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University(SKLGE-2310)Open Research Fund of Forensic Genetics Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security(2023FGKFKT07)Major Special Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education(2022JZDZ023).
文摘In 1921,Swedish geologist Andersson and his Chinese colleagues carried out thefirst excavation of the Yangshaocun site in Sanmenxia City of central China’s Henan Province[1].Archaeologists reached a consensus that the relics unearthed in Yangshaocun were dated back to the Neolithic Age and described in archaeology as the“Yangshao culture”,named after the Yangshaocun site[2].The discovery of Yangshao culture in Yangshaocun marked the beginning of modern archaeology in China and overturned the claims that China has no Stone Age culture.
文摘Body fluid identification through messenger RNA(mRNA)has been proposed as a useful supplement to presumptive and confirmatory tests by previous laboratory studies;however,its application in routine clinical forensic examination was rare.We report a case of sexual assault in which body fluid identification by mRNA profiling was used.Vaginal secretions mRNA markers(MUC4,HBD1,and CYP2B7P1)were used to test the sample,being obtained positive results.This case demonstrates that mRNA profiling of body fluids could be applied to routine case examinations as an aid,acting as a scientific collaborative evidence to strengthen the medicolegal opinion.
基金This study is funded by the basic research fund of the central public welfare research institute (2020JB001).
文摘Unlike DNA profiling,mRNA profiling is greatly affected by external factors.To analyze the influence of different stain carriers on the detectability of mRNA markers from bloodstains,this study examined 10 carriers,including a knife,cotton swab,paper,plastic,leather,cement,chopsticks,clothes,ceramic block,and wall.After detecting five specific mRNA markers(HBA,HBB,ALAS2,GYPA,and SPTB)and the housekeeping gene B2M in peripheral blood samples,no statistically significant differences in the effects of the carriers were found.The results suggest that when performing mRNA testing on bloodstains,the effect of the stain carrier has little influence.
基金This work was supported by the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics,Ministry of Public Security(No.2017FGKFKT05)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.7192121)Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2019‑XZ‑31).
文摘We observed degradation ofβ‑actin mRNA and 18S rRNA in mouse spleen cells under constant temperature conditions in the different temperature group during postmortem intervals(PMIs)of 0-72 h.Thirty‑nine mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and kept at constant temperatures of 10℃,15℃,20℃,25℃,and 30℃.From 0 to 72 h after death,total RNA in spleen cells was extracted every 6 h.The cycle threshold(Ct)values ofβ‑actin mRNA and 18S rRNA were obtained by real‑time‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results showed that,under the conditions of different and constant temperatures after mouse death at 72 h,the Ct values ofβ‑actin and 18S,Ct ratios ofβ‑actin to 18S,and relative ratios ofβ‑actin to 18S were significantly correlated with PMI.In addition,the relative degradation rates ofβ‑actin and 18S appeared to change from fast to slow with the increase of temperature.By interpolation and fitting analysis of the data,we obtained a ternary quintic equation of the relationship between the change in the relative ratios and PMI,which can be used to infer PMI within a certain temperature range(10℃-30℃).
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities from China.
文摘X-chromosomal genetic markers are frequently employed in forensic parentage determination owing to their distinctive inheritance patterns.The kinship analysis revealed that two sisters who were not identical twins had identical genotypes on the X chromosome,encompassing 36 X-chromosomal short tandem repeats(X-STRs)and 29 X-chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms(X-SNPs)that spanned the whole X chromosome from the p-telomere to the q-telomere.The identical X-STRs and X-SNPs in the daughters could be the result of linkage or a rare chance of occurrence.This highlights the need for careful analysis and interpretation when dealing with X chromosome markers and that in individual cases,even if two women share an allele at each locus,this does not necessarily mean that they are paternal sisters.The likelihood of random concordance due to maternal alleles must be taken into account.
基金the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics,Ministry of Public Security(2017FGKFKT03).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the application of autosomal short tandem repeat(STR)loci using the ITO method and discriminant function algorithm for full‑sibling(FS)identification.A total of 342 pairs of full siblings(FSs)and 3900 pairs of unrelated individuals(UIs)were genotyped at 51 STR loci.The groups were in accordance with discrimination power(DP)values and the number of loci,and the values of FS index(FSI)of FSs and UIs were calculated by the ITO method.The discriminant functions of FS–UI were established using the Fisher’s discriminant analysis method with SPSS 19.0 software.All the lgFSI values in the FS and UI groups followed a normal distribution,and there were significant differences between the two pairs.A higher average DP value was associated with a more significant difference,as was a greater number of STR loci detected.Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that the accuracy of FS identification can be affected by both locus polymorphism and the number of loci detected.Comparing the rate of false positives and false negatives of discriminant function between the two groups,a higher average DP value and larger number of loci detected were associated with a lower rate of miscarriage of justice and were more helpful for FS–UI identification.The ITO‑based discriminant analysis method has high applicability in FS–UI tests.Testing of a greater number of STR loci promotes FS identification.
基金supported by the Max Planck Society and Harvard Medical School.
文摘The Y‑chromosome has been widely used in ancestry inference based on its region‑specific haplogroup distributions.However,there is always a debate on how informative such a single marker is for inferring an individual’s genetic ancestry.Here,we compared genetic ancestry inferences at continental level made by Y‑chromosomal haplogroups to those made by autosomal single‑nucleotide polymorphisms in 1230 samples of Affymetrix Human Origins dataset.The highest ancestry proportions of a majority of individuals match the highest average continental‑ancestry proportions in haplogroups A,B,D,H,I,K,L,T,O,and M.The high consistencies have not been observed in haplogroups E,C,G,J,N,Q,and R,but in some of their sublineages,such as E1a,E1b1a1,E1b1b1b1a,E2b1a,J1a2b,Q1a1a1,Q1a2a1a1,R1b1a2a1a,and R2.Although the consistencies of Y‑chromosomal and autosomal continental ancestry vary among haplogroups,Y‑chromosome could provide valuable clues for individual’s continental ancestry.
