A numerical model for jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum stock enhancement is developed for the first time. The model is based on an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off C...A numerical model for jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum stock enhancement is developed for the first time. The model is based on an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas and uses a Lagrangian particle-tracking scheme to track the trajectories of released jellyfish. The Jellyfish are modeled as particles with diel vertical migration and are passively drifted by the current and dispersion due to the sub-grid processes. A comparison between the simulation and survey results demonstrate that the model can capture the primary distribution patterns of the released jellyfish. The model results show that the ocean current and indirect wind impact are the main drivers controlling the jellyfish transport. A connectivity matrix between the release sites and fishing grounds indicates the top of the bay is better than the eastern and western coasts for jellyfish fishing. The matrix also shows that only 45% and 27% of the jellyfish released from Wafangdian(WFD) can enter the fishing ground in 2008 and 2010; thus, the site near WFD is not an advisable location for jellyfish release. A Lagrangian probability density function based on a nine-year tracing experiment validates the results and further provides a "climatology" distribution of the released jellyfish.Several experiments are conducted to examine the sensitivity of the model to random walk schemes and to release conditions. The model requires a random walk but is insensitive to the random walk scheme. The experiments with different habitat depths show that if the jellyfish are fixed on the bottom of the water, most of them will be transported to the center, or even out of the bay, by the bottom circulation.展开更多
We use multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MF-DFA） method to investigate the multifractal behavior of the interevent time series in a modified Olami-Feder-Christensen （OFC） earthquake model on assortative...We use multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MF-DFA） method to investigate the multifractal behavior of the interevent time series in a modified Olami-Feder-Christensen （OFC） earthquake model on assortative scale-free networks. We determine generalized Hurst exponent and singularity spectrum and find that these fluctuations have multifraetal nature. Comparing the MF-DFA results for the original interevent time series with those for shuffled and surrogate series, we conclude that the origin of multifractality is due to both the broadness of probability density function and long-range correlation.展开更多
The condensate and bunker oil leaked from the Sanchi collision would cause a persistent impact on marine ecosystems in the surrounding areas. The long-term prediction for the distribution of the oil-polluted water and...The condensate and bunker oil leaked from the Sanchi collision would cause a persistent impact on marine ecosystems in the surrounding areas. The long-term prediction for the distribution of the oil-polluted water and the information for the most affected regions would provide valuable information for the oceanic environment protection and pollution assessment. Based on the operational forecast system developed by the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, we precisely predicted the drifting path of the oil tanker Sanchi after its collision. Trajectories of virtual oil particles show that the oil leaked from the Sanchi after it sank is mainly transported to the northeastern part of the sink location, and quickly goes to the open ocean along with the Kuroshio. Risk probability analysis based on the outcomes from the operational forecast system for years 2009 to2017 shows that the most affected area is at the northeast of the sink location.展开更多
Internal waves propagate along wave beams that are inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. It is conjectured that the internal waves generated in the Luzon Strait may be confined between the double ridges in th...Internal waves propagate along wave beams that are inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. It is conjectured that the internal waves generated in the Luzon Strait may be confined between the double ridges in the strait and concentrate to a closed trajectory, the so-called internal wave attractor, due to the reflection of wave beams from the lateral boundaries, sea surface and bottom. This work carried out two experiments using a three dimensional non-hydrostatic general circulation model, MITgcm, to investigate the possibility that the ridges in the Lnzon Strait allows for internal wave attractors. Baroclinic current in both of the experiments demonstrate the forming of ring-like patterns in some section around 20° and 21°N, indicating that the development of the internal wave attractors are allowed in the Luzon Strait. The different resolutions and initial conditions in the two experiments also reveal that the internal-wave-attractor phenomenon is robust in this region.展开更多
Seventeen models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5（CMIP5） activity are compared on their historical simulation of the South China Sea（SCS） ocean heat content（OHC） in the upper 30...Seventeen models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5（CMIP5） activity are compared on their historical simulation of the South China Sea（SCS） ocean heat content（OHC） in the upper 300 m. Ishii＇s temperature data, based on the World Ocean Database 2005（WOD05） and World Ocean Atlas 2005（WOA05）, is used to assess the model performance by comparing the spatial patterns of seasonal OHC anomaly（OHCa） climatology, OHC climatology, monthly OHCa climatology, and interannual variability of OHCa. The spatial patterns in Ishii＇s data set show that the seasonal SCS OHCa climatology, both in winter and summer, is strongly affected by the wind stress and the current circulations in the SCS and its neighboring areas. However, the CMIP5 models present rather different spatial patterns and only a few models properly capture the dominant features in Ishii＇s pattern. Among them, GFDL-ESM2 G is of the best performance. The SCS OHC climatology in the upper 300 m varies greatly in different models. Most of them are much greater than those calculated from Ishii＇s data. However, the monthly OHCa climatology in each of the 17 CMIP5 models yields similar variation and magnitude as that in Ishii＇s. As for the interannual variability, the standard deviations of the OHCa time series in most of the models are somewhat larger than those in Ishii＇s. The correlation between the interannual time series of Ishii＇s OHCa and that from each of the 17 models is not satisfactory. Among them, BCC-CSM1.1 has the highest correlation to Ishii＇s, with a coefficient of about 0.6.展开更多
Continuous observation in late April 2005 on the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea reveals vigorous strong currents, the maximum velocity of which exceeds 3.8 m/s. The strong currents occurred around spring ti...Continuous observation in late April 2005 on the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea reveals vigorous strong currents, the maximum velocity of which exceeds 3.8 m/s. The strong currents occurred around spring tide period, when the internal tide waves were also expected to be vigorous. Analysis shows that the major peaks of the current power spectrum are in low frequency band. Using a numerical method applied to the actual ocean stratification, we find that the amplitude profiles of the strong current are similar to that of the currents induced by some low-mode internal waves （at diurnal or semi-diurnal frequency）. It indicates that the temporal and spatial features of strong currents were possibly induced by low frequency internal waves.展开更多
The advances in understanding the South China Sea （SCS） western boundary current （SCSwbc） have been reviewed since the works of Dale （1956） and Wyrtki （1961） in the middle of the 20th century. The features of ...The advances in understanding the South China Sea （SCS） western boundary current （SCSwbc） have been reviewed since the works of Dale （1956） and Wyrtki （1961） in the middle of the 20th century. The features of the pattern of SCSwbc and the oceanic phenomena associated with it are focused on. The current is driven mainly by monsoon over the SCS and partially by winds over the tropical Pacific governed by the island rule. The SCSwbc exhibits strong seasonal variation in its direction and patterns. In winter, the current is strong and flows southwestward along the South China shelf and slope from the east of Dongsha Islands to the northern central Vietnamese coast, then turns to the south along the central and southern Vietnamese coast, and finally partially exits the SCS through the Karimata Strait. In summer and early fall, the SCSwbc can be divided into three segments based on their characteristics. The southern segment is stable, flowing northward from the Karimata Strait up to about 11 N, where it separates from the coast forming an eastward offshore current. The separation of the current from Vietnamese coast induces some striking features, such as upwelling and cold sea-surface temperature. The middle segment off the central Vietnamese coast may have a bimodal behavior： northward coastal current and meandering current in early summer （June–July）, and cyclonic gyre in later summer and early fall （August–September）. The northern segment is featured by the summer SCS Warm Current on the South China shelf and a southwestward subsurface current along the continental slope.展开更多
Here we used Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） method to study seasonal variability and nonlinear trend of corrected AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth （AOD/Hi） and corrected PM10 mass concentrations （PMmxf（RH）） i...Here we used Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） method to study seasonal variability and nonlinear trend of corrected AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth （AOD/Hi） and corrected PM10 mass concentrations （PMmxf（RH）） in Hong Kong during 2005-2011. AODPrli is highly correlated with PMI0xf（RH） in semi-annual and annual time scales （with correlation coefficient 0.67 for semi-annual and 0.79 for annual components, 95% confidence interval）. On the semi-annual scale, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） can capture the two maxima in March and October, respectively, with much stronger amplitude in March proba- bly due to the long-range transport of dust storm. On the annual cycle, the AOD/Hi and PMI0xf（RH）, which are negatively correlated with the precipitation and solar radiation, vary coherently with the maxima in February. This annual peak occurs about one month earlier than the first peak of the semi-annual variability in March, but with only half amplitude. During 2005-2011, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） exhibit the pronounced decreasing trend with the mean rate of 14 gg m-3 per year for PM10xf（RH）, which reflects the significant effects of the air pollution control policy in Hong Kong during the past decade. The nonlinear trend analysis indicates that the decreasing of PM10xf（RH） is slower than that of AOD/Hi when the AOD/Hi is less than 0.44 but becomes faster when the AOD/Hi exceeds 0.44. These results illustrate that the AERONET AOD can be used quantitatively to estimate local air-quality variability on the semi-annual, annual, and long-term trend time scales.展开更多
The impacts of opening the Drake Passage(DP) on the oceanic general circulation are examined.When the DP is open,wind stress at mid-and high latitudes gives rise to a wind-driven gyre,which induces a meridional heat e...The impacts of opening the Drake Passage(DP) on the oceanic general circulation are examined.When the DP is open,wind stress at mid-and high latitudes gives rise to a wind-driven gyre,which induces a meridional heat exchange between mid-and high latitudes in the Southern Ocean.After the opening of the DP,the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) forms and its associated strong temperature front blocks the heat transport from mid-latitudes to high latitudes.A simple box model is formulated,in which the effects of the wind stress(for the case of DP closed) and the thermal front(for the case of DP open) on the variability of Antarctic Bottom Water(AABW) and North Atlantic Deep Water(NADW) are explored.The sensitivity experiments demonstrate that:(1) When the DP is closed,the enhancement of the wind-driven gyre leads to the decline of AABW formation in the Southern Ocean and the increase of NADW formation in the North Atlantic.As a result,water in high latitudes of the Southern Ocean becomes warmer,so does the bottom water of global ocean.(2) When the DP is open,there is no formation of AABW until the intensity of thermal front along ACC exceeds a threshold value(it is 4.03℃ in our model).Before the formation of AABW,temperature in most of the oceans is higher than that after the formation of AABW,which usually leads to the cooling of high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the bottom water in global ocean.When the strength of the thermal front is lower than the critical value,there is no AABW formation,and temperature in most of the oceans is slightly higher.These results demonstrate that during the opening of the DP,changes in wind stress and the formation of the thermal front in the Southern Ocean can substantially affect the formation of AABW and NADW,thus changing the state of meridional overturning circulation in the global ocean.展开更多
Almost everything I have done in the last twenty years is based on what I have discovered from studying ocean phenomena.Specifically,the waves on the surface of the ocean and their dynamics.Two items stand out:The fir...Almost everything I have done in the last twenty years is based on what I have discovered from studying ocean phenomena.Specifically,the waves on the surface of the ocean and their dynamics.Two items stand out:The first one is from studying the evolution of the waves from ripples to fully developed giant ocean waves.To quantify the changes,I found that frequency is very different from what had been defined traditionally through Fourier analysis.Ture frequency should be determined by difterentiation of the phase function defined by an adaptive method rather than by any form of integral transform.Therefore,it should have ever changing instantaneous values.The second discovery is from studying wave turbulence interactions.To reveal the detailed dynamics,I found that spectral representation should not be a single line on the frequency and energy plane.True spectrum should be a high dimensional manifold to cover all the possible dynamic interactions:additive and multiplicative ones.These discoveries have enabled me to develop a set of nonlinear and nonstationary data analysis tools to study many other phenomena,from turbulence to brain waves.They have led me to new wonders I have never even contemplated before.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41506044the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project financially supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology of China under contract No.2016ASKJ02+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2015CB453303the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1606405the International Cooperation Project of Indo-Pacific Ocean Environment Variation and Air-Sea Interaction under contract No.GASI-03-IPOVAI-05
文摘A numerical model for jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum stock enhancement is developed for the first time. The model is based on an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas and uses a Lagrangian particle-tracking scheme to track the trajectories of released jellyfish. The Jellyfish are modeled as particles with diel vertical migration and are passively drifted by the current and dispersion due to the sub-grid processes. A comparison between the simulation and survey results demonstrate that the model can capture the primary distribution patterns of the released jellyfish. The model results show that the ocean current and indirect wind impact are the main drivers controlling the jellyfish transport. A connectivity matrix between the release sites and fishing grounds indicates the top of the bay is better than the eastern and western coasts for jellyfish fishing. The matrix also shows that only 45% and 27% of the jellyfish released from Wafangdian(WFD) can enter the fishing ground in 2008 and 2010; thus, the site near WFD is not an advisable location for jellyfish release. A Lagrangian probability density function based on a nine-year tracing experiment validates the results and further provides a "climatology" distribution of the released jellyfish.Several experiments are conducted to examine the sensitivity of the model to random walk schemes and to release conditions. The model requires a random walk but is insensitive to the random walk scheme. The experiments with different habitat depths show that if the jellyfish are fixed on the bottom of the water, most of them will be transported to the center, or even out of the bay, by the bottom circulation.
基金Supported by Foundation for Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientists in Shandong Province under Grant No.BS2011HZ019State Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Applications,State Oceanic Administration under Grant No.LDAA-2011-02the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.201113006
文摘We use multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MF-DFA） method to investigate the multifractal behavior of the interevent time series in a modified Olami-Feder-Christensen （OFC） earthquake model on assortative scale-free networks. We determine generalized Hurst exponent and singularity spectrum and find that these fluctuations have multifraetal nature. Comparing the MF-DFA results for the original interevent time series with those for shuffled and surrogate series, we conclude that the origin of multifractality is due to both the broadness of probability density function and long-range correlation.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41506044the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers under contract No.U1606405+2 种基金the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction under contract No.GASI-IPOVAI-05the International Cooperation Project on the China-Australia Research Centre for Maritime Engineering of Ministry of Science and Technology,China under contract No.2016YFE0101400the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology through the Transparency Program of Pacific Ocean-South China Sea-Indian Ocean under contract No.2015ASKJ01
文摘The condensate and bunker oil leaked from the Sanchi collision would cause a persistent impact on marine ecosystems in the surrounding areas. The long-term prediction for the distribution of the oil-polluted water and the information for the most affected regions would provide valuable information for the oceanic environment protection and pollution assessment. Based on the operational forecast system developed by the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, we precisely predicted the drifting path of the oil tanker Sanchi after its collision. Trajectories of virtual oil particles show that the oil leaked from the Sanchi after it sank is mainly transported to the northeastern part of the sink location, and quickly goes to the open ocean along with the Kuroshio. Risk probability analysis based on the outcomes from the operational forecast system for years 2009 to2017 shows that the most affected area is at the northeast of the sink location.
基金The National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China under contract No.2011CB403502the Major National Scientific Research Projects of China under contract No.2012CB957803+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No41476024the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Shandong Joint Fund of Marine Science Research Centers of China under contract No.U1406404the Foundation for Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientists in Shandong Province of China under contract No.BS2011HZ019
文摘Internal waves propagate along wave beams that are inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. It is conjectured that the internal waves generated in the Luzon Strait may be confined between the double ridges in the strait and concentrate to a closed trajectory, the so-called internal wave attractor, due to the reflection of wave beams from the lateral boundaries, sea surface and bottom. This work carried out two experiments using a three dimensional non-hydrostatic general circulation model, MITgcm, to investigate the possibility that the ridges in the Lnzon Strait allows for internal wave attractors. Baroclinic current in both of the experiments demonstrate the forming of ring-like patterns in some section around 20° and 21°N, indicating that the development of the internal wave attractors are allowed in the Luzon Strait. The different resolutions and initial conditions in the two experiments also reveal that the internal-wave-attractor phenomenon is robust in this region.
基金The National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2011CB403502the Major National Scientific Research Projects of China under contract No.2012CB957803+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41006018 and 41476024the Foundation for Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientists in Shandong Province of China under contract No.BS2011HZ019the UNESCO-IOC/WESTPAC Project"Response of marine hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific"
文摘Seventeen models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5（CMIP5） activity are compared on their historical simulation of the South China Sea（SCS） ocean heat content（OHC） in the upper 300 m. Ishii＇s temperature data, based on the World Ocean Database 2005（WOD05） and World Ocean Atlas 2005（WOA05）, is used to assess the model performance by comparing the spatial patterns of seasonal OHC anomaly（OHCa） climatology, OHC climatology, monthly OHCa climatology, and interannual variability of OHCa. The spatial patterns in Ishii＇s data set show that the seasonal SCS OHCa climatology, both in winter and summer, is strongly affected by the wind stress and the current circulations in the SCS and its neighboring areas. However, the CMIP5 models present rather different spatial patterns and only a few models properly capture the dominant features in Ishii＇s pattern. Among them, GFDL-ESM2 G is of the best performance. The SCS OHC climatology in the upper 300 m varies greatly in different models. Most of them are much greater than those calculated from Ishii＇s data. However, the monthly OHCa climatology in each of the 17 CMIP5 models yields similar variation and magnitude as that in Ishii＇s. As for the interannual variability, the standard deviations of the OHCa time series in most of the models are somewhat larger than those in Ishii＇s. The correlation between the interannual time series of Ishii＇s OHCa and that from each of the 17 models is not satisfactory. Among them, BCC-CSM1.1 has the highest correlation to Ishii＇s, with a coefficient of about 0.6.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41006018 and 40730842The National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2011CB403502+2 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China under contract No.2008AA09A402Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and WavesChinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.KLOCAW0905
文摘Continuous observation in late April 2005 on the northwestern shelf of the South China Sea reveals vigorous strong currents, the maximum velocity of which exceeds 3.8 m/s. The strong currents occurred around spring tide period, when the internal tide waves were also expected to be vigorous. Analysis shows that the major peaks of the current power spectrum are in low frequency band. Using a numerical method applied to the actual ocean stratification, we find that the amplitude profiles of the strong current are similar to that of the currents induced by some low-mode internal waves （at diurnal or semi-diurnal frequency）. It indicates that the temporal and spatial features of strong currents were possibly induced by low frequency internal waves.
基金The National Basic Research Program ("973" Program) of China under contract Nos 2011CB403500 and 2012CB957803the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41006018 and 40730842the National High Technology Research and Development Program ("863" Program) of China under contract No. 2008AA09A402
文摘The advances in understanding the South China Sea （SCS） western boundary current （SCSwbc） have been reviewed since the works of Dale （1956） and Wyrtki （1961） in the middle of the 20th century. The features of the pattern of SCSwbc and the oceanic phenomena associated with it are focused on. The current is driven mainly by monsoon over the SCS and partially by winds over the tropical Pacific governed by the island rule. The SCSwbc exhibits strong seasonal variation in its direction and patterns. In winter, the current is strong and flows southwestward along the South China shelf and slope from the east of Dongsha Islands to the northern central Vietnamese coast, then turns to the south along the central and southern Vietnamese coast, and finally partially exits the SCS through the Karimata Strait. In summer and early fall, the SCSwbc can be divided into three segments based on their characteristics. The southern segment is stable, flowing northward from the Karimata Strait up to about 11 N, where it separates from the coast forming an eastward offshore current. The separation of the current from Vietnamese coast induces some striking features, such as upwelling and cold sea-surface temperature. The middle segment off the central Vietnamese coast may have a bimodal behavior： northward coastal current and meandering current in early summer （June–July）, and cyclonic gyre in later summer and early fall （August–September）. The northern segment is featured by the summer SCS Warm Current on the South China shelf and a southwestward subsurface current along the continental slope.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41206027)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2012M511460)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry(Grant No.GCMAC1205)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(Grant No.201105019)
文摘Here we used Empirical Mode Decomposition （EMD） method to study seasonal variability and nonlinear trend of corrected AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth （AOD/Hi） and corrected PM10 mass concentrations （PMmxf（RH）） in Hong Kong during 2005-2011. AODPrli is highly correlated with PMI0xf（RH） in semi-annual and annual time scales （with correlation coefficient 0.67 for semi-annual and 0.79 for annual components, 95% confidence interval）. On the semi-annual scale, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） can capture the two maxima in March and October, respectively, with much stronger amplitude in March proba- bly due to the long-range transport of dust storm. On the annual cycle, the AOD/Hi and PMI0xf（RH）, which are negatively correlated with the precipitation and solar radiation, vary coherently with the maxima in February. This annual peak occurs about one month earlier than the first peak of the semi-annual variability in March, but with only half amplitude. During 2005-2011, both AOD/Hi and PM10xf（RH） exhibit the pronounced decreasing trend with the mean rate of 14 gg m-3 per year for PM10xf（RH）, which reflects the significant effects of the air pollution control policy in Hong Kong during the past decade. The nonlinear trend analysis indicates that the decreasing of PM10xf（RH） is slower than that of AOD/Hi when the AOD/Hi is less than 0.44 but becomes faster when the AOD/Hi exceeds 0.44. These results illustrate that the AERONET AOD can be used quantitatively to estimate local air-quality variability on the semi-annual, annual, and long-term trend time scales.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB957802)the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programmes(Grant No.CHINARE2012-04-04)+1 种基金Program of International Science and Technology Cooperation(Grant No.S2011GR0348)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41176029)
文摘The impacts of opening the Drake Passage(DP) on the oceanic general circulation are examined.When the DP is open,wind stress at mid-and high latitudes gives rise to a wind-driven gyre,which induces a meridional heat exchange between mid-and high latitudes in the Southern Ocean.After the opening of the DP,the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) forms and its associated strong temperature front blocks the heat transport from mid-latitudes to high latitudes.A simple box model is formulated,in which the effects of the wind stress(for the case of DP closed) and the thermal front(for the case of DP open) on the variability of Antarctic Bottom Water(AABW) and North Atlantic Deep Water(NADW) are explored.The sensitivity experiments demonstrate that:(1) When the DP is closed,the enhancement of the wind-driven gyre leads to the decline of AABW formation in the Southern Ocean and the increase of NADW formation in the North Atlantic.As a result,water in high latitudes of the Southern Ocean becomes warmer,so does the bottom water of global ocean.(2) When the DP is open,there is no formation of AABW until the intensity of thermal front along ACC exceeds a threshold value(it is 4.03℃ in our model).Before the formation of AABW,temperature in most of the oceans is higher than that after the formation of AABW,which usually leads to the cooling of high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the bottom water in global ocean.When the strength of the thermal front is lower than the critical value,there is no AABW formation,and temperature in most of the oceans is slightly higher.These results demonstrate that during the opening of the DP,changes in wind stress and the formation of the thermal front in the Southern Ocean can substantially affect the formation of AABW and NADW,thus changing the state of meridional overturning circulation in the global ocean.
文摘Almost everything I have done in the last twenty years is based on what I have discovered from studying ocean phenomena.Specifically,the waves on the surface of the ocean and their dynamics.Two items stand out:The first one is from studying the evolution of the waves from ripples to fully developed giant ocean waves.To quantify the changes,I found that frequency is very different from what had been defined traditionally through Fourier analysis.Ture frequency should be determined by difterentiation of the phase function defined by an adaptive method rather than by any form of integral transform.Therefore,it should have ever changing instantaneous values.The second discovery is from studying wave turbulence interactions.To reveal the detailed dynamics,I found that spectral representation should not be a single line on the frequency and energy plane.True spectrum should be a high dimensional manifold to cover all the possible dynamic interactions:additive and multiplicative ones.These discoveries have enabled me to develop a set of nonlinear and nonstationary data analysis tools to study many other phenomena,from turbulence to brain waves.They have led me to new wonders I have never even contemplated before.
