Self-designed Al8Si0.4Mg0.4Fe aluminium alloy was modified with Sr,followed by solid solution and aging treatments to regulate its microstructure and mechanical/electrical properties.The results show that after the mo...Self-designed Al8Si0.4Mg0.4Fe aluminium alloy was modified with Sr,followed by solid solution and aging treatments to regulate its microstructure and mechanical/electrical properties.The results show that after the modification treatment,the room-temperature tensile strength of the alloy remains nearly unchanged,the elongation at break slightly increases from 1.82%to 3.34%,and the electrical conductivity significantly increases from 40.1%international annealed copper standard(IACS)to 42.0%IACS.After the modification,the alloy was subjected to solid solution treatment at 515℃for 8 h,followed by aging treatment at 180,200,220 and 240℃for 6 h.With increasing aging temperature,the electrical conductivity increases monotonously from 41.4%IACS to 45.5%IACS,while the room-temperature tensile strength initially increases and then decreases.At 200℃,the alloy achieves an optimal balance between electrical conductivity and room-temperature tensile strength:the electrical conductivity is 42.5%IACS,and the room-temperature tensile strength is 282.9 MPa.When the aging temperature continues to rise,the alloy undergoes overaging.Although the conductivity continues to increase,the room-temperature tensile strength drops sharply,and it is only 177.1 MPa at 240℃.展开更多
Corrosion is one of the most drawbacks which restricts the wide applications of Mg alloys.In the last decade,the corrosion behaviors of Mg alloys with stacking fault(SF)and/or long period stacking ordered(LPSO)structu...Corrosion is one of the most drawbacks which restricts the wide applications of Mg alloys.In the last decade,the corrosion behaviors of Mg alloys with stacking fault(SF)and/or long period stacking ordered(LPSO)structures have obtained increasing attention.However,the corrosion mechanism of the SF–or LPSO–containing Mg alloys has not been well illustrated and even reverse results have been reported.In this paper,we have reviewed recent reports on corrosion behaviors of SF–or LPSO–containing Mg alloys to better clarify and understand the significance and mechanism.Moreover,some deficiencies are presented and advises are proposed for the development of corrosion resistant Mg alloys with SF or LPSO structures.展开更多
To improve the surface corrosion resistance of the alumina films fabricated by micro-arc oxidation （MAO）,Al2O3 coatings at different current densities （5,7 and 10 A/dm 2） were produced on aluminum alloys by adding...To improve the surface corrosion resistance of the alumina films fabricated by micro-arc oxidation （MAO）,Al2O3 coatings at different current densities （5,7 and 10 A/dm 2） were produced on aluminum alloys by adding SiC nano-particles into electrolyte during MAO process.The morphology and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）,respectively.Furthermore,the corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated via a three-electrode system in a 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution.From the obtained morphology of alumina coatings,it was believed that the Al2O3 coatings embedded with SiC nano-particles were formed.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） plots and potentiodynamic polarization plots of the Al2O3 coatings with and without SiC nano-particles at different current densities reveal that the Al2O3 coatings with SiC nano-particles formed at 10 A/dm 2 showed the better corrosion resistance than the other coatings produced at 5 and 7 A/dm 2.展开更多
The effect of pre-straining on the structure and formation mechanism of precipitates in an Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy was systematically investigated by atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission ele...The effect of pre-straining on the structure and formation mechanism of precipitates in an Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy was systematically investigated by atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM).Elongated and string-like precipitates are formed along the dislocations in the pre-strained Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy.The precipitates formed along the dislocations exhibit three features:non-periodic atomic arrangement within the precipitate;Cu segregation occurring at the precipitate/α(Al)interface;different orientations presented in one individual precipitate.Four different formation mechanisms of these heterogeneous precipitates were proposed as follows:elongated precipitates are formed independently in the dislocation;string-like precipitates are formed directly along the dislocations;different precipitates encounter to form string-like precipitates;precipitates are connected by other phases or solute enrichment regions.These different formation mechanisms are responsible for forming different atomic structures and morphologies of precipitates.展开更多
The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Crl3NiSMo2 supermartensitic stainless steel （SMSS） subjected to different heat treatments were investigated. Room tensile tests, hardness tests, scanning el...The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Crl3NiSMo2 supermartensitic stainless steel （SMSS） subjected to different heat treatments were investigated. Room tensile tests, hardness tests, scanning elec- tron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels. It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite, retained austenite and ^-ferrite. The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstrtlctur al changes, which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties. The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel. The optimal heat treatment process of 00Crl3Ni5Mo2 SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1000 ℃ for 0.5 h＋air cooling followed by tempering at 630 ℃ for 2 h＋air cooling, where the excellent combination of ten- sile strength, elongation and hardness can be achieved.展开更多
The edge-to-edge matching(E2EM)crystallographic model was used to predict the orientation relationships(ORs)between LaB6 and Al.Three different possible ORs can be predicted between LaB6 and Al,which are(100)Al||(100)...The edge-to-edge matching(E2EM)crystallographic model was used to predict the orientation relationships(ORs)between LaB6 and Al.Three different possible ORs can be predicted between LaB6 and Al,which are(100)Al||(100)LaB6,[001]Al||[001]LaB6;(110)Al||(110)LaB6,[001]Al||[001]LaB6;and(111)Al||(111)LaB6,[011]Al||[011]LaB6.The prediction results are perfectly confirmed through TEM analysis and prove the nucleation potency of LaB6.The refining efficacy of Al-2La-1B refiner and its influence on the tensile properties were investigated in the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.According to the results,LaB6 has higher nucleation potency than TiB2,leading to better grain refining efficacy of Al-2La-1B refiner in the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.Regarding the mechanical performances,tensile properties of the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg casting alloy are prominently improved after addition of Al-2La-1B refiner,due to the refined microstructures.展开更多
In the present study, titania coatings were prepared under different current density conditions in micro-arc oxidation （MAO） process on titanium alloy in NaAlO2 solution. The aim of this work was to study the effect...In the present study, titania coatings were prepared under different current density conditions in micro-arc oxidation （MAO） process on titanium alloy in NaAlO2 solution. The aim of this work was to study the effects of current density on the microstructure of titania coatings. The morphology and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Raman spectra. The thickness and surface roughness of the coatings were characterized by confocal laser Scanning Microscopy （CLSM）. The results showed that the coatings were composed of crystalline anatase and rutile phases of TiO2, and contain a network of evenly distributed small pores. It has also shown that an increase in current density leads to an increase in rutile content.展开更多
It is a long-term challenge to further improve the corrosion resistance while ensuring the strength of magnesium(Mg)alloys.Revealing the effect of potential fluctuation on the micro-galvanic corrosion and the subseque...It is a long-term challenge to further improve the corrosion resistance while ensuring the strength of magnesium(Mg)alloys.Revealing the effect of potential fluctuation on the micro-galvanic corrosion and the subsequent film formation is important for understanding the corrosion mechanism of Mg alloys with multiple strengthening phases/structures.Here,we prepared the high-strength Mg-14.4Er-1.44Zn-0.3Zr(wt.%)alloys containing hybrid structures,i.e.,elongated long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)blocks+intragranular stacking faults(SFs)/LPSO lamellae.The Mg alloy with elongated LPSO blocks and intragranular LPSO lamellae(EZ-500 alloy)obtains good corrosion resistance(2.2 mm y^(–1)),while the Mg alloy containing elongated LPSO blocks and intragranular SFs(EZ-400 alloy)shows a significantly higher corrosion rate(6.9 mm y^(–1)).The results of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM)show the elongated LPSO blocks act as cathode phase(87 mV in EZ-400 alloy),and the SFs serve as the weak anode(30 mV in EZ-400 alloy),resulting in high potential fluctuation in EZ-400 alloy.On the contrary,both elongated blocks and intragranular lamellae are cathodic LPSO phase(67–69 mV)in EZ-500 alloy,leading to a lower potential fluctuation.Quasi in-situ atomic force microscope(AFM)observation indicates that high potential fluctuation would cause strong micro-galvanic corrosion,and subsequently leads to the failure in rapid formation of corrosion film,finally forming a loose and porous film,while relatively low potential fluctuation could result in more uniform corrosion mode and facilitate the rapid formation of protective film.Therefore,we propose that it is an effective way to develop high-strength corrosionresistant Mg alloys by controlling the potential fluctuation to form a“uniform potential”strengthening microstructure。展开更多
In order to study the effects of Nd addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys,the microstruc-ture and mechanical properties of the as-cast Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr(x=0,0.5wt%,and 1wt%)all...In order to study the effects of Nd addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys,the microstruc-ture and mechanical properties of the as-cast Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr(x=0,0.5wt%,and 1wt%)alloys were investigated by using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer,nano indentation tester,microhardness tester,and tensile testing machine.The results show that the microstructures mainly consist ofα-Mg matrix,eutectic phase,and stacking faults.The addition of Nd plays a significant role in grain refinement and uniform microstructure.The tensile yield strength and microhardness increase but the compression yield strength decreases with increasing Nd addition,leading to weakening tension-compression yield asymmetry in reverse of the Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr alloys.The highest ultimate tensile strength(194 MPa)and ultimate compression strength(397 MPa)are obtained with 1wt%Nd addition of the alloy.展开更多
Samples of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy were subjected to bobbin tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), and the joints were treated by postweld natural aging (PWNA) and postweld artificial aging (PWAA). The microstructure, mi...Samples of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy were subjected to bobbin tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), and the joints were treated by postweld natural aging (PWNA) and postweld artificial aging (PWAA). The microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties of the aged and as-welded specimens were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that a large number of Guinier–Preston (GP) zones precipitated in the form of a network on the stir zone (SZ) after PWNA for 60 d, and a large number of β'' phases precipitated in the matrix for after PWAA for 6 h. As the aging time increased, the microhardness of the SZ and the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increased significantly, and the hardness of the SZ after PWAA for 6 h was close to that of the base metal (BM). With increasing PWNA time, the strength and strain increased slightly. When the PWAA time increased, the strength clearly increased, with a maximum value of 279.9 MPa after 6 h, while the strain decreased.展开更多
To obtain the refined electrodeposited nickel layer on AZ91D magnesium alloy,ultrasonic technology was applied in the processes of pre-treatment and electrodeposition.The phases of pre-treatment layer and the nickel c...To obtain the refined electrodeposited nickel layer on AZ91D magnesium alloy,ultrasonic technology was applied in the processes of pre-treatment and electrodeposition.The phases of pre-treatment layer and the nickel coating were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Then,the effects of ultrasonic dispersion on the microstructure of pre-treatment layer and the grain refinement of electrodeposited nickel layer were discussed.The results showed that the pre-treatment electrodeposited Cu-Sn layer with compact microstructure could be synthesized in alkaline copper-tin liquid with ultrasonic agitation,as a result,smooth and refined nickel coating formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy.On the other hand,preferred orientation in the coating decreased because of the refined grains.展开更多
17 Cr–1 Si–0.5 Nb–1.2 Cu ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel was aged at 750 °C from 10 min to 30 h to simulate time aging and study the microstructural evolution and its effect on corrosion behavior by us...17 Cr–1 Si–0.5 Nb–1.2 Cu ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel was aged at 750 °C from 10 min to 30 h to simulate time aging and study the microstructural evolution and its effect on corrosion behavior by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the Mott–Schottky approach. Four types of precipitates were discovered, including ε-Cu, NbC, Fe3 Nb3 C, and Fe2 Nb-type Laves phase. The nano-sized ε-Cu phase forms first, and its fraction follows the parabolic law change and is the largest. Compared to NbC and Fe3 Nb3 C particles, the coarsening of the Laves phase is the most pronounced. The aging process is divided into three parts: early-aged(0–5 h), peak-aged(5 h), and over-aged(5–30 h). However, the corrosion resistance is reduced in the early-aged stage of 0–2 h. Further extending the aging time to 30 h, the corrosion resistance is gradually improved. This change may be related to the competitive relationship between the beneficial effects of the Cu-rich phase and the harmful effects of Nb-containing particles. The dissolved Cu on the surface becomes more effective for the suppression of the anodic dissolution by the formation of ionic compounds of chlorine, thereby reducing the deterioration of corrosion resistance caused by Nb-rich precipitation.展开更多
Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolli...Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.展开更多
The as-cast multi-element Mg–4Gd–1Y–1Zn–0.5Ca–1Zr alloy with low rare earth additions was prepared, and the solution treatment was applied at different temperatures. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was...The as-cast multi-element Mg–4Gd–1Y–1Zn–0.5Ca–1Zr alloy with low rare earth additions was prepared, and the solution treatment was applied at different temperatures. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and corrosion properties of the alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated by immersion and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that the as-cast alloy is composed of the a-Mg matrix,lamellar long-period stacking-ordered（LPSO） structure and eutectic phase. The LPSO structure exists with more volume fraction in the alloy solution-treated at 440 °C, but disappears with the increase in the solution temperature. For all the solution-treated alloys, the precipitated phases are detected. The corrosion rates of the alloys decrease first and then increase slightly with the increase in the solution temperature, and the corrosion resistance of the solution-treated alloys is more than four times as good as that of the as-cast alloy. In addition, the alloy solution-treated at 480 °C for 6 h shows the best corrosion property.展开更多
In order to study the influence of crystal structure change due to implantation dose on the hardness and wear performance of 300M high-strength steel,samples were surface modified by Cr implantation with dosages of 5....In order to study the influence of crystal structure change due to implantation dose on the hardness and wear performance of 300M high-strength steel,samples were surface modified by Cr implantation with dosages of 5.0 × 10^16,1.5 × 10^17 and 3.0 × 10^17 ions/cm^2.X-ray diffraction method,which was already applied in studies on the microstructure of deformed and heat-treated materials,was used to study the crystal structure of the implanted steel,and the results were corrected with the hardness and wear performance.The solid solution strengthening effect and microstructure vary with increase in implantation dose.Owing to strong solid solution hardening of Cr,small average crystallite size and high dislocation density,the hardness and wear resistance of implanted steel with dose of 5.0 × 10^16 ions/cm^2 were found to be the highest compared with other samples.Moreover,although the crystal lite size of the implanted sample with dose of 3 × 10^17 ions/cm^2 was similar to that of substrate and the dislocation density was lower than that of the substrate,its higher hardness and lower specific wear rate were due to the solid solution hardening and perhaps Cr clusters reinforcement.展开更多
The as-extruded Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr-xAg(x=0,0.2,0.5,1 wt%)alloys were prepared for biomedical applications.Scanning electron microscope,electron backscattered diffraction,X-ray diffraction,tensile test machine,electroc...The as-extruded Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr-xAg(x=0,0.2,0.5,1 wt%)alloys were prepared for biomedical applications.Scanning electron microscope,electron backscattered diffraction,X-ray diffraction,tensile test machine,electrochemical workstation,and immersion experiments were used to study microstructures,mechanical properties,and corrosion behavior of the as-extruded alloys.The results indicate that the microstructures of all the as-extruded alloys are composed of coarse undynamic recrystallized grains,fine equiaxed recrystallized grains,and precipitated phases.Ag element plays a positive role in promoting dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement.And during the extrusion,all the four alloys generate a<1010>//ED fiber texture.With the increase of Ag element,the volume fraction of Mg_(12)Nd phase increases and then decreases slightly.By increasing Ag addition,both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded alloys reduce first and then improve,and the elongation improves gradually from 9.4 to 12.7%.More importantly,the addition of Ag accelerates corrosion of the as-extruded alloys in simulated body fluid,and all the as-extruded alloys show uniform corrosion mode.展开更多
Developing effective strategies to regulate graphene’s conduction loss and polarization has become a key to expanding its application in the electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)field.Based on the unique energy band ...Developing effective strategies to regulate graphene’s conduction loss and polarization has become a key to expanding its application in the electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)field.Based on the unique energy band structure of graphene,regulating its bandgap and electrical properties by introducing heteroatoms is considered a feasible solution.Herein,metal-nitrogen doping reduced graphene oxide(M–N-RGO)was prepared by embedding a series of single metal atoms M–N_(4) sites(M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Nb,Cd,and Sn)in RGO using an N-coordination atom-assisted strategy.These composites had adjustable conductivity and polarization to optimize dielectric loss and impedance matching for efficient EMWA performance.The results showed that the minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of Fe–N-RGO reaches−74.05 dB(2.0 mm)and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))is 7.05 GHz(1.89 mm)even with a low filler loading of only 1 wt%.Combined with X-ray absorption spectra(XAFS),atomic force microscopy,and density functional theory calculation analysis,the Fe–N_(4) can be used as the polarization center to increase dipole polarization,interface polarization and defect-induced polarization due to d-p orbital hybridization and structural distortion.Moreover,electron migration within the Fe further leads to conduction loss,thereby synergistically promoting energy attenuation.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of metal-nitrogen doping in regulating the graphene′s dielectric properties,which provides an important basis for further investigation of the loss mechanism.展开更多
In this study, the gradient grain induced by punching deformation and recovery treatment on a cupronickel alloy surface sample were investigated, and their effects on corrosion resistance were measured by atom force m...In this study, the gradient grain induced by punching deformation and recovery treatment on a cupronickel alloy surface sample were investigated, and their effects on corrosion resistance were measured by atom force microscopy(AFM), X-ray diffraction(XRD),electrochemical measurement, electron work function(EWF), and contact electrical resistance(CER). The cupronickel alloy surface experienced punching deformation for 60 min and recovery at 300 ℃ for 1 h to produce gradient surface. The grain size measured by XRD is bigger than that measured by AFM, due to X-ray intensity of95 % produced at the depth of 12-20 μm for the crystal planes of(111),(200), and(220). The gradient grain surface, compared to the original surface, shows a 13.7-fold decrease in passivation current density(i), and corrosion potential(Ec) increases by approximately 9.8 %. These results are attributable to the increase in EWF and formation of passivation film with better adhesion and compactness after treatment.展开更多
Microstructure regulation via short-time heat treatment is conducive to the optimization in the microstructure and properties of precipitable magnesium(Mg)alloys,but there is currently a lack of relevant studies.In th...Microstructure regulation via short-time heat treatment is conducive to the optimization in the microstructure and properties of precipitable magnesium(Mg)alloys,but there is currently a lack of relevant studies.In this work,the microstructure evolution of a Mg-RE-Ag alloy during different short-time heat treatments was characterized and discussed.The results show that extreme short-time heat treatment(ESHT,e.g.,2 min)at 450-480℃can greatly increase solute concentration in Mg matrix through the rapid re-dissolution of the second-phase and simultaneously maintain fine grains,while the ESHT at a too high temperature(e.g.,510℃)is not suitable due to excessive grain growth and coarse second phase regenerated at grain boundaries.It is found that 480℃is the approximate critical temperature for appropriate ESHT,and further prolongation of the time will lead to excessive grain growth.It is suggested that in addition to grain boundary migration,grain rotation is activated,resulting in the annihilation of high-angle grain boundaries with relatively low misorientation,as well as the reduction in the ability of the residual second phase to pin grain boundaries.In addition,the reasons for the abnormal grain boundary segregation and grain boundary continuous phase were analyzed from the perspective of interfacial energy.This study provides a basis for effective microstructure regulation of Mg-RE alloys.展开更多
基金Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Province(CN)(2022JH2/101300078)。
文摘Self-designed Al8Si0.4Mg0.4Fe aluminium alloy was modified with Sr,followed by solid solution and aging treatments to regulate its microstructure and mechanical/electrical properties.The results show that after the modification treatment,the room-temperature tensile strength of the alloy remains nearly unchanged,the elongation at break slightly increases from 1.82%to 3.34%,and the electrical conductivity significantly increases from 40.1%international annealed copper standard(IACS)to 42.0%IACS.After the modification,the alloy was subjected to solid solution treatment at 515℃for 8 h,followed by aging treatment at 180,200,220 and 240℃for 6 h.With increasing aging temperature,the electrical conductivity increases monotonously from 41.4%IACS to 45.5%IACS,while the room-temperature tensile strength initially increases and then decreases.At 200℃,the alloy achieves an optimal balance between electrical conductivity and room-temperature tensile strength:the electrical conductivity is 42.5%IACS,and the room-temperature tensile strength is 282.9 MPa.When the aging temperature continues to rise,the alloy undergoes overaging.Although the conductivity continues to increase,the room-temperature tensile strength drops sharply,and it is only 177.1 MPa at 240℃.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Outstanding Youth(BK20160081)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20181020)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province–Key Project(18KJA430008)the“333 Project”of Jiangsu Province(BRA2018338)the Practical Innovative Project for Postgraduates of Jiangsu Province(SJCX19_0493).
文摘Corrosion is one of the most drawbacks which restricts the wide applications of Mg alloys.In the last decade,the corrosion behaviors of Mg alloys with stacking fault(SF)and/or long period stacking ordered(LPSO)structures have obtained increasing attention.However,the corrosion mechanism of the SF–or LPSO–containing Mg alloys has not been well illustrated and even reverse results have been reported.In this paper,we have reviewed recent reports on corrosion behaviors of SF–or LPSO–containing Mg alloys to better clarify and understand the significance and mechanism.Moreover,some deficiencies are presented and advises are proposed for the development of corrosion resistant Mg alloys with SF or LPSO structures.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (Contract No. 210051)
文摘To improve the surface corrosion resistance of the alumina films fabricated by micro-arc oxidation （MAO）,Al2O3 coatings at different current densities （5,7 and 10 A/dm 2） were produced on aluminum alloys by adding SiC nano-particles into electrolyte during MAO process.The morphology and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）,respectively.Furthermore,the corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated via a three-electrode system in a 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution.From the obtained morphology of alumina coatings,it was believed that the Al2O3 coatings embedded with SiC nano-particles were formed.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） plots and potentiodynamic polarization plots of the Al2O3 coatings with and without SiC nano-particles at different current densities reveal that the Al2O3 coatings with SiC nano-particles formed at 10 A/dm 2 showed the better corrosion resistance than the other coatings produced at 5 and 7 A/dm 2.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20201035)the Talent Research Fund in Nanjing Institute of Technology,China(No.YKJ201957)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51871035,52001159)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Nos.20KJB430016,20KJB430012).
文摘The effect of pre-straining on the structure and formation mechanism of precipitates in an Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy was systematically investigated by atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM).Elongated and string-like precipitates are formed along the dislocations in the pre-strained Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy.The precipitates formed along the dislocations exhibit three features:non-periodic atomic arrangement within the precipitate;Cu segregation occurring at the precipitate/α(Al)interface;different orientations presented in one individual precipitate.Four different formation mechanisms of these heterogeneous precipitates were proposed as follows:elongated precipitates are formed independently in the dislocation;string-like precipitates are formed directly along the dislocations;different precipitates encounter to form string-like precipitates;precipitates are connected by other phases or solute enrichment regions.These different formation mechanisms are responsible for forming different atomic structures and morphologies of precipitates.
基金sponsored by Science and Technology Projects from Xi'an City(CX1261⑤)the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU(SKLSP201322)
文摘The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Crl3NiSMo2 supermartensitic stainless steel （SMSS） subjected to different heat treatments were investigated. Room tensile tests, hardness tests, scanning elec- tron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels. It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite, retained austenite and ^-ferrite. The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstrtlctur al changes, which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties. The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel. The optimal heat treatment process of 00Crl3Ni5Mo2 SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1000 ℃ for 0.5 h＋air cooling followed by tempering at 630 ℃ for 2 h＋air cooling, where the excellent combination of ten- sile strength, elongation and hardness can be achieved.
基金Project(BM2007204)supported by Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials,ChinaProject(ASMA201501)supported by the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology,China
文摘The edge-to-edge matching(E2EM)crystallographic model was used to predict the orientation relationships(ORs)between LaB6 and Al.Three different possible ORs can be predicted between LaB6 and Al,which are(100)Al||(100)LaB6,[001]Al||[001]LaB6;(110)Al||(110)LaB6,[001]Al||[001]LaB6;and(111)Al||(111)LaB6,[011]Al||[011]LaB6.The prediction results are perfectly confirmed through TEM analysis and prove the nucleation potency of LaB6.The refining efficacy of Al-2La-1B refiner and its influence on the tensile properties were investigated in the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.According to the results,LaB6 has higher nucleation potency than TiB2,leading to better grain refining efficacy of Al-2La-1B refiner in the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.Regarding the mechanical performances,tensile properties of the as-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg casting alloy are prominently improved after addition of Al-2La-1B refiner,due to the refined microstructures.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents from the Ministry of Education(Grant No. NCET-2011)
文摘In the present study, titania coatings were prepared under different current density conditions in micro-arc oxidation （MAO） process on titanium alloy in NaAlO2 solution. The aim of this work was to study the effects of current density on the microstructure of titania coatings. The morphology and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Raman spectra. The thickness and surface roughness of the coatings were characterized by confocal laser Scanning Microscopy （CLSM）. The results showed that the coatings were composed of crystalline anatase and rutile phases of TiO2, and contain a network of evenly distributed small pores. It has also shown that an increase in current density leads to an increase in rutile content.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51871069,52071093,and 52201137)the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology(No.ASMA202205)+1 种基金the Student Research and Innovation Fund of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.3072022GIP1004)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.2202004).
文摘It is a long-term challenge to further improve the corrosion resistance while ensuring the strength of magnesium(Mg)alloys.Revealing the effect of potential fluctuation on the micro-galvanic corrosion and the subsequent film formation is important for understanding the corrosion mechanism of Mg alloys with multiple strengthening phases/structures.Here,we prepared the high-strength Mg-14.4Er-1.44Zn-0.3Zr(wt.%)alloys containing hybrid structures,i.e.,elongated long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)blocks+intragranular stacking faults(SFs)/LPSO lamellae.The Mg alloy with elongated LPSO blocks and intragranular LPSO lamellae(EZ-500 alloy)obtains good corrosion resistance(2.2 mm y^(–1)),while the Mg alloy containing elongated LPSO blocks and intragranular SFs(EZ-400 alloy)shows a significantly higher corrosion rate(6.9 mm y^(–1)).The results of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM)show the elongated LPSO blocks act as cathode phase(87 mV in EZ-400 alloy),and the SFs serve as the weak anode(30 mV in EZ-400 alloy),resulting in high potential fluctuation in EZ-400 alloy.On the contrary,both elongated blocks and intragranular lamellae are cathodic LPSO phase(67–69 mV)in EZ-500 alloy,leading to a lower potential fluctuation.Quasi in-situ atomic force microscope(AFM)observation indicates that high potential fluctuation would cause strong micro-galvanic corrosion,and subsequently leads to the failure in rapid formation of corrosion film,finally forming a loose and porous film,while relatively low potential fluctuation could result in more uniform corrosion mode and facilitate the rapid formation of protective film.Therefore,we propose that it is an effective way to develop high-strength corrosionresistant Mg alloys by controlling the potential fluctuation to form a“uniform potential”strengthening microstructure。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071175)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province-Key Project,China(No.18KJA430008)+1 种基金the Key Research&Development Plan(Social Development)of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BE2020702)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX21_0923).
文摘In order to study the effects of Nd addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloys,the microstruc-ture and mechanical properties of the as-cast Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr(x=0,0.5wt%,and 1wt%)alloys were investigated by using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer,nano indentation tester,microhardness tester,and tensile testing machine.The results show that the microstructures mainly consist ofα-Mg matrix,eutectic phase,and stacking faults.The addition of Nd plays a significant role in grain refinement and uniform microstructure.The tensile yield strength and microhardness increase but the compression yield strength decreases with increasing Nd addition,leading to weakening tension-compression yield asymmetry in reverse of the Mg-12Gd-2Zn-xNd-0.4Zr alloys.The highest ultimate tensile strength(194 MPa)and ultimate compression strength(397 MPa)are obtained with 1wt%Nd addition of the alloy.
文摘Samples of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy were subjected to bobbin tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), and the joints were treated by postweld natural aging (PWNA) and postweld artificial aging (PWAA). The microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties of the aged and as-welded specimens were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that a large number of Guinier–Preston (GP) zones precipitated in the form of a network on the stir zone (SZ) after PWNA for 60 d, and a large number of β'' phases precipitated in the matrix for after PWAA for 6 h. As the aging time increased, the microhardness of the SZ and the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increased significantly, and the hardness of the SZ after PWAA for 6 h was close to that of the base metal (BM). With increasing PWNA time, the strength and strain increased slightly. When the PWAA time increased, the strength clearly increased, with a maximum value of 279.9 MPa after 6 h, while the strain decreased.
文摘To obtain the refined electrodeposited nickel layer on AZ91D magnesium alloy,ultrasonic technology was applied in the processes of pre-treatment and electrodeposition.The phases of pre-treatment layer and the nickel coating were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Then,the effects of ultrasonic dispersion on the microstructure of pre-treatment layer and the grain refinement of electrodeposited nickel layer were discussed.The results showed that the pre-treatment electrodeposited Cu-Sn layer with compact microstructure could be synthesized in alkaline copper-tin liquid with ultrasonic agitation,as a result,smooth and refined nickel coating formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy.On the other hand,preferred orientation in the coating decreased because of the refined grains.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51604034 and 51974032)the Science and Technology Project of Jilin Education Department in 13th Five-Year(No.JJKH20181008KJ)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(No.20190302003GX)。
文摘17 Cr–1 Si–0.5 Nb–1.2 Cu ferritic heat-resistant stainless steel was aged at 750 °C from 10 min to 30 h to simulate time aging and study the microstructural evolution and its effect on corrosion behavior by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the Mott–Schottky approach. Four types of precipitates were discovered, including ε-Cu, NbC, Fe3 Nb3 C, and Fe2 Nb-type Laves phase. The nano-sized ε-Cu phase forms first, and its fraction follows the parabolic law change and is the largest. Compared to NbC and Fe3 Nb3 C particles, the coarsening of the Laves phase is the most pronounced. The aging process is divided into three parts: early-aged(0–5 h), peak-aged(5 h), and over-aged(5–30 h). However, the corrosion resistance is reduced in the early-aged stage of 0–2 h. Further extending the aging time to 30 h, the corrosion resistance is gradually improved. This change may be related to the competitive relationship between the beneficial effects of the Cu-rich phase and the harmful effects of Nb-containing particles. The dissolved Cu on the surface becomes more effective for the suppression of the anodic dissolution by the formation of ionic compounds of chlorine, thereby reducing the deterioration of corrosion resistance caused by Nb-rich precipitation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (Grant Nos.51371089 and 51201068)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2010CB631001)
文摘Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Outstanding Youth(No.BK20160081)the Innovative Foundation Project for Students of Nanjing Institute of Technology(No.TP20170011)+1 种基金the Six Talent Peaks of Jiangsu Province(No.2015-XCL-025)the Outstanding Scientific and Technological Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province
文摘The as-cast multi-element Mg–4Gd–1Y–1Zn–0.5Ca–1Zr alloy with low rare earth additions was prepared, and the solution treatment was applied at different temperatures. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and corrosion properties of the alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated by immersion and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that the as-cast alloy is composed of the a-Mg matrix,lamellar long-period stacking-ordered（LPSO） structure and eutectic phase. The LPSO structure exists with more volume fraction in the alloy solution-treated at 440 °C, but disappears with the increase in the solution temperature. For all the solution-treated alloys, the precipitated phases are detected. The corrosion rates of the alloys decrease first and then increase slightly with the increase in the solution temperature, and the corrosion resistance of the solution-treated alloys is more than four times as good as that of the as-cast alloy. In addition, the alloy solution-treated at 480 °C for 6 h shows the best corrosion property.
基金This project was supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Chinathe Jiangsu Province Graduate Cultivation Innovative Project(Grant No.KYLX16_0347)+4 种基金Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scientists of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20180068)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project,China(Grant No.2018M630555)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.NS2018039)the China Scholarship CouncilChina(Grant No.201706830071,awarded to Xiao-hu Chen for 1 year of study at the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Carleton University).The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time due to contractual issues.
文摘In order to study the influence of crystal structure change due to implantation dose on the hardness and wear performance of 300M high-strength steel,samples were surface modified by Cr implantation with dosages of 5.0 × 10^16,1.5 × 10^17 and 3.0 × 10^17 ions/cm^2.X-ray diffraction method,which was already applied in studies on the microstructure of deformed and heat-treated materials,was used to study the crystal structure of the implanted steel,and the results were corrected with the hardness and wear performance.The solid solution strengthening effect and microstructure vary with increase in implantation dose.Owing to strong solid solution hardening of Cr,small average crystallite size and high dislocation density,the hardness and wear resistance of implanted steel with dose of 5.0 × 10^16 ions/cm^2 were found to be the highest compared with other samples.Moreover,although the crystal lite size of the implanted sample with dose of 3 × 10^17 ions/cm^2 was similar to that of substrate and the dislocation density was lower than that of the substrate,its higher hardness and lower specific wear rate were due to the solid solution hardening and perhaps Cr clusters reinforcement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071175)the Key Research&Development Plan(Social Development)of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2020702)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Outstanding Youth(No.BK20160081).
文摘The as-extruded Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr-xAg(x=0,0.2,0.5,1 wt%)alloys were prepared for biomedical applications.Scanning electron microscope,electron backscattered diffraction,X-ray diffraction,tensile test machine,electrochemical workstation,and immersion experiments were used to study microstructures,mechanical properties,and corrosion behavior of the as-extruded alloys.The results indicate that the microstructures of all the as-extruded alloys are composed of coarse undynamic recrystallized grains,fine equiaxed recrystallized grains,and precipitated phases.Ag element plays a positive role in promoting dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement.And during the extrusion,all the four alloys generate a<1010>//ED fiber texture.With the increase of Ag element,the volume fraction of Mg_(12)Nd phase increases and then decreases slightly.By increasing Ag addition,both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded alloys reduce first and then improve,and the elongation improves gradually from 9.4 to 12.7%.More importantly,the addition of Ag accelerates corrosion of the as-extruded alloys in simulated body fluid,and all the as-extruded alloys show uniform corrosion mode.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 52432002,52372041,52302087)Heilongjiang Touyan Team Program,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2021003)the Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(SAST2022-60).
文摘Developing effective strategies to regulate graphene’s conduction loss and polarization has become a key to expanding its application in the electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)field.Based on the unique energy band structure of graphene,regulating its bandgap and electrical properties by introducing heteroatoms is considered a feasible solution.Herein,metal-nitrogen doping reduced graphene oxide(M–N-RGO)was prepared by embedding a series of single metal atoms M–N_(4) sites(M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Nb,Cd,and Sn)in RGO using an N-coordination atom-assisted strategy.These composites had adjustable conductivity and polarization to optimize dielectric loss and impedance matching for efficient EMWA performance.The results showed that the minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of Fe–N-RGO reaches−74.05 dB(2.0 mm)and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))is 7.05 GHz(1.89 mm)even with a low filler loading of only 1 wt%.Combined with X-ray absorption spectra(XAFS),atomic force microscopy,and density functional theory calculation analysis,the Fe–N_(4) can be used as the polarization center to increase dipole polarization,interface polarization and defect-induced polarization due to d-p orbital hybridization and structural distortion.Moreover,electron migration within the Fe further leads to conduction loss,thereby synergistically promoting energy attenuation.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of metal-nitrogen doping in regulating the graphene′s dielectric properties,which provides an important basis for further investigation of the loss mechanism.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51301086)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20130738)Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of High-End Structural Materials Foundation(No.hsm1405)
文摘In this study, the gradient grain induced by punching deformation and recovery treatment on a cupronickel alloy surface sample were investigated, and their effects on corrosion resistance were measured by atom force microscopy(AFM), X-ray diffraction(XRD),electrochemical measurement, electron work function(EWF), and contact electrical resistance(CER). The cupronickel alloy surface experienced punching deformation for 60 min and recovery at 300 ℃ for 1 h to produce gradient surface. The grain size measured by XRD is bigger than that measured by AFM, due to X-ray intensity of95 % produced at the depth of 12-20 μm for the crystal planes of(111),(200), and(220). The gradient grain surface, compared to the original surface, shows a 13.7-fold decrease in passivation current density(i), and corrosion potential(Ec) increases by approximately 9.8 %. These results are attributable to the increase in EWF and formation of passivation film with better adhesion and compactness after treatment.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071093,52071175)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LH2023E059)the Opening Project of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology(ASMA202205)。
文摘Microstructure regulation via short-time heat treatment is conducive to the optimization in the microstructure and properties of precipitable magnesium(Mg)alloys,but there is currently a lack of relevant studies.In this work,the microstructure evolution of a Mg-RE-Ag alloy during different short-time heat treatments was characterized and discussed.The results show that extreme short-time heat treatment(ESHT,e.g.,2 min)at 450-480℃can greatly increase solute concentration in Mg matrix through the rapid re-dissolution of the second-phase and simultaneously maintain fine grains,while the ESHT at a too high temperature(e.g.,510℃)is not suitable due to excessive grain growth and coarse second phase regenerated at grain boundaries.It is found that 480℃is the approximate critical temperature for appropriate ESHT,and further prolongation of the time will lead to excessive grain growth.It is suggested that in addition to grain boundary migration,grain rotation is activated,resulting in the annihilation of high-angle grain boundaries with relatively low misorientation,as well as the reduction in the ability of the residual second phase to pin grain boundaries.In addition,the reasons for the abnormal grain boundary segregation and grain boundary continuous phase were analyzed from the perspective of interfacial energy.This study provides a basis for effective microstructure regulation of Mg-RE alloys.
