Legume-based intercropping enhances asymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation(BNF);however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear,including the roles of soil keystone diazotroph taxa with varying niche breadths.A fiel...Legume-based intercropping enhances asymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation(BNF);however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear,including the roles of soil keystone diazotroph taxa with varying niche breadths.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate soil BNF variations between rhizosphere and bulk soils in peanut/cotton intercropping systems and monocultures.BNF activities were measured by nitrogen fixation rates,nitrogenase activity,and nifH gene abundance.Phylogenetic null models,co-occurrence networks,and niche breadth analysis were applied to investigate the roles of diazotrophic keystone taxa and their ecological niches.Rhizosphere soils exhibited 7.8–125.5%higher BNF potentials than bulk soils,whereas intercropping systems showed 11.6–323.0%increases over monocultures for nitrogen fixation rate,nitrogenase activity,and nifH gene abundance(all P<0.05).Diazotrophic community composition and diversity differed significantly,with Proteobacteria(excluding Alphaproteobacteria)enriched in intercropping and rhizosphere soils,while Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes were less abundant.Deterministic processes,particularly heterogeneous selection,dominated community assembly in the rhizosphere(91.9%)and intercropping soils(86.3%).The co-occurrence networks consistently revealed more complex and interconnected communities in intercropping and rhizosphere soils that were dominated by opportunistic diazotrophs(78.8–85.9%),followed by specialists(10.2–18.5%)and generalists(1.38–3.80%).Keystone taxa,including opportunists such as Azoarcus,Azohydromonas,and Steroidobacter,and generalists like Pseudomonas and Azotobacter,correlated positively with microbial biomass carbon and nitrate nitrogen,contributing to enhanced BNF.Peanut/cotton intercropping enhances BNF by selectively enriching the keystone diazotrophic taxa with varying ecological roles,particularly opportunists and generalists.Such targeted intercropping strategies can optimize BNF,improve soil fertility,and promote sustainable agricultural production.展开更多
Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and conti...Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.展开更多
Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord ...Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord are lacking.Here,by injecting the cholera toxin B subunit into the sciatic nerve of a rhesus monkey,we successfully labeled the motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the lumbar and sacralspinal cord.Labeled alpha motor neurons were located in lamina IX of the L6–S1 segments,which innervate both flexors and extensors.The labeled primary sensory afferents were mainly myelinated Aβfibers that terminated mostly in laminae I and II of the L4–L7 segments.Together with the labeled proprioceptive afferents,the primary sensory afferents formed excitatory synapses with multiple types of spinal neurons.In summary,our methods successfully traced neuronal connections in the monkey spinal cord and can be used in spinal cord studies when nonhuman primates are used.展开更多
The study aimed at predicting potential suitable areas with national key reserve Orchidaceae plants in Heilongjiang province and conducive to plant protection.The distribution point data of six Orchidaceae plants and ...The study aimed at predicting potential suitable areas with national key reserve Orchidaceae plants in Heilongjiang province and conducive to plant protection.The distribution point data of six Orchidaceae plants and 19 bioclimatic variables were selected,and the environmental factors required for modeling were screened out by pearson correlation analysis and variance inflation factor(VIF)analysis.The potential suitable areas of Orchidaceae plants were predictat present and under different climate scenarios in 2090s by using geographic information system(GIS)and Maximum Entropy Model(MaxEnt).And then evaluated the prediction accuracy of the MaxEnt model using the AUC value,the TSS value and the Kappa value.The results showed that:1)The area under curve(AUC)values,true skill statistics(TSS)values and KAPPA values predicted by MaxEnt model were separately above 0.9,0.85 and 0.75.2)Under the climate scenario at present,the total suitable area of Orchidaceae plants was about 9.61×10^(6)km^(2),which was mainly distributed in Heilongjiang province.Among them,the high-suitable area of Cypripedium shanxiense S.C.Chen was the largest,the non-suitable area of Cypripedium guttatum Sw was the largest.3)Under different climate scenarios in 2090s,the total suitable area was slightly increasing(9.62×10^(6)km^(2)).Among them,Cypripedium shanxiense S.C.Chen and Gastrodiae Rhizoma both showed the trend of expansion to the southwest,China,and the suitable areas expanded significantly.Comprehensive factor analysis showed that temperature and precipitation were the main bioclimatic variables of suitable areas distribution,and the low emission scenario(SSP 2-4.5)will be more conducive to the survival of Orchidaceae plants.展开更多
Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analys...Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analysis,this study identified keystone fungi Plectosphaerella(Plec)and Cladosporium(Clad)in roots/leaves of medicinal Panax plants(P.ginseng,P.quinquefolius,P.notoginseng).Both correlated strongly positively with ginsenoside Rd content in respective tissues(ρ>0.6,p<0.001).Co-cultivation confirmed their ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd,linked toβ-glucosidase activity.Whole-genome sequencing/assembly/evolutionary analysis of the two strains elucidated genomic features for their keystone roles and saponin biotransformation.Genome mining found multiple GH3 genes(potential saponin transformers)in both;11(Plec)and 5(Clad)were upregulated by cellobiose.Gene family phylogenetic analysis showed expanded transmembrane transport and environmental response functions.Both also had abundant secondary metabolic gene clusters and secretome genes,linking biotic interaction functions to their keystone roles.In summary,this study shows Panax endophytic keystone fungi can participate in ginsenoside biotransformation and clarifies their genomic traits,offering insights for functional endophytic fungal resource development.展开更多
Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicin...Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicinal properties.Galloylation and glycosylation are key steps in the formation of polyphenolic compounds,as the glycosylation of flavonoids is required for the acylation of flavonoid glycosides,and the glycosylation of gallic acid is necessary for its role as an acyl donor.Therefore,glycosylation to generate the acyl donor or acceptor is a core step in the biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.However,how this glycosylation occurs in P.chinense is unknown.In this study,we determined that the UDP-glucose transferase PcUGT84A82 mediates the glycosylation of gallic acid and pinocembrin to produce 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose and pinocembroside,respectively.Metabolic profiling of polyphenolic compounds using UHPLC-ESI–Q-TOF/MS revealed high levels of polyphenols in flowers,leaves,and roots,and low levels in stems of P.chinense.We performed isoform-sequencing(Iso-seq)to assemble a full-length transcriptome of P.chinense,from which we identified 58 UGT family members.PcUGT84A82 is highly similar to functional UGTs in other plant species,and PcUGT84A82 transcript levels were positively correlated with the levels of various polyphenolic compounds.We validated the function of PcUGT84A82 via in vitro enzyme assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization tests showed that PcUGT84A82 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm.In summary,PcUGT84A82 catalyzes the conversion of gallic acid to 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose as the acyl donor and pinocembrin to pinocembroside as the acyl acceptor,mediating the biosynthesis of galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds in P.chinense.These findings lay the foundation for elucidating the entire biosynthetic pathway of active polyphenols in this important herbal plant species.展开更多
Fenton-like technology based on peroxymonosulfate activation has shown great potential in refractory organics degradation.In this work,single Fe atom catalysts were synthesized through facile ball milling and exhibite...Fenton-like technology based on peroxymonosulfate activation has shown great potential in refractory organics degradation.In this work,single Fe atom catalysts were synthesized through facile ball milling and exhibited very high performance in peroxymonosulfate activation.The Fe single-atom filled an N vacancy on the triazine ring edge of C_(3)N_(4),as confirmed through X-ray absorption fine structure,density functional calculation and elec-tron paramagnetic resonance.The SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS system could completely remove phenol(20 mg/L)within 10 min and its first-order kinetic constant was 12.3 times that of the Fe_(3)O_(4)/PMS system.Under different ini-tial pH levels and in various anionic environments,SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4) still demonstrated excellent catalytic activity,achieving a removal rate of over 90%for phenol within 12 min.In addition,SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4) exhibited outstanding selectivity in reaction systems with different pollutants,showing excellent degradation effects on electron-rich pollutants only.Hydroxyl radicals(•OH),singlet oxygen(1O_(2))and high-valent iron oxide(Fe(Ⅳ)=O)were de-tected in the SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS system through free radical capture experiments.Further experiments on the quenching of active species and a methyl phenyl sulfoxide probe confirmed that 1O_(2) and Fe(Ⅳ)=O played dom-inant roles.Additionally,the change in the current response after adding PMS and phenol in succession proved that a direct electron transfer path between organic matter and the catalyst surface was unlikely to exist in the SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS/Phenol degradation system.This study provides a new demonstration of the catalytic mech-anism of single-atom catalysts.展开更多
In 2024, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization at Zhejiang University continued its impactful researches across five core areas. In controllable catalytic polymerization,organoboron ...In 2024, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization at Zhejiang University continued its impactful researches across five core areas. In controllable catalytic polymerization,organoboron catalysts were developed for CO_(2) copolymerization and novel photoresist materials. Studies in microstructure and rheology elucidated universal deformation modes in graphene-based 2D membranes and improved graphene fiber properties through shear alignment engineering, defect control, and enhanced interlayer entanglement. For separating functional polymers, Janus membranes and channels were created for multiphase separation, liquid-phase molecular layer-by-layer deposition technique was developed to fabricate aromatic polyamide nanofilms, and the harmonic amide bond density was established as a valuable parameter for polyamide structural analysis. In biomedical functional polymers, a sustainable carboxyl-ester transesterification strategy was proposed for upcycling poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) waste into biodegradable plastics. Additionally, immunocompatible biomaterials were designed utilizing zwitterionic polypeptides and albumin-derived coatings, and Cu2+-phenolic nanoflower was designed to combat fungal infections by combining cuproptosis and cell wall digestion. Further,the researchers developed a gelatin-DOPA-knob/fibrinogen hydrogel to achieve rapid and robust hemostatic sealing, utilized a double-network polyelectrolyte-coated hydrogel for enhancing endothelialization of left atrial appendage(LAA) occluders, and the researchers also demonstrated that image-guided highintensity focused ultrasound enables manipulation of shape-memory polymers. Finally, in the realm of photo-electro-magnetic functional polymers, precise control of through-space conjugation was shown to enhance organic luminescence. Topologically structured hydrogels were revealed to exhibit autonomous actuation. Also, solar-driven photothermal ion pumps were developed for selective lithium extraction from seawater, and high-performance non-solvated C60single-crystal films were prepared via facile bar coating. Lastly, the researchers demonstrated outstanding dielectric properties of polyethylene(PE) lamellar single crystals. The relevant works are reviewed in this paper.展开更多
Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two c...Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two conventional japonica varieties was conducted at four planting densities:16 cm×30 cm(D1),14 cm×30 cm(D2),12 cm×30 cm(D3),and 10 cm×30 cm(D4).This study aimed to investigate how photosynthetic and population characteristics influence grain yield under varying planting densities.The results indicated that higher yields were primarily driven by increased grain weight and seed-setting rate(with a 9.68%‒11.40%higher single panicle weight),supported by optimized dry matter translocation and source-sink relationships.Elevated planting density(D2‒D4)enhanced panicle number and total spikelet number(by 3.91%‒15.00%)but reduced the number of spikelets per panicle,1000-grain weight,and photosynthetic efficiency due to mutual shading.Despite these trade-offs,yield increased by 4.10%‒12.42%under higher densities.The use of planting density D4 in japonica rice cultivation contributed to maximize yield.These findings provide important theoretical insights and practical significance for increasing the yield of conventional japonica rice and ensuring food security.展开更多
Galeaspids are an extinct group of jawless armored fishes that are integral to understanding the origin of anatomical innovations of jawed vertebrates.Resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor of jawed vertebrates ...Galeaspids are an extinct group of jawless armored fishes that are integral to understanding the origin of anatomical innovations of jawed vertebrates.Resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor of jawed vertebrates requires resolution of the anatomy of the earliest galeaspids,which is currently poorly known.Here we describe a new dayongaspid,Xihaiaspis wuningensis gen.et sp.nov.,from the Early Telychian(Early Silurian)Qingshui Formation of Lixi Town,Wuning County,Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province,China.This first report of dayongaspids from the Lower Yangtze region supports the relative proximity of,and faunal exchange between,South China and Tarim during the Early Telychian.It also informs on the monophyly of Dayongaspidae and the early branching position of this family within Galeaspida.In particular,Xihaiaspis wuningensis gen.et sp.nov.provides insights into the nature of the last common ancestor of Dayongaspiformes,Eugaleaspidiformes and Polybrachiaspiformes.These include the nature of the median dorsal opening,which was transversely oriented and slit-shaped,as well as on the presence of ventro-lateral finfolds and dorsal spines,which were likely present in the ancestral galeaspid.展开更多
Ferroptosis,a type of cell death that mainly involves iron metabolism imbalance and lipid peroxidation,is strongly correlated with the phagocytic response caused by bleeding after spinal cord injury.Thus,in this study...Ferroptosis,a type of cell death that mainly involves iron metabolism imbalance and lipid peroxidation,is strongly correlated with the phagocytic response caused by bleeding after spinal cord injury.Thus,in this study,bulk RNA sequencing data(GSE47681 and GSE5296)and single-cell RNA sequencing data(GSE162610)were acquired from gene expression databases.We then conducted differential analysis and immune infiltration analysis.Atf3 and Piezo1 were identified as key ferroptosis genes through random forest and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithms.Further analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed a close relationship between ferroptosis and cell types such as macrophages/microglia and their intrinsic state transition processes.Differences in transcription factor regulation and intercellular communication networks were found in ferroptosis-related cells,confirming the high expression of Atf3 and Piezo1 in these cells.Molecular docking analysis confirmed that the proteins encoded by these genes can bind cycloheximide.In a mouse model of T8 spinal cord injury,low-dose cycloheximide treatment was found to improve neurological function,decrease levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine inducible nitric oxide synthase,and increase levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine arginase 1.Correspondingly,the expression of the ferroptosis-related gene Gpx4 increased in macrophages/microglia,while the expression of Acsl4 decreased.Our findings reveal the important role of ferroptosis in the treatment of spinal cord injury,identify the key cell types and genes involved in ferroptosis after spinal cord injury,and validate the efficacy of potential drug therapies,pointing to new directions in the treatment of spinal cord injury.展开更多
The discharge of micro-polluted water from sources such as agricultural runoff,urban stormwater,and treated effluents presents significant challenges to aquatic ecosystems.Constructed wetlands(CWs)have gained recog-ni...The discharge of micro-polluted water from sources such as agricultural runoff,urban stormwater,and treated effluents presents significant challenges to aquatic ecosystems.Constructed wetlands(CWs)have gained recog-nition as an eco-friendly solution for removing pollutants from various wastewater sources and are increasingly applied for micro-polluted water treatment.By reviewing 78 full-scale CW studies from Web of Science,it is summarized that the ranges of ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N)concentrations in runoff,wastewater treatment plant effluent and polluted river were 0.1–6.6,0.3–12.3,and 0.2–41.1 mg/L,respectively.The ranges of ni-trate nitrogen concentrations were 0.2–14.2,0–5.7,and 0–2.6 mg/L,respectively.Removal efficiencies of CWs for micro-polluted water varied by CW types.The total nitrogen removal efficiencies for subsurface-flow CWs,free-water surface-flow CWs,and hybrid CWs ranged from 27.4%to 66.5%,16.8%to 89.8%,and 19.4%to 88.2%,respectively.The NH4+-N removal efficiencies ranged from 34.2%to 73.6%,38.4%to 89.4%and 13.5%to 94.2%,respectively.Additionally,other factors influencing contaminant removal efficiency such as hydraulic retention time,vegetation types,redox micro-environment and influent water quality were evaluated.Based on these findings,two strategies for improving the purification performance of CWs were proposed:the selection of incorporating electron donor substrates and the optimization of operation parameters.This paper serves as a synthesis of information to guide future research and full-scale CW applications in micro-polluted water treatment.展开更多
Light-energy-driven semiconductor catalysis offers attractive ways to address environmental and energy crises.TiO_(2) is the most promising catalyst for photocatalysis,but the lack of charge-carrier separation efficie...Light-energy-driven semiconductor catalysis offers attractive ways to address environmental and energy crises.TiO_(2) is the most promising catalyst for photocatalysis,but the lack of charge-carrier separation efficiency severely limits its catalytic performance.In this study,we carried out crystal phase engineering to prepare in situ Z-scheme hetero-phase homojunction of anatase-rutile and clarified the structure-performance relationship.The efficiency of sulfamerazine removal by hetero-phase homojunction TiO_(2) nanotube arrays in a single-compartment photocatalytic fuel cell system was improved by 1.93 times compared to conventional anatase TiO_(2) nanotube arrays and the degradation pathways were revealed by the Fukui function combined with HP-LCMS.The successful construction of Z-scheme hetero-phase homojunction was confirmed by Raman,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and electron spin resonance(ESR),which combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed the key role of crystal phase engineering in the construction of hetero-phase homojunction.This work provides a novel strategy for the scientific design of titanium dioxide photocatalysts.展开更多
Tumor metabolic reprogramming is a core hallmark of cancer,characterized by pathways such as aerobic glycolysis,aberrant lipid metabolism,and glutaminolysis that support rapid proliferation and immunosuppressive micro...Tumor metabolic reprogramming is a core hallmark of cancer,characterized by pathways such as aerobic glycolysis,aberrant lipid metabolism,and glutaminolysis that support rapid proliferation and immunosuppressive microenvironments.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are highly stable,evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that have emerged as critical modulators of these metabolic shifts.This review aims to systematically elucidate the roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in reprogramming tumor metabolism,and to discuss their clinical potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Through mechanisms including miRNA sponging,protein interactions,regulation of mitochondrial dynamics,and modulation of metabolic enzymes,circRNAs influence key metabolic pathways by targeting glycolytic enzymes,lipid synthesis regulators,and glutaminolysis-related molecules to either facilitate or inhibit their expression.This review systematically summarizes the unique contributions of circRNAs to tumor metabolic reprogramming,highlighting key mechanisms such as regulation of peptide-encoding protein translation,mitochondrial localization function,gene promoter-targeted transcriptional regulation,and cross-pathway metabolic mediation,which underscore their distinct biological advantages and regulatory roles in tumor metabolism.The stability and tissue specificity of circRNAs make them promising diagnostic biomarkers,while their role in drug resistance mediated by metabolic reprogramming highlights their potential as therapeutic targets.Strategies such as circRNA inhibitors,mimics,and nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being explored to modulate tumor metabolism.Despite challenges including complex regulatory networks and limited manipulation tools,advances in high-throughput technologies and clinical trials hold promise for translating circRNA research into novel cancer therapies.展开更多
Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agen...Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agent linked to cognitive decline,this study investigated whether chronic,low-dose methanol exposure could recapitulate AD-like pathology and cognitive deficits in rhesus monkey,thereby establishing a nonhuman primate animal model driven by this environmental-metabolic insult.Methods:Adult rhesus monkeys received low-concentration methanol for 9 months.Behavioral tests for cognition,locomotion,sleep,and vision were conducted.Postmortem analyses involved histopathological examination,immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence,and Western blot to evaluate neuronal integrity,microglial activation,and the expression of key proteins associated with AD(amyloid-β[Aβ],phosphorylated tau,TAR DNA-binding protein 43[TDP-43])and cellular stress(synaptic markers,mitochondrial fission,autophagy,and apoptosis-related proteins).Results:Chronic methanol exposure led to progressive cognitive and memory impairment without significant motor or visual deficits.Neuropathology revealed brain atrophy,neuronal loss,synaptic damage,microglial activation,and mitochondrial structural disorganization.Critically,the exposed animals exhibited hallmark AD-like molecular alterations,including increased Aβ deposition,tau hyperphosphorylation,and TDP-43 dysregulation.Furthermore,neurotoxicity was associated with elevated urinary formaldehyde,enhanced mitochondrial fission,increased autophagy,and elevated apoptosis.Conclusion:Chronic low-dose methanol exposure in rhesus monkeys recapitulates progressive cognitive deficits and AD-like neuropathological features.This model,driven by endogenous formaldehyde toxicity,effectively mimics key aspects of sporadic AD.Our findings shed light on the neurotoxic mechanisms of methanol and propose a reproducible and translationally relevant nonhuman primate model for studying AD pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutics.展开更多
1.Introduction.Pancreaticoduodenectomy is an essential surgical procedure for the treatment of malignant tumors in the pancreatic head,distal common bile duct,and duodenal papilla,and is widely used in clinical practi...1.Introduction.Pancreaticoduodenectomy is an essential surgical procedure for the treatment of malignant tumors in the pancreatic head,distal common bile duct,and duodenal papilla,and is widely used in clinical practice.One of the primary determinants of surgical success is the durability of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis.展开更多
Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phe...Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phenotypes mainly relies on manual measurement which is inefficient,subjective and destroys samples.Therefore,the paper proposes a nondestructive measurement method for the canopy phenotype of the watermelon plug seedlings based on deep learning.The Azure Kinect was used to shoot canopy color images,depth images,and RGB-D images of the watermelon plug seedlings.The Mask-RCNN network was used to classify,segment,and count the canopy leaves of the watermelon plug seedlings.To reduce the error of leaf area measurement caused by mutual occlusion of leaves,the leaves were repaired by CycleGAN,and the depth images were restored by image processing.Then,the Delaunay triangulation was adopted to measure the leaf area in the leaf point cloud.The YOLOX target detection network was used to identify the growing point position of each seedling on the plug tray.Then the depth differences between the growing point and the upper surface of the plug tray were calculated to obtain plant height.The experiment results show that the nondestructive measurement algorithm proposed in this paper achieves good measurement performance for the watermelon plug seedlings from the 1 true-leaf to 3 true-leaf stages.The average relative error of measurement is 2.33%for the number of true leaves,4.59%for the number of cotyledons,8.37%for the leaf area,and 3.27%for the plant height.The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm in this paper provides an effective solution for the nondestructive measurement of the canopy phenotype of the plug seedlings.展开更多
The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the cer...The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the certified power conversion efficiencies of singlejunction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27%and 34%,respectively.Regarding stability,researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments.Furthermore,breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents,fabrication in ambient air conditions,aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale,vacuum flash evaporation,and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs.The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024-2025.It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap.Finally,perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented,with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.展开更多
The rheological behavior of paste in mine backfilling systems is governed by multiple coupled mechanisms,including particulate structure evolution,time-dependent effects,spatially heterogeneous flow,and scale dependen...The rheological behavior of paste in mine backfilling systems is governed by multiple coupled mechanisms,including particulate structure evolution,time-dependent effects,spatially heterogeneous flow,and scale dependence.As a result,its macroscopic response cannot be adequately described by a single material parameter or purely local constitutive relations.Although significant progress has been made in experimental characterization and empirical modeling,rheological parameters reported under different conditions remain difficult to reconcile,highlighting the limitations of existing models in capturing structural evolution and nonlocal effects.This review provides a concise synthesis of current advances in paste rheology for mine backfilling applications,with emphasis on yield behavior,shear-rate-dependent nonlinear flow response,thixotropy,and shear history effects.The applicability and limitations of commonly used rheological models,including the Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley models,are critically examined.Key factors influencing paste rheology—such as particle gradation,temperature,and chemical additives—are discussed from a structure-controlled perspective.Finally,physics-constrained data-driven approaches are highlighted as a promising direction for improving the description and prediction of complex rheological behavior.Overall,this review emphasizes the need to balance experimental observability,model simplicity,and physical consistency,and highlights the importance of linking microstructural mechanisms,scale effects,and macroscopic rheological response to establish more unified and engineering-relevant frameworks for paste rheology in mine backfilling systems.展开更多
Background:Chronic hyperuricemia is associated with complications such as gout and uric acid nephropathy,but uric acid also exhibits biological activities(e.g.,antioxidant effects,potential neuroprotective properties ...Background:Chronic hyperuricemia is associated with complications such as gout and uric acid nephropathy,but uric acid also exhibits biological activities(e.g.,antioxidant effects,potential neuroprotective properties against neurodegenerative diseases).Nonhuman primates are ideal models for studying neurodegenerative diseases;however,existing nonhuman primate hyperuricemia models cannot sustain long-term elevated serum uric acid levels,nor recapitulate the impaired uric acid excretion observed in clinical hyperuricemic patients.Methods:First,we detected uricase expression in cynomolgus monkeys and compared it with that in mice.Then,we established a cynomolgus monkey hyperuricemia model by administering a mixture of potassium oxonate,hydrochlorothiazide,and adenine via fruits and vegetables.We further analyzed the regulatory effects of this model on uric acid metabolism(synthesis,degradation,and excretion)and the expression of uric acid transporter genes in the intestine and kidney.Results:Cynomolgus monkeys express functional uricase,but at a lower level than mice.The established model maintained stable,long-term hyperuricemia by three mechanisms:increasing intestinal and renal uric acid excretion load,inhibiting hepatic uric acid degradation,and promoting uric acid synthesis.Additionally,the model downregulated the expression of intestinal/renal uric acid-secreting transporter genes,while upregulating uric acid-reabsorbing transporter genes.Conclusions:This novel cynomolgus monkey hyperuricemia model provides a new tool for investigating the association between hyperuricemia and neurodegenerative diseases,and will help clarify the mechanism by which serum uric acid influences cognitive function.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301962 and 31901127)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M752947)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20232437)the State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization Open Fund,China(CB2023C02)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,China(252300420222)。
文摘Legume-based intercropping enhances asymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation(BNF);however,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear,including the roles of soil keystone diazotroph taxa with varying niche breadths.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate soil BNF variations between rhizosphere and bulk soils in peanut/cotton intercropping systems and monocultures.BNF activities were measured by nitrogen fixation rates,nitrogenase activity,and nifH gene abundance.Phylogenetic null models,co-occurrence networks,and niche breadth analysis were applied to investigate the roles of diazotrophic keystone taxa and their ecological niches.Rhizosphere soils exhibited 7.8–125.5%higher BNF potentials than bulk soils,whereas intercropping systems showed 11.6–323.0%increases over monocultures for nitrogen fixation rate,nitrogenase activity,and nifH gene abundance(all P<0.05).Diazotrophic community composition and diversity differed significantly,with Proteobacteria(excluding Alphaproteobacteria)enriched in intercropping and rhizosphere soils,while Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes were less abundant.Deterministic processes,particularly heterogeneous selection,dominated community assembly in the rhizosphere(91.9%)and intercropping soils(86.3%).The co-occurrence networks consistently revealed more complex and interconnected communities in intercropping and rhizosphere soils that were dominated by opportunistic diazotrophs(78.8–85.9%),followed by specialists(10.2–18.5%)and generalists(1.38–3.80%).Keystone taxa,including opportunists such as Azoarcus,Azohydromonas,and Steroidobacter,and generalists like Pseudomonas and Azotobacter,correlated positively with microbial biomass carbon and nitrate nitrogen,contributing to enhanced BNF.Peanut/cotton intercropping enhances BNF by selectively enriching the keystone diazotrophic taxa with varying ecological roles,particularly opportunists and generalists.Such targeted intercropping strategies can optimize BNF,improve soil fertility,and promote sustainable agricultural production.
基金Management Research Project on the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements at Peking University Health Science Center(Grant No.KT202501)Peking University Health Science Center 2025 Party Building Research Project(General Category,No.2)。
文摘Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.
基金supported by a grant from Ministry of Science and Technology China,No.2022ZD0204704(to WW)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82301572(to XZ)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2023M731202(to XZ)。
文摘Nonhuman primates are increasingly being used as animal models in neuroscience research.However,efficient neuronal tracing techniques for labeling motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the monkey spinal cord are lacking.Here,by injecting the cholera toxin B subunit into the sciatic nerve of a rhesus monkey,we successfully labeled the motor neurons and primary sensory afferents in the lumbar and sacralspinal cord.Labeled alpha motor neurons were located in lamina IX of the L6–S1 segments,which innervate both flexors and extensors.The labeled primary sensory afferents were mainly myelinated Aβfibers that terminated mostly in laminae I and II of the L4–L7 segments.Together with the labeled proprioceptive afferents,the primary sensory afferents formed excitatory synapses with multiple types of spinal neurons.In summary,our methods successfully traced neuronal connections in the monkey spinal cord and can be used in spinal cord studies when nonhuman primates are used.
基金funded by Project of Scientific Research Business Expenses of Provincial Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province(No.CZKYF2023-1-B024)Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Dean Fund Project(No.YZ2022ZR02)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2019FY100500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572023CT11).
文摘The study aimed at predicting potential suitable areas with national key reserve Orchidaceae plants in Heilongjiang province and conducive to plant protection.The distribution point data of six Orchidaceae plants and 19 bioclimatic variables were selected,and the environmental factors required for modeling were screened out by pearson correlation analysis and variance inflation factor(VIF)analysis.The potential suitable areas of Orchidaceae plants were predictat present and under different climate scenarios in 2090s by using geographic information system(GIS)and Maximum Entropy Model(MaxEnt).And then evaluated the prediction accuracy of the MaxEnt model using the AUC value,the TSS value and the Kappa value.The results showed that:1)The area under curve(AUC)values,true skill statistics(TSS)values and KAPPA values predicted by MaxEnt model were separately above 0.9,0.85 and 0.75.2)Under the climate scenario at present,the total suitable area of Orchidaceae plants was about 9.61×10^(6)km^(2),which was mainly distributed in Heilongjiang province.Among them,the high-suitable area of Cypripedium shanxiense S.C.Chen was the largest,the non-suitable area of Cypripedium guttatum Sw was the largest.3)Under different climate scenarios in 2090s,the total suitable area was slightly increasing(9.62×10^(6)km^(2)).Among them,Cypripedium shanxiense S.C.Chen and Gastrodiae Rhizoma both showed the trend of expansion to the southwest,China,and the suitable areas expanded significantly.Comprehensive factor analysis showed that temperature and precipitation were the main bioclimatic variables of suitable areas distribution,and the low emission scenario(SSP 2-4.5)will be more conducive to the survival of Orchidaceae plants.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82274044,82304663)National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3501802,2022YFC3501803,and 2022YFC3501804)+1 种基金the Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2023E002,CI2024E003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ13-YQ-049,ZZ16-XRZ-072,ZZ17-YQ-025,ZXKT22052,and ZXKT22060).
文摘Keystone taxa are critical for microbial community homeostasis and ecological niche interactions.However,the functions and genomic traits of endophytic keystone fungi in plant tissues remain unclear.Via network analysis,this study identified keystone fungi Plectosphaerella(Plec)and Cladosporium(Clad)in roots/leaves of medicinal Panax plants(P.ginseng,P.quinquefolius,P.notoginseng).Both correlated strongly positively with ginsenoside Rd content in respective tissues(ρ>0.6,p<0.001).Co-cultivation confirmed their ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd,linked toβ-glucosidase activity.Whole-genome sequencing/assembly/evolutionary analysis of the two strains elucidated genomic features for their keystone roles and saponin biotransformation.Genome mining found multiple GH3 genes(potential saponin transformers)in both;11(Plec)and 5(Clad)were upregulated by cellobiose.Gene family phylogenetic analysis showed expanded transmembrane transport and environmental response functions.Both also had abundant secondary metabolic gene clusters and secretome genes,linking biotic interaction functions to their keystone roles.In summary,this study shows Panax endophytic keystone fungi can participate in ginsenoside biotransformation and clarifies their genomic traits,offering insights for functional endophytic fungal resource development.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82304659)a Chenguang Project of Shanghai(23CGA52)+2 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission 2025 Key Technology R&D Program“Synthetic Biology”Project(25HC2810300)the Key Project at Central Government Level:the Ability Establishment of Sustainable Use for Valuable Chinese Medicine Resources(2060302)the Science and Technology Development Program of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(23KFL045,23KFL051).
文摘Penthorum chinense Pursh has been used for centuries as an herbal medicine and food in East Asia.The main active substances in P.chinense are galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds,which have excellent medicinal properties.Galloylation and glycosylation are key steps in the formation of polyphenolic compounds,as the glycosylation of flavonoids is required for the acylation of flavonoid glycosides,and the glycosylation of gallic acid is necessary for its role as an acyl donor.Therefore,glycosylation to generate the acyl donor or acceptor is a core step in the biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.However,how this glycosylation occurs in P.chinense is unknown.In this study,we determined that the UDP-glucose transferase PcUGT84A82 mediates the glycosylation of gallic acid and pinocembrin to produce 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose and pinocembroside,respectively.Metabolic profiling of polyphenolic compounds using UHPLC-ESI–Q-TOF/MS revealed high levels of polyphenols in flowers,leaves,and roots,and low levels in stems of P.chinense.We performed isoform-sequencing(Iso-seq)to assemble a full-length transcriptome of P.chinense,from which we identified 58 UGT family members.PcUGT84A82 is highly similar to functional UGTs in other plant species,and PcUGT84A82 transcript levels were positively correlated with the levels of various polyphenolic compounds.We validated the function of PcUGT84A82 via in vitro enzyme assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Subcellular localization tests showed that PcUGT84A82 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm.In summary,PcUGT84A82 catalyzes the conversion of gallic acid to 1-O-Galloyl-β-D-glucose as the acyl donor and pinocembrin to pinocembroside as the acyl acceptor,mediating the biosynthesis of galloylated macrocyclic polyphenolic compounds in P.chinense.These findings lay the foundation for elucidating the entire biosynthetic pathway of active polyphenols in this important herbal plant species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22406081,22276086,22306086)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(No.20232BAB213029),all of which are greatly acknowledged by the authors.
文摘Fenton-like technology based on peroxymonosulfate activation has shown great potential in refractory organics degradation.In this work,single Fe atom catalysts were synthesized through facile ball milling and exhibited very high performance in peroxymonosulfate activation.The Fe single-atom filled an N vacancy on the triazine ring edge of C_(3)N_(4),as confirmed through X-ray absorption fine structure,density functional calculation and elec-tron paramagnetic resonance.The SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS system could completely remove phenol(20 mg/L)within 10 min and its first-order kinetic constant was 12.3 times that of the Fe_(3)O_(4)/PMS system.Under different ini-tial pH levels and in various anionic environments,SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4) still demonstrated excellent catalytic activity,achieving a removal rate of over 90%for phenol within 12 min.In addition,SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4) exhibited outstanding selectivity in reaction systems with different pollutants,showing excellent degradation effects on electron-rich pollutants only.Hydroxyl radicals(•OH),singlet oxygen(1O_(2))and high-valent iron oxide(Fe(Ⅳ)=O)were de-tected in the SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS system through free radical capture experiments.Further experiments on the quenching of active species and a methyl phenyl sulfoxide probe confirmed that 1O_(2) and Fe(Ⅳ)=O played dom-inant roles.Additionally,the change in the current response after adding PMS and phenol in succession proved that a direct electron transfer path between organic matter and the catalyst surface was unlikely to exist in the SAFe_(0.4)–C_(3)N_(4)/PMS/Phenol degradation system.This study provides a new demonstration of the catalytic mech-anism of single-atom catalysts.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2025-00031).
文摘In 2024, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization at Zhejiang University continued its impactful researches across five core areas. In controllable catalytic polymerization,organoboron catalysts were developed for CO_(2) copolymerization and novel photoresist materials. Studies in microstructure and rheology elucidated universal deformation modes in graphene-based 2D membranes and improved graphene fiber properties through shear alignment engineering, defect control, and enhanced interlayer entanglement. For separating functional polymers, Janus membranes and channels were created for multiphase separation, liquid-phase molecular layer-by-layer deposition technique was developed to fabricate aromatic polyamide nanofilms, and the harmonic amide bond density was established as a valuable parameter for polyamide structural analysis. In biomedical functional polymers, a sustainable carboxyl-ester transesterification strategy was proposed for upcycling poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) waste into biodegradable plastics. Additionally, immunocompatible biomaterials were designed utilizing zwitterionic polypeptides and albumin-derived coatings, and Cu2+-phenolic nanoflower was designed to combat fungal infections by combining cuproptosis and cell wall digestion. Further,the researchers developed a gelatin-DOPA-knob/fibrinogen hydrogel to achieve rapid and robust hemostatic sealing, utilized a double-network polyelectrolyte-coated hydrogel for enhancing endothelialization of left atrial appendage(LAA) occluders, and the researchers also demonstrated that image-guided highintensity focused ultrasound enables manipulation of shape-memory polymers. Finally, in the realm of photo-electro-magnetic functional polymers, precise control of through-space conjugation was shown to enhance organic luminescence. Topologically structured hydrogels were revealed to exhibit autonomous actuation. Also, solar-driven photothermal ion pumps were developed for selective lithium extraction from seawater, and high-performance non-solvated C60single-crystal films were prepared via facile bar coating. Lastly, the researchers demonstrated outstanding dielectric properties of polyethylene(PE) lamellar single crystals. The relevant works are reviewed in this paper.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFD2300301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32472223 and 31901447)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two conventional japonica varieties was conducted at four planting densities:16 cm×30 cm(D1),14 cm×30 cm(D2),12 cm×30 cm(D3),and 10 cm×30 cm(D4).This study aimed to investigate how photosynthetic and population characteristics influence grain yield under varying planting densities.The results indicated that higher yields were primarily driven by increased grain weight and seed-setting rate(with a 9.68%‒11.40%higher single panicle weight),supported by optimized dry matter translocation and source-sink relationships.Elevated planting density(D2‒D4)enhanced panicle number and total spikelet number(by 3.91%‒15.00%)but reduced the number of spikelets per panicle,1000-grain weight,and photosynthetic efficiency due to mutual shading.Despite these trade-offs,yield increased by 4.10%‒12.42%under higher densities.The use of planting density D4 in japonica rice cultivation contributed to maximize yield.These findings provide important theoretical insights and practical significance for increasing the yield of conventional japonica rice and ensuring food security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42572008,9225530,42130209)the Leverhulme Trust(No.RF-2022-167)。
文摘Galeaspids are an extinct group of jawless armored fishes that are integral to understanding the origin of anatomical innovations of jawed vertebrates.Resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor of jawed vertebrates requires resolution of the anatomy of the earliest galeaspids,which is currently poorly known.Here we describe a new dayongaspid,Xihaiaspis wuningensis gen.et sp.nov.,from the Early Telychian(Early Silurian)Qingshui Formation of Lixi Town,Wuning County,Jiujiang City,Jiangxi Province,China.This first report of dayongaspids from the Lower Yangtze region supports the relative proximity of,and faunal exchange between,South China and Tarim during the Early Telychian.It also informs on the monophyly of Dayongaspidae and the early branching position of this family within Galeaspida.In particular,Xihaiaspis wuningensis gen.et sp.nov.provides insights into the nature of the last common ancestor of Dayongaspiformes,Eugaleaspidiformes and Polybrachiaspiformes.These include the nature of the median dorsal opening,which was transversely oriented and slit-shaped,as well as on the presence of ventro-lateral finfolds and dorsal spines,which were likely present in the ancestral galeaspid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81972073(to HZ)a grant from the Taishan Scholars Program ofShandong Province-Young Taishan Scholars,No.tsqn201909197(to HZ)+1 种基金a grant from Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construct Project,No.TJYXZDXK-027A(to SF)a grant from Academic Expert International Innovation Summit,No.22JRRCRC00010(to SF).
文摘Ferroptosis,a type of cell death that mainly involves iron metabolism imbalance and lipid peroxidation,is strongly correlated with the phagocytic response caused by bleeding after spinal cord injury.Thus,in this study,bulk RNA sequencing data(GSE47681 and GSE5296)and single-cell RNA sequencing data(GSE162610)were acquired from gene expression databases.We then conducted differential analysis and immune infiltration analysis.Atf3 and Piezo1 were identified as key ferroptosis genes through random forest and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithms.Further analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed a close relationship between ferroptosis and cell types such as macrophages/microglia and their intrinsic state transition processes.Differences in transcription factor regulation and intercellular communication networks were found in ferroptosis-related cells,confirming the high expression of Atf3 and Piezo1 in these cells.Molecular docking analysis confirmed that the proteins encoded by these genes can bind cycloheximide.In a mouse model of T8 spinal cord injury,low-dose cycloheximide treatment was found to improve neurological function,decrease levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine inducible nitric oxide synthase,and increase levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine arginase 1.Correspondingly,the expression of the ferroptosis-related gene Gpx4 increased in macrophages/microglia,while the expression of Acsl4 decreased.Our findings reveal the important role of ferroptosis in the treatment of spinal cord injury,identify the key cell types and genes involved in ferroptosis after spinal cord injury,and validate the efficacy of potential drug therapies,pointing to new directions in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52470105)the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(No.358202103017).
文摘The discharge of micro-polluted water from sources such as agricultural runoff,urban stormwater,and treated effluents presents significant challenges to aquatic ecosystems.Constructed wetlands(CWs)have gained recog-nition as an eco-friendly solution for removing pollutants from various wastewater sources and are increasingly applied for micro-polluted water treatment.By reviewing 78 full-scale CW studies from Web of Science,it is summarized that the ranges of ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N)concentrations in runoff,wastewater treatment plant effluent and polluted river were 0.1–6.6,0.3–12.3,and 0.2–41.1 mg/L,respectively.The ranges of ni-trate nitrogen concentrations were 0.2–14.2,0–5.7,and 0–2.6 mg/L,respectively.Removal efficiencies of CWs for micro-polluted water varied by CW types.The total nitrogen removal efficiencies for subsurface-flow CWs,free-water surface-flow CWs,and hybrid CWs ranged from 27.4%to 66.5%,16.8%to 89.8%,and 19.4%to 88.2%,respectively.The NH4+-N removal efficiencies ranged from 34.2%to 73.6%,38.4%to 89.4%and 13.5%to 94.2%,respectively.Additionally,other factors influencing contaminant removal efficiency such as hydraulic retention time,vegetation types,redox micro-environment and influent water quality were evaluated.Based on these findings,two strategies for improving the purification performance of CWs were proposed:the selection of incorporating electron donor substrates and the optimization of operation parameters.This paper serves as a synthesis of information to guide future research and full-scale CW applications in micro-polluted water treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52370025,52372212)BUCEA Postgraduate Education and Teaching Quality Improvement Project(No.J2023016)the BUCEA Post Graduate Innovation Project(Nos.DG2023012 and PG2024073).
文摘Light-energy-driven semiconductor catalysis offers attractive ways to address environmental and energy crises.TiO_(2) is the most promising catalyst for photocatalysis,but the lack of charge-carrier separation efficiency severely limits its catalytic performance.In this study,we carried out crystal phase engineering to prepare in situ Z-scheme hetero-phase homojunction of anatase-rutile and clarified the structure-performance relationship.The efficiency of sulfamerazine removal by hetero-phase homojunction TiO_(2) nanotube arrays in a single-compartment photocatalytic fuel cell system was improved by 1.93 times compared to conventional anatase TiO_(2) nanotube arrays and the degradation pathways were revealed by the Fukui function combined with HP-LCMS.The successful construction of Z-scheme hetero-phase homojunction was confirmed by Raman,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and electron spin resonance(ESR),which combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations revealed the key role of crystal phase engineering in the construction of hetero-phase homojunction.This work provides a novel strategy for the scientific design of titanium dioxide photocatalysts.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82360801).
文摘Tumor metabolic reprogramming is a core hallmark of cancer,characterized by pathways such as aerobic glycolysis,aberrant lipid metabolism,and glutaminolysis that support rapid proliferation and immunosuppressive microenvironments.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are highly stable,evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that have emerged as critical modulators of these metabolic shifts.This review aims to systematically elucidate the roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in reprogramming tumor metabolism,and to discuss their clinical potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Through mechanisms including miRNA sponging,protein interactions,regulation of mitochondrial dynamics,and modulation of metabolic enzymes,circRNAs influence key metabolic pathways by targeting glycolytic enzymes,lipid synthesis regulators,and glutaminolysis-related molecules to either facilitate or inhibit their expression.This review systematically summarizes the unique contributions of circRNAs to tumor metabolic reprogramming,highlighting key mechanisms such as regulation of peptide-encoding protein translation,mitochondrial localization function,gene promoter-targeted transcriptional regulation,and cross-pathway metabolic mediation,which underscore their distinct biological advantages and regulatory roles in tumor metabolism.The stability and tissue specificity of circRNAs make them promising diagnostic biomarkers,while their role in drug resistance mediated by metabolic reprogramming highlights their potential as therapeutic targets.Strategies such as circRNA inhibitors,mimics,and nanoparticle-based delivery systems are being explored to modulate tumor metabolism.Despite challenges including complex regulatory networks and limited manipulation tools,advances in high-throughput technologies and clinical trials hold promise for translating circRNA research into novel cancer therapies.
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-034Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2023-PT180-01+1 种基金PUMC Innovation Fund for Graduate Students,Grant/Award Number:2017-1001-07National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82161138027。
文摘Background:The absence of effective animal models for sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD)remains a pivotal barrier to therapy development.Because methanol metabolism produces endogenous formaldehyde,a neurotoxic agent linked to cognitive decline,this study investigated whether chronic,low-dose methanol exposure could recapitulate AD-like pathology and cognitive deficits in rhesus monkey,thereby establishing a nonhuman primate animal model driven by this environmental-metabolic insult.Methods:Adult rhesus monkeys received low-concentration methanol for 9 months.Behavioral tests for cognition,locomotion,sleep,and vision were conducted.Postmortem analyses involved histopathological examination,immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence,and Western blot to evaluate neuronal integrity,microglial activation,and the expression of key proteins associated with AD(amyloid-β[Aβ],phosphorylated tau,TAR DNA-binding protein 43[TDP-43])and cellular stress(synaptic markers,mitochondrial fission,autophagy,and apoptosis-related proteins).Results:Chronic methanol exposure led to progressive cognitive and memory impairment without significant motor or visual deficits.Neuropathology revealed brain atrophy,neuronal loss,synaptic damage,microglial activation,and mitochondrial structural disorganization.Critically,the exposed animals exhibited hallmark AD-like molecular alterations,including increased Aβ deposition,tau hyperphosphorylation,and TDP-43 dysregulation.Furthermore,neurotoxicity was associated with elevated urinary formaldehyde,enhanced mitochondrial fission,increased autophagy,and elevated apoptosis.Conclusion:Chronic low-dose methanol exposure in rhesus monkeys recapitulates progressive cognitive deficits and AD-like neuropathological features.This model,driven by endogenous formaldehyde toxicity,effectively mimics key aspects of sporadic AD.Our findings shed light on the neurotoxic mechanisms of methanol and propose a reproducible and translationally relevant nonhuman primate model for studying AD pathogenesis and evaluating potential therapeutics.
文摘1.Introduction.Pancreaticoduodenectomy is an essential surgical procedure for the treatment of malignant tumors in the pancreatic head,distal common bile duct,and duodenal papilla,and is widely used in clinical practice.One of the primary determinants of surgical success is the durability of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFD1001900)the HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2022006).
文摘Nondestructive measurement technology of phenotype can provide substantial phenotypic data support for applications such as seedling breeding,management,and quality testing.The current method of measuring seedling phenotypes mainly relies on manual measurement which is inefficient,subjective and destroys samples.Therefore,the paper proposes a nondestructive measurement method for the canopy phenotype of the watermelon plug seedlings based on deep learning.The Azure Kinect was used to shoot canopy color images,depth images,and RGB-D images of the watermelon plug seedlings.The Mask-RCNN network was used to classify,segment,and count the canopy leaves of the watermelon plug seedlings.To reduce the error of leaf area measurement caused by mutual occlusion of leaves,the leaves were repaired by CycleGAN,and the depth images were restored by image processing.Then,the Delaunay triangulation was adopted to measure the leaf area in the leaf point cloud.The YOLOX target detection network was used to identify the growing point position of each seedling on the plug tray.Then the depth differences between the growing point and the upper surface of the plug tray were calculated to obtain plant height.The experiment results show that the nondestructive measurement algorithm proposed in this paper achieves good measurement performance for the watermelon plug seedlings from the 1 true-leaf to 3 true-leaf stages.The average relative error of measurement is 2.33%for the number of true leaves,4.59%for the number of cotyledons,8.37%for the leaf area,and 3.27%for the plant height.The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm in this paper provides an effective solution for the nondestructive measurement of the canopy phenotype of the plug seedlings.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20171,12074245,52102281)National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2021YFB3800068 and 2020YFB1506400)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1421600)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.2021QNRC001)。
文摘The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the certified power conversion efficiencies of singlejunction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27%and 34%,respectively.Regarding stability,researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments.Furthermore,breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents,fabrication in ambient air conditions,aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale,vacuum flash evaporation,and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs.The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024-2025.It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap.Finally,perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented,with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.
基金funded by The Seed Fund Cultivation Project of Ocean College,Zhejiang University(2025BS002)A Project Supported by Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang University(XY2025056).
文摘The rheological behavior of paste in mine backfilling systems is governed by multiple coupled mechanisms,including particulate structure evolution,time-dependent effects,spatially heterogeneous flow,and scale dependence.As a result,its macroscopic response cannot be adequately described by a single material parameter or purely local constitutive relations.Although significant progress has been made in experimental characterization and empirical modeling,rheological parameters reported under different conditions remain difficult to reconcile,highlighting the limitations of existing models in capturing structural evolution and nonlocal effects.This review provides a concise synthesis of current advances in paste rheology for mine backfilling applications,with emphasis on yield behavior,shear-rate-dependent nonlinear flow response,thixotropy,and shear history effects.The applicability and limitations of commonly used rheological models,including the Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley models,are critically examined.Key factors influencing paste rheology—such as particle gradation,temperature,and chemical additives—are discussed from a structure-controlled perspective.Finally,physics-constrained data-driven approaches are highlighted as a promising direction for improving the description and prediction of complex rheological behavior.Overall,this review emphasizes the need to balance experimental observability,model simplicity,and physical consistency,and highlights the importance of linking microstructural mechanisms,scale effects,and macroscopic rheological response to establish more unified and engineering-relevant frameworks for paste rheology in mine backfilling systems.
基金The Yunnan“Xingdian Talent Program”Yunling Scholar Project,(Grant No.CA24129L025A)National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:32160157 and 82160564Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202202AG050008)。
文摘Background:Chronic hyperuricemia is associated with complications such as gout and uric acid nephropathy,but uric acid also exhibits biological activities(e.g.,antioxidant effects,potential neuroprotective properties against neurodegenerative diseases).Nonhuman primates are ideal models for studying neurodegenerative diseases;however,existing nonhuman primate hyperuricemia models cannot sustain long-term elevated serum uric acid levels,nor recapitulate the impaired uric acid excretion observed in clinical hyperuricemic patients.Methods:First,we detected uricase expression in cynomolgus monkeys and compared it with that in mice.Then,we established a cynomolgus monkey hyperuricemia model by administering a mixture of potassium oxonate,hydrochlorothiazide,and adenine via fruits and vegetables.We further analyzed the regulatory effects of this model on uric acid metabolism(synthesis,degradation,and excretion)and the expression of uric acid transporter genes in the intestine and kidney.Results:Cynomolgus monkeys express functional uricase,but at a lower level than mice.The established model maintained stable,long-term hyperuricemia by three mechanisms:increasing intestinal and renal uric acid excretion load,inhibiting hepatic uric acid degradation,and promoting uric acid synthesis.Additionally,the model downregulated the expression of intestinal/renal uric acid-secreting transporter genes,while upregulating uric acid-reabsorbing transporter genes.Conclusions:This novel cynomolgus monkey hyperuricemia model provides a new tool for investigating the association between hyperuricemia and neurodegenerative diseases,and will help clarify the mechanism by which serum uric acid influences cognitive function.
