AIM:To ascertain the pattern of ocular morbidity in a population of primary school children in rural Kenya as it is a prerequisite for planning effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.METHODS:A cross-sectional...AIM:To ascertain the pattern of ocular morbidity in a population of primary school children in rural Kenya as it is a prerequisite for planning effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.METHODS:A cross-sectional survey of ocular symptoms and clinical eye examinations were performed in a sample of 35 rural primary schools in the semi-arid region of Kajiado West sub-county in S.W.Kenya,amongst a seminomadic tribe(Maasai).Students in Grades 1-8 were included.Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen“tumbling E”chart at 6 m.Children with symptoms of refractive error underwent non-cycloplegic refraction.RESULTS:A total of 2036 children(1084 males)between the ages of 4-20y were examined.Conjunctival actinic changes were present in 22%(442/2036).Nine cases were seen with a potential squamous carcinoma.No overt classical ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency were noted,although 181(8.9%)children complained of nyctalopia.Three hundred thirty-six(16.5%)children had a visual acuity worse than 6/12 in either eye,were unable to read N10 near text at 40 cm or had symptoms suggestive of refractive error.Refractive data led to an estimate of hyperopia of+1.00 D or more in 3.9%and of myopia of-0.50 D or more in either eye in 3.0%of the study population.CONCLUSION:Solar exposure-and dust-related conjunctival pathology is common.As this may develop into potentially sight-or even life-threatening conditions,it warrants further study,and preventive strategies may be needed.Complaints of nyctalopia were common and could suggest vitamin A deficiency.The prevalence of refractive errors is low in this rural African population.展开更多
Globally,mealtimes provide key insights into cultural and social values and practices.We examine mealtime environments and eating practices in two different African settings using quantitative observational and questi...Globally,mealtimes provide key insights into cultural and social values and practices.We examine mealtime environments and eating practices in two different African settings using quantitative observational and questionnaire data.Participating families(N=80)were recruited from two rural locations in Zambia and Kenya.Results following descriptive analysis showed that meals are typically taken as a family in a sociable context,providing opportunities to nurture children’s positive behaviours.In both communities,mothers(71.25%)were most likely to be present and typically prepared meals and provided the food.We observed a few distractions being used during mealtimes,and children finished their food with little to no conflict.Plate sharing varied across the two sites and was more common in Zambia,where we also observed more traditional practices such as eating with hands(as opposed to cutlery)and sitting on mats on the ground(as opposed to seated on chairs or sofas).Overall,our findings suggest more similarities in the cultural and social values across the two African contexts despite slight differences in mealtime practices.In particular,positive mealtime behaviours(little food refusal,lack of conflict)were common across all contexts,regardless of the extent to which traditional practices(such as plate-sharing and sitting on the floor)were used.Findings align with Family Systems theory,which states that the family is understood best by conceptualizing it as a complex,dynamic,and changing collection of parts,subsystems,and family members.展开更多
The study aimed to develop a customized Data Governance Maturity Model (DGMM) for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in Kenya to address data governance challenges in military settings. Current frameworks lack specific req...The study aimed to develop a customized Data Governance Maturity Model (DGMM) for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in Kenya to address data governance challenges in military settings. Current frameworks lack specific requirements for the defence industry. The model uses Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to enhance data governance procedures. Design Science Research guided the study, using qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data from MoD personnel. Major deficiencies were found in data integration, quality control, and adherence to data security regulations. The DGMM helps the MOD improve personnel, procedures, technology, and organizational elements related to data management. The model was tested against ISO/IEC 38500 and recommended for use in other government sectors with similar data governance issues. The DGMM has the potential to enhance data management efficiency, security, and compliance in the MOD and guide further research in military data governance.展开更多
Diabetes is a major public health concern worldwide. Low and middle-income countries are the most affected. Diabetes self-management can significantly reduce the burden of diabetes complications and mortality. This cr...Diabetes is a major public health concern worldwide. Low and middle-income countries are the most affected. Diabetes self-management can significantly reduce the burden of diabetes complications and mortality. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of a county referral hospital in Kenya, from 1st August 2022 to 30th October 2022. Patients with known type II diabetes of age ≥ 20 years visiting the hospital for routine follow-up visits were included. A 7-tem Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSAC) Questionnaire was used to assess Diabetes self-care activities. For data entry and statistical analysis, SPSS for Windows version 27.0 was used. There were 96 (39.2%) males and 149 (60.8%) females. Most of the participants were more than 61 years, 148 (60.4%). Significant association was found between the sum scale scores of dietary activities, blood glucose testing, physical activity, foot care, and neuropathy at 95% CI and (p Conclusions: Diabetes self-management activities have an impact on microvascular complications in patients with diabetes.展开更多
Background: Blood transfusion (BT) is crucial to the provision of modern health care. However, blood is scarce and costly, and its use is associated with risks. Therefore, the medical professionals who handle it shoul...Background: Blood transfusion (BT) is crucial to the provision of modern health care. However, blood is scarce and costly, and its use is associated with risks. Therefore, the medical professionals who handle it should have adequate knowledge to ensure rational and safe utilization. The objective of the study was to determine the level of BT knowledge among junior medical doctors in Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among junior medical doctors working in Western Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires from August 2021 to March 2022, and analysis was done by way of descriptive and inferential statistics. A p Results: A total of 150 medical doctors participated in the study. Males comprised 60% (n = 90), and the mean age of the participants was 29.9 (SD 3.6) with a range of 25 - 45 years. The mean knowledge score was 54.1% ± 16.4% and was associated with orientation (AOR = 3.157, 95% CI = 1.194 - 8.337). Conclusion: Blood transfusion knowledge among the doctors was suboptimal and was associated with pre-internship induction. There is a need for additional education in BT during all phases of medical training and practice, including orientation for medical interns.展开更多
Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—th...Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—the preferred treatment option for ESRD, remains underutilized. Since the first transplant in 1978, seven centers have been established, with 829 transplants performed by 2022. Living-related renal transplants (LRRT) dominate, while deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) is yet to be implemented. Recent data show improved outcomes, with one-year graft survival rates up to 96%, but challenges such as acute rejection rates (32.8%) and limited donor outcome data persist. Barriers include high costs, limited insurance coverage, inadequate laboratory infrastructure, and a transplant workforce shortage. Efforts to establish DDRT programs are underway but are hampered by the absence of organ procurement systems and insufficient laboratory capabilities. Future priorities include reducing costs and expanded insurance coverage for transplant care. Investments in laboratory infrastructure, local tissue typing, and surgical training are essential. Strengthening international collaborations and public education campaigns can improve donor pools and transplantation access. Strategic policy reforms and resource allocation are vital to scaling up Kenya’s kidney transplant program and addressing the unmet needs of its ESRD population.展开更多
The study determined the carbon stocks and litter nutrient concentration in tropical forests along the ecological gradient in Kenya.This could help understand the potential of mitigating climate change using tropical ...The study determined the carbon stocks and litter nutrient concentration in tropical forests along the ecological gradient in Kenya.This could help understand the potential of mitigating climate change using tropical forest ecosystems in different ecological zones,which are being affected by climate change to a level that they are becoming carbon sources instead of sinks.Stratified sampling technique was used to categorize tropical forests into rain,moist deciduous and dry zone forests depending on the average annual rainfall received.Simple random sampling technique was used to select three tropical forests in each category.Modified consistent sampling technique was used to develop 10 main 20 m×100 m plots in each forest,with 202 m×50 m sub-plots in each plot.Systematic random sampling technique was used in selecting 10 sub-plots from each main plot for inventory study.Non-destructive approach based on allometric equations using trees’diameter at breast height(DBH),total height and species’wood specific gravity were used in estimating tree carbon stock in each forest.Soil organic carbon(SOC)and litter nutrient concentration(total phosphorus and nitrogen)were determined in each forest based on standard laboratory procedures.The results indicated that,whilst trees in rain forests recorded a significantly higher(p<0.001)DBH(20.36 cm)and total tree height(12.1 m),trees in dry zone forests recorded a significantly higher(p<0.001)specific gravity(0.67 kg m^(−3)).Dry zone tropical forests stored a significantly lower amount of total tree carbon of 73 Mg ha^(−1),compared to tropical rain forests(439.5 Mg ha^(−1))and moist deciduous tropical forests(449 Mg ha^(−1)).The SOC content was significantly higher in tropical rainforests(3.9%),compared to soils from moist deciduous(2.9%)and dry zone forests(1.8%).While litter from tropical rain forests recorded a significantly higher amount of total nitrogen(3.4%),litter from dry zone forests recorded a significantly higher concentration of total phosphorus(0.27%).In conclusion,ecological gradient that is dictated by the prevailing temperatures and precipitation affects the tropical forests carbon stock potential and litter nutrient concentration.This implies that,the changing climate is having a serious implication on the ecosystem services such as carbon stock and nutrients cycling in tropical forests.展开更多
Objective:To study the distribution and abundance of Biomphalaria(B.)pfeifferi species in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme,their role as intermediate hosts for Schistosoma(S.)mansoni,and the impact of water parameters.Metho...Objective:To study the distribution and abundance of Biomphalaria(B.)pfeifferi species in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme,their role as intermediate hosts for Schistosoma(S.)mansoni,and the impact of water parameters.Methods:A longitudinal field survey was conducted across eight administrative wards and five habitat types using a time-based metal scoop method.Physicochemical water quality parameters were measured both in situ and in the laboratory.The snails were examined for S.mansoni infections by shedding method,and cercariae were identified microscopically.Species identification was also performed.The data was analyzed using ANOVA,regression analysis,and Pearson correlation to identify the association between water physiochemical parameters and Biomphalaria snail abundance.Level of significance was determined at 5%(P≤0.05)with 95%confidence limit.Results:A total of 2013 Biomphalaria species were collected,mainly from Murinduko and Nyangati Wards.Streams(965,47.93%)and tertiary canals(676,33.58%)showed the highest abundance.Biomphalaria species populations were recorded in September 2022(1225),with declines noted in February and August 2023.Snail abundance was significantly and positively correlated with pH(β=27.22,P<0.001),turbidity(β=1.117,P=0.008),and total nitrate(β=71.4,P=0.04),and negatively correlated with conductivity,temperature,total dissolved solids,salinity,and dissolved oxygen.No S.mansoni infections were detected;however,69.95%of snails were infected with echinostome cercariae.B.pfeifferi was the dominant species.Sequence analysis revealed genetic diversity,with five NCBI reference sequences forming a distinct clade from the study samples.Conclusions:B.pfeifferi populations showed seasonal variation and strong environmental associations,emphasizing the need for ecological monitoring in schistosomiasis control.展开更多
Online learning has taken root and with the advancement in technology more and more educators are embracing online learning.During the COVID-19 pandemic,with total shut down of face-to-face learning,the Kenyan governm...Online learning has taken root and with the advancement in technology more and more educators are embracing online learning.During the COVID-19 pandemic,with total shut down of face-to-face learning,the Kenyan government had moved learning online and remotely.To find out on how learners in remote areas were experiencing learning during the COVID-19 pandemic,a study was carried out using rapid ethnography design.Five final year secondary students were sampled.Data was collected through interviews,observations,and document analysis.This paper reports on the findings of online and remote learning platforms,which were available,accessed,and preferred by the learners in remote areas of Kenya during the pandemic.It also highlights the importance of e-learning platforms in addressing learning experiences and success.展开更多
Background The decreasing prevalence of physical activity(PA)among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern.More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour...Background The decreasing prevalence of physical activity(PA)among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern.More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns.We explored associations of 24hour(h)accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County,Kenya.Methods This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9-14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status(SES)(Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County),in Nairobi City County,Kenya.The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph(GT3X+and ActiSleep+)accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time(SED).Association between guardians'and children’s PA was examined using linear regression,adjusting for guardians'educational attainment and household wealth.Results Of the children,42(52.5%)and 76(96.2%)of the guardians were women.Children in low SES areas spent more time(p<0.001)in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area.The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA(p=0.036)while their counterparts had higher daily SED(p=0.049).Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED(p=0.033)even after adjusting for guardians'educational attainment(p=0.032)and wealth(p=0.05).There was no association between guardians'and children’s MVPA.Conclusion Considered alongside the extant literature,these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.展开更多
Surface water provides crucial support to the aquatic ecosystem and humans in numerous ways.However,its quality is paramount in determining its impact on the health of the aquatic ecosystem and humans.Currently,the ma...Surface water provides crucial support to the aquatic ecosystem and humans in numerous ways.However,its quality is paramount in determining its impact on the health of the aquatic ecosystem and humans.Currently,the malady of pollution arising from anthropogenic activities poses a significant threat to the quality of most rivers.The quality of water in the Kapingazi river in Embu County has received limited attention which is a concern that needs to be addressed.This study therefore,sought to investigate the status of water quality in river Kapingazi.The study analyzed 96 samples from four locations in a span of eight months which combined the dry and wet seasons of the year.Parameters measured in-situ included turbidity,pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),temperature,dissolved oxygen(DO)and electrical conductivity(EC)while ex-situ parameters were phosphates,nitrates and concentrations of heavy metals:iron and manganese.Results showed that Water Quality Index(WQI)during the drought period was74.05,suggesting that the water quality is only recommended for agricultural and industrial applications.During wet season,the water quality index was 89.67,reflecting a poor status,as more contaminants were likely introduced through surface runoff.Overall,the WQI averaged to 88.02.This study concludes that water in River Kapingazi is not suitable for human consumption;therefore,appropriate treatment is essential prior to its use.Similarly,the findings indicate that both rainy and drought periods significantly affect water quality,presenting challenges for its use for various purposes.It is recommended that the allocation of resources towards water treatment facilities and regulation of pollution sources should be enforced to ensure the safety of river water for diverse applications.展开更多
The distribution of small mammals in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information on the effects of climate change on the dispersal of species. However, few studies conducted ...The distribution of small mammals in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information on the effects of climate change on the dispersal of species. However, few studies conducted on Afromontane ecosystems have compared the altitudinal patterns of small mammal diversity. We investigated the species diversity and abundance of non-volant small mammals(hereafter ‘small mammals')on Mt. Kenya, the second tallest mountain in Africa,using a standard sampling scheme. Nine sampling transects were established at intervals of 200 m on the eastern(Chogoria) and western(Sirimon) slopes.A total of 1 905 individuals representing 25 species of small mammals were trapped after 12 240 trap-nights.Abundance was highest at mid-elevations on both slopes.However, species richness and their distribution patterns differed between the two slopes. More species were recorded on Chogoria(24) than on Sirimon(17). On Chogoria, species richness was higher at mid-high elevations, with a peak at mid-elevation(2 800 m a.s.l.),whereas species richness showed little variation on the Sirimon slope. These results indicate that patterns of species diversity can differ between slopes on the same mountain. In addition, we extensively reviewed literature on Mt. Kenya's mammals and compiled a comprehensive checklist of 76 mammalian species. However, additional research is required to improve our understanding of smal mammal diversity in mountain habitats in Africa.展开更多
Emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases of wildlife origin have led pre-emptive pathogen surveillances in animals to be a public health priority.Rodents and shrews are among the most numerically abundant ver...Emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases of wildlife origin have led pre-emptive pathogen surveillances in animals to be a public health priority.Rodents and shrews are among the most numerically abundant vertebrate taxa and are known as natural hosts of important zoonotic viruses.Many surveillance programs focused more on RNA viruses.In comparison,much less is known about DNA viruses harbored by these small mammals.To fill this knowledge gap,tissue specimens of 232 animals including 226 rodents,five shrews and one hedgehog were collected from 5 counties in Kenya and tested for the presence of DNA viruses belonging to 7 viral families by PCR.Diverse DNA sequences of adenoviruses,adeno-associated viruses,herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were detected.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of these viruses showed distinction from previously described viruses and formed new clusters.Furthermore,this is the first report of the discovery and full-length genome characterization of a polyomavirus in Lemniscomys species.This novel polyomavirus,named Ls Py V KY187,has less than 60%amino acid sequence identity to the most related Glis glis polyomavirus 1 and Sciurus carolinensis polyomavirus 1 in both large and small T-antigen proteins and thus can be putatively allocated to a novel species within Betapolyomavirus.Our findings help us better understand the genetic diversity of DNA viruses in rodent and shrew populations in Kenya and provide new insights into the evolution of those DNA viruses in their small mammal reservoirs.It demonstrates the necessity of ongoing pathogen discovery studies targeting rodent-borne viruses in East Africa.展开更多
Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most damaging diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kenya and worldwide. In Kenya, potato tuber yield losses due to BW infection are estimated...Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most damaging diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kenya and worldwide. In Kenya, potato tuber yield losses due to BW infection are estimated at 50 ~ 100%. Low soil fertility is also one of the most important constraints limiting potato production in central Kenya highlands. Farmers tackle this problem through use of inorganic fertilisers and organic manures, both of which amend the soil environment to influence bacterial wilt development. Undecomposed organic manures can also introduce the pathogen into a clean field. Between short rains 1999 and 2000, 10 on-farm extension-researcher- farmer-designed and farmer-managed trials were done at Kianjuki catchment in Embu District. The objective was to use farmers?participatory research approach and select the most suitable organic and inorganic fertiliser combination(s) with lowest BWI and acceptable usable tuber yields, and also to demonstrate use of some components of integrated disease management methods in reduction of disease incidence and spread. Seven treatments were proposed, presented to the farmers for discussion and the most relevant four were selected for evaluation. A newly released potato variety 慉sante?was planted during the short rains 1999 and long rains 2000. BWI didn抰 result in significant differences between treatments but the tuber yields were significantly different in short rains of 1999 and 2000. During short rains 2000, both BWI and tuber yields and unusable tubers differed significantly between treatments. The results confirmed that well- decomposed manures or manures from pathogen-free areas can be used in combination with inorganic fertilisers to improve soil fertility and potato tuber yields in smallholder farms without influencing BWI. Use of certified seed tubers in pathogen free field and following recommended field sanitation measures resulted in apparently bacterial wilt free crop. Considering the high cost of inorganic fertiliser and its negative effects on the environment, reduced usage at half the recommended rates combined with half rates of FYM is feasible option friendly to the farmer, soil and environment. The interviewed farmers also ranked the option as the most appropriate combination for soil fertility improvement for potato production in smallholder farms.展开更多
We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and m...We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels(82.37%, 95%confidence interval(CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive(74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19)than male camels(P \ 0.001)(53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERSCoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of orf4 b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.展开更多
The aim of this study was to identify Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels and soils of maize fields of Nandi County using macro and micro morphological characteristics. A cross sectional research design wa...The aim of this study was to identify Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels and soils of maize fields of Nandi County using macro and micro morphological characteristics. A cross sectional research design was used in the study and purposive sampling was employed to determine districts of Nandi County and sub locations where sampling was done. This study was part of a larger project whose aim was to survey aflatoxin exposure in the maize value chain. Aspergillus species were isolated from maize and soil samples using quarter strength potato dextrose agar and modified Rose Bengal agar respectively. Pure cultures of the isolates were sub cultured and transferred onto differential media;malt extract agar, czapek yeast extract agar and czapek dox agar for species identification using macro morphological characteristics. Fungal slides were prepared from pure cultures on potato dextrose agar media after three days to identify micro morphological characteristics. Based on morphological characteristics, seven sections of Aspergillus namely: Flavi, Fumigati, Nigri, Circumdati, Clavati, Nidulantes and Candidi were identified. Aspergillus section Flavi was the most predominant with 57% followed by section Nigri with 27% from maize and 58% of section Flavi followed by 26% of section Nigri from the soil across the three locations. Aspergillus sections Nidulantes and Candidi were rare and only recovered from the soil samples of Kaptumo location. All the Aspergillius flavus that formed sclerotia both from the soils or maize kernels were of the L strains. In conclusion Aspergillus section Flavi was most frequent during the isolation process and dominated with Aspergillus flavus from both the maize and soil. Morphological characteristics remain the primary tool for detection and identification of Aspergillus species. The significance for high incidence of Aspergillus section Flavi is in regard to their aflatoxin production profiles that poses a health threat to the community and it is of public health concern. Morphological characteristics as a primary tool for Aspergillus identification should be embraced and more personnel with the knowledge are required since modern and faster techniques are scarce and expensive.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>Recent trends show that in the coming decades, Kenya’s natural resources will continue to face signifi...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>Recent trends show that in the coming decades, Kenya’s natural resources will continue to face significant pressure due to both anthropogenic and natural stressors, and this will have greater negative impacts on socio-economic development including food security and livelihoods. Understanding the impacts of these stressors is an important step to developing coping and adaptation strategies at every level. The Water Towers of Kenya play a critical role in supplying ecosystems services such as water supply, timber and non-timber forest products and regulating services such as climate and water quantity and quality. To assess the vulnerability of the Water Towers to climate change, the study adopted the IPCC AR4 framework that defines vulnerability as a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The historical trends in rainfall indicate that the three Water Towers show a declining rainfall trend during the March-April-May (MAM) main rainy season, while the October-November-December (OND) short rainy season shows an increase. The temperature patterns are consistent with the domain having a common rising trend with a rate in the range of 0.3<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 0.5<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C per decade. Projection analysis considered three emissions scenarios: low-emission (mitigation) scenario (RCP2.6), a medium-level emission scenario (RCP4.5), and a high-emission (business as usual) scenario (RCP8.5). The results of the high-emission scenario show that the annual temperature over the Water Towers could rise by 3.0<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 3.5<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C by the 2050s (2036-2065) and 3.6<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 4.8<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C by the 2070s (2055-2085 results not presented), relative to the baseline period 1970-2000. The findings indicate that exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity vary in magnitude, as well as spatially across the Water Towers. This is reflected in the spatially variable vulnerability index across the Water Towers. Overall vulnerability will increase in the water towers leading to erosion of the resilience of the exposed ecosystems and the communities that rely on ecosystem services these landscapes provide. </div>展开更多
Groundwater yield in the Kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability.In this study,field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geoelectric approaches.The relations between electrical...Groundwater yield in the Kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability.In this study,field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geoelectric approaches.The relations between electrical-hydraulic(eh)conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically.Correlations were based on the stochastic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters.By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval,the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level.Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in Kenya rift.VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win.The main result is that ln T=0.537(ln Fa)+3.695;the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through pore-surface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials.An inverse(1/F-K)correlation is observed.Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contribute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.展开更多
Remote sensing investigations combined with Geographical investigation systems (GIS) provide a rapid and cost-effective method for prospecting hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Most geothermal systems in Kenya are ...Remote sensing investigations combined with Geographical investigation systems (GIS) provide a rapid and cost-effective method for prospecting hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Most geothermal systems in Kenya are found in remote areas where accessibility is difficult. This study was carried out on Paka volcano which is located in the Kenyan rift valley. The aim of the study was to use remote sensing and GIS to investigate hydrothermal minerals and structures associated with geothermal activities. The study involves use of Landsat TM image classification using ENVI 5.1 and ArcGIS. Lineament extraction was done using PCI geomatics 2015 while Rose diagrams were generated using Rockworks 16. The research has shown that lithological, hydrothermal mineralization and structural maps can be generated form Landsat TM images using remote sensing and GIS. It has been shown that faults trend in the Northeast, North and Northwest direction. Hydrothermal minerals that are rich in iron and clays occur on Paka volcano mountain and its neighbouring areas.展开更多
基金Supported by Vision International Eye Missions-USA,“One Drop for All”,Italy,and Private Donors in the Netherlands.
文摘AIM:To ascertain the pattern of ocular morbidity in a population of primary school children in rural Kenya as it is a prerequisite for planning effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.METHODS:A cross-sectional survey of ocular symptoms and clinical eye examinations were performed in a sample of 35 rural primary schools in the semi-arid region of Kajiado West sub-county in S.W.Kenya,amongst a seminomadic tribe(Maasai).Students in Grades 1-8 were included.Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen“tumbling E”chart at 6 m.Children with symptoms of refractive error underwent non-cycloplegic refraction.RESULTS:A total of 2036 children(1084 males)between the ages of 4-20y were examined.Conjunctival actinic changes were present in 22%(442/2036).Nine cases were seen with a potential squamous carcinoma.No overt classical ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency were noted,although 181(8.9%)children complained of nyctalopia.Three hundred thirty-six(16.5%)children had a visual acuity worse than 6/12 in either eye,were unable to read N10 near text at 40 cm or had symptoms suggestive of refractive error.Refractive data led to an estimate of hyperopia of+1.00 D or more in 3.9%and of myopia of-0.50 D or more in either eye in 3.0%of the study population.CONCLUSION:Solar exposure-and dust-related conjunctival pathology is common.As this may develop into potentially sight-or even life-threatening conditions,it warrants further study,and preventive strategies may be needed.Complaints of nyctalopia were common and could suggest vitamin A deficiency.The prevalence of refractive errors is low in this rural African population.
基金funded by UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund through the Economic and Social Research Council(grant reference:ES/T004959/1)with additional partial support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa(grant CSUR230503101533)。
文摘Globally,mealtimes provide key insights into cultural and social values and practices.We examine mealtime environments and eating practices in two different African settings using quantitative observational and questionnaire data.Participating families(N=80)were recruited from two rural locations in Zambia and Kenya.Results following descriptive analysis showed that meals are typically taken as a family in a sociable context,providing opportunities to nurture children’s positive behaviours.In both communities,mothers(71.25%)were most likely to be present and typically prepared meals and provided the food.We observed a few distractions being used during mealtimes,and children finished their food with little to no conflict.Plate sharing varied across the two sites and was more common in Zambia,where we also observed more traditional practices such as eating with hands(as opposed to cutlery)and sitting on mats on the ground(as opposed to seated on chairs or sofas).Overall,our findings suggest more similarities in the cultural and social values across the two African contexts despite slight differences in mealtime practices.In particular,positive mealtime behaviours(little food refusal,lack of conflict)were common across all contexts,regardless of the extent to which traditional practices(such as plate-sharing and sitting on the floor)were used.Findings align with Family Systems theory,which states that the family is understood best by conceptualizing it as a complex,dynamic,and changing collection of parts,subsystems,and family members.
文摘The study aimed to develop a customized Data Governance Maturity Model (DGMM) for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in Kenya to address data governance challenges in military settings. Current frameworks lack specific requirements for the defence industry. The model uses Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to enhance data governance procedures. Design Science Research guided the study, using qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data from MoD personnel. Major deficiencies were found in data integration, quality control, and adherence to data security regulations. The DGMM helps the MOD improve personnel, procedures, technology, and organizational elements related to data management. The model was tested against ISO/IEC 38500 and recommended for use in other government sectors with similar data governance issues. The DGMM has the potential to enhance data management efficiency, security, and compliance in the MOD and guide further research in military data governance.
文摘Diabetes is a major public health concern worldwide. Low and middle-income countries are the most affected. Diabetes self-management can significantly reduce the burden of diabetes complications and mortality. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of a county referral hospital in Kenya, from 1st August 2022 to 30th October 2022. Patients with known type II diabetes of age ≥ 20 years visiting the hospital for routine follow-up visits were included. A 7-tem Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSAC) Questionnaire was used to assess Diabetes self-care activities. For data entry and statistical analysis, SPSS for Windows version 27.0 was used. There were 96 (39.2%) males and 149 (60.8%) females. Most of the participants were more than 61 years, 148 (60.4%). Significant association was found between the sum scale scores of dietary activities, blood glucose testing, physical activity, foot care, and neuropathy at 95% CI and (p Conclusions: Diabetes self-management activities have an impact on microvascular complications in patients with diabetes.
文摘Background: Blood transfusion (BT) is crucial to the provision of modern health care. However, blood is scarce and costly, and its use is associated with risks. Therefore, the medical professionals who handle it should have adequate knowledge to ensure rational and safe utilization. The objective of the study was to determine the level of BT knowledge among junior medical doctors in Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among junior medical doctors working in Western Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires from August 2021 to March 2022, and analysis was done by way of descriptive and inferential statistics. A p Results: A total of 150 medical doctors participated in the study. Males comprised 60% (n = 90), and the mean age of the participants was 29.9 (SD 3.6) with a range of 25 - 45 years. The mean knowledge score was 54.1% ± 16.4% and was associated with orientation (AOR = 3.157, 95% CI = 1.194 - 8.337). Conclusion: Blood transfusion knowledge among the doctors was suboptimal and was associated with pre-internship induction. There is a need for additional education in BT during all phases of medical training and practice, including orientation for medical interns.
文摘Kenya, a lower-middle-income country in East Africa, faces a rising burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with an estimated 12,500 individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal transplantation—the preferred treatment option for ESRD, remains underutilized. Since the first transplant in 1978, seven centers have been established, with 829 transplants performed by 2022. Living-related renal transplants (LRRT) dominate, while deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) is yet to be implemented. Recent data show improved outcomes, with one-year graft survival rates up to 96%, but challenges such as acute rejection rates (32.8%) and limited donor outcome data persist. Barriers include high costs, limited insurance coverage, inadequate laboratory infrastructure, and a transplant workforce shortage. Efforts to establish DDRT programs are underway but are hampered by the absence of organ procurement systems and insufficient laboratory capabilities. Future priorities include reducing costs and expanded insurance coverage for transplant care. Investments in laboratory infrastructure, local tissue typing, and surgical training are essential. Strengthening international collaborations and public education campaigns can improve donor pools and transplantation access. Strategic policy reforms and resource allocation are vital to scaling up Kenya’s kidney transplant program and addressing the unmet needs of its ESRD population.
基金funded by the Kenya National Research Fund(NRF-Kenya,2018).
文摘The study determined the carbon stocks and litter nutrient concentration in tropical forests along the ecological gradient in Kenya.This could help understand the potential of mitigating climate change using tropical forest ecosystems in different ecological zones,which are being affected by climate change to a level that they are becoming carbon sources instead of sinks.Stratified sampling technique was used to categorize tropical forests into rain,moist deciduous and dry zone forests depending on the average annual rainfall received.Simple random sampling technique was used to select three tropical forests in each category.Modified consistent sampling technique was used to develop 10 main 20 m×100 m plots in each forest,with 202 m×50 m sub-plots in each plot.Systematic random sampling technique was used in selecting 10 sub-plots from each main plot for inventory study.Non-destructive approach based on allometric equations using trees’diameter at breast height(DBH),total height and species’wood specific gravity were used in estimating tree carbon stock in each forest.Soil organic carbon(SOC)and litter nutrient concentration(total phosphorus and nitrogen)were determined in each forest based on standard laboratory procedures.The results indicated that,whilst trees in rain forests recorded a significantly higher(p<0.001)DBH(20.36 cm)and total tree height(12.1 m),trees in dry zone forests recorded a significantly higher(p<0.001)specific gravity(0.67 kg m^(−3)).Dry zone tropical forests stored a significantly lower amount of total tree carbon of 73 Mg ha^(−1),compared to tropical rain forests(439.5 Mg ha^(−1))and moist deciduous tropical forests(449 Mg ha^(−1)).The SOC content was significantly higher in tropical rainforests(3.9%),compared to soils from moist deciduous(2.9%)and dry zone forests(1.8%).While litter from tropical rain forests recorded a significantly higher amount of total nitrogen(3.4%),litter from dry zone forests recorded a significantly higher concentration of total phosphorus(0.27%).In conclusion,ecological gradient that is dictated by the prevailing temperatures and precipitation affects the tropical forests carbon stock potential and litter nutrient concentration.This implies that,the changing climate is having a serious implication on the ecosystem services such as carbon stock and nutrients cycling in tropical forests.
文摘Objective:To study the distribution and abundance of Biomphalaria(B.)pfeifferi species in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme,their role as intermediate hosts for Schistosoma(S.)mansoni,and the impact of water parameters.Methods:A longitudinal field survey was conducted across eight administrative wards and five habitat types using a time-based metal scoop method.Physicochemical water quality parameters were measured both in situ and in the laboratory.The snails were examined for S.mansoni infections by shedding method,and cercariae were identified microscopically.Species identification was also performed.The data was analyzed using ANOVA,regression analysis,and Pearson correlation to identify the association between water physiochemical parameters and Biomphalaria snail abundance.Level of significance was determined at 5%(P≤0.05)with 95%confidence limit.Results:A total of 2013 Biomphalaria species were collected,mainly from Murinduko and Nyangati Wards.Streams(965,47.93%)and tertiary canals(676,33.58%)showed the highest abundance.Biomphalaria species populations were recorded in September 2022(1225),with declines noted in February and August 2023.Snail abundance was significantly and positively correlated with pH(β=27.22,P<0.001),turbidity(β=1.117,P=0.008),and total nitrate(β=71.4,P=0.04),and negatively correlated with conductivity,temperature,total dissolved solids,salinity,and dissolved oxygen.No S.mansoni infections were detected;however,69.95%of snails were infected with echinostome cercariae.B.pfeifferi was the dominant species.Sequence analysis revealed genetic diversity,with five NCBI reference sequences forming a distinct clade from the study samples.Conclusions:B.pfeifferi populations showed seasonal variation and strong environmental associations,emphasizing the need for ecological monitoring in schistosomiasis control.
文摘Online learning has taken root and with the advancement in technology more and more educators are embracing online learning.During the COVID-19 pandemic,with total shut down of face-to-face learning,the Kenyan government had moved learning online and remotely.To find out on how learners in remote areas were experiencing learning during the COVID-19 pandemic,a study was carried out using rapid ethnography design.Five final year secondary students were sampled.Data was collected through interviews,observations,and document analysis.This paper reports on the findings of online and remote learning platforms,which were available,accessed,and preferred by the learners in remote areas of Kenya during the pandemic.It also highlights the importance of e-learning platforms in addressing learning experiences and success.
基金funded by the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the Higher Education Institutions Institutional Cooperation Instrument,grant no.HEL7M0453-82(https://www.oph.fi/en/programmes/hei-ici-programme).
文摘Background The decreasing prevalence of physical activity(PA)among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern.More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns.We explored associations of 24hour(h)accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County,Kenya.Methods This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9-14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status(SES)(Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County),in Nairobi City County,Kenya.The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph(GT3X+and ActiSleep+)accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time(SED).Association between guardians'and children’s PA was examined using linear regression,adjusting for guardians'educational attainment and household wealth.Results Of the children,42(52.5%)and 76(96.2%)of the guardians were women.Children in low SES areas spent more time(p<0.001)in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area.The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA(p=0.036)while their counterparts had higher daily SED(p=0.049).Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED(p=0.033)even after adjusting for guardians'educational attainment(p=0.032)and wealth(p=0.05).There was no association between guardians'and children’s MVPA.Conclusion Considered alongside the extant literature,these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.
文摘Surface water provides crucial support to the aquatic ecosystem and humans in numerous ways.However,its quality is paramount in determining its impact on the health of the aquatic ecosystem and humans.Currently,the malady of pollution arising from anthropogenic activities poses a significant threat to the quality of most rivers.The quality of water in the Kapingazi river in Embu County has received limited attention which is a concern that needs to be addressed.This study therefore,sought to investigate the status of water quality in river Kapingazi.The study analyzed 96 samples from four locations in a span of eight months which combined the dry and wet seasons of the year.Parameters measured in-situ included turbidity,pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),temperature,dissolved oxygen(DO)and electrical conductivity(EC)while ex-situ parameters were phosphates,nitrates and concentrations of heavy metals:iron and manganese.Results showed that Water Quality Index(WQI)during the drought period was74.05,suggesting that the water quality is only recommended for agricultural and industrial applications.During wet season,the water quality index was 89.67,reflecting a poor status,as more contaminants were likely introduced through surface runoff.Overall,the WQI averaged to 88.02.This study concludes that water in River Kapingazi is not suitable for human consumption;therefore,appropriate treatment is essential prior to its use.Similarly,the findings indicate that both rainy and drought periods significantly affect water quality,presenting challenges for its use for various purposes.It is recommended that the allocation of resources towards water treatment facilities and regulation of pollution sources should be enforced to ensure the safety of river water for diverse applications.
基金supported by the Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SAJC201612)
文摘The distribution of small mammals in mountainous environments across different elevations can provide important information on the effects of climate change on the dispersal of species. However, few studies conducted on Afromontane ecosystems have compared the altitudinal patterns of small mammal diversity. We investigated the species diversity and abundance of non-volant small mammals(hereafter ‘small mammals')on Mt. Kenya, the second tallest mountain in Africa,using a standard sampling scheme. Nine sampling transects were established at intervals of 200 m on the eastern(Chogoria) and western(Sirimon) slopes.A total of 1 905 individuals representing 25 species of small mammals were trapped after 12 240 trap-nights.Abundance was highest at mid-elevations on both slopes.However, species richness and their distribution patterns differed between the two slopes. More species were recorded on Chogoria(24) than on Sirimon(17). On Chogoria, species richness was higher at mid-high elevations, with a peak at mid-elevation(2 800 m a.s.l.),whereas species richness showed little variation on the Sirimon slope. These results indicate that patterns of species diversity can differ between slopes on the same mountain. In addition, we extensively reviewed literature on Mt. Kenya's mammals and compiled a comprehensive checklist of 76 mammalian species. However, additional research is required to improve our understanding of smal mammal diversity in mountain habitats in Africa.
基金the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SAJC201605 and 151542KYSB20200010)the National Science and Technology Major Project(2018ZX10101004-001-002)Kenya Wildlife Service and National Museums of Kenya。
文摘Emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases of wildlife origin have led pre-emptive pathogen surveillances in animals to be a public health priority.Rodents and shrews are among the most numerically abundant vertebrate taxa and are known as natural hosts of important zoonotic viruses.Many surveillance programs focused more on RNA viruses.In comparison,much less is known about DNA viruses harbored by these small mammals.To fill this knowledge gap,tissue specimens of 232 animals including 226 rodents,five shrews and one hedgehog were collected from 5 counties in Kenya and tested for the presence of DNA viruses belonging to 7 viral families by PCR.Diverse DNA sequences of adenoviruses,adeno-associated viruses,herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were detected.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of these viruses showed distinction from previously described viruses and formed new clusters.Furthermore,this is the first report of the discovery and full-length genome characterization of a polyomavirus in Lemniscomys species.This novel polyomavirus,named Ls Py V KY187,has less than 60%amino acid sequence identity to the most related Glis glis polyomavirus 1 and Sciurus carolinensis polyomavirus 1 in both large and small T-antigen proteins and thus can be putatively allocated to a novel species within Betapolyomavirus.Our findings help us better understand the genetic diversity of DNA viruses in rodent and shrew populations in Kenya and provide new insights into the evolution of those DNA viruses in their small mammal reservoirs.It demonstrates the necessity of ongoing pathogen discovery studies targeting rodent-borne viruses in East Africa.
文摘Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most damaging diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kenya and worldwide. In Kenya, potato tuber yield losses due to BW infection are estimated at 50 ~ 100%. Low soil fertility is also one of the most important constraints limiting potato production in central Kenya highlands. Farmers tackle this problem through use of inorganic fertilisers and organic manures, both of which amend the soil environment to influence bacterial wilt development. Undecomposed organic manures can also introduce the pathogen into a clean field. Between short rains 1999 and 2000, 10 on-farm extension-researcher- farmer-designed and farmer-managed trials were done at Kianjuki catchment in Embu District. The objective was to use farmers?participatory research approach and select the most suitable organic and inorganic fertiliser combination(s) with lowest BWI and acceptable usable tuber yields, and also to demonstrate use of some components of integrated disease management methods in reduction of disease incidence and spread. Seven treatments were proposed, presented to the farmers for discussion and the most relevant four were selected for evaluation. A newly released potato variety 慉sante?was planted during the short rains 1999 and long rains 2000. BWI didn抰 result in significant differences between treatments but the tuber yields were significantly different in short rains of 1999 and 2000. During short rains 2000, both BWI and tuber yields and unusable tubers differed significantly between treatments. The results confirmed that well- decomposed manures or manures from pathogen-free areas can be used in combination with inorganic fertilisers to improve soil fertility and potato tuber yields in smallholder farms without influencing BWI. Use of certified seed tubers in pathogen free field and following recommended field sanitation measures resulted in apparently bacterial wilt free crop. Considering the high cost of inorganic fertiliser and its negative effects on the environment, reduced usage at half the recommended rates combined with half rates of FYM is feasible option friendly to the farmer, soil and environment. The interviewed farmers also ranked the option as the most appropriate combination for soil fertility improvement for potato production in smallholder farms.
基金funded by Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (SAJC201313 and SAJC201605)External Cooperation Program of CAS (153211KYSB20160001)National Science and Technology Major Project (2018ZX0101004)
文摘We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels(82.37%, 95%confidence interval(CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive(74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19)than male camels(P \ 0.001)(53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERSCoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of orf4 b in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.
文摘The aim of this study was to identify Aspergillus species isolated from maize kernels and soils of maize fields of Nandi County using macro and micro morphological characteristics. A cross sectional research design was used in the study and purposive sampling was employed to determine districts of Nandi County and sub locations where sampling was done. This study was part of a larger project whose aim was to survey aflatoxin exposure in the maize value chain. Aspergillus species were isolated from maize and soil samples using quarter strength potato dextrose agar and modified Rose Bengal agar respectively. Pure cultures of the isolates were sub cultured and transferred onto differential media;malt extract agar, czapek yeast extract agar and czapek dox agar for species identification using macro morphological characteristics. Fungal slides were prepared from pure cultures on potato dextrose agar media after three days to identify micro morphological characteristics. Based on morphological characteristics, seven sections of Aspergillus namely: Flavi, Fumigati, Nigri, Circumdati, Clavati, Nidulantes and Candidi were identified. Aspergillus section Flavi was the most predominant with 57% followed by section Nigri with 27% from maize and 58% of section Flavi followed by 26% of section Nigri from the soil across the three locations. Aspergillus sections Nidulantes and Candidi were rare and only recovered from the soil samples of Kaptumo location. All the Aspergillius flavus that formed sclerotia both from the soils or maize kernels were of the L strains. In conclusion Aspergillus section Flavi was most frequent during the isolation process and dominated with Aspergillus flavus from both the maize and soil. Morphological characteristics remain the primary tool for detection and identification of Aspergillus species. The significance for high incidence of Aspergillus section Flavi is in regard to their aflatoxin production profiles that poses a health threat to the community and it is of public health concern. Morphological characteristics as a primary tool for Aspergillus identification should be embraced and more personnel with the knowledge are required since modern and faster techniques are scarce and expensive.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>Recent trends show that in the coming decades, Kenya’s natural resources will continue to face significant pressure due to both anthropogenic and natural stressors, and this will have greater negative impacts on socio-economic development including food security and livelihoods. Understanding the impacts of these stressors is an important step to developing coping and adaptation strategies at every level. The Water Towers of Kenya play a critical role in supplying ecosystems services such as water supply, timber and non-timber forest products and regulating services such as climate and water quantity and quality. To assess the vulnerability of the Water Towers to climate change, the study adopted the IPCC AR4 framework that defines vulnerability as a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The historical trends in rainfall indicate that the three Water Towers show a declining rainfall trend during the March-April-May (MAM) main rainy season, while the October-November-December (OND) short rainy season shows an increase. The temperature patterns are consistent with the domain having a common rising trend with a rate in the range of 0.3<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 0.5<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C per decade. Projection analysis considered three emissions scenarios: low-emission (mitigation) scenario (RCP2.6), a medium-level emission scenario (RCP4.5), and a high-emission (business as usual) scenario (RCP8.5). The results of the high-emission scenario show that the annual temperature over the Water Towers could rise by 3.0<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 3.5<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C by the 2050s (2036-2065) and 3.6<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C to 4.8<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C by the 2070s (2055-2085 results not presented), relative to the baseline period 1970-2000. The findings indicate that exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity vary in magnitude, as well as spatially across the Water Towers. This is reflected in the spatially variable vulnerability index across the Water Towers. Overall vulnerability will increase in the water towers leading to erosion of the resilience of the exposed ecosystems and the communities that rely on ecosystem services these landscapes provide. </div>
基金funded by the Kenya Government through the National Research Fund
文摘Groundwater yield in the Kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability.In this study,field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geoelectric approaches.The relations between electrical-hydraulic(eh)conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically.Correlations were based on the stochastic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters.By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval,the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level.Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in Kenya rift.VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win.The main result is that ln T=0.537(ln Fa)+3.695;the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through pore-surface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials.An inverse(1/F-K)correlation is observed.Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contribute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.
文摘Remote sensing investigations combined with Geographical investigation systems (GIS) provide a rapid and cost-effective method for prospecting hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Most geothermal systems in Kenya are found in remote areas where accessibility is difficult. This study was carried out on Paka volcano which is located in the Kenyan rift valley. The aim of the study was to use remote sensing and GIS to investigate hydrothermal minerals and structures associated with geothermal activities. The study involves use of Landsat TM image classification using ENVI 5.1 and ArcGIS. Lineament extraction was done using PCI geomatics 2015 while Rose diagrams were generated using Rockworks 16. The research has shown that lithological, hydrothermal mineralization and structural maps can be generated form Landsat TM images using remote sensing and GIS. It has been shown that faults trend in the Northeast, North and Northwest direction. Hydrothermal minerals that are rich in iron and clays occur on Paka volcano mountain and its neighbouring areas.
