Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years.At the same time,3D information is becoming increasingly important in many applications.Still it is not straightforward to apply the solutions that work on pr...Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years.At the same time,3D information is becoming increasingly important in many applications.Still it is not straightforward to apply the solutions that work on prototypes,small areas or for specific projects to 3D modeling of a whole nation.In the Netherlands,two initiatives are ongoing to address the issues of nation-wide 3D modeling.First,the initiative that aims at establishing and implementing a national 3D standard for large-scale topography with support of all stakeholders.Collecting and maintaining the large-scale data are the responsibility of local governments(mainly municipalities).The second initiative is led by the Kadaster(the organization responsible for topographic mapping in the Netherlands)and aims at automatically generating a 3D version of the 1:10 k object-oriented data-set based on a smart combination of the two-dimensional data with high-resolution laser data.Both initiatives are presented in this paper including results,open issues,and future plans.展开更多
National spatial data infrastructures are key to achieving the Digital Earth vision.In many cases,national datasets are integrated from local datasets created and maintained by municipalities.Examples are address,buil...National spatial data infrastructures are key to achieving the Digital Earth vision.In many cases,national datasets are integrated from local datasets created and maintained by municipalities.Examples are address,building and topographic information.Integration of local datasets may result in a dataset satisfying the needs of users of national datasets,but is it productive for those who create and maintain the data?This article presents a stakeholder analysis of the Basisregistratie Adressen en Gebouwen(BAG),a collection of base information about addresses and buildings in the Netherlands.The information is captured and maintained by municipalities and integrated into a national base register by Kadaster,the Cadastre,Land Registry and Mapping Agency of the Netherlands.The stakeholder analysis identifies organisations involved in the BAG governance framework,describes their interests,rights,ownerships and responsibilities in the BAG,and maps the relationships between them.Analysis results indicate that Kadaster and the municipalities have the highest relative importance in the governance framework of the BAG.The study reveals challenges of setting up a governance framework that maintains the delicate balance between the interests of all stakeholders.The results provide guidance for SDI role players setting up governance frameworks for national or global datasets.展开更多
National mapping agencies are responsible for creating and maintaining country wide geospatial datasets that are highly accurate and homogenous.The Netherlands’Cadastre,Land Registry and Mapping Agency,in short,the K...National mapping agencies are responsible for creating and maintaining country wide geospatial datasets that are highly accurate and homogenous.The Netherlands’Cadastre,Land Registry and Mapping Agency,in short,the Kadaster,has created a database of information related to solar installations,using GeoAI.Deep Learning techniques were employed to detect small and medium-scale solar installations on buildings from very highresolution aerial images for the whole of the Netherlands.The impact of data pre-processing and postprocessing are addressed and evaluated.The process was automatized to deal with enormous data and the method was scaled-up nation-wide with the help of cloud solutions.In order to make this information visible,consistent and usable,we built-upon the existing TernausNet;a convolution neural network(CNN)architecture.Model metrics were evaluated after post-processing.The algorithm when used in combination with automated or custom post-processing improves the results.The precision and recall rates of the model for 3 different regions were evaluated and are on average about 0.93 and 0.92 respectively after implementation of post-processing.Use of custom post-processing improves the results by removing the false positives by at least 50%.The final results were compared with the existing national PV register.Overall,the results are not only useful for policy makers to assist them to take the necessary steps in achieving the energy transition goals but also serves as a register for infrastructure planning.展开更多
基金This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW,which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(NWO),and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs(project code:11300).
文摘Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years.At the same time,3D information is becoming increasingly important in many applications.Still it is not straightforward to apply the solutions that work on prototypes,small areas or for specific projects to 3D modeling of a whole nation.In the Netherlands,two initiatives are ongoing to address the issues of nation-wide 3D modeling.First,the initiative that aims at establishing and implementing a national 3D standard for large-scale topography with support of all stakeholders.Collecting and maintaining the large-scale data are the responsibility of local governments(mainly municipalities).The second initiative is led by the Kadaster(the organization responsible for topographic mapping in the Netherlands)and aims at automatically generating a 3D version of the 1:10 k object-oriented data-set based on a smart combination of the two-dimensional data with high-resolution laser data.Both initiatives are presented in this paper including results,open issues,and future plans.
基金Jantien Stoter is funded by the H2020 European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme[grant agreement No 677312 UMnD].
文摘National spatial data infrastructures are key to achieving the Digital Earth vision.In many cases,national datasets are integrated from local datasets created and maintained by municipalities.Examples are address,building and topographic information.Integration of local datasets may result in a dataset satisfying the needs of users of national datasets,but is it productive for those who create and maintain the data?This article presents a stakeholder analysis of the Basisregistratie Adressen en Gebouwen(BAG),a collection of base information about addresses and buildings in the Netherlands.The information is captured and maintained by municipalities and integrated into a national base register by Kadaster,the Cadastre,Land Registry and Mapping Agency of the Netherlands.The stakeholder analysis identifies organisations involved in the BAG governance framework,describes their interests,rights,ownerships and responsibilities in the BAG,and maps the relationships between them.Analysis results indicate that Kadaster and the municipalities have the highest relative importance in the governance framework of the BAG.The study reveals challenges of setting up a governance framework that maintains the delicate balance between the interests of all stakeholders.The results provide guidance for SDI role players setting up governance frameworks for national or global datasets.
文摘National mapping agencies are responsible for creating and maintaining country wide geospatial datasets that are highly accurate and homogenous.The Netherlands’Cadastre,Land Registry and Mapping Agency,in short,the Kadaster,has created a database of information related to solar installations,using GeoAI.Deep Learning techniques were employed to detect small and medium-scale solar installations on buildings from very highresolution aerial images for the whole of the Netherlands.The impact of data pre-processing and postprocessing are addressed and evaluated.The process was automatized to deal with enormous data and the method was scaled-up nation-wide with the help of cloud solutions.In order to make this information visible,consistent and usable,we built-upon the existing TernausNet;a convolution neural network(CNN)architecture.Model metrics were evaluated after post-processing.The algorithm when used in combination with automated or custom post-processing improves the results.The precision and recall rates of the model for 3 different regions were evaluated and are on average about 0.93 and 0.92 respectively after implementation of post-processing.Use of custom post-processing improves the results by removing the false positives by at least 50%.The final results were compared with the existing national PV register.Overall,the results are not only useful for policy makers to assist them to take the necessary steps in achieving the energy transition goals but also serves as a register for infrastructure planning.
