The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on w...The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.展开更多
BACKGROUND Major postoperative complications have proved to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for long-term survival in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery(CRS)with or without hyperthermic intraperiton...BACKGROUND Major postoperative complications have proved to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for long-term survival in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery(CRS)with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC).C-reactive protein(CRP)is an inflammatory marker that is reportedly a useful tool for the early prediction of postoperative complications,as is the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR).In patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis,postoperative CRP levels on days 2 to 4 are predictors of early complications after CRS plus HIPEC.AIM To determine the usefulness of CRP and NLR for the early detection of overall postoperative infections(OPIs)after CRS+/-HIPEC.METHODS Patients treated on a peritoneal carcinomatosis program at a tertiary care hospital,in whom complete or optimal cytoreduction was achieved,were analyzed retrospectively.A total of 111 patients were included in this study.CRP and NRL evaluated.RESULTS Of the 111 patients included,19 presented OPI and 8 intra-abdominal infections.Patients with infections had a higher number of digestive anastomoses than those without(1 vs 0.5,P=0.053 and 1.2 vs 0.6,P=0.049)and longer length of stay(19 vs 14.9 days,P=0.022 and 22.3 vs 15.1 days,P=0.006).CRP values above 118 mg/L on POD3 yielded a sensitivity of 66.7%and a specificity of 74.2%to detect OPI.No differences in NLR values were observed.Patients with immunonutrition intake had higher CRP levels regardless of whether they presented OPI.Subsequently,on POD3 and POD4,patients with OPI presented with higher levels of CRP than patients without infection,regardless of the immunonutrition intake.CONCLUSION CRP levels are useful to detect early OPI in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis undergoing CRS.A cut-off value of 118 mg/L on POD3 yields the best sensitivity and specificity.展开更多
Background:Robinia pseudoacacia is a widely planted pioneer tree species in reforestations on barren mountains in northern China.Because of its nitrogen-fixing ability,it can play a positive role in soil and forest re...Background:Robinia pseudoacacia is a widely planted pioneer tree species in reforestations on barren mountains in northern China.Because of its nitrogen-fixing ability,it can play a positive role in soil and forest restoration.After clearcutting of planted stands,R.pseudoacacia stands become coppice plantations.The impacts of shifting from seedling to coppice stands on soil bacterial community and soil properties have not been wel described.This study aims to quantify how soil properties and bacterial community composition vary between planted seedling versus coppice stands.Methods:Nine 20 m×20 m plots were randomly selected in seedling and coppice stands.The bulk soil and rhizosphere soil were sampled in summer 2017.Bulk soil was sampled at 10 cm from the soil surface using a soil auger.Rhizosphere soil samples were col ected using a brush.The soil samples were transported to the laboratory for chemical analysis,and bacterial community composition and diversity was obtained through DNA extraction,16 S r RNA gene amplification and high-throughput sequencing.Results:The results showed that,compared to seedling plantations,soil quality decreased significantly in coppice stands,but without affecting soil exchangeable Mg^(2+) and K^(+).Total carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)were lower in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil,whereas nutrient availability showed an opposite trend.The conversion from seedling to coppice plantations was also related to significant differences in soil bacterial community structure and to the reduction of soil bacterialα-diversity.Principal component analysis(PCA)showed that bacterial community composition was similar in both bulk and rhizosphere soils in second-generation coppice plantations.Special y,the conversion from seedling to coppice stands increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Rhizobium,but reduced that of Actinobacteria,which may result in a decline of soil nutrient availability.Mantel tests revealed that C,N,soil organic matter(SOM),nitrate nitrogen(NO^(-)+(3)-N)and available phosphorus positively correlated with bacterial community composition,while a variation partition analysis(VPA)showed that NO^(-)+(3)-N explained a relatively greater proportion of bacterial distribution(15.12%),compared with C and SOM.Surprisingly,N showed no relationship with bacterial community composition,which may be related to nitrogen transportation.Conclusions:The conversion from seedling to coppice stands reduced soil quality and led to spatial-temporal homogenization of the soil bacterial community structure in both the rhizosphere and bulk soils.Such imbalance in microbial structure can accelerate the decline of R.pseudoacacia.This may affect the role of R.pseudoacacia coppice stands in soil and forest restoration of barren lands in mountain areas.展开更多
Diclofop-methyl（DM）,a widely used herbicide in food crops,may partly contaminate the soil surface of natural ecosystems in agricultural area and exert toxic effects at low dose to nontarget plants.Even though rhizos...Diclofop-methyl（DM）,a widely used herbicide in food crops,may partly contaminate the soil surface of natural ecosystems in agricultural area and exert toxic effects at low dose to nontarget plants.Even though rhizosphere microorganisms strongly interact with root cells,little is known regarding their potential modulating effect on herbicide toxicity in plants.Here we exposed rice seedlings（Xiushui 63） to 100 μg/L DM for 2 to 8 days and studied the effects of DM on rice rhizosphere microorganisms,rice systemic acquired resistance（SAR） and rice-microorganisms interactions.The results of metagenomic 16 S rDNA Illumina tags show that DM increases bacterial biomass and affects their community structure in the rice rhizosphere.After DM treatment,the relative abundance of the bacterium genera Massilia and Anderseniella increased the most relative to the control.In parallel,malate and oxalate exudation by rice roots increased,potentially acting as a carbon source for several rhizosphere bacteria.Transcriptomic analyses suggest that DM induced SAR in rice seedlings through the salicylic acid（but not the jasmonic acid） signal pathway.This response to DM stress conferred resistance to infection by a pathogenic bacterium,but was not influenced by the presence of bacteria in the rhizosphere since SAR transcripts did not change significantly in xenic and axenic plant roots exposed to DM.The present study provides new insights on the response of rice and its associated microorganisms to DM stress.展开更多
Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerni...Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.展开更多
Rare earth elements (REEs) are beneficial in developing modern technologies, especially electronics. Their extractions from natural deposits and their recycling require chemical processes that should be monitored rega...Rare earth elements (REEs) are beneficial in developing modern technologies, especially electronics. Their extractions from natural deposits and their recycling require chemical processes that should be monitored regarding efficiency and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this study is to develop impedimetric sensors for the sensitive detection of the rare earth elements La and Ce by modifying a platinum electrode with four isosorbide-based oligo (ether sulfone)s. These oligomers, functionalized with different end groups (hydroxyl, fluor, amine, maleimide), were obtained with satisfactory yields, starting from isosorbide and bis (4-fuorophenyl) sulphone monomers. The resulting oligomers were characterized by NMR, DSC, and ATG analysis. The dihydroxy-oligo (ether sulfone) modified sensor showed the highest analytical performance compared to the other oligomers. The detection limit is 10−9 M for La and 3 × 10−9 M for Ce which is lower than that of most of the published electrochemical sensors.展开更多
Trace element-contaminated soils(TECSs) are one of the consequences of the past industrial development worldwide. Excessive exposure to trace elements(TEs) represents a permanent threat to ecosystems and humans worldw...Trace element-contaminated soils(TECSs) are one of the consequences of the past industrial development worldwide. Excessive exposure to trace elements(TEs) represents a permanent threat to ecosystems and humans worldwide owing to the capacity of metal(loid)s to cross the cell membranes of living organisms and of human epithelia, and their interference with cell metabolism.Quantification of TE bioavailability in soils is complicated due to the polyphasic and reactive nature of soil constituents. To unravel critical factors controlling soil TE bioavailability and to quantify the ecological toxicity of TECSs, TEs are pivotal for evaluating excessive exposure or deficiencies and controlling the ecological risks. While current knowledge on TE bioavailability and related cumulative consequences is growing, the lack of an integrated use of this concept still hinders its utilization for a more holistic view of ecosystem vulnerability and risks for human health. Bioavailability is not generally included in models for decision making in the appraisal of TECS remediation options. In this review we describe the methods for determining the TE bioavailability and technological developments, gaps in current knowledge, and research needed to better understand how TE bioavailability can be controlled by sustainable TECS management altering key chemical properties, which would allow policy decisions for environmental protection and risk management.展开更多
Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired managem...Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired management itinerary to a forest depends on a variety of factors,including the forest type,its ecological characteristics,and the social and economic needs of local communities.A strategic assessment of the forest use suitability(FUS)(namely productive,protective,conservation-oriented,social and multi-functional)at regional level,based on the provision of forest ecosystem services and trade-offs between FUS alternatives,can be used to develop management strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the forest.The present study assesses the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and employs a decision model to identify the FUS that sup-ports the most present and productive ecosystem services in each stand in Catalonia.For this purpose,we apply the latest version of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support(EMDS)system,a spatially oriented decision support system that provides accurate results for multi-criteria management.We evaluate 32 metrics and 12 as-sociated ecosystem services indicators to represent the spatial reality of the region.According to the results,the dominant primary use suitability is social,followed by protective and productive.Nevertheless,final assignment of uses is not straightforward and requires an exhaustive analysis of trade-offs between all alternative options,in many cases identifying flexible outcomes,and increasing the representativeness of multi-functional use.The assignment of forest use suitability aims to significantly improve the definition of the most adequate management strategy to be applied.展开更多
Background:The prediction of biogeographical patterns from a large number of driving factors with complex interactions,correlations and non-linear dependences require advanced analytical methods and modeling tools.Thi...Background:The prediction of biogeographical patterns from a large number of driving factors with complex interactions,correlations and non-linear dependences require advanced analytical methods and modeling tools.This study compares different statistical and machine learning-based models for predicting fungal productivity biogeographical patterns as a case study for the thorough assessment of the performance of alternative modeling approaches to provide accurate and ecologically-consistent predictions.Methods:We evaluated and compared the performance of two statistical modeling techniques,namely,generalized linear mixed models and geographically weighted regression,and four techniques based on different machine learning algorithms,namely,random forest,extreme gradient boosting,support vector machine and artificial neural network to predict fungal productivity.Model evaluation was conducted using a systematic methodology combining random,spatial and environmental blocking together with the assessment of the ecological consistency of spatially-explicit model predictions according to scientific knowledge.Results:Fungal productivity predictions were sensitive to the modeling approach and the number of predictors used.Moreover,the importance assigned to different predictors varied between machine learning modeling approaches.Decision tree-based models increased prediction accuracy by more than 10%compared to other machine learning approaches,and by more than 20%compared to statistical models,and resulted in higher ecological consistence of the predicted biogeographical patterns of fungal productivity.Conclusions:Decision tree-based models were the best approach for prediction both in sampling-like environments as well as in extrapolation beyond the spatial and climatic range of the modeling data.In this study,we show that proper variable selection is crucial to create robust models for extrapolation in biophysically differentiated areas.This allows for reducing the dimensions of the ecosystem space described by the predictors of the models,resulting in higher similarity between the modeling data and the environmental conditions over the whole study area.When dealing with spatial-temporal data in the analysis of biogeographical patterns,environmental blocking is postulated as a highly informative technique to be used in cross-validation to assess the prediction error over larger scales.展开更多
Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（E...Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（EU）energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter（PM（2.5））resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels（chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt）,in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed（BFB）combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM（2.5）emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher（0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM（2.5）/kg,dry gases）.The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM（2.5）emissions（55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned）.Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate（CO3^（2-））accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter（71% to 86% of the PM（2.5）mass）.Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM（2.5）emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.展开更多
Deep body temperature of 57 male Wistar rats was measured in response to systemic (i.v. or i.p.) injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Animals were preliminarily (4 weeks before the experiment) treat...Deep body temperature of 57 male Wistar rats was measured in response to systemic (i.v. or i.p.) injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Animals were preliminarily (4 weeks before the experiment) treated with microinjections of the toxic dose of glutamate receptors agonists or vehicle into solitary tract nucleus or caudal part of ventrolateral medulla. Microinjections of the glutamate receptors agonists provoked a local destruction of brain tissue, which was accompanied by the significant transformation (amplification or attenuation) of temperature response to the systemic injection of 3 μg/kg E. coli LPS. Animals treated with vehicle did not demonstrate significant changes in their response to LPS. Obtained data testify that impairment of central nervous structure involved in the regulation and maintenance of deep body temperature is accompanied by atypical development of E. coli LPS-induced fever.展开更多
We present an update in our earlier report on the Medial Rotation Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) when a cohort of 228 TKAs in 189 patients (78 M;111 F) with a mean age of 67.9 years (28 - 90) was reported at a mean fol...We present an update in our earlier report on the Medial Rotation Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) when a cohort of 228 TKAs in 189 patients (78 M;111 F) with a mean age of 67.9 years (28 - 90) was reported at a mean follow-up of six years (1 - 13). At that time, the ten-year survivorship for revision for any reason was 94.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 85.1 - 100), but only 21 knees were at risk at that tenth year. The 10th annual report of the National Joint Registry (NJR) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland reported a deterioration in survivorship of the Medial Rotation TKA beyond the seventh year of follow-up. This implant previously had enjoyed the lowest rate of revision for any reported brand of prosthesis. As a result, we undertook a comprehensive audit of our original cohort at a mean follow-up of 8.5 years (0 - 19). With revision for aseptic loosening, and revision for any reason as the endpoints, with 125 prostheses at risk at ten years, the ten-year survivorship was 96.7% (95% CI: 93.3 - 100) and 92.3% (95% CI: 87.7 - 93.7) respectively. We have confirmed a decline in survivorship at ten years compared to our initial report. We believe that our results probably provide a more accurate picture of the longevity of the implant than figures available from the NJR, as they are based on detailed contemporary enquiries into each patient’s circumstances. Only ten knees in seven patients were lost to follow-up in our review.展开更多
Background: Neural tube defects have a considerable importance because they can be prevented by supplementing Folic acid & Vitamin B12 during periconceptional period and fortification of staple foods. In Morocco, ...Background: Neural tube defects have a considerable importance because they can be prevented by supplementing Folic acid & Vitamin B12 during periconceptional period and fortification of staple foods. In Morocco, the Ministry of Health launched a national program for fortification of flour with folic acid. Our goal should be to evaluate the prevalence of neural tube defects after fortification. Description: This is a retrospective descriptive at the National Reference Centre for Nutrition and Neonatology of the Children’s Hospital of Rabat over 4 years. Data were identified from the registry of congenital malformations held at the perinatology unit. Results: During the 4 years, 674 congenital malformations were identified. The neural tube defects NTDs account for 11.9%. Their annual prevalence decreased significantly from 21.78 in 2008 to 12.1 per 10,000 total births in 2011. The most common form was anencephaly (60%). Neural tube defects were isolated in 85% of cases and associated with other malformations in 15% of cases. 49.4% of infants with neural tube defects were female and 50.6% were male. Perinatal mortality in newborns with neural tube defects was 63.8% versus 25.2% in malformed newborns without neural tube defects. Conclusions: The neural tube defects seem to be common in our context. Permanent epidemiological surveillance is needed to determine the true prevalence at the national as well as its temporal trends level.展开更多
Neonatal anthropometric data is an important reflection of the growth and fetal development. Objective: Knowing the anthropometric standards of Moroccan newborns according to sex, gestational age, parity, age and corp...Neonatal anthropometric data is an important reflection of the growth and fetal development. Objective: Knowing the anthropometric standards of Moroccan newborns according to sex, gestational age, parity, age and corpulence of women. Materials and Methods: Prospective and cross-sectional study. The information forward newborns alive, healthy, Moroccan parents, from normal pregnancies, born in Rabat Souissi’s maternity between January 2008 and December 2013, was gathered. Results: 5000 births were recruited. The ratio was balanced. Anthropometric standards identified according to gestational age and gender were lower than the Frenchs (AUDIPOG) and Tunisians. With our curves, we determined new thresholds for SGA and macrosomia. Factors influencing fetal growth, it was verified, in addition to sex and gestational age of the newborn, age, parity and maternal body mass index (BMI), that have proven determinants of fetal growth in our context. Conclusion: The curves of birth weight, height and head circumference of Moroccan newborns recruited have determined a new thresholds for hypotrophy and macrosomia.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century.In recent years,its connection with environmental pollutants,such as bisphenol A(BPA),has been demonstrated;consequen...BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century.In recent years,its connection with environmental pollutants,such as bisphenol A(BPA),has been demonstrated;consequently,new structurally similar molecules are used to replace BPA in the plastics industry(BPS,BPF and BPAF).AIM To carry out a systematic review to allow coherent evaluation of the state of the art.Subsequently,a meta-analysis was performed to unify the existing quantitative data.METHODS Firstly,a systematic review was carried out,using the terms“(bisphenol)AND(Diabetes OR Hyperglycemia)”,to maximize the number of results.Subsequently,three authors analyzed the set of articles.Finally,a meta-analysis was performed for each BP,using RevMan software.In addition,funnel plots were developed to study publication bias.RESULTS The systematic analysis of the literature revealed 13 recent articles(2017–2023)related to the study paradigm.The qualitative analysis showed interesting data linking diabetes to the three most widely used substitute BPs in the industry:BPS,BPF and BPAF.Finally,the meta-analysis determined a positive relationship with BPS,BPF and BPAF,which was only statistically significant with BPS.CONCLUSION There is a need to apply the precautionary principle,regulating the use of new BPs.Therefore,replacing BPA with BPS,BPF or BPAF is unlikely to protect the population from potential health risks,such as DM.展开更多
Within a LIFE＋ project IPNOA （improved flux prototype for n2o emission from agriculture）, LIFE11 ENV/IT/302 is a mobile prototype was developed to evaluate at field scale N20 emissions using a fast chamber techniqu...Within a LIFE＋ project IPNOA （improved flux prototype for n2o emission from agriculture）, LIFE11 ENV/IT/302 is a mobile prototype was developed to evaluate at field scale N20 emissions using a fast chamber technique. Main challenge was to develop a mobile system capable of moving on various field surfaces, equipped with very reliable N20 gas analyser （Los Gatos Research Inc.）, electrically autonomous （with batteries） and enough robust to face up to field conditions. In this paper, we report the major features of this prototype studied during two field campaigns. The N20 flux IPNOA prototype was compared with other methodological implementations： first, during an INGOS （integrated non-CO2 greenhouse gas observing systems） campaign on a grazed grassland at Easter Bush （Scotland） by Eddy correlation method, and then after on an arable crop at Grignon （France） using automatic and manual chambers fitted with QC-TILDAS （Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer, Aerodyne Research Inc.）, with the 46C model of thermo-instrument analyser or with a GC （gas chromatography） analysis.展开更多
West Nile virus(WNV)is one of the most threatening mosquito-borne pathogens in Italy where hundreds of human cases were recorded during the last decade.Here,we estimated the WNV incidence in the avian population in th...West Nile virus(WNV)is one of the most threatening mosquito-borne pathogens in Italy where hundreds of human cases were recorded during the last decade.Here,we estimated the WNV incidence in the avian population in the Emilia-Romagna region through a modelling framework which enabled us to eventually assess the fraction of birds that present anti-WNV antibodies at the end of each epidemiological season.We fitted an SIR model to ornithological data,consisting of 18,989 specimens belonging to Corvidae species collected between 2013 and 2022:every year from May to November birds are captured or shot and tested for WNV genome presence.We found that the incidence peaks between mid-July and late August,infected corvids seem on average 17%more likely to be captured with respect to susceptible ones and seroprevalence was estimated to be larger than other years at the end of 2018,consistent with the anomalous number of recorded human infections.Thanks to our modelling study we quantified WNV infection dynamics in the corvid community,which is still poorly investigated despite its importance for the virus circulation.To the best of our knowledge,this is among the first studies providing quantitative information on infection and immunity in the bird population,yielding new important insights on WNV transmission dynamics.展开更多
Quantifying tree resources is essential for effectively implementing climate adaptation strategies and supporting local communities.In the Sahel,where tree presence is scattered,measuring carbon becomes challenging.We...Quantifying tree resources is essential for effectively implementing climate adaptation strategies and supporting local communities.In the Sahel,where tree presence is scattered,measuring carbon becomes challenging.We present an approach to estimating aboveground carbon(AGC)at the individual tree level using a combination of very high-resolution imagery,field-collected data,and machine learning algorithms.We populated an AGC database from in situ measurements using allometric equations and carbon conversion factors.We extracted satellite spectral information and tree crown area upon segmenting each tree crown.We then trained and validated an artificial neural network to predict AGC from these variables.The validation at the tree level resulted in an R^(2)of 0.66,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 373.85 kg,a relative RMSE of 78.6%,and an overestimation bias of 47 kg.When aggregating results at coarser spatial resolutions,the relative RMSE decreased for all areas,with the median value at the plot level being under 30%in all cases.Within our areas of study,we obtained a total of 3,900 Mg,with an average carbon content per tree of 330 kg.A benchmarking analysis against published carbon maps showed that 9 out of 10 underestimate AGC stocks,in comparison to our results,in the areas of study.An additional comparison against a method using only crown area to determine AGC showed an improved performance,including spectral signature.This study improves crown-based biomass estimations for areas where unmanned aerial vehicle or height data are not available and validates at the individual tree level using solely satellite imagery.展开更多
Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveola...Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis （AE） have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis （＂hydatid disease＂） and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the ＂dualists＂, who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the ＂unicists＂, who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the ＂dualist＂ theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus （E.） multilocularis species, and that AE-Iooking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The important role of the rodent/lagomorph reservoir size for the maintenance of the parasite cycle has been recognized within the last 2 decades of the 20th century. And the discovery of a close relationship between high densities of small mammals and particularities in land use by agriculture/forestry has stressed the responsibility of political/economic decisions on the contamination pressure. Urbanization of foxes in Europe and Japan and the major role of dogs in China represent the new deals at the beginning of the 21 st century regarding definitive hosts and prevention measures.展开更多
文摘The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.
文摘BACKGROUND Major postoperative complications have proved to be an independent adverse prognostic factor for long-term survival in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery(CRS)with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC).C-reactive protein(CRP)is an inflammatory marker that is reportedly a useful tool for the early prediction of postoperative complications,as is the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR).In patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis,postoperative CRP levels on days 2 to 4 are predictors of early complications after CRS plus HIPEC.AIM To determine the usefulness of CRP and NLR for the early detection of overall postoperative infections(OPIs)after CRS+/-HIPEC.METHODS Patients treated on a peritoneal carcinomatosis program at a tertiary care hospital,in whom complete or optimal cytoreduction was achieved,were analyzed retrospectively.A total of 111 patients were included in this study.CRP and NRL evaluated.RESULTS Of the 111 patients included,19 presented OPI and 8 intra-abdominal infections.Patients with infections had a higher number of digestive anastomoses than those without(1 vs 0.5,P=0.053 and 1.2 vs 0.6,P=0.049)and longer length of stay(19 vs 14.9 days,P=0.022 and 22.3 vs 15.1 days,P=0.006).CRP values above 118 mg/L on POD3 yielded a sensitivity of 66.7%and a specificity of 74.2%to detect OPI.No differences in NLR values were observed.Patients with immunonutrition intake had higher CRP levels regardless of whether they presented OPI.Subsequently,on POD3 and POD4,patients with OPI presented with higher levels of CRP than patients without infection,regardless of the immunonutrition intake.CONCLUSION CRP levels are useful to detect early OPI in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis undergoing CRS.A cut-off value of 118 mg/L on POD3 yields the best sensitivity and specificity.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Forestry Scientific Research in the Public Interest No.201504406the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31570705,31500362,31700553)+4 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(No.ZR2016CP01)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program(No.J16LF09)China Scholarship Council(No.201809135006)The contribution of S.de-Miguel was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity(MINECO)(Grant No.RTI2018–099315-A-I00)by a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Generalitat of Catalonia。
文摘Background:Robinia pseudoacacia is a widely planted pioneer tree species in reforestations on barren mountains in northern China.Because of its nitrogen-fixing ability,it can play a positive role in soil and forest restoration.After clearcutting of planted stands,R.pseudoacacia stands become coppice plantations.The impacts of shifting from seedling to coppice stands on soil bacterial community and soil properties have not been wel described.This study aims to quantify how soil properties and bacterial community composition vary between planted seedling versus coppice stands.Methods:Nine 20 m×20 m plots were randomly selected in seedling and coppice stands.The bulk soil and rhizosphere soil were sampled in summer 2017.Bulk soil was sampled at 10 cm from the soil surface using a soil auger.Rhizosphere soil samples were col ected using a brush.The soil samples were transported to the laboratory for chemical analysis,and bacterial community composition and diversity was obtained through DNA extraction,16 S r RNA gene amplification and high-throughput sequencing.Results:The results showed that,compared to seedling plantations,soil quality decreased significantly in coppice stands,but without affecting soil exchangeable Mg^(2+) and K^(+).Total carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)were lower in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil,whereas nutrient availability showed an opposite trend.The conversion from seedling to coppice plantations was also related to significant differences in soil bacterial community structure and to the reduction of soil bacterialα-diversity.Principal component analysis(PCA)showed that bacterial community composition was similar in both bulk and rhizosphere soils in second-generation coppice plantations.Special y,the conversion from seedling to coppice stands increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Rhizobium,but reduced that of Actinobacteria,which may result in a decline of soil nutrient availability.Mantel tests revealed that C,N,soil organic matter(SOM),nitrate nitrogen(NO^(-)+(3)-N)and available phosphorus positively correlated with bacterial community composition,while a variation partition analysis(VPA)showed that NO^(-)+(3)-N explained a relatively greater proportion of bacterial distribution(15.12%),compared with C and SOM.Surprisingly,N showed no relationship with bacterial community composition,which may be related to nitrogen transportation.Conclusions:The conversion from seedling to coppice stands reduced soil quality and led to spatial-temporal homogenization of the soil bacterial community structure in both the rhizosphere and bulk soils.Such imbalance in microbial structure can accelerate the decline of R.pseudoacacia.This may affect the role of R.pseudoacacia coppice stands in soil and forest restoration of barren lands in mountain areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21277125,21577128)Xinmiao Talent Scheme(No.2016R403069)Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT13096)
文摘Diclofop-methyl（DM）,a widely used herbicide in food crops,may partly contaminate the soil surface of natural ecosystems in agricultural area and exert toxic effects at low dose to nontarget plants.Even though rhizosphere microorganisms strongly interact with root cells,little is known regarding their potential modulating effect on herbicide toxicity in plants.Here we exposed rice seedlings（Xiushui 63） to 100 μg/L DM for 2 to 8 days and studied the effects of DM on rice rhizosphere microorganisms,rice systemic acquired resistance（SAR） and rice-microorganisms interactions.The results of metagenomic 16 S rDNA Illumina tags show that DM increases bacterial biomass and affects their community structure in the rice rhizosphere.After DM treatment,the relative abundance of the bacterium genera Massilia and Anderseniella increased the most relative to the control.In parallel,malate and oxalate exudation by rice roots increased,potentially acting as a carbon source for several rhizosphere bacteria.Transcriptomic analyses suggest that DM induced SAR in rice seedlings through the salicylic acid（but not the jasmonic acid） signal pathway.This response to DM stress conferred resistance to infection by a pathogenic bacterium,but was not influenced by the presence of bacteria in the rhizosphere since SAR transcripts did not change significantly in xenic and axenic plant roots exposed to DM.The present study provides new insights on the response of rice and its associated microorganisms to DM stress.
基金This publication is based upon work from COST Action CLIMO(CA15226) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)the UMBRACLIM project (PID2019-111781RB-I00)funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation. Teresa Valor was contracted with a grant“Juan de la Cierva-Formaci on”(FJC2018-036673-I). Z.S. received funds from the grant no. APVV-20-0365 and from project TreeAdapt supported by the MPRV SR. Aitor Ameztegui is supported by a Serra-Húnter fellowship by the Generalitat de Catalunya。
文摘Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.
文摘Rare earth elements (REEs) are beneficial in developing modern technologies, especially electronics. Their extractions from natural deposits and their recycling require chemical processes that should be monitored regarding efficiency and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this study is to develop impedimetric sensors for the sensitive detection of the rare earth elements La and Ce by modifying a platinum electrode with four isosorbide-based oligo (ether sulfone)s. These oligomers, functionalized with different end groups (hydroxyl, fluor, amine, maleimide), were obtained with satisfactory yields, starting from isosorbide and bis (4-fuorophenyl) sulphone monomers. The resulting oligomers were characterized by NMR, DSC, and ATG analysis. The dihydroxy-oligo (ether sulfone) modified sensor showed the highest analytical performance compared to the other oligomers. The detection limit is 10−9 M for La and 3 × 10−9 M for Ce which is lower than that of most of the published electrochemical sensors.
基金financially supported by the European Research Area Network (ERA-NET) Sustainable Management of Soil and Groundwater Under the Pressure of Pollution and Contamination (SNOWMAN) Project Sustainable Management of Trace Element Contaminated Soils (SuMaTECS)
文摘Trace element-contaminated soils(TECSs) are one of the consequences of the past industrial development worldwide. Excessive exposure to trace elements(TEs) represents a permanent threat to ecosystems and humans worldwide owing to the capacity of metal(loid)s to cross the cell membranes of living organisms and of human epithelia, and their interference with cell metabolism.Quantification of TE bioavailability in soils is complicated due to the polyphasic and reactive nature of soil constituents. To unravel critical factors controlling soil TE bioavailability and to quantify the ecological toxicity of TECSs, TEs are pivotal for evaluating excessive exposure or deficiencies and controlling the ecological risks. While current knowledge on TE bioavailability and related cumulative consequences is growing, the lack of an integrated use of this concept still hinders its utilization for a more holistic view of ecosystem vulnerability and risks for human health. Bioavailability is not generally included in models for decision making in the appraisal of TECS remediation options. In this review we describe the methods for determining the TE bioavailability and technological developments, gaps in current knowledge, and research needed to better understand how TE bioavailability can be controlled by sustainable TECS management altering key chemical properties, which would allow policy decisions for environmental protection and risk management.
基金the Catalan Government Predoctoral Schol-arship(AGAUR-FSE 2020 FI_B200147)SuFoRun Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange(RISE)Program(Grant No.691149)the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PID2020-120355RB-IOO).
文摘Management of forest lands considering multi-functional approaches is the basis to sustain or enhance the provi-sion of specific benefits,while minimizing negative impacts to the environment.Defining a desired management itinerary to a forest depends on a variety of factors,including the forest type,its ecological characteristics,and the social and economic needs of local communities.A strategic assessment of the forest use suitability(FUS)(namely productive,protective,conservation-oriented,social and multi-functional)at regional level,based on the provision of forest ecosystem services and trade-offs between FUS alternatives,can be used to develop management strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and conditions of the forest.The present study assesses the provision of multiple forest ecosystem services and employs a decision model to identify the FUS that sup-ports the most present and productive ecosystem services in each stand in Catalonia.For this purpose,we apply the latest version of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support(EMDS)system,a spatially oriented decision support system that provides accurate results for multi-criteria management.We evaluate 32 metrics and 12 as-sociated ecosystem services indicators to represent the spatial reality of the region.According to the results,the dominant primary use suitability is social,followed by protective and productive.Nevertheless,final assignment of uses is not straightforward and requires an exhaustive analysis of trade-offs between all alternative options,in many cases identifying flexible outcomes,and increasing the representativeness of multi-functional use.The assignment of forest use suitability aims to significantly improve the definition of the most adequate management strategy to be applied.
基金supported by the Secretariat for Universities and of the Ministry of BusinessKnowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund+2 种基金partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of ScienceInnovation and Universities(Grant No.RTI2018–099315-A-I00)J.A.B.benefitted from a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia。
文摘Background:The prediction of biogeographical patterns from a large number of driving factors with complex interactions,correlations and non-linear dependences require advanced analytical methods and modeling tools.This study compares different statistical and machine learning-based models for predicting fungal productivity biogeographical patterns as a case study for the thorough assessment of the performance of alternative modeling approaches to provide accurate and ecologically-consistent predictions.Methods:We evaluated and compared the performance of two statistical modeling techniques,namely,generalized linear mixed models and geographically weighted regression,and four techniques based on different machine learning algorithms,namely,random forest,extreme gradient boosting,support vector machine and artificial neural network to predict fungal productivity.Model evaluation was conducted using a systematic methodology combining random,spatial and environmental blocking together with the assessment of the ecological consistency of spatially-explicit model predictions according to scientific knowledge.Results:Fungal productivity predictions were sensitive to the modeling approach and the number of predictors used.Moreover,the importance assigned to different predictors varied between machine learning modeling approaches.Decision tree-based models increased prediction accuracy by more than 10%compared to other machine learning approaches,and by more than 20%compared to statistical models,and resulted in higher ecological consistence of the predicted biogeographical patterns of fungal productivity.Conclusions:Decision tree-based models were the best approach for prediction both in sampling-like environments as well as in extrapolation beyond the spatial and climatic range of the modeling data.In this study,we show that proper variable selection is crucial to create robust models for extrapolation in biophysically differentiated areas.This allows for reducing the dimensions of the ecosystem space described by the predictors of the models,resulting in higher similarity between the modeling data and the environmental conditions over the whole study area.When dealing with spatial-temporal data in the analysis of biogeographical patterns,environmental blocking is postulated as a highly informative technique to be used in cross-validation to assess the prediction error over larger scales.
基金supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the projects Biom Ash Tech-Ash impacts during thermo-chemical conversion of biomass(No.PTDC/AAC-AMB/116568/2010-FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-019346) and BIOEMI-Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions(No.PTDC/AMB/65706/2006)European Commission through the project AIRUSE-Testing and development of air quality mitigation measures in Southern Europe(No.LIFE 11 ENV/ES/000584)
文摘Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union（EU）energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter（PM（2.5））resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels（chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt）,in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed（BFB）combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM（2.5）emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher（0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM（2.5）/kg,dry gases）.The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM（2.5）emissions（55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned）.Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate（CO3^（2-））accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter（71% to 86% of the PM（2.5）mass）.Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM（2.5）emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.
文摘Deep body temperature of 57 male Wistar rats was measured in response to systemic (i.v. or i.p.) injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Animals were preliminarily (4 weeks before the experiment) treated with microinjections of the toxic dose of glutamate receptors agonists or vehicle into solitary tract nucleus or caudal part of ventrolateral medulla. Microinjections of the glutamate receptors agonists provoked a local destruction of brain tissue, which was accompanied by the significant transformation (amplification or attenuation) of temperature response to the systemic injection of 3 μg/kg E. coli LPS. Animals treated with vehicle did not demonstrate significant changes in their response to LPS. Obtained data testify that impairment of central nervous structure involved in the regulation and maintenance of deep body temperature is accompanied by atypical development of E. coli LPS-induced fever.
文摘We present an update in our earlier report on the Medial Rotation Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) when a cohort of 228 TKAs in 189 patients (78 M;111 F) with a mean age of 67.9 years (28 - 90) was reported at a mean follow-up of six years (1 - 13). At that time, the ten-year survivorship for revision for any reason was 94.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 85.1 - 100), but only 21 knees were at risk at that tenth year. The 10th annual report of the National Joint Registry (NJR) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland reported a deterioration in survivorship of the Medial Rotation TKA beyond the seventh year of follow-up. This implant previously had enjoyed the lowest rate of revision for any reported brand of prosthesis. As a result, we undertook a comprehensive audit of our original cohort at a mean follow-up of 8.5 years (0 - 19). With revision for aseptic loosening, and revision for any reason as the endpoints, with 125 prostheses at risk at ten years, the ten-year survivorship was 96.7% (95% CI: 93.3 - 100) and 92.3% (95% CI: 87.7 - 93.7) respectively. We have confirmed a decline in survivorship at ten years compared to our initial report. We believe that our results probably provide a more accurate picture of the longevity of the implant than figures available from the NJR, as they are based on detailed contemporary enquiries into each patient’s circumstances. Only ten knees in seven patients were lost to follow-up in our review.
文摘Background: Neural tube defects have a considerable importance because they can be prevented by supplementing Folic acid & Vitamin B12 during periconceptional period and fortification of staple foods. In Morocco, the Ministry of Health launched a national program for fortification of flour with folic acid. Our goal should be to evaluate the prevalence of neural tube defects after fortification. Description: This is a retrospective descriptive at the National Reference Centre for Nutrition and Neonatology of the Children’s Hospital of Rabat over 4 years. Data were identified from the registry of congenital malformations held at the perinatology unit. Results: During the 4 years, 674 congenital malformations were identified. The neural tube defects NTDs account for 11.9%. Their annual prevalence decreased significantly from 21.78 in 2008 to 12.1 per 10,000 total births in 2011. The most common form was anencephaly (60%). Neural tube defects were isolated in 85% of cases and associated with other malformations in 15% of cases. 49.4% of infants with neural tube defects were female and 50.6% were male. Perinatal mortality in newborns with neural tube defects was 63.8% versus 25.2% in malformed newborns without neural tube defects. Conclusions: The neural tube defects seem to be common in our context. Permanent epidemiological surveillance is needed to determine the true prevalence at the national as well as its temporal trends level.
文摘Neonatal anthropometric data is an important reflection of the growth and fetal development. Objective: Knowing the anthropometric standards of Moroccan newborns according to sex, gestational age, parity, age and corpulence of women. Materials and Methods: Prospective and cross-sectional study. The information forward newborns alive, healthy, Moroccan parents, from normal pregnancies, born in Rabat Souissi’s maternity between January 2008 and December 2013, was gathered. Results: 5000 births were recruited. The ratio was balanced. Anthropometric standards identified according to gestational age and gender were lower than the Frenchs (AUDIPOG) and Tunisians. With our curves, we determined new thresholds for SGA and macrosomia. Factors influencing fetal growth, it was verified, in addition to sex and gestational age of the newborn, age, parity and maternal body mass index (BMI), that have proven determinants of fetal growth in our context. Conclusion: The curves of birth weight, height and head circumference of Moroccan newborns recruited have determined a new thresholds for hypotrophy and macrosomia.
基金the“Margarita Salas”postdoctoral fellowship from the Universidad de Alcaláand FPI fellowships from the Universidad de Alcalá.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century.In recent years,its connection with environmental pollutants,such as bisphenol A(BPA),has been demonstrated;consequently,new structurally similar molecules are used to replace BPA in the plastics industry(BPS,BPF and BPAF).AIM To carry out a systematic review to allow coherent evaluation of the state of the art.Subsequently,a meta-analysis was performed to unify the existing quantitative data.METHODS Firstly,a systematic review was carried out,using the terms“(bisphenol)AND(Diabetes OR Hyperglycemia)”,to maximize the number of results.Subsequently,three authors analyzed the set of articles.Finally,a meta-analysis was performed for each BP,using RevMan software.In addition,funnel plots were developed to study publication bias.RESULTS The systematic analysis of the literature revealed 13 recent articles(2017–2023)related to the study paradigm.The qualitative analysis showed interesting data linking diabetes to the three most widely used substitute BPs in the industry:BPS,BPF and BPAF.Finally,the meta-analysis determined a positive relationship with BPS,BPF and BPAF,which was only statistically significant with BPS.CONCLUSION There is a need to apply the precautionary principle,regulating the use of new BPs.Therefore,replacing BPA with BPS,BPF or BPAF is unlikely to protect the population from potential health risks,such as DM.
文摘Within a LIFE＋ project IPNOA （improved flux prototype for n2o emission from agriculture）, LIFE11 ENV/IT/302 is a mobile prototype was developed to evaluate at field scale N20 emissions using a fast chamber technique. Main challenge was to develop a mobile system capable of moving on various field surfaces, equipped with very reliable N20 gas analyser （Los Gatos Research Inc.）, electrically autonomous （with batteries） and enough robust to face up to field conditions. In this paper, we report the major features of this prototype studied during two field campaigns. The N20 flux IPNOA prototype was compared with other methodological implementations： first, during an INGOS （integrated non-CO2 greenhouse gas observing systems） campaign on a grazed grassland at Easter Bush （Scotland） by Eddy correlation method, and then after on an arable crop at Grignon （France） using automatic and manual chambers fitted with QC-TILDAS （Quantum Cascade Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer, Aerodyne Research Inc.）, with the 46C model of thermo-instrument analyser or with a GC （gas chromatography） analysis.
基金funded by EU grant 874850 MOOD(catalogued as MOOD 087)by EU funding within the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases(Project no.PE00000007,INF-ACT)+1 种基金the VERDI project(EU grant 101045989)supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)through the PRIN 2020 project(No.2020JLWP23)“Integrated Mathematical Approaches to Socio-Epidemiological Dynamics”(CUP:E15F21005420006).
文摘West Nile virus(WNV)is one of the most threatening mosquito-borne pathogens in Italy where hundreds of human cases were recorded during the last decade.Here,we estimated the WNV incidence in the avian population in the Emilia-Romagna region through a modelling framework which enabled us to eventually assess the fraction of birds that present anti-WNV antibodies at the end of each epidemiological season.We fitted an SIR model to ornithological data,consisting of 18,989 specimens belonging to Corvidae species collected between 2013 and 2022:every year from May to November birds are captured or shot and tested for WNV genome presence.We found that the incidence peaks between mid-July and late August,infected corvids seem on average 17%more likely to be captured with respect to susceptible ones and seroprevalence was estimated to be larger than other years at the end of 2018,consistent with the anomalous number of recorded human infections.Thanks to our modelling study we quantified WNV infection dynamics in the corvid community,which is still poorly investigated despite its importance for the virus circulation.To the best of our knowledge,this is among the first studies providing quantitative information on infection and immunity in the bird population,yielding new important insights on WNV transmission dynamics.
基金funded by Intermon Oxfam Spain,and under Industrial PhD grants AGAUR(2021 DI 121)and DIN2020-010982 financed by MCIN AEI 10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union“NextGenerationEU/PRTR”Aitor Ameztegui is funded by a Serra-Húnter fellowship from Generalitat de Catalunyasupported by the ESA Network of Resources Initiative.
文摘Quantifying tree resources is essential for effectively implementing climate adaptation strategies and supporting local communities.In the Sahel,where tree presence is scattered,measuring carbon becomes challenging.We present an approach to estimating aboveground carbon(AGC)at the individual tree level using a combination of very high-resolution imagery,field-collected data,and machine learning algorithms.We populated an AGC database from in situ measurements using allometric equations and carbon conversion factors.We extracted satellite spectral information and tree crown area upon segmenting each tree crown.We then trained and validated an artificial neural network to predict AGC from these variables.The validation at the tree level resulted in an R^(2)of 0.66,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 373.85 kg,a relative RMSE of 78.6%,and an overestimation bias of 47 kg.When aggregating results at coarser spatial resolutions,the relative RMSE decreased for all areas,with the median value at the plot level being under 30%in all cases.Within our areas of study,we obtained a total of 3,900 Mg,with an average carbon content per tree of 330 kg.A benchmarking analysis against published carbon maps showed that 9 out of 10 underestimate AGC stocks,in comparison to our results,in the areas of study.An additional comparison against a method using only crown area to determine AGC showed an improved performance,including spectral signature.This study improves crown-based biomass estimations for areas where unmanned aerial vehicle or height data are not available and validates at the individual tree level using solely satellite imagery.
文摘Since the first 2 cases observed in southern Germany and the correct identification of a parasite at the origin of the disease by the famous scientist Rudolf Virchow in 1855, the borders of the endemic area of alveolar echinococcosis （AE） have never stopped to expand. The parasite was successively recognized in Switzerland, then in Russia, Austria and France which were long considered as the only endemic areas for the disease. Cases were disclosed in Turkey in 1939; then much attention was paid to Alaska and to Hokkaido, in Japan. The situation totally changed in 1991 after the recognition of the Chinese endemic areas by the international community of scientists. The world map was completed in the beginning of the 21st century by the identification of AE in most of the countries of central/eastern Europe and Baltic States, and by the recognition of cases in central Asia. Up to now, the disease has however never been reported in the South hemisphere and in the United Kingdom. In the mid-1950s, demonstration by Rausch and Schiller in Alaska, and by Vogel in Germany, of the distinction between 2 parasite species responsible respectively for cystic echinococcosis （＂hydatid disease＂） and AE put an end to the long-lasting debate between the ＂dualists＂, who believed in that theory which eventually proved to be true, and the ＂unicists＂, who believed in a single species responsible for both diseases. At the end of the 20th century, molecular biology fully confirmed the ＂dualist＂ theory while adding several new species to the initially described E. granulosus; within the past decade, it also confirmed that little variation existed within Echinococcus （E.） multilocularis species, and that AE-Iooking infection in some intermediate animal hosts on the Tibetan plateau was indeed due to a new species, distinct from E. multilocularis, named E. shiquicus. Since the 1970s, the unique ecological interactions between the landscape, the hosts, and E. multilocularis have progressively been delineated. The important role of the rodent/lagomorph reservoir size for the maintenance of the parasite cycle has been recognized within the last 2 decades of the 20th century. And the discovery of a close relationship between high densities of small mammals and particularities in land use by agriculture/forestry has stressed the responsibility of political/economic decisions on the contamination pressure. Urbanization of foxes in Europe and Japan and the major role of dogs in China represent the new deals at the beginning of the 21 st century regarding definitive hosts and prevention measures.
