To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil ...To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.展开更多
Objective:We assessed the risk for physical inactivity due to inadequate health literacy using multivariable analysis in a large middleaged population.Methods:This cross-sectional mail survey using a self-administered...Objective:We assessed the risk for physical inactivity due to inadequate health literacy using multivariable analysis in a large middleaged population.Methods:This cross-sectional mail survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted in 2020 and included 33,902 community residents aged 40-64 years from 5 cities in Osaka Prefecture,Japan.Of these,12,446(36.7%)agreed to participate in the survey.After exclusion of those with regular visits to medical institutions and those with missing data,the analysis included 3742 participants.Health literacy was measured by the communicative and critical health literacy(CCHL)scale,and participants were classified into 3 groups(low,medium,and high health literacy groups)by the tertiles of the CCHL scale score.Physical inactivity was defined as not completing at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week.Results:After adjustment for age,gender,education level,occupation,economic status,living alone,and stages of health behavior change,the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios(ORs)for physical inactivity were 1.36(95% confidence interval[CI]:1.16-1.59,P<0.001)in the medium health literacy group and 1.70(95%CI:1.36-2.11,P<0.001)in the low health literacy group compared with the high health literacy group.Conclusions:This large-scale study provides compelling evidence that those with inadequate health literacy are at higher risk for physical inactivity among middle-aged adults.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to gain perspectives on introducing IBCTL(International Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning)into graduate school of teacher education in Japan,which are currently providing ...The purpose of this study is to gain perspectives on introducing IBCTL(International Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning)into graduate school of teacher education in Japan,which are currently providing advanced teacher training programs aimed at cultivating student agency,a comprehensive set of skills necessary for children living in the future,as advocated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Education 2030 Project.To achieve this goal,I examined the curriculum and structure that are important for IB teacher training and the introduction of IBCTL.I attempted to achieve this goal by examining the curriculum being developed at a graduate school of teacher education attempting to implement IBCTL and the creation of a syllabus based on that curriculum through lesson planning.As a result,I examined the curriculum and structure as a perspective for introducing IBCTL into graduate school of teacher education in Japan,where advanced teacher training is required.I found that a core curriculum and structure that incorporates the core of the IBCTL into the core of graduate school of teacher education programs is important for implementing an IB education that is aligned with the advancement of teacher training and the development of student agency.展开更多
To establish practical,evidence-based strategies for noninvasive assessment and referral of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)in Japan,we must address the urgent clinical nee...To establish practical,evidence-based strategies for noninvasive assessment and referral of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)in Japan,we must address the urgent clinical need for accurate risk stratification and timely specialist intervention.A panel of 11 Japanese hepatology experts conducted a modified Delphi process to evaluate consensus recommendations regarding the use of noninvasive tests(NITs),including the fibrosis-4 index,enhanced liver fibrosis test,Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer,type IV collagen 7S,cytokeratin-18 fragments,and imaging modalities such as ultrasound elastography and magnetic resonance elastography,for MASLD assessment and clinical referral.Practical algorithms were developed based on current Japanese data and panel consensus.The expert panel validated the utility of NITs as reliable tools for identifying patients with MASLD at risk for advanced fibrosis.Sequential use of NITs improved diagnostic accuracy and referral appropriateness while minimizing unnecessary specialist consultations.The proposed algorithms offer stepwise guidance for primary care physicians,supporting efficient,evidence-based decisionmaking.However,prospective longitudinal studies remain necessary for full prognostic validation of NITs in MASLD management.Noninvasive testing algorithms enable effective risk stratification and referral for MASLD in real-world Japanese practice with anticipated benefit for patient outcomes and healthcare systems.Broader adoption and further validation are warranted.展开更多
BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to...BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to activate CD.Additionally,n-3 PUFAs are metabolized by the same enzyme as n-6 PUFAs and known to inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade.Our previous study noted that the presence of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids is a characteristic finding in Japanese CD patients.It was thus speculated that FADS2 gene polymorphisms,which induce PUFA metabolizing enzymes,are involved in the pathogenesis of CD,though no such relationship was found.AIM To investigate the relationship of FADS2 polymorphisms with serum and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition ratios,and disease activity.METHODS Using previously reported findings regarding FADS2 genetic polymorphisms,the records of 52 CD patients undergoing treatment at Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital were analyzed.Mutations noted were divided into three groups;wild-type(GG),heterozygous mutants(GA),and homozygous(AA),with the activities of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases compared using redefined d6d index(rd.d6di)and d5d index(d5di).Additionally,comparisons of serum and erythrocyte membranes for fatty acid composition,and also gene polymorphisms and CD activity index(CDAI)were performed.RESULTS The presence of the rs174538 mutation in FADS2 resulted in reduction of only rd.d6di in the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).In contrast,that mutation was found to be associated with d5di induced by FADS1 in serum(P=0.019)as well as the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.0001),and also with reduction in the fatty acid composition of arachidonic acid in both serum(P<0.0001)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).Regarding disease activity,a positive correlation of CDAI score with rd.d6di in both serum(P<0.05)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.05)was found only in the rs174538 wild-type group.In contrast,there was no correction between CDAI and d5di in either serum or erythrocyte membrane samples.CONCLUSION The rs174538 mutation alters the fatty acid profile through strong linkage to the FADS1 gene.In wild-type individuals,rd.d6di was positively correlated with CDAI,suggesting predictive utility of disease severity.展开更多
Background:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6(CDK4/6)inhibitors have transformed the management of hormone receptor–positive/HER2–negative(HR+/HER2–)advanced breast cancer,yet evidence for elderly or poor-performance pati...Background:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6(CDK4/6)inhibitors have transformed the management of hormone receptor–positive/HER2–negative(HR+/HER2–)advanced breast cancer,yet evidence for elderly or poor-performance patients remains limited.This study examined real-world outcomes of palbociclib plus endocrine therapy in Asian patients,with additional subgroup analyses by age and performance status.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 46 consecutive Asian patients with recurrent or de novo HR+/HER2−breast cancer treated with first-line palbociclib plus ET between April 2021 and March 2025.The primary endpoint was progression-free survival(PFS).Secondary endpoints included overall response rate(ORR),disease control rate(DCR),and safety.Subgroup analyses were performed by age(<70 vs.≥70 years)and performance status(PS;0–1 vs.2–3).Results:The median PFS was 26.6 months(range,1.4–69.5).Stratified by age,median PFS was 26.9 months in patients<70 years and 26.2 months in those≥70 years(p=0.760).By PS,PFS was 26.9 months for PS 0–1 and 17.8 months for PS 2–3(p=0.099).ORR was 60.9%and DCR 93.5%;notably,all PS 2–3 patients achieved disease control.Hematologic toxicities were common,with neutropenia(80.4%)and leukopenia(86.7%)predominating,but grade≥3 anemia was rare(2.2%).Elderly patients experienced anemia more frequently,while overall toxicity remained manageable.Dose reductions occurred in 47.8%without loss of efficacy.Conclusions:In routine Japanese practice,palbociclib plus ET provided prolonged PFS and high disease control consistent with pivotal trials and international real-world evidence.Importantly,elderly patients tolerated treatment well,and selected PS 2–3 patients also derived clinical benefit.These findings indicate that neither age nor PS alone should preclude the use of palbociclib in carefully monitored real-world patients.展开更多
Objective: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. With the insurance coverage for BRCA genetic testing, the number of i...Objective: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. With the insurance coverage for BRCA genetic testing, the number of individuals diagnosed with HBOC has increased. To use these test results effectively, cascade genetic testing (CGT) is recommended for at-risk relatives;however, it is not yet widely available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the willingness of the general population to share genetic test results and undergo CGT, as well as to analyze the factors influencing these decisions. Based on these findings, the study aimed to identify the types of support needed to support the sharing of genetic test results and promote the use of CGT. Methods: An online survey was conducted with 500 participants (50 men and women from each of the five generations, ranging from 20 to 69 years). Results: Among the HBOC blood relatives, 51.2% wanted to share the genetic results and 71.9% expressed a willingness to undergo CGT. “Matters to be shared with relatives” and “Helpful for my cancer prevention” were identified as key factors promoting the willingness to share the BRCA genetic test results and undergo CGT. The motivation for “Helpful for my cancer prevention” had a particularly strong influence on the decision to undergo CGT. Conclusion: In the general population, there is an emerging understanding that the genetic information impacts not only the individuals but also their entire families and can be valuable for cancer prevention. To promote the sharing of BRCA genetic test results and CGT uptake, the healthcare providers should offer support tailored to each family’s circumstances and establish cancer prevention measures recommended for HBOC.展开更多
China and Japan have been enjoying fruitful collaboration in welding science and technology for nearly half a century.The academic exchanges between individuals,universities,research institutions,and societies in the ...China and Japan have been enjoying fruitful collaboration in welding science and technology for nearly half a century.The academic exchanges between individuals,universities,research institutions,and societies in the past decades were reviewed with the hope for further benefits from such cooperation in the coming years.展开更多
In this study,the advanced machine learning algorithm NESTORE(Next Strong Related Earthquake)was applied to the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog(1973-2024).It calculates the probability that the aftershocks will re...In this study,the advanced machine learning algorithm NESTORE(Next Strong Related Earthquake)was applied to the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog(1973-2024).It calculates the probability that the aftershocks will reach or exceed a magnitude equal to the magnitude of the mainshock minus one and classifies the clusters as type A or type B,depending on whether this condition is met or not.It has been shown useful in the tests in Italy,western Slovenia,Greece,and California.Due to Japan’s high and complex seismic activity,new algorithms were developed to complement NESTORE:a hybrid cluster identification method,which uses both ETAS-based stochastic declustering and deterministic graph-based selection,and REPENESE(RElevant features,class imbalance PErcentage,NEighbour detection,SElection),an algorithm for detecting outliers in skewed class distributions,which takes in account if one class has a larger number of samples with respect to the other(class imbalance).Trained with data from 1973 to 2004(7 type A and 43 type B clusters)and tested from 2005 to 2023(4 type A and 27 type B clusters),the method correctly forecasted 75%of A clusters and 96%of B clusters,achieving a precision of 0.75 and an accuracy of 0.94 six hours after the mainshock.It accurately classified the 2011 Tōhoku event cluster.Near-real-time forecasting was applied to the sequence after the April 17,2024 M6.6 earthquake in Shikoku,correctly classifying it as a“Type B cluster”.These results highlight the potential for the forecasting of strong aftershocks in regions with high seismicity and class imbalance,as evidenced by the high recall,precision and accuracy values achieved in the test phase.展开更多
Testosterone affects several organs in the body and is very important for male well-being.Aging men with late-onset hypogonadism(LOH)experience physiologic,psychiatric,and sexual symptoms related to a decline in the s...Testosterone affects several organs in the body and is very important for male well-being.Aging men with late-onset hypogonadism(LOH)experience physiologic,psychiatric,and sexual symptoms related to a decline in the serum concentration of testosterone with age.However,it is well-known that the extent of the decline in testosterone concentration does not correlate with the severity of LOH-related symptoms.Therefore,it is difficult to diagnose and treat patients with LOH.In addition,the symptoms,response to testosterone replacement therapy(TRT),and medical insurance coverage differ among ethnicities and countries.The evaluation of testosterone is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of LOH.The effects of testosterone are determined not only by the serum testosterone concentration but also by the androgen receptor sensitivity.A low number of glutamine repeats is indicative of high androgenic activity,and the number shows ethnicity-related differences(fewer in African American than in Caucasian people and more in East Asian people).The diagnosis of LOH is typically made using subjective symptoms and the serum testosterone concentration.The Aging Male Symptoms scale is widely used to evaluate the symptoms.The normal range of total testosterone concentration varies around the world;therefore,clinicians should follow the guidelines of their regional academic society.The principal treatment for LOH is TRT.There are many types of TRT and other treatment strategies are also available.Thus,physicians should treat LOH according to each patient’s situation,considering related disorders,such as diabetes,osteoporosis,metabolic syndrome,and depression.展开更多
Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role...Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases.In this study,we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake.We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA)catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method.Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 M 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the M 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023.We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence,while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the M 7.6 mainshock was observed.Several smaller events occurred in between the M 5.5 and M 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4min and 2 min before the M 7.6 mainshock.The Coulomb stress changes from the M 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the M 7.6 mainshock,which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model.Moreover,an M 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock.Results from backprojection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for~25 s,before propagating bilaterally outward.Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault.A combination of fluid migration,aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock.展开更多
In the 2010s,laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH) rapidly gained popularity in Japan as a minimally invasive approach for liver resections.It offers significant advantages,such as reduced postoperative pain and faster recover...In the 2010s,laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH) rapidly gained popularity in Japan as a minimally invasive approach for liver resections.It offers significant advantages,such as reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery.The Glissonean pedicle approach,employed during LH,enables precise anatomical resection,particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumors.Innovations in training,including the use of animal models and the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery certification program,have been instrumental in improving surgical expertise.However,complex hepatectomies involving vascular or biliary reconstruction pose substantial technical challenges.Robotassisted hepatectomy(RAH) has shown great potential for improved precision and visualization,though its high costs and uncertain long-term benefits limit its widespread adoption.Further technological advancements,enhanced training programs,and large-scale comparative trials are necessary to evaluate the longterm efficacy of both LH and RAH.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health education using videos and leaflets for preconception care (PCC) awareness among adolescent females up to six months after the health education. Methods: The...Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health education using videos and leaflets for preconception care (PCC) awareness among adolescent females up to six months after the health education. Methods: The subjects were female university students living in the Kinki area. A longitudinal survey was conducted on 67 members in the intervention group, who received the health education, and 52 members in the control group, who did not receive the health education. The primary outcome measures were knowledge of PCC and the subscales of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile. Surveys were conducted before, after, and six months after the intervention in the intervention group, and an initial survey and survey six months later were conducted in the control group. Cochran’s Q test, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, and McNemar’s test were used to analyze the knowledge of PCC data. The Health Awareness, Nutrition, and Stress Management subscales of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile were analyzed by paired t-test, and comparisons between the intervention and control groups were performed using the two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: In the intervention group of 67 people, the number of subjects who answered “correct” for five of the nine items concerning knowledge of PCC increased immediately after the health education (P = 0.006) but decreased for five items from immediately after the health education to six months later (P = 0.043). In addition, the number of respondents who answered “correct” for “low birth weight infants and future lifestyle-related diseases” (P = 0.016) increased after six months compared with before the health education. For the 52 subjects in the control group, there was no change in the number of subjects who answered “correct” for eight out of the nine items after six months. There was also no increase in scores for the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile after six months for either the intervention or control group. Conclusion: Providing health education about PCC using videos and leaflets to adolescent females was shown to enhance the knowledge of PCC immediately after the education.展开更多
To evaluate the impact of behavioral restrictions on perinatal care caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 1976 medical institutions handling deliveries across Japan. The survey examin...To evaluate the impact of behavioral restrictions on perinatal care caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 1976 medical institutions handling deliveries across Japan. The survey examined changes in the number of antenatal checkups due to behavioral restrictions, visit restrictions at medical institutions, and the acceptance of COVID-19-infected pregnant and nursing mothers. An increased burden was observed at delivery hospitals, irrespective of whether they accepted infected pregnant and nursing mothers. Some medical institutions were unable to manage infected pregnant women and transferred them to other facilities, highlighting the need for role-sharing among institutions. The number of antenatal checkups showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the pandemic negatively affected checkup attendance. However, no clear increase in perinatal deaths was observed during the observation period, despite the reduction in the number of checkups.展开更多
Background: Disaster preparedness is a critical aspect of nursing education, enhancing students’ ability to respond effectively in emergencies. However, the extent to which nursing curricula influence disaster prepar...Background: Disaster preparedness is a critical aspect of nursing education, enhancing students’ ability to respond effectively in emergencies. However, the extent to which nursing curricula influence disaster preparedness awareness remains underexplored. Our study found that 39% of students reported improved awareness after three years, highlighting the need for targeted curriculum enhancements. Purpose: To evaluate changes in disaster preparedness awareness among nursing students over three years of education and identify gaps in current curricula impacting this awareness. Results: Findings indicate that while 39% of students showed improved awareness, significant gaps remain, suggesting the need for a dedicated course on emergency preparedness. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of integrating comprehensive disaster preparedness education within nursing curricula to address these gaps and foster resilience in future healthcare professionals.展开更多
In the L2 Motivational Self System(L2MSS),visualizing the ideal self such as describing goals and wishes is crucial.When people find a huge gap between ideal and reality,they could become demotivated.There have been s...In the L2 Motivational Self System(L2MSS),visualizing the ideal self such as describing goals and wishes is crucial.When people find a huge gap between ideal and reality,they could become demotivated.There have been several studies on the L2MSS;however,these studies have not extensively investigated how the gap influences people.This study examined the influences of this gap with Japanese teachers of English(JTEs).The participants were four full-time JTEs from Japanese secondary schools.During one academic year,semi-structured interviews were conducted.The findings showed that each participant illustrated a clear idea of what they would like to do and also experienced a reality gap.As they could not find a way to close the gap,many seemed to feel demotivated and frustrated.The study revealed that merely depicting an ideal situation is not enough,and it is important to depict one appropriately.展开更多
Climate change is a pressing global environmental issue^([1]).The gradual rise in global surface temperature is the most immediate and direct among its public health impacts.Influenza,the leading cause of human respir...Climate change is a pressing global environmental issue^([1]).The gradual rise in global surface temperature is the most immediate and direct among its public health impacts.Influenza,the leading cause of human respiratory viral infections,remains a substantial public health concern owing to its considerable disease burden,particularly in highrisk groups.Mounting epidemiological evidence has linked influenza to extreme heat and cold weather^([2–4]).展开更多
During the 17th and 18th centuries,medical exchanges between Japan and China were frequent and intensive.In the 17th century,due to the wars during the Ming-Qing transition,numerous Chinese physicians came to Japan,br...During the 17th and 18th centuries,medical exchanges between Japan and China were frequent and intensive.In the 17th century,due to the wars during the Ming-Qing transition,numerous Chinese physicians came to Japan,bringing with them advanced medical techniques and newly published medical texts.In the early 18th century,following Tokugawa Yoshimune’s(徳川吉宗)implementation of medical reform policies,many Chinese physicians arrived in Japan.There,they exchanged knowledge with Japanese physicians and facilitated the publication of Chinese medical texts in Japan.These exchanges significantly increased attention to Chinese medical works,particularly Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage),within Edo medical circles.This had a profound impact on physicians of the Japanese Kohōschool(古方派)and significantly contributed to shaping Kampōmedicine into its contemporary form.From the perspectives of intellectual history and knowledge exchange,this paper explores the circulation of medical knowledge between China and Japan during the early modern period,examining its profound historical influence on Japanese medicine.The study specifically aims to clarify the authentic meaning of“Ancient Learning(复古)”and to correct the prevailing academic misconception that the Kohōschool exclusively focused on reviving Shang Han Lun.展开更多
Understanding water uptake depth and its relationship with functional traits offers valuable insights into resource-use partitioning among coexisting tree species as well as forest responses to drought.However,knowled...Understanding water uptake depth and its relationship with functional traits offers valuable insights into resource-use partitioning among coexisting tree species as well as forest responses to drought.However,knowledge about water uptake patterns in vertical soil layers,especially among increasingly widespread secondary forest tree species,remains limited.In this study,we investigated interspecific and seasonal variations in water uptake depth among seven coexisting tree species over a 2-year period in a warm-temperate secondary forest in central Japan.We also analyzed the relationships of water uptake depth with tree height and functional traits,including specific leaf area(SLA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf nitrogen(N)content,and wood density(WD),to discern resource-use and-acquisition strategies.Results revealed that taller trees,especially when soil water is scarce,tend to access deeper soil water sources,indicating that water source partitioning is correlated with tree height.This interspecific and temporal variation in water sources likely stratifies trees to facilitate coexistence within the forest.Water uptake depth was primarily associated with WD and LDMC:trees absorbing more water from shallow soils during dry conditions exhibited lower WD and LDMC,indicating a proactive resource-use strategy.Conversely,SLA and leaf N content were orthogonal to water uptake depth,suggesting that strategies for acquiring belowground and aboveground resources may differ.Considering the alternation of tree species composition during secondary forest succession,our study highlights the importance of further data collection regarding root water uptake depth along successional stages to understand dynamic shifts in water uptake sources.展开更多
基金support of the Japanese Government(Monbukagakusho)Scholarship for his studies in Japansupported by the Yamagata University YU-COE(S)program and by the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan+2 种基金financially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(26310304)Yamagata University YU-COE(S)programby the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan。
文摘To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.
基金supported by the Fund for Health Promotion from Osaka Prefecture。
文摘Objective:We assessed the risk for physical inactivity due to inadequate health literacy using multivariable analysis in a large middleaged population.Methods:This cross-sectional mail survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted in 2020 and included 33,902 community residents aged 40-64 years from 5 cities in Osaka Prefecture,Japan.Of these,12,446(36.7%)agreed to participate in the survey.After exclusion of those with regular visits to medical institutions and those with missing data,the analysis included 3742 participants.Health literacy was measured by the communicative and critical health literacy(CCHL)scale,and participants were classified into 3 groups(low,medium,and high health literacy groups)by the tertiles of the CCHL scale score.Physical inactivity was defined as not completing at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week.Results:After adjustment for age,gender,education level,occupation,economic status,living alone,and stages of health behavior change,the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios(ORs)for physical inactivity were 1.36(95% confidence interval[CI]:1.16-1.59,P<0.001)in the medium health literacy group and 1.70(95%CI:1.36-2.11,P<0.001)in the low health literacy group compared with the high health literacy group.Conclusions:This large-scale study provides compelling evidence that those with inadequate health literacy are at higher risk for physical inactivity among middle-aged adults.
文摘The purpose of this study is to gain perspectives on introducing IBCTL(International Baccalaureate Certificate in Teaching and Learning)into graduate school of teacher education in Japan,which are currently providing advanced teacher training programs aimed at cultivating student agency,a comprehensive set of skills necessary for children living in the future,as advocated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Education 2030 Project.To achieve this goal,I examined the curriculum and structure that are important for IB teacher training and the introduction of IBCTL.I attempted to achieve this goal by examining the curriculum being developed at a graduate school of teacher education attempting to implement IBCTL and the creation of a syllabus based on that curriculum through lesson planning.As a result,I examined the curriculum and structure as a perspective for introducing IBCTL into graduate school of teacher education in Japan,where advanced teacher training is required.I found that a core curriculum and structure that incorporates the core of the IBCTL into the core of graduate school of teacher education programs is important for implementing an IB education that is aligned with the advancement of teacher training and the development of student agency.
基金Supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI,No.25K11274.
文摘To establish practical,evidence-based strategies for noninvasive assessment and referral of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)in Japan,we must address the urgent clinical need for accurate risk stratification and timely specialist intervention.A panel of 11 Japanese hepatology experts conducted a modified Delphi process to evaluate consensus recommendations regarding the use of noninvasive tests(NITs),including the fibrosis-4 index,enhanced liver fibrosis test,Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer,type IV collagen 7S,cytokeratin-18 fragments,and imaging modalities such as ultrasound elastography and magnetic resonance elastography,for MASLD assessment and clinical referral.Practical algorithms were developed based on current Japanese data and panel consensus.The expert panel validated the utility of NITs as reliable tools for identifying patients with MASLD at risk for advanced fibrosis.Sequential use of NITs improved diagnostic accuracy and referral appropriateness while minimizing unnecessary specialist consultations.The proposed algorithms offer stepwise guidance for primary care physicians,supporting efficient,evidence-based decisionmaking.However,prospective longitudinal studies remain necessary for full prognostic validation of NITs in MASLD management.Noninvasive testing algorithms enable effective risk stratification and referral for MASLD in real-world Japanese practice with anticipated benefit for patient outcomes and healthcare systems.Broader adoption and further validation are warranted.
文摘BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to activate CD.Additionally,n-3 PUFAs are metabolized by the same enzyme as n-6 PUFAs and known to inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade.Our previous study noted that the presence of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids is a characteristic finding in Japanese CD patients.It was thus speculated that FADS2 gene polymorphisms,which induce PUFA metabolizing enzymes,are involved in the pathogenesis of CD,though no such relationship was found.AIM To investigate the relationship of FADS2 polymorphisms with serum and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition ratios,and disease activity.METHODS Using previously reported findings regarding FADS2 genetic polymorphisms,the records of 52 CD patients undergoing treatment at Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital were analyzed.Mutations noted were divided into three groups;wild-type(GG),heterozygous mutants(GA),and homozygous(AA),with the activities of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases compared using redefined d6d index(rd.d6di)and d5d index(d5di).Additionally,comparisons of serum and erythrocyte membranes for fatty acid composition,and also gene polymorphisms and CD activity index(CDAI)were performed.RESULTS The presence of the rs174538 mutation in FADS2 resulted in reduction of only rd.d6di in the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).In contrast,that mutation was found to be associated with d5di induced by FADS1 in serum(P=0.019)as well as the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.0001),and also with reduction in the fatty acid composition of arachidonic acid in both serum(P<0.0001)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).Regarding disease activity,a positive correlation of CDAI score with rd.d6di in both serum(P<0.05)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.05)was found only in the rs174538 wild-type group.In contrast,there was no correction between CDAI and d5di in either serum or erythrocyte membrane samples.CONCLUSION The rs174538 mutation alters the fatty acid profile through strong linkage to the FADS1 gene.In wild-type individuals,rd.d6di was positively correlated with CDAI,suggesting predictive utility of disease severity.
文摘Background:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6(CDK4/6)inhibitors have transformed the management of hormone receptor–positive/HER2–negative(HR+/HER2–)advanced breast cancer,yet evidence for elderly or poor-performance patients remains limited.This study examined real-world outcomes of palbociclib plus endocrine therapy in Asian patients,with additional subgroup analyses by age and performance status.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 46 consecutive Asian patients with recurrent or de novo HR+/HER2−breast cancer treated with first-line palbociclib plus ET between April 2021 and March 2025.The primary endpoint was progression-free survival(PFS).Secondary endpoints included overall response rate(ORR),disease control rate(DCR),and safety.Subgroup analyses were performed by age(<70 vs.≥70 years)and performance status(PS;0–1 vs.2–3).Results:The median PFS was 26.6 months(range,1.4–69.5).Stratified by age,median PFS was 26.9 months in patients<70 years and 26.2 months in those≥70 years(p=0.760).By PS,PFS was 26.9 months for PS 0–1 and 17.8 months for PS 2–3(p=0.099).ORR was 60.9%and DCR 93.5%;notably,all PS 2–3 patients achieved disease control.Hematologic toxicities were common,with neutropenia(80.4%)and leukopenia(86.7%)predominating,but grade≥3 anemia was rare(2.2%).Elderly patients experienced anemia more frequently,while overall toxicity remained manageable.Dose reductions occurred in 47.8%without loss of efficacy.Conclusions:In routine Japanese practice,palbociclib plus ET provided prolonged PFS and high disease control consistent with pivotal trials and international real-world evidence.Importantly,elderly patients tolerated treatment well,and selected PS 2–3 patients also derived clinical benefit.These findings indicate that neither age nor PS alone should preclude the use of palbociclib in carefully monitored real-world patients.
文摘Objective: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. With the insurance coverage for BRCA genetic testing, the number of individuals diagnosed with HBOC has increased. To use these test results effectively, cascade genetic testing (CGT) is recommended for at-risk relatives;however, it is not yet widely available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the willingness of the general population to share genetic test results and undergo CGT, as well as to analyze the factors influencing these decisions. Based on these findings, the study aimed to identify the types of support needed to support the sharing of genetic test results and promote the use of CGT. Methods: An online survey was conducted with 500 participants (50 men and women from each of the five generations, ranging from 20 to 69 years). Results: Among the HBOC blood relatives, 51.2% wanted to share the genetic results and 71.9% expressed a willingness to undergo CGT. “Matters to be shared with relatives” and “Helpful for my cancer prevention” were identified as key factors promoting the willingness to share the BRCA genetic test results and undergo CGT. The motivation for “Helpful for my cancer prevention” had a particularly strong influence on the decision to undergo CGT. Conclusion: In the general population, there is an emerging understanding that the genetic information impacts not only the individuals but also their entire families and can be valuable for cancer prevention. To promote the sharing of BRCA genetic test results and CGT uptake, the healthcare providers should offer support tailored to each family’s circumstances and establish cancer prevention measures recommended for HBOC.
文摘China and Japan have been enjoying fruitful collaboration in welding science and technology for nearly half a century.The academic exchanges between individuals,universities,research institutions,and societies in the past decades were reviewed with the hope for further benefits from such cooperation in the coming years.
基金funded by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and Co-funded within the RETURN Extended Partnership and received funding from the European Union Next-GenerationEU(National Recovery and Resilience Plan-NRRP,Mission 4,Component 2,Investment 1.3-D.D.12432/8/2022,PE0000005)the grant“Progetto INGV Pianeta Dinamico:Near real-time results of Physical and Statistical Seismology for earthquakes observations,modelling and forecasting(NEMESIS)”-code CUP D53J19000170001-funded by Italian Ministry MIUR(“Fondo Finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese”,legge 145/2018)supported by the Japan Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT)project for seismology Toward Research innovation with data of earthquakes(STAR-E),Grant Number JPJ010217.
文摘In this study,the advanced machine learning algorithm NESTORE(Next Strong Related Earthquake)was applied to the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog(1973-2024).It calculates the probability that the aftershocks will reach or exceed a magnitude equal to the magnitude of the mainshock minus one and classifies the clusters as type A or type B,depending on whether this condition is met or not.It has been shown useful in the tests in Italy,western Slovenia,Greece,and California.Due to Japan’s high and complex seismic activity,new algorithms were developed to complement NESTORE:a hybrid cluster identification method,which uses both ETAS-based stochastic declustering and deterministic graph-based selection,and REPENESE(RElevant features,class imbalance PErcentage,NEighbour detection,SElection),an algorithm for detecting outliers in skewed class distributions,which takes in account if one class has a larger number of samples with respect to the other(class imbalance).Trained with data from 1973 to 2004(7 type A and 43 type B clusters)and tested from 2005 to 2023(4 type A and 27 type B clusters),the method correctly forecasted 75%of A clusters and 96%of B clusters,achieving a precision of 0.75 and an accuracy of 0.94 six hours after the mainshock.It accurately classified the 2011 Tōhoku event cluster.Near-real-time forecasting was applied to the sequence after the April 17,2024 M6.6 earthquake in Shikoku,correctly classifying it as a“Type B cluster”.These results highlight the potential for the forecasting of strong aftershocks in regions with high seismicity and class imbalance,as evidenced by the high recall,precision and accuracy values achieved in the test phase.
文摘Testosterone affects several organs in the body and is very important for male well-being.Aging men with late-onset hypogonadism(LOH)experience physiologic,psychiatric,and sexual symptoms related to a decline in the serum concentration of testosterone with age.However,it is well-known that the extent of the decline in testosterone concentration does not correlate with the severity of LOH-related symptoms.Therefore,it is difficult to diagnose and treat patients with LOH.In addition,the symptoms,response to testosterone replacement therapy(TRT),and medical insurance coverage differ among ethnicities and countries.The evaluation of testosterone is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of LOH.The effects of testosterone are determined not only by the serum testosterone concentration but also by the androgen receptor sensitivity.A low number of glutamine repeats is indicative of high androgenic activity,and the number shows ethnicity-related differences(fewer in African American than in Caucasian people and more in East Asian people).The diagnosis of LOH is typically made using subjective symptoms and the serum testosterone concentration.The Aging Male Symptoms scale is widely used to evaluate the symptoms.The normal range of total testosterone concentration varies around the world;therefore,clinicians should follow the guidelines of their regional academic society.The principal treatment for LOH is TRT.There are many types of TRT and other treatment strategies are also available.Thus,physicians should treat LOH according to each patient’s situation,considering related disorders,such as diabetes,osteoporosis,metabolic syndrome,and depression.
基金partially supported by U.S.National Science Foundation grants EAR1925965 and RISE-2425889support from the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(grant agreement no.742335,FIMAGE)。
文摘Several physical mechanisms of earthquake nucleation,such as pre-slip,cascade triggering,aseismic slip,and fluid-driven models,have been proposed.However,it is still not clear which model plays the most important role in driving foreshocks and mainshock nucleation for given cases.In this study,we focus on the relationship between an intensive earthquake swarm that started beneath the Noto Peninsula in Central Japan since November 2020 and the nucleation of the 2024 M 7.6 Noto Hanto earthquake.We relocate earthquakes listed in the standard Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA)catalog since 2018 with the double-different relocation method.Relocated seismicity revealed that the 2024 M 7.6 mainshock likely ruptured a thrust fault above a parallel fault where the M 6.5 Suzu earthquake occurred in May 2023.We find possible along-strike and along-dip expansion of seismicity in the first few months at the beginning of the swarm sequence,while no obvious migration pattern in the last few days before the M 7.6 mainshock was observed.Several smaller events occurred in between the M 5.5 and M 4.6 foreshocks that occurred about 4min and 2 min before the M 7.6 mainshock.The Coulomb stress changes from the M 5.5 foreshock were negative at the hypocenter of the M 7.6 mainshock,which is inconsistent with a simple cascade triggering model.Moreover,an M 5.9 foreshock was identified in the JMA catalog 14 s before the mainshock.Results from backprojection of high-frequency teleseismic P waves show a prolonged initial rupture process near the mainshock hypocenter lasting for~25 s,before propagating bilaterally outward.Our results suggest a complex evolution process linking the earthquake swarm to the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock at a region of complex structures associated with the bend of a mapped large-scale reverse fault.A combination of fluid migration,aseismic slip and elastic stress triggering likely work in concert to drive both the prolonged earthquake swarm and the nucleation of the M 7.6 mainshock.
文摘In the 2010s,laparoscopic hepatectomy(LH) rapidly gained popularity in Japan as a minimally invasive approach for liver resections.It offers significant advantages,such as reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery.The Glissonean pedicle approach,employed during LH,enables precise anatomical resection,particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumors.Innovations in training,including the use of animal models and the Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery certification program,have been instrumental in improving surgical expertise.However,complex hepatectomies involving vascular or biliary reconstruction pose substantial technical challenges.Robotassisted hepatectomy(RAH) has shown great potential for improved precision and visualization,though its high costs and uncertain long-term benefits limit its widespread adoption.Further technological advancements,enhanced training programs,and large-scale comparative trials are necessary to evaluate the longterm efficacy of both LH and RAH.
文摘Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate health education using videos and leaflets for preconception care (PCC) awareness among adolescent females up to six months after the health education. Methods: The subjects were female university students living in the Kinki area. A longitudinal survey was conducted on 67 members in the intervention group, who received the health education, and 52 members in the control group, who did not receive the health education. The primary outcome measures were knowledge of PCC and the subscales of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile. Surveys were conducted before, after, and six months after the intervention in the intervention group, and an initial survey and survey six months later were conducted in the control group. Cochran’s Q test, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, and McNemar’s test were used to analyze the knowledge of PCC data. The Health Awareness, Nutrition, and Stress Management subscales of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile were analyzed by paired t-test, and comparisons between the intervention and control groups were performed using the two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: In the intervention group of 67 people, the number of subjects who answered “correct” for five of the nine items concerning knowledge of PCC increased immediately after the health education (P = 0.006) but decreased for five items from immediately after the health education to six months later (P = 0.043). In addition, the number of respondents who answered “correct” for “low birth weight infants and future lifestyle-related diseases” (P = 0.016) increased after six months compared with before the health education. For the 52 subjects in the control group, there was no change in the number of subjects who answered “correct” for eight out of the nine items after six months. There was also no increase in scores for the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile after six months for either the intervention or control group. Conclusion: Providing health education about PCC using videos and leaflets to adolescent females was shown to enhance the knowledge of PCC immediately after the education.
文摘To evaluate the impact of behavioral restrictions on perinatal care caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 1976 medical institutions handling deliveries across Japan. The survey examined changes in the number of antenatal checkups due to behavioral restrictions, visit restrictions at medical institutions, and the acceptance of COVID-19-infected pregnant and nursing mothers. An increased burden was observed at delivery hospitals, irrespective of whether they accepted infected pregnant and nursing mothers. Some medical institutions were unable to manage infected pregnant women and transferred them to other facilities, highlighting the need for role-sharing among institutions. The number of antenatal checkups showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the pandemic negatively affected checkup attendance. However, no clear increase in perinatal deaths was observed during the observation period, despite the reduction in the number of checkups.
文摘Background: Disaster preparedness is a critical aspect of nursing education, enhancing students’ ability to respond effectively in emergencies. However, the extent to which nursing curricula influence disaster preparedness awareness remains underexplored. Our study found that 39% of students reported improved awareness after three years, highlighting the need for targeted curriculum enhancements. Purpose: To evaluate changes in disaster preparedness awareness among nursing students over three years of education and identify gaps in current curricula impacting this awareness. Results: Findings indicate that while 39% of students showed improved awareness, significant gaps remain, suggesting the need for a dedicated course on emergency preparedness. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of integrating comprehensive disaster preparedness education within nursing curricula to address these gaps and foster resilience in future healthcare professionals.
文摘In the L2 Motivational Self System(L2MSS),visualizing the ideal self such as describing goals and wishes is crucial.When people find a huge gap between ideal and reality,they could become demotivated.There have been several studies on the L2MSS;however,these studies have not extensively investigated how the gap influences people.This study examined the influences of this gap with Japanese teachers of English(JTEs).The participants were four full-time JTEs from Japanese secondary schools.During one academic year,semi-structured interviews were conducted.The findings showed that each participant illustrated a clear idea of what they would like to do and also experienced a reality gap.As they could not find a way to close the gap,many seemed to feel demotivated and frustrated.The study revealed that merely depicting an ideal situation is not enough,and it is important to depict one appropriately.
基金supported by a Grant-inAid for Scientific Research(KAKENHI)from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(grant no.22J23183)。
文摘Climate change is a pressing global environmental issue^([1]).The gradual rise in global surface temperature is the most immediate and direct among its public health impacts.Influenza,the leading cause of human respiratory viral infections,remains a substantial public health concern owing to its considerable disease burden,particularly in highrisk groups.Mounting epidemiological evidence has linked influenza to extreme heat and cold weather^([2–4]).
基金financed by the grants from the JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(No.24K15918)the 2024 Inamori Research Grant Program.
文摘During the 17th and 18th centuries,medical exchanges between Japan and China were frequent and intensive.In the 17th century,due to the wars during the Ming-Qing transition,numerous Chinese physicians came to Japan,bringing with them advanced medical techniques and newly published medical texts.In the early 18th century,following Tokugawa Yoshimune’s(徳川吉宗)implementation of medical reform policies,many Chinese physicians arrived in Japan.There,they exchanged knowledge with Japanese physicians and facilitated the publication of Chinese medical texts in Japan.These exchanges significantly increased attention to Chinese medical works,particularly Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage),within Edo medical circles.This had a profound impact on physicians of the Japanese Kohōschool(古方派)and significantly contributed to shaping Kampōmedicine into its contemporary form.From the perspectives of intellectual history and knowledge exchange,this paper explores the circulation of medical knowledge between China and Japan during the early modern period,examining its profound historical influence on Japanese medicine.The study specifically aims to clarify the authentic meaning of“Ancient Learning(复古)”and to correct the prevailing academic misconception that the Kohōschool exclusively focused on reviving Shang Han Lun.
基金supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research[Grant No.19H02992]Grant for the Environmental Research Projects,the Sumitomo Foundation[Grant No.2230116].
文摘Understanding water uptake depth and its relationship with functional traits offers valuable insights into resource-use partitioning among coexisting tree species as well as forest responses to drought.However,knowledge about water uptake patterns in vertical soil layers,especially among increasingly widespread secondary forest tree species,remains limited.In this study,we investigated interspecific and seasonal variations in water uptake depth among seven coexisting tree species over a 2-year period in a warm-temperate secondary forest in central Japan.We also analyzed the relationships of water uptake depth with tree height and functional traits,including specific leaf area(SLA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),leaf nitrogen(N)content,and wood density(WD),to discern resource-use and-acquisition strategies.Results revealed that taller trees,especially when soil water is scarce,tend to access deeper soil water sources,indicating that water source partitioning is correlated with tree height.This interspecific and temporal variation in water sources likely stratifies trees to facilitate coexistence within the forest.Water uptake depth was primarily associated with WD and LDMC:trees absorbing more water from shallow soils during dry conditions exhibited lower WD and LDMC,indicating a proactive resource-use strategy.Conversely,SLA and leaf N content were orthogonal to water uptake depth,suggesting that strategies for acquiring belowground and aboveground resources may differ.Considering the alternation of tree species composition during secondary forest succession,our study highlights the importance of further data collection regarding root water uptake depth along successional stages to understand dynamic shifts in water uptake sources.
