The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process ...The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.展开更多
Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transpor...Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.展开更多
The coronavirus(COVID-19)is a disease declared a global pan-demic that threatens the whole world.Since then,research has accelerated and varied to find practical solutions for the early detection and correct identific...The coronavirus(COVID-19)is a disease declared a global pan-demic that threatens the whole world.Since then,research has accelerated and varied to find practical solutions for the early detection and correct identification of this disease.Several researchers have focused on using the potential of Artificial Intelligence(AI)techniques in disease diagnosis to diagnose and detect the coronavirus.This paper developed deep learning(DL)and machine learning(ML)-based models using laboratory findings to diagnose COVID-19.Six different methods are used in this study:K-nearest neighbor(KNN),Decision Tree(DT)and Naive Bayes(NB)as a machine learning method,and Deep Neural Network(DNN),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),and Long-term memory(LSTM)as DL methods.These approaches are evaluated using a dataset obtained from the Israelita Albert Einstein Hospital in Sao Paulo,Brazil.This data consists of 5644 laboratory results from different patients,with 10%being Covid-19 positive cases.The dataset includes 18 attributes that characterize COVID-19.We used accuracy,f1-score,recall and precision to evaluate the different developed systems.The obtained results confirmed these approaches’effectiveness in identifying COVID-19,However,ML-based classifiers couldn’t perform up to the standards achieved by DL-based models.Among all,NB performed worst by hardly achieving accuracy above 76%,Whereas KNN and DT compete by securing 84.56%and 85%accuracies,respectively.Besides these,DL models attained better performance as CNN,DNN and LSTM secured more than 90%accuracies.The LTSM outperformed all by achieving an accuracy of 96.78%and an F1-score of 96.58%.展开更多
文摘The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.
文摘Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.
文摘The coronavirus(COVID-19)is a disease declared a global pan-demic that threatens the whole world.Since then,research has accelerated and varied to find practical solutions for the early detection and correct identification of this disease.Several researchers have focused on using the potential of Artificial Intelligence(AI)techniques in disease diagnosis to diagnose and detect the coronavirus.This paper developed deep learning(DL)and machine learning(ML)-based models using laboratory findings to diagnose COVID-19.Six different methods are used in this study:K-nearest neighbor(KNN),Decision Tree(DT)and Naive Bayes(NB)as a machine learning method,and Deep Neural Network(DNN),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),and Long-term memory(LSTM)as DL methods.These approaches are evaluated using a dataset obtained from the Israelita Albert Einstein Hospital in Sao Paulo,Brazil.This data consists of 5644 laboratory results from different patients,with 10%being Covid-19 positive cases.The dataset includes 18 attributes that characterize COVID-19.We used accuracy,f1-score,recall and precision to evaluate the different developed systems.The obtained results confirmed these approaches’effectiveness in identifying COVID-19,However,ML-based classifiers couldn’t perform up to the standards achieved by DL-based models.Among all,NB performed worst by hardly achieving accuracy above 76%,Whereas KNN and DT compete by securing 84.56%and 85%accuracies,respectively.Besides these,DL models attained better performance as CNN,DNN and LSTM secured more than 90%accuracies.The LTSM outperformed all by achieving an accuracy of 96.78%and an F1-score of 96.58%.
