One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores th...One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores the theoretical foundations,practical applications,and ethical considerations of the One Health governance architecture.At the theoretical level,One Health governance invites systems thinking and involves collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders,applying across multi-layered scenarios and requires public-private partnership(PPP).This governance architecture transcends traditional anthropocentrism and shifts towards ecocentrism,highlighting the integrity of ecosystems and the deep prevention of diseases.Selected case studies illustrate the implementation of One Health initiatives,such as shared water resources,disease surveillance programmes,and sustainable environmental health interventions,demonstrating the added value of a collaborative efforts across sectors and regions.Ethical considerations are integral to decision-making and actions of One Health governance,with a focus on equity,inclusivity and accountability,providing moral guidelines to prioritize the health of vulnerable populations and ecosystems.Through these efforts,One Health governance is expected to improve public health globally,promote sustainable development,and achieve a harmonious coexistence of human,animal,and environmental health.展开更多
Objective: To record the human cases of dengue fever(DF) and investigate the Aedes mosquito species circulating during the Hanoi 2011 DF epidemics. Methods: 24 different outbreak points were recorded in 8 districts be...Objective: To record the human cases of dengue fever(DF) and investigate the Aedes mosquito species circulating during the Hanoi 2011 DF epidemics. Methods: 24 different outbreak points were recorded in 8 districts between August and December 2011. Results: 140 patients were hospitalized following dengue diagnostic with a predominance of males(59.3%) and the 15-34 age class. Only DENV-1(11.27%) and DENV-2(88.73%) serotypes were detected in human samples. Mosquito sampling performed in and around patients households revealed the predominance of Aedes aegypti(95.15%) versus Aedes albopictus(4.85%). There is a positive correlation between the population density of Aedes aegypti and the number of human cases and duration of outbreaks. Conclusions: This was not observed for Aedes albopictus. 3 pools of Aedes aegypti were positive with dengue virus, two with DENV-1 and one with DENV-2.展开更多
To distinguish species or populations using morphometric data is generally processed through multivariate analyses, in particular the discriminant analysis. We explored another approach based on the maximum likelihood...To distinguish species or populations using morphometric data is generally processed through multivariate analyses, in particular the discriminant analysis. We explored another approach based on the maximum likelihood method. Simple statistics based on the assumption of normal distribution at a single variable allows to compute the chance of observing a particular data （or sample） in a given reference group. When data are described by more than one variable, the maximum likelihood （MLi） approach allows to combine these chances to find the best fit for the data. Such approach assumes independence between variables. The assumptions of normal distribution of variables and independence between them are frequently not met in morphometrics, but improvements may be obtained after some mathematical transformations. Provided there is strict anatomical correspondence of variables between unknown and reference data, the MLi classification produces consistent classification. We explored this approach using various input data, and compared validated classification scores with the ones obtained after the Mahalanobis distance-based classification. The simplicity of the method, its fast computation, performance and versatility, make it an interesting complement to other classification techniques.展开更多
Various studies on the difference of distal femoral condyles between genders have been reported recently in order to provide anatomic information for knee prosthesis design and surgical planning in total knee arthropl...Various studies on the difference of distal femoral condyles between genders have been reported recently in order to provide anatomic information for knee prosthesis design and surgical planning in total knee arthroplasty. They also had the objective to be used as a sex recognition character, as may be needed in forensic medicine. Except for a recent 3D approach on the distal femur, most of the studies used dimensional information or aspect ratio but not shape. Our 2D study aimed to determine the size and shape variation of femoral condyles in Thais, considering age, sex and sides. One hundred and twenty-four cadaveric femurs （male 84 legs and female 40 legs） were dissected. The specimens were photographed by digital camera and images were analyzed using three geometric techniques： （i） the landmark-based method （5 landmarks）, （ii） with or without addition of 23 sliding semilandmark and （iii） the outline-based methods. From the resulting geometric coordinates, size and shape were extracted for comparisons between genders and sides. Between sides, directional asymmetry could be detected only for shape variation, and only when introducing curves in the analyses （either through the semilandmarks technique or through the outline-based one）. Non-directional asymmetry, probably fluctuating asymmetry, was detected for size, as well as for shape, in both genders. Sex discrimination was performed for each geometric technique using two classification methods： the Mahalanobis distance classification and the Maximum likelihood classification. The latter provided much more satisfactory gender validated reclassification （87%） than shape （72%）.展开更多
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Host’s genetic factors involved in immunity are potential factors that ...Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Host’s genetic factors involved in immunity are potential factors that can regulate infection. Genetic polymorphisms within HLA-G could influence the level of HLA-G expression and therefore play a critical role in infection outcomes. The goal of our study was to investigate the association of 14 bp Indel HLA-G polymorphism with the susceptibility/resistance to HAT. DNA samples were collected from 119 cases, 221 controls and 43 seropositive individuals living in Ivorian HAT foci. The 14 bp Indel polymorphism was determined by PCR. Homozygous individuals for 14 bp insertion had a lower risk of progressing to active HAT (p = 0.012, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.8). Moreover, the frequency of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype was higher in the seropositive group (11%) than in the HAT cases group (3%) (p = 0.043, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.99), which suggested a protective effect of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype. Genetic polymorphisms in HLA-G may be associated with a variable risk to develop HAT. The 14 bp insertion appears to favour the occurrence of long-lasting T. b. gambiense latent infections.展开更多
Trypanosomiasis,transmitted by tsetse flies(Glossina spp.),poses a significant health threat in 36 sub-Saharan African countries.Current control methods targeting tsetse flies,while effective,allow reinfestation.This ...Trypanosomiasis,transmitted by tsetse flies(Glossina spp.),poses a significant health threat in 36 sub-Saharan African countries.Current control methods targeting tsetse flies,while effective,allow reinfestation.This study investigates paratransgenesis,a novel strategy to engineer symbiotic bacteria in tsetse flies,Sodalis glossinidius,to deliver anti-trypanosome compounds.Disrupting the trypanosome life cycle within the fly and reducing parasite transmission could offer a sustainable solution for trypanosomiasis control.In this context,we tested the effect of cecropin,reported to be lethal for Trypanosoma cruzi(Chagas disease)and TbgTCTP(Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense),previously reported to modulate the growth of bacteria isolated from the fly microbiome,to delay the first peak of parasitemia and the death of trypanosome-infected mice.We have successfully cloned and transfected the genes encoding the two proteins into Sodalis strains.These Sodalis recombinant strains(recSodalisTbgTCTP and recSodaliscecropin)have been then microinjected into the L3 larval stage of Glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.The stability of the cloned genes was checked up to the 20th day after microinjection of recSodalis.The rate of fly emergence from untreated pupae was 95%;it was reduced by nearly 50%due to the mechanical injury caused by microinjection.It decreased to nearly 7%when larvae were injected with recSodalisTbgTCTP,which suggests TCTP could have a lethal impact to larvae development.When challenged with T.brucei gambiense,a slightly lower,but statistically non-significant,infection rate was recorded in flies harboring recSodaliscecropin compared to control flies.The effect of recSodalisTbgTCTP could not be measured due to the very low rate of fly emergence after corresponding treatment of the larvae.The results do not allow to conclude on the effect of cecropin or TCTP,delivered by para-transgenesis into the fly's gut,on the fly infection by the trypanosome.Nevertheless,the results are encouraging insofar as the technical approach works on the couple G.p.gambiensis/T.brucei gambiense.The next step will be to optimize the system and test other targets chosen among the ESPs(Excreted-Secreted Proteins)of the trypanosome secretum,or the differentially expressed genes associated with the sensitivity/resistance of the fly to trypanosome infection.展开更多
Tsetse flies are the sole cyclic vectors of African trypanosomes,which cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Africa.Tsetse fly control remains a promising option for disease management.The sterile insect t...Tsetse flies are the sole cyclic vectors of African trypanosomes,which cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Africa.Tsetse fly control remains a promising option for disease management.The sterile insect technique(SIT)stands as an environmentally friendly tool to control tsetse populations.SIT requires the mass-rearing of competent sterile males to mate with wild females.However,long-term colonization might affect the genetic structure of the reared flies.This study investigated the genetic structure of four Glossina palpalis gambiensis colonies of different ages:two originating from Senegal(SEN and ICIRSEN)and two from Burkina Faso(CIR and IBD).Samples from these colonies were genotyped at ten microsatellite loci,followed by downstream population genetic analyses.The results show that the two colonies from Burkina Faso collected from close sites(~20 km apart)over 45-year interval retained the same genetic background(FsT cIR~IBD≈0,P-value=0.47).These flies were however,genetically different from those from the Senegal colonies(FsT cIR~SEN≈0.047;FsT IBD~SEN≈0.058,P-value=10-4).Moreover,no significant difference was detected in the gene diversity of the CIR and IBD colonies,with Hs values of 0.650 and 0.665,respectively.Theinbreeding coefficient showed that all four colonies where under Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium,with FIs values of 0.026,0.012,-0.064,and 0.001,for CIR,IBD,ICIRSEN,and SEN.respectively.Furthermore,no sign of a recent bottleneck was identified in tsetse samples from any of the four colonies.The results suggest that long-term mass-rearing of tsetse flies has no significant impact on their genetic background and diversity.展开更多
Malaria remains a major global health challenge.Understanding the research progress of the potential innovative tools is important for malaria elimination.This scoping review aims to explore China’s research and deve...Malaria remains a major global health challenge.Understanding the research progress of the potential innovative tools is important for malaria elimination.This scoping review aims to explore China’s research and development(R&D)advances from 2013–2023 in addressing the current challenges and contributing to global malaria elimination.Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews(PRISMAScR),this review searched the English and Simplified Chinese data sources from five databases.A total of 11,112 English articles and 2,944 Chinese articles were retrieved.After screening,44 English and 13 Chinese articles were included.Key advancements were identified in three domains:vector control,pathogen screening and diagnosis,and prevention and treatment.Innovations in vector control include studies such as the use of Serratia strains and symbiont-mediated RNAi approaches to block malaria transmission.Advances in pathogen screening and diagnosis feature biosensor development,AI monitoring technologies,and novel amplification gene and nucleic acid detection technologies.In prevention and treatment,artemisinin-based combination therapies(ACTs)remain a cornerstone,with additional progress in industrial pharmaceuticals and technologies already in field and semi-field-testing stages.This review underscores the importance of leveraging China’s R&D capacity to meet global challenges.To maximize impact,we call for global attention to strengthening international collaboration with China in malaria R&D to accelerate the commercialization,regulatory approval,and large-scale deployment of innovations.展开更多
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests and disease vectors rely on the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males. This largely depends on the optimal management of target ...Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests and disease vectors rely on the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males. This largely depends on the optimal management of target pest colonies by maximizing the benefits provided by a genetically rich and pathogen-free mother colony, the presence of symbiotic microorganisms, and efficient domestication, mass-rearing, irradiation, and release processes. At the same time microbial (bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, and viruses) pathogen outbreaks should be minimized or eliminated, and the use of hazardous chemicals restricted. The optimization of the colony management strategies for different SIT target insects will ensure a standardized high-quality mass-rearing process and the cost-effective production of sterile males with enhanced field performance and male mating competitiveness. The aims of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) were to develop best practices for insect colony management for the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males for SIT applications against major insect pests and disease vectors through a multidisciplinary approach involving entomologists, geneticists, ecologists, microbiologists, pathologists, virologists, and mass-rearing experts.展开更多
Background Echinococcosis is an infectious parasitic disease that is extremely harmful to human health.Albendazole is provided free of charge to patients requiring medication under the central government finance trans...Background Echinococcosis is an infectious parasitic disease that is extremely harmful to human health.Albendazole is provided free of charge to patients requiring medication under the central government finance transfer payment scheme for echinococcosis control and prevention in China.Our aim is to monitor the state of patient medication and its therapeutic impact,which will help improve medication compliance and the therapeutic effect.Methods Random cluster sampling was used to select 10 echinococcosis-endemic counties in China,and all alben-dazole-treated patients in these counties were investigated.The chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to com-pare two or more rates or constituent ratios,and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influ-encing factors.The records of patients were reviewed to obtain the initial diagnosis results as well as the most recent follow-up results and time,and efficacy was assessed.Results We examined 899 patient files treated with albendazole in 10 endemic counties.Of the 582 evaluable files,7.9%did not take albendazole,and 69.2%did not take albendazole regularly.Only 22.9%took albendazole regularly.Of the 536 patients who took albendazole,242 exhibited adverse reactions.Patients who were Tibetan,herdsmen,received no formal education,used emulsion,and exhibited adverse reactions demonstrated poor compliance.A total of 174 patients with cystic echinococcosis received their most recent imaging follow-up results within one year of the investigation date.Among them,9 patients met the criteria for cure,accounting for 5.2%;56 patients showed effectiveness,accounting for 32.2%;105 patients were deemed ineffective,accounting for 59.8%;5 patients experienced recurrence,accounting for 2.9%.Conclusions Albendazole medication compliance in patients with echinococcosis is not ideal.We must prioritize health education and promotion for Tibetans,herdsmen,and those without formal education.Patients who adhered to their medication regimen achieved higher rates of cure and effectiveness.To improve medication compliance and effi-cacy,it is particularly important to improve communication and medication guidance for patients receiving emulsions and those with adverse reactions after taking albendazole.Simultaneously strengthen patients'attention to follow-up and re-examination.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Given the challenges presented by drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis(TB)and the rising mobility of the population,achieving the objective of eradicating TB appears uncertain....What is already known about this topic?Given the challenges presented by drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis(TB)and the rising mobility of the population,achieving the objective of eradicating TB appears uncertain.What is added by this report?The examination of TB incidence trends in 10 highburden countries(HBCs)indicated a steady rise in cases,with India and China jointly accounting for nearly 70%of the burden.Projections for the future show diverse trajectories in these countries,with potential difficulties in reaching the TB elimination target,especially in Nigeria,Congo,and South Africa.What are the implications for public health practice?The number of TB cases is on the rise.It is crucial to learn from successful strategies to improve TB prevention and control worldwide through collaborative efforts.展开更多
Background Serological screening tests play a crucial role to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). Presently, they preselect individuals for microscopic confirmation, but in future "screen and...Background Serological screening tests play a crucial role to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). Presently, they preselect individuals for microscopic confirmation, but in future "screen and treat" strategies they will identify individuals for treatment. Variability in reported specificities, the development of new rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and the hypothesis that malaria infection may decrease RDT specificity led us to evaluate the specificity of 5 gHAT screening tests.Methods During active screening, venous blood samples from 1095 individuals from Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea were tested consecutively with commercial (CATT, HAT Sero-K-SeT, Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0) and prototype (DCN HAT RDT, HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0) gHAT screening tests and with a malaria RDT. Individuals with ≥ 1 positive gHAT screening test underwent microscopy and further immunological (trypanolysis withT.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6;indirect ELISA/T.b. gambiense;T.b. gambiense inhibition ELISA withT.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3 and 1.5 VSG) and molecular reference laboratory tests (PCR TBRN3, 18S and TgsGP;SHERLOCK 18S Tids, 7SLZoon, and TgsGP;Trypanozoon S2-RT-qPCR 18S2, 177T, GPI-PLC and TgsGP in multiplex;RT-qPCR DT8, DT9 and TgsGP in multiplex). Microscopic trypanosome detection confirmed gHAT, while other individuals were considered gHAT free. Differences in fractions between groups were assessed by Chi square and differences in specificity between 2 tests on the same individuals by McNemar.Results One gHAT case was diagnosed. Overall test specificities (n = 1094) were: CATT 98.9% (95%CI: 98.1–99.4%);HAT Sero-K-SeT 86.7% (95%CI: 84.5–88.5%);Bioline HAT 2.0 82.1% (95%CI: 79.7–84.2%);DCN HAT RDT 78.2% (95%CI: 75.7–80.6%);and HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0 78.4% (95%CI: 75.9–80.8%). In malaria positives, gHAT screening tests appeared less specific, but the difference was significant only in Guinea for Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0 (P = 0.03) and HAT Sero-K-Set 2.0 (P = 0.0006). The specificities of immunological and molecular laboratory tests in gHAT seropositives were 98.7–100% (n = 399) and 93.0–100% (n = 302), respectively. Among 44 reference laboratory test positives, only the confirmed gHAT patient and one screening test seropositive combined immunological and molecular reference laboratory test positivity.Conclusions Although a minor effect of malaria cannot be excluded, gHAT RDT specificities are far below the 95% minimal specificity stipulated by the WHO target product profile for a simple diagnostic tool to identify individuals eligible for treatment. Unless specificity is improved, an RDT-based "screen and treat" strategy would result in massive overtreatment. In view of their inconsistent results, additional comparative evaluations of the diagnostic performance of reference laboratory tests are indicated for better identifying, among screening test positives, those at increased suspicion for gHAT.Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered under NCT05466630 in clinicaltrials.gov on July 15 2022.展开更多
Background: Recently, despite the steady decline in the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic globally, school TB outbreaks have been frequently reported in China. This study aimed to quantify the transmissibility ofMycobacteriu...Background: Recently, despite the steady decline in the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic globally, school TB outbreaks have been frequently reported in China. This study aimed to quantify the transmissibility ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among students and non-students using a mathematical model to determine characteristics of TB transmission.Methods: We constructed a dataset of reported TB cases from four regions (Jilin Province, Xiamen City, Chuxiong Prefecture, and Wuhan City) in China from 2005 to 2019. We classified the population and the reported cases under student and non-student groups, and developed two mathematical models [nonseasonal model (Model A) and seasonal model (Model B)] based on the natural history and transmission features of TB. The effective reproduction number (R(eff)) of TB between groups were calculated using the collected data.Results: During the study period, data on 456,423 TB cases were collected from four regions: students accounted for 6.1% of cases. The goodness-of-fit analysis showed that Model A had a better fitting effect (P < 0.001). The average R_(eff) of TB estimated from Model A was 1.68 [interquartile range (IQR): 1.20–1.96] in Chuxiong Prefecture, 1.67 (IQR: 1.40–1.93) in Xiamen City, 1.75 (IQR: 1.37–2.02) in Jilin Province, and 1.79 (IQR: 1.56–2.02) in Wuhan City. The average R_(eff) of TB in the non-student population was 23.30 times (1.65/0.07) higher than that in the student population.Conclusions: The transmissibility of MTB remains high in the non-student population of the areas studied, which is still dominant in the spread of TB. TB transmissibility from the non-student-to-student-population had a strong influence on students. Specific interventions, such as TB screening, should be applied rigorously to control and to prevent TB transmission among students.展开更多
Objectives:Computing the basic reproduction number(R0)in deterministic dynamical models is a hot topic and is frequently demanded by researchers in public health.The nextgeneration methods(NGM)are widely used for such...Objectives:Computing the basic reproduction number(R0)in deterministic dynamical models is a hot topic and is frequently demanded by researchers in public health.The nextgeneration methods(NGM)are widely used for such computation,however,the results of NGM are usually not to be the true R0 but only a threshold quantity with little interpretation.In this paper,a definition-based method(DBM)is proposed to solve such a problem.Methods:Start with the definition of R0,consider different states that one infected individual may develop into,and take expectations.A comparison with NGM has proceeded.Numerical verification is performed using parameters fitted by data of COVID-19 in Hunan Province.Results:DBM and NGM give identical expressions for single-host models with single-group and interactive Rij of single-host models with multi-groups,while difference arises for models partitioned into subgroups.Numerical verification showed the consistencies and differences between DBM and NGM,which supports the conclusion that R0 derived by DBM with true epidemiological interpretations are better.Conclusions:DBM is more suitable for single-host models,especially for models partitioned into subgroups.However,for multi-host dynamic models where the true R0 is failed to define,we may turn to the NGM for the threshold R0.展开更多
Introduction:Vaccination booster shots are completely necessary for controlling breakthrough infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in China.The study aims to estimate effectiveness o...Introduction:Vaccination booster shots are completely necessary for controlling breakthrough infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in China.The study aims to estimate effectiveness of booster vaccines for high-risk populations(HRPs).Methods:A vaccinated Susceptible-Exposed-Symptomatic-Asymptomatic-Recovered/Removed(SEIAR)model was developed to simulate scenarios of effective reproduction number(Reff)from 4 to 6.Total number of infectious and asymptomatic cases were used to evaluated vaccination effectiveness.Results:Our model showed that we could not prevent outbreaks when covering 80%of HRPs with booster unless Reff=4.0 or the booster vaccine had efficacy against infectivity and susceptibility of more than 90%.The results were consistent when the outcome index was confirmed cases or asymptomatic cases.Conclusions:An ideal coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)booster vaccination strategy for HRPs would be expected to reach the initial goal to control the transmission of the Delta variant in China.Accordingly,the recommendation for the COVID-19 booster vaccine should be implemented in HRPs who are already vaccinated and could prevent transmission to other groups.展开更多
Background: Reaching optimal vaccination rates is an essential public health strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to simulate the optimal vaccination strategy to contr...Background: Reaching optimal vaccination rates is an essential public health strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to simulate the optimal vaccination strategy to control the disease by developing an age-specific model based on the current transmission patterns of COVID-19 in Wuhan City, China.Methods: We collected two indicators of COVID-19, including illness onset data and age of confirmed case in Wuhan City, from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. The reported cases were divided into four age groups: group 1, ≤ 14 years old;group 2, 15 to 44 years old;group 3, 44 to 64 years old;and group 4, ≥ 65 years old. An age-specific susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered/removed model was developed to estimate the transmissibility and simulate the optimal vaccination strategy. The effective reproduction number (R_(eff)) was used to estimate the transmission interaction in different age groups.Results: A total of 47 722 new cases were reported in Wuhan City from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. Before the travel ban of Wuhan City, the highest transmissibility was observed among age group 2 (R_(eff) = 4.28), followed by group 2 to 3 (R_(eff) = 2.61), and group 2 to 4 (R_(eff) = 1.69). China should vaccinate at least 85% of the total population to interrupt transmission. The priority for controlling transmission should be to vaccinate 5% to 8% of individuals in age group 2 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% of age group 2), followed by 10% of age group 3 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% age group 3). However, the optimal vaccination strategy for reducing the disease severity identified individuals ≥ 65 years old as a priority group, followed by those 45-64 years old.Conclusions: Approximately 85% of the total population (nearly 1.2 billion people) should be vaccinated to build an immune barrier in China to safely consider removing border restrictions. Based on these results, we concluded that 90% of adults aged 15-64 years should first be vaccinated to prevent transmission in China.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?In China,patients with echinococcosis receive complimentary healthcare services,such as medical treatment,diagnostic examinations,and follow-up care.Despite this,no studi...Summary What is already known about this topic?In China,patients with echinococcosis receive complimentary healthcare services,such as medical treatment,diagnostic examinations,and follow-up care.Despite this,no studies have been conducted to assess the quality of patient management to date.What is added by this report?This study reviewed the medical records of 899 patients who underwent albendazole treatment across 10 endemic counties.Out of 634 evaluable patient files,the proportion of patients with a ratio of actual followup and reexamination times to theoretical follow-up and reexamination times≥0.8 were both low(21.92%and 23.19%,respectively).What are the implications for public health practices?This study identified weaknesses and specific issues in patient management and proposed feasible recommendations to enhance patient file documentation,follow-up,and reexamination.展开更多
Background:In recent years,a programme of vector control,screening and treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis(gHAT)infections led to a rapid decline in cases in the Mandoul focus of Chad.To represent the...Background:In recent years,a programme of vector control,screening and treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis(gHAT)infections led to a rapid decline in cases in the Mandoul focus of Chad.To represent the biology of transmission between humans and tsetse,we previously developed a mechanistic transmission model,fitted to data between 2000 and 2013 which suggested that transmission was interrupted by 2015.The present study outlines refinements to the model to:(1)Assess whether elimination of transmission has already been achieved despite low-level case reporting;(2)quantify the role of intensified interventions in transmission reduction;and(3)predict the trajectory of gHAT in Mandoul for the next decade under different strategies.Method:Our previous gHAT transmission model for Mandoul was updated using human case data(2000-2019)and a series of model refinements.These include how diagnostic specificity is incorporated into the model and improvements to the fitting method(increased variance in observed case reporting and how underreporting and improvements to passive screening are captured).A side-by-side comparison of fitting to case data was performed between the models.Results:We estimated that passive detection rates have increased due to improvements in diagnostic availability in fixed health facilities since 2015,by 2.1-fold for stage 1 detection,and 1.5-fold for stage 2.We find that whilst the diagnostic algorithm for active screening is estimated to be highly specific(95%credible interval(CI):99.9-100%,Specificity=99.9%),the high screening and low infection levels mean that some recently reported cases with no parasitological confirmation might be false positives.We also find that the focus-wide tsetse reduction estimated through model fitting(95%CI:96.1-99.6%,Reduction=99.1%)is comparable to the reduction previously measured by the decline in tsetse catches from monitoring traps.In line with previous results,the model suggests that transmission was interrupted in 2015 due to intensified interventions.Conclusions:We recommend that additional confirmatory testing is performed in Mandoul to ensure the endgame can be carefully monitored.More specific measurement of cases,would better inform when it is safe to stop active screening and vector control,provided there is a strong passive surveillance system in place.展开更多
Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regiona...Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regional transmission patterns.Method:This study adopted a Logistic model to assess the seasonality and a dynamics model to compare the transmission in different areas.The next-generation matrix was used to calculate the effective reproduction number(Reff)to quantify the transmissibility.Results:In China,the rate of shigellosis fell from 35.12 cases per 100,000 people in 2005 to 7.85 cases per 100,000 people in 2017,peaking in June and August.After simulation by the Logistic model,the‘peak time’is mainly concentrated from mid-June to mid-July.China's‘early warning time’is primarily focused on from April to May.We predict the‘peak time’of shigellosis is the 6.30th month and the‘early warning time’is 3.87th month in 2021.According to the dynamics model results,the water/food transfer pathway has been mostly blocked off.The transmissibility of different regions varies greatly,such as the mean Reff of Longde County(3.76)is higher than Xiamen City(3.15),higher than Chuxiong City(2.52),and higher than Yichang City(1.70).Conclusion:The‘early warning time’for shigellosis in China is from April to May every year,and it may continue to advance in the future,such as the early warning time in 2021 is in mid-March.Furthermore,we should focus on preventing and controlling the personto-person route of shigellosis and stratified deploy prevention and control measures according to the regional transmission.展开更多
基金supported by the Major projects of the National Social Science Fund of China[grant number 20&ZD201].
文摘One Health approach is a global public good(GPG)that invites governance to maximize the health of humans,animals,and the environment by shaping interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration.This paper explores the theoretical foundations,practical applications,and ethical considerations of the One Health governance architecture.At the theoretical level,One Health governance invites systems thinking and involves collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders,applying across multi-layered scenarios and requires public-private partnership(PPP).This governance architecture transcends traditional anthropocentrism and shifts towards ecocentrism,highlighting the integrity of ecosystems and the deep prevention of diseases.Selected case studies illustrate the implementation of One Health initiatives,such as shared water resources,disease surveillance programmes,and sustainable environmental health interventions,demonstrating the added value of a collaborative efforts across sectors and regions.Ethical considerations are integral to decision-making and actions of One Health governance,with a focus on equity,inclusivity and accountability,providing moral guidelines to prioritize the health of vulnerable populations and ecosystems.Through these efforts,One Health governance is expected to improve public health globally,promote sustainable development,and achieve a harmonious coexistence of human,animal,and environmental health.
基金supported in part by the Erasmus Mundus project MAHEVAthe CNRS-UM1-UM2 PEPS project MoD yCAsupported by the Entomology department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
文摘Objective: To record the human cases of dengue fever(DF) and investigate the Aedes mosquito species circulating during the Hanoi 2011 DF epidemics. Methods: 24 different outbreak points were recorded in 8 districts between August and December 2011. Results: 140 patients were hospitalized following dengue diagnostic with a predominance of males(59.3%) and the 15-34 age class. Only DENV-1(11.27%) and DENV-2(88.73%) serotypes were detected in human samples. Mosquito sampling performed in and around patients households revealed the predominance of Aedes aegypti(95.15%) versus Aedes albopictus(4.85%). There is a positive correlation between the population density of Aedes aegypti and the number of human cases and duration of outbreaks. Conclusions: This was not observed for Aedes albopictus. 3 pools of Aedes aegypti were positive with dengue virus, two with DENV-1 and one with DENV-2.
基金financed by the Chaires Merieux foundation(Paris,France)Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador(M 13480)
文摘To distinguish species or populations using morphometric data is generally processed through multivariate analyses, in particular the discriminant analysis. We explored another approach based on the maximum likelihood method. Simple statistics based on the assumption of normal distribution at a single variable allows to compute the chance of observing a particular data （or sample） in a given reference group. When data are described by more than one variable, the maximum likelihood （MLi） approach allows to combine these chances to find the best fit for the data. Such approach assumes independence between variables. The assumptions of normal distribution of variables and independence between them are frequently not met in morphometrics, but improvements may be obtained after some mathematical transformations. Provided there is strict anatomical correspondence of variables between unknown and reference data, the MLi classification produces consistent classification. We explored this approach using various input data, and compared validated classification scores with the ones obtained after the Mahalanobis distance-based classification. The simplicity of the method, its fast computation, performance and versatility, make it an interesting complement to other classification techniques.
文摘Various studies on the difference of distal femoral condyles between genders have been reported recently in order to provide anatomic information for knee prosthesis design and surgical planning in total knee arthroplasty. They also had the objective to be used as a sex recognition character, as may be needed in forensic medicine. Except for a recent 3D approach on the distal femur, most of the studies used dimensional information or aspect ratio but not shape. Our 2D study aimed to determine the size and shape variation of femoral condyles in Thais, considering age, sex and sides. One hundred and twenty-four cadaveric femurs （male 84 legs and female 40 legs） were dissected. The specimens were photographed by digital camera and images were analyzed using three geometric techniques： （i） the landmark-based method （5 landmarks）, （ii） with or without addition of 23 sliding semilandmark and （iii） the outline-based methods. From the resulting geometric coordinates, size and shape were extracted for comparisons between genders and sides. Between sides, directional asymmetry could be detected only for shape variation, and only when introducing curves in the analyses （either through the semilandmarks technique or through the outline-based one）. Non-directional asymmetry, probably fluctuating asymmetry, was detected for size, as well as for shape, in both genders. Sex discrimination was performed for each geometric technique using two classification methods： the Mahalanobis distance classification and the Maximum likelihood classification. The latter provided much more satisfactory gender validated reclassification （87%） than shape （72%）.
文摘Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is associated with diverse clinical outcomes. Host’s genetic factors involved in immunity are potential factors that can regulate infection. Genetic polymorphisms within HLA-G could influence the level of HLA-G expression and therefore play a critical role in infection outcomes. The goal of our study was to investigate the association of 14 bp Indel HLA-G polymorphism with the susceptibility/resistance to HAT. DNA samples were collected from 119 cases, 221 controls and 43 seropositive individuals living in Ivorian HAT foci. The 14 bp Indel polymorphism was determined by PCR. Homozygous individuals for 14 bp insertion had a lower risk of progressing to active HAT (p = 0.012, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09 - 0.8). Moreover, the frequency of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype was higher in the seropositive group (11%) than in the HAT cases group (3%) (p = 0.043, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07 - 0.99), which suggested a protective effect of 14 bp insertion homozygous genotype. Genetic polymorphisms in HLA-G may be associated with a variable risk to develop HAT. The 14 bp insertion appears to favour the occurrence of long-lasting T. b. gambiense latent infections.
文摘Trypanosomiasis,transmitted by tsetse flies(Glossina spp.),poses a significant health threat in 36 sub-Saharan African countries.Current control methods targeting tsetse flies,while effective,allow reinfestation.This study investigates paratransgenesis,a novel strategy to engineer symbiotic bacteria in tsetse flies,Sodalis glossinidius,to deliver anti-trypanosome compounds.Disrupting the trypanosome life cycle within the fly and reducing parasite transmission could offer a sustainable solution for trypanosomiasis control.In this context,we tested the effect of cecropin,reported to be lethal for Trypanosoma cruzi(Chagas disease)and TbgTCTP(Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense),previously reported to modulate the growth of bacteria isolated from the fly microbiome,to delay the first peak of parasitemia and the death of trypanosome-infected mice.We have successfully cloned and transfected the genes encoding the two proteins into Sodalis strains.These Sodalis recombinant strains(recSodalisTbgTCTP and recSodaliscecropin)have been then microinjected into the L3 larval stage of Glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.The stability of the cloned genes was checked up to the 20th day after microinjection of recSodalis.The rate of fly emergence from untreated pupae was 95%;it was reduced by nearly 50%due to the mechanical injury caused by microinjection.It decreased to nearly 7%when larvae were injected with recSodalisTbgTCTP,which suggests TCTP could have a lethal impact to larvae development.When challenged with T.brucei gambiense,a slightly lower,but statistically non-significant,infection rate was recorded in flies harboring recSodaliscecropin compared to control flies.The effect of recSodalisTbgTCTP could not be measured due to the very low rate of fly emergence after corresponding treatment of the larvae.The results do not allow to conclude on the effect of cecropin or TCTP,delivered by para-transgenesis into the fly's gut,on the fly infection by the trypanosome.Nevertheless,the results are encouraging insofar as the technical approach works on the couple G.p.gambiensis/T.brucei gambiense.The next step will be to optimize the system and test other targets chosen among the ESPs(Excreted-Secreted Proteins)of the trypanosome secretum,or the differentially expressed genes associated with the sensitivity/resistance of the fly to trypanosome infection.
基金funded by the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture,IAEA(CRP No.:D4.20.17),Vienna,Austria.
文摘Tsetse flies are the sole cyclic vectors of African trypanosomes,which cause human and animal African trypanosomiases in Africa.Tsetse fly control remains a promising option for disease management.The sterile insect technique(SIT)stands as an environmentally friendly tool to control tsetse populations.SIT requires the mass-rearing of competent sterile males to mate with wild females.However,long-term colonization might affect the genetic structure of the reared flies.This study investigated the genetic structure of four Glossina palpalis gambiensis colonies of different ages:two originating from Senegal(SEN and ICIRSEN)and two from Burkina Faso(CIR and IBD).Samples from these colonies were genotyped at ten microsatellite loci,followed by downstream population genetic analyses.The results show that the two colonies from Burkina Faso collected from close sites(~20 km apart)over 45-year interval retained the same genetic background(FsT cIR~IBD≈0,P-value=0.47).These flies were however,genetically different from those from the Senegal colonies(FsT cIR~SEN≈0.047;FsT IBD~SEN≈0.058,P-value=10-4).Moreover,no significant difference was detected in the gene diversity of the CIR and IBD colonies,with Hs values of 0.650 and 0.665,respectively.Theinbreeding coefficient showed that all four colonies where under Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium,with FIs values of 0.026,0.012,-0.064,and 0.001,for CIR,IBD,ICIRSEN,and SEN.respectively.Furthermore,no sign of a recent bottleneck was identified in tsetse samples from any of the four colonies.The results suggest that long-term mass-rearing of tsetse flies has no significant impact on their genetic background and diversity.
基金Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation(INV-061480)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant number 2024YFC2309900).
文摘Malaria remains a major global health challenge.Understanding the research progress of the potential innovative tools is important for malaria elimination.This scoping review aims to explore China’s research and development(R&D)advances from 2013–2023 in addressing the current challenges and contributing to global malaria elimination.Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews(PRISMAScR),this review searched the English and Simplified Chinese data sources from five databases.A total of 11,112 English articles and 2,944 Chinese articles were retrieved.After screening,44 English and 13 Chinese articles were included.Key advancements were identified in three domains:vector control,pathogen screening and diagnosis,and prevention and treatment.Innovations in vector control include studies such as the use of Serratia strains and symbiont-mediated RNAi approaches to block malaria transmission.Advances in pathogen screening and diagnosis feature biosensor development,AI monitoring technologies,and novel amplification gene and nucleic acid detection technologies.In prevention and treatment,artemisinin-based combination therapies(ACTs)remain a cornerstone,with additional progress in industrial pharmaceuticals and technologies already in field and semi-field-testing stages.This review underscores the importance of leveraging China’s R&D capacity to meet global challenges.To maximize impact,we call for global attention to strengthening international collaboration with China in malaria R&D to accelerate the commercialization,regulatory approval,and large-scale deployment of innovations.
文摘Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests and disease vectors rely on the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males. This largely depends on the optimal management of target pest colonies by maximizing the benefits provided by a genetically rich and pathogen-free mother colony, the presence of symbiotic microorganisms, and efficient domestication, mass-rearing, irradiation, and release processes. At the same time microbial (bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, and viruses) pathogen outbreaks should be minimized or eliminated, and the use of hazardous chemicals restricted. The optimization of the colony management strategies for different SIT target insects will ensure a standardized high-quality mass-rearing process and the cost-effective production of sterile males with enhanced field performance and male mating competitiveness. The aims of the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) were to develop best practices for insect colony management for the cost-effective production of high-quality sterile males for SIT applications against major insect pests and disease vectors through a multidisciplinary approach involving entomologists, geneticists, ecologists, microbiologists, pathologists, virologists, and mass-rearing experts.
基金NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control,China(Grant No.2024WZK1001)Gansu Provincial Health Industry Research Plan Project(Grant No.GSWSKY2017-19)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.21JR11RA182).
文摘Background Echinococcosis is an infectious parasitic disease that is extremely harmful to human health.Albendazole is provided free of charge to patients requiring medication under the central government finance transfer payment scheme for echinococcosis control and prevention in China.Our aim is to monitor the state of patient medication and its therapeutic impact,which will help improve medication compliance and the therapeutic effect.Methods Random cluster sampling was used to select 10 echinococcosis-endemic counties in China,and all alben-dazole-treated patients in these counties were investigated.The chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to com-pare two or more rates or constituent ratios,and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influ-encing factors.The records of patients were reviewed to obtain the initial diagnosis results as well as the most recent follow-up results and time,and efficacy was assessed.Results We examined 899 patient files treated with albendazole in 10 endemic counties.Of the 582 evaluable files,7.9%did not take albendazole,and 69.2%did not take albendazole regularly.Only 22.9%took albendazole regularly.Of the 536 patients who took albendazole,242 exhibited adverse reactions.Patients who were Tibetan,herdsmen,received no formal education,used emulsion,and exhibited adverse reactions demonstrated poor compliance.A total of 174 patients with cystic echinococcosis received their most recent imaging follow-up results within one year of the investigation date.Among them,9 patients met the criteria for cure,accounting for 5.2%;56 patients showed effectiveness,accounting for 32.2%;105 patients were deemed ineffective,accounting for 59.8%;5 patients experienced recurrence,accounting for 2.9%.Conclusions Albendazole medication compliance in patients with echinococcosis is not ideal.We must prioritize health education and promotion for Tibetans,herdsmen,and those without formal education.Patients who adhered to their medication regimen achieved higher rates of cure and effectiveness.To improve medication compliance and effi-cacy,it is particularly important to improve communication and medication guidance for patients receiving emulsions and those with adverse reactions after taking albendazole.Simultaneously strengthen patients'attention to follow-up and re-examination.
基金This study was supported by Selfsupporting Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(grant number:No.SRPG22-007).
文摘What is already known about this topic?Given the challenges presented by drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis(TB)and the rising mobility of the population,achieving the objective of eradicating TB appears uncertain.What is added by this report?The examination of TB incidence trends in 10 highburden countries(HBCs)indicated a steady rise in cases,with India and China jointly accounting for nearly 70%of the burden.Projections for the future show diverse trajectories in these countries,with potential difficulties in reaching the TB elimination target,especially in Nigeria,Congo,and South Africa.What are the implications for public health practice?The number of TB cases is on the rise.It is crucial to learn from successful strategies to improve TB prevention and control worldwide through collaborative efforts.
基金This work was supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(grant nr.81071426,7F-08866.03.01)the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation(www.gatesfoundation.org)through the Trypa-NO!Project(grants number INV-001785,OPP1033712,OPP1154033)the'Development and integration of serological and molecular diagnostics in view of interruption of transmission of gambiense-HAT'project(grant number INV-031353).
文摘Background Serological screening tests play a crucial role to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT). Presently, they preselect individuals for microscopic confirmation, but in future "screen and treat" strategies they will identify individuals for treatment. Variability in reported specificities, the development of new rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and the hypothesis that malaria infection may decrease RDT specificity led us to evaluate the specificity of 5 gHAT screening tests.Methods During active screening, venous blood samples from 1095 individuals from Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea were tested consecutively with commercial (CATT, HAT Sero-K-SeT, Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0) and prototype (DCN HAT RDT, HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0) gHAT screening tests and with a malaria RDT. Individuals with ≥ 1 positive gHAT screening test underwent microscopy and further immunological (trypanolysis withT.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6;indirect ELISA/T.b. gambiense;T.b. gambiense inhibition ELISA withT.b. gambiense LiTat 1.3 and 1.5 VSG) and molecular reference laboratory tests (PCR TBRN3, 18S and TgsGP;SHERLOCK 18S Tids, 7SLZoon, and TgsGP;Trypanozoon S2-RT-qPCR 18S2, 177T, GPI-PLC and TgsGP in multiplex;RT-qPCR DT8, DT9 and TgsGP in multiplex). Microscopic trypanosome detection confirmed gHAT, while other individuals were considered gHAT free. Differences in fractions between groups were assessed by Chi square and differences in specificity between 2 tests on the same individuals by McNemar.Results One gHAT case was diagnosed. Overall test specificities (n = 1094) were: CATT 98.9% (95%CI: 98.1–99.4%);HAT Sero-K-SeT 86.7% (95%CI: 84.5–88.5%);Bioline HAT 2.0 82.1% (95%CI: 79.7–84.2%);DCN HAT RDT 78.2% (95%CI: 75.7–80.6%);and HAT Sero-K-SeT 2.0 78.4% (95%CI: 75.9–80.8%). In malaria positives, gHAT screening tests appeared less specific, but the difference was significant only in Guinea for Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0 (P = 0.03) and HAT Sero-K-Set 2.0 (P = 0.0006). The specificities of immunological and molecular laboratory tests in gHAT seropositives were 98.7–100% (n = 399) and 93.0–100% (n = 302), respectively. Among 44 reference laboratory test positives, only the confirmed gHAT patient and one screening test seropositive combined immunological and molecular reference laboratory test positivity.Conclusions Although a minor effect of malaria cannot be excluded, gHAT RDT specificities are far below the 95% minimal specificity stipulated by the WHO target product profile for a simple diagnostic tool to identify individuals eligible for treatment. Unless specificity is improved, an RDT-based "screen and treat" strategy would result in massive overtreatment. In view of their inconsistent results, additional comparative evaluations of the diagnostic performance of reference laboratory tests are indicated for better identifying, among screening test positives, those at increased suspicion for gHAT.Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered under NCT05466630 in clinicaltrials.gov on July 15 2022.
基金the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation(Grant Number:INV-005834).
文摘Background: Recently, despite the steady decline in the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic globally, school TB outbreaks have been frequently reported in China. This study aimed to quantify the transmissibility ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among students and non-students using a mathematical model to determine characteristics of TB transmission.Methods: We constructed a dataset of reported TB cases from four regions (Jilin Province, Xiamen City, Chuxiong Prefecture, and Wuhan City) in China from 2005 to 2019. We classified the population and the reported cases under student and non-student groups, and developed two mathematical models [nonseasonal model (Model A) and seasonal model (Model B)] based on the natural history and transmission features of TB. The effective reproduction number (R(eff)) of TB between groups were calculated using the collected data.Results: During the study period, data on 456,423 TB cases were collected from four regions: students accounted for 6.1% of cases. The goodness-of-fit analysis showed that Model A had a better fitting effect (P < 0.001). The average R_(eff) of TB estimated from Model A was 1.68 [interquartile range (IQR): 1.20–1.96] in Chuxiong Prefecture, 1.67 (IQR: 1.40–1.93) in Xiamen City, 1.75 (IQR: 1.37–2.02) in Jilin Province, and 1.79 (IQR: 1.56–2.02) in Wuhan City. The average R_(eff) of TB in the non-student population was 23.30 times (1.65/0.07) higher than that in the student population.Conclusions: The transmissibility of MTB remains high in the non-student population of the areas studied, which is still dominant in the spread of TB. TB transmissibility from the non-student-to-student-population had a strong influence on students. Specific interventions, such as TB screening, should be applied rigorously to control and to prevent TB transmission among students.
基金supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(INV-005834)The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301604)the research project on education and teaching reform of undergraduate universities of Fujian Province,China(FBJG20210260).
文摘Objectives:Computing the basic reproduction number(R0)in deterministic dynamical models is a hot topic and is frequently demanded by researchers in public health.The nextgeneration methods(NGM)are widely used for such computation,however,the results of NGM are usually not to be the true R0 but only a threshold quantity with little interpretation.In this paper,a definition-based method(DBM)is proposed to solve such a problem.Methods:Start with the definition of R0,consider different states that one infected individual may develop into,and take expectations.A comparison with NGM has proceeded.Numerical verification is performed using parameters fitted by data of COVID-19 in Hunan Province.Results:DBM and NGM give identical expressions for single-host models with single-group and interactive Rij of single-host models with multi-groups,while difference arises for models partitioned into subgroups.Numerical verification showed the consistencies and differences between DBM and NGM,which supports the conclusion that R0 derived by DBM with true epidemiological interpretations are better.Conclusions:DBM is more suitable for single-host models,especially for models partitioned into subgroups.However,for multi-host dynamic models where the true R0 is failed to define,we may turn to the NGM for the threshold R0.
文摘Introduction:Vaccination booster shots are completely necessary for controlling breakthrough infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in China.The study aims to estimate effectiveness of booster vaccines for high-risk populations(HRPs).Methods:A vaccinated Susceptible-Exposed-Symptomatic-Asymptomatic-Recovered/Removed(SEIAR)model was developed to simulate scenarios of effective reproduction number(Reff)from 4 to 6.Total number of infectious and asymptomatic cases were used to evaluated vaccination effectiveness.Results:Our model showed that we could not prevent outbreaks when covering 80%of HRPs with booster unless Reff=4.0 or the booster vaccine had efficacy against infectivity and susceptibility of more than 90%.The results were consistent when the outcome index was confirmed cases or asymptomatic cases.Conclusions:An ideal coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)booster vaccination strategy for HRPs would be expected to reach the initial goal to control the transmission of the Delta variant in China.Accordingly,the recommendation for the COVID-19 booster vaccine should be implemented in HRPs who are already vaccinated and could prevent transmission to other groups.
基金the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(Grant INV-005834 to T.C.)the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province(Grant 2020Y0002 to T.C.)NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Preven‑tion and Control(Grant 2020WZK2001 to T.C.)。
文摘Background: Reaching optimal vaccination rates is an essential public health strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to simulate the optimal vaccination strategy to control the disease by developing an age-specific model based on the current transmission patterns of COVID-19 in Wuhan City, China.Methods: We collected two indicators of COVID-19, including illness onset data and age of confirmed case in Wuhan City, from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. The reported cases were divided into four age groups: group 1, ≤ 14 years old;group 2, 15 to 44 years old;group 3, 44 to 64 years old;and group 4, ≥ 65 years old. An age-specific susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered/removed model was developed to estimate the transmissibility and simulate the optimal vaccination strategy. The effective reproduction number (R_(eff)) was used to estimate the transmission interaction in different age groups.Results: A total of 47 722 new cases were reported in Wuhan City from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. Before the travel ban of Wuhan City, the highest transmissibility was observed among age group 2 (R_(eff) = 4.28), followed by group 2 to 3 (R_(eff) = 2.61), and group 2 to 4 (R_(eff) = 1.69). China should vaccinate at least 85% of the total population to interrupt transmission. The priority for controlling transmission should be to vaccinate 5% to 8% of individuals in age group 2 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% of age group 2), followed by 10% of age group 3 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% age group 3). However, the optimal vaccination strategy for reducing the disease severity identified individuals ≥ 65 years old as a priority group, followed by those 45-64 years old.Conclusions: Approximately 85% of the total population (nearly 1.2 billion people) should be vaccinated to build an immune barrier in China to safely consider removing border restrictions. Based on these results, we concluded that 90% of adults aged 15-64 years should first be vaccinated to prevent transmission in China.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81703281)NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control,China(No.2021WZK1006).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?In China,patients with echinococcosis receive complimentary healthcare services,such as medical treatment,diagnostic examinations,and follow-up care.Despite this,no studies have been conducted to assess the quality of patient management to date.What is added by this report?This study reviewed the medical records of 899 patients who underwent albendazole treatment across 10 endemic counties.Out of 634 evaluable patient files,the proportion of patients with a ratio of actual followup and reexamination times to theoretical follow-up and reexamination times≥0.8 were both low(21.92%and 23.19%,respectively).What are the implications for public health practices?This study identified weaknesses and specific issues in patient management and proposed feasible recommendations to enhance patient file documentation,follow-up,and reexamination.
基金This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation(www.gatesfoundation.org)through the Human African Trypanosomiasis Modelling and Economic Predictions for Policy(HAT MEPP)project[OPP1177824 and INV-005121](CH,REC,PEB,MA,EHC,KSR)through the NTD Modelling Consortium[OPP1184344](KSR),and the Trypa-NO!project[INV-008412 and INV-001785](PRB,AP,SJT,PS and IT)+1 种基金SJT received funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(www.bbsrc.ukri.orgGrants BB/S01375X/1,BB/S00243X/1,BB/P005888/1).The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Background:In recent years,a programme of vector control,screening and treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis(gHAT)infections led to a rapid decline in cases in the Mandoul focus of Chad.To represent the biology of transmission between humans and tsetse,we previously developed a mechanistic transmission model,fitted to data between 2000 and 2013 which suggested that transmission was interrupted by 2015.The present study outlines refinements to the model to:(1)Assess whether elimination of transmission has already been achieved despite low-level case reporting;(2)quantify the role of intensified interventions in transmission reduction;and(3)predict the trajectory of gHAT in Mandoul for the next decade under different strategies.Method:Our previous gHAT transmission model for Mandoul was updated using human case data(2000-2019)and a series of model refinements.These include how diagnostic specificity is incorporated into the model and improvements to the fitting method(increased variance in observed case reporting and how underreporting and improvements to passive screening are captured).A side-by-side comparison of fitting to case data was performed between the models.Results:We estimated that passive detection rates have increased due to improvements in diagnostic availability in fixed health facilities since 2015,by 2.1-fold for stage 1 detection,and 1.5-fold for stage 2.We find that whilst the diagnostic algorithm for active screening is estimated to be highly specific(95%credible interval(CI):99.9-100%,Specificity=99.9%),the high screening and low infection levels mean that some recently reported cases with no parasitological confirmation might be false positives.We also find that the focus-wide tsetse reduction estimated through model fitting(95%CI:96.1-99.6%,Reduction=99.1%)is comparable to the reduction previously measured by the decline in tsetse catches from monitoring traps.In line with previous results,the model suggests that transmission was interrupted in 2015 due to intensified interventions.Conclusions:We recommend that additional confirmatory testing is performed in Mandoul to ensure the endgame can be carefully monitored.More specific measurement of cases,would better inform when it is safe to stop active screening and vector control,provided there is a strong passive surveillance system in place.
基金supported by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(INV-005834)the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province(No:2020Y0002)the Xiamen New Coronavirus Prevention and Control Emergency Tackling Special Topic Program(No:3502Z2020YJ03).
文摘Objective:In China,the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed,notably across various ages and geographical areas.Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal.We should clarify seasonal warnings and regional transmission patterns.Method:This study adopted a Logistic model to assess the seasonality and a dynamics model to compare the transmission in different areas.The next-generation matrix was used to calculate the effective reproduction number(Reff)to quantify the transmissibility.Results:In China,the rate of shigellosis fell from 35.12 cases per 100,000 people in 2005 to 7.85 cases per 100,000 people in 2017,peaking in June and August.After simulation by the Logistic model,the‘peak time’is mainly concentrated from mid-June to mid-July.China's‘early warning time’is primarily focused on from April to May.We predict the‘peak time’of shigellosis is the 6.30th month and the‘early warning time’is 3.87th month in 2021.According to the dynamics model results,the water/food transfer pathway has been mostly blocked off.The transmissibility of different regions varies greatly,such as the mean Reff of Longde County(3.76)is higher than Xiamen City(3.15),higher than Chuxiong City(2.52),and higher than Yichang City(1.70).Conclusion:The‘early warning time’for shigellosis in China is from April to May every year,and it may continue to advance in the future,such as the early warning time in 2021 is in mid-March.Furthermore,we should focus on preventing and controlling the personto-person route of shigellosis and stratified deploy prevention and control measures according to the regional transmission.
